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id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_citizenship_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_citizenship_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Global citizenship education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_citizenship_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Psychological studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography,_sovereignty,_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography,_sovereignty,_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geography, sovereignty, and citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography,_sovereignty,_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UN_General_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_General_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>UN General Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_General_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_Declaration_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Declaration_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>US Declaration of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Declaration_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_citizen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_citizen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>World citizen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_citizen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mundialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mundialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mundialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mundialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth_Anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth_Anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Earth Anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth_Anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9" title="مواطنة معولمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مواطنة معولمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qlobal_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9Fl%C4%B1q" title="Qlobal vətəndaşlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qlobal vətəndaşlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Глобално гражданство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глобално гражданство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutad%C3%A0_del_m%C3%B3n" title="Ciutadà del món – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutadà del món" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globaalne_kodakondsus" title="Globaalne kodakondsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Globaalne kodakondsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudadano_del_mundo" title="Ciudadano del mundo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudadano del mundo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutmonda_civitaneco" title="Tutmonda civitaneco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tutmonda civitaneco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شهروندی جهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهروندی جهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citoyennet%C3%A9_mondiale" title="Citoyenneté mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Citoyenneté mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%AF%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%8B%9D" title="세계시민의식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세계시민의식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համաշխարհային քաղաքացիություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաշխարհային քաղաքացիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewarganegaraan_global" title="Kewarganegaraan global – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kewarganegaraan global" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אזרחות גלובלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזרחות גלובלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemwelatiya_c%C3%AEhan%C3%AE" title="Hemwelatiya cîhanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hemwelatiya cîhanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="विश्व नागरिक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विश्व नागरिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="हलिं नागरिक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हलिं नागरिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9" title="グローバル公民権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グローバル公民権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidad%C3%A3o_do_mundo" title="Cidadão do mundo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidadão do mundo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мировое гражданство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мировое гражданство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Global citizenship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Шаҳрвандии глобалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шаҳрвандии глобалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Світове громадянство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світове громадянство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_c%C3%B4ng_d%C3%A2n_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Quyền công dân toàn cầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền công dân toàn cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="全球公民意識 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全球公民意識" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_citizen&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="World citizen">World citizen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Idea that all people have rights and responsibilities from being a member of the world</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Global citizen" redirects here. For the philosophical concept, see <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Global_Citizen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Global Citizen (disambiguation)">Global Citizen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <b>Global citizenship</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Transnationality" title="Transnationality">transnationality</a>, specifically the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader global class of "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but that such identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global community.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extended, the idea leads to questions about the state of global society in the age of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general usage, the term may have much the same meaning as "<a href="#World_citizen">world citizen</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a>, but it also has additional, specialized meanings in differing contexts. Various organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Service_Authority" title="World Service Authority">World Service Authority</a>, have advocated global <a href="/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" title="Transnational citizenship">transnational citizenship</a>. </p><p>The field of global citizenship, as a form of transnationality is <a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">transnationalism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm/220px--Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="197" data-mwtitle="Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0b/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm/Global_Citizenship_youth_work_project_in_Wales_-_2016.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Global Citizenship youth work project in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>In education, the term is most often used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> or a set of <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a> toward which education is oriented (see, for example, the priorities of the <i>Global Education First Initiative</i> led by the Secretary-General of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "global society" is sometimes used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">global studies</a> set of learning objectives for students to prepare them for global citizenship (see, for example, the Global Studies Center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_citizenship_education">Global citizenship education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Global citizenship education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">Global citizenship education</a></div> <p>Within the educational system, the concept of global citizenship education (GCED) is beginning to supersede or overarch movements such as <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> education, <a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">peace education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_education" title="Human rights education">human rights education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_for_Sustainable_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Education for Sustainable Development">Education for Sustainable Development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_education" title="International education">international education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, GCED rapidly incorporates references to the aforementioned movements. The concept of global citizenship has been linked with awards offered for helping humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-twsJun16gb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsJun16gb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers are being given the responsibility of being social change agents.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audrey Osler, director of the <i>Centre for Citizenship and Human Rights Education</i>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, affirms that "Education for living together in an interdependent world is not an optional extra, but an essential foundation".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With GCED gaining attention, scholars are investigating the field and developing perspectives. The following are a few of the more common perspectives: </p> <ul><li><i><b>Critical and transformative perspective</b></i>. Citizenship is defined by being a member with rights and responsibilities. Therefore, GCED must encourage active involvement. GCED can be taught from a <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transformative_learning" title="Transformative learning">transformative</a> perspective, whereby students are thinking, feeling, and doing. In this approach, GCED requires students to be politically critical and personally transformative. Teachers provide <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a> in a neutral and grade-appropriate way for students to understand, grapple with, and do something about.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><i>Worldmindedness</i>.</b> Graham Pike and David Selby view GCED as having two strands. Worldmindedness, the first strand, refers to understanding the world as one unified system and a responsibility to view the interests of individual nations with the overall needs of the planet in mind. The second strand, <a href="/wiki/Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Child-centeredness</a>, is a pedagogical approach that encourages students to explore and discover on their own and addresses each learner as an individual with inimitable beliefs, experiences, and talents.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><i>Holistic Understanding</i>.</b> The Holistic Understanding perspective was founded by Merry Merryfield, focusing on understanding the self in relation to a global community. This perspective follows a curriculum that attends to human values and beliefs, global systems, issues, history, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> understandings, and the development of <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analytical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaluation" title="Evaluation">evaluative</a> skills.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global citizenship, in some contexts, may refer to a brand of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> or political philosophy in which it is proposed that the core <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> realities of the world today should be addressed at all levels—by individuals, civil society organizations, communities, and nation states—through a global lens. It refers to a broad, culturally and environmentally inclusive worldview that accepts the fundamental interconnectedness of all things. Political, geographic borders become irrelevant and solutions to today's challenges are seen to be beyond the narrow vision of national interests. Proponents of this philosophy often point to <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes of Sinope</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 412 B.C.</span>) as an example, given his reported declaration that "I am a citizen of the world (κοσμοπολίτης, <i>cosmopolites</i>)" in response to a question about his place of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> term, <i><a href="/wiki/Kaniyan_Pungundranar" title="Kaniyan Pungundranar">Yadhum oore yaavarum kelir</a></i>, has the meaning of "the world is one family". The statement is not just about peace and harmony among the societies in the world, but also about a truth that somehow the whole world has to live together like a family. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_studies">Psychological studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Psychological studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Global pollsters and psychologists have studied individual differences in the sense of global citizenship. Beginning in 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> (WVS), administered across almost 100 countries, included the statement, "I see myself as a world citizen". In the WVS Wave 6, conducted from 2010 to 2014, across the globe 29.5% "strongly agreed" and another 41% "agreed" with this statement. However, there were wide national variations, as 71% of citizens of Qatar, 21% of U.S. citizens, 16% of Chinese, and just 11% of Palestinians "strongly agreed". Interpreting these differences is difficult, however, as survey methods varied for different countries, and the connotations of "world citizen" differ in different languages and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For smaller studies, several multi-item scales have been developed, including Sam McFarland and colleagues' Identification with All Humanity scale (e.g., "How much do you identify with (that is, feel a part of, feel love toward, have concern for) ... all humans everywhere?"),<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland,_S._Webb_2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFarland,_S._Webb_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Malsch and Alan Omoto's Psychological Sense of Global Community (e.g., "I feel a sense of connection to people all over the world, even if I don't know them personally"),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerhard Reese and colleagues' Global Social Identity scale (e.g. "I feel strongly connected to the world community as a whole"),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stephen Reysen and Katzarska-Miller's global citizenship identification scale (e.g., "I strongly identify with global citizens").<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These measures are strongly related to one another, but they are not fully identical.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies of the psychological roots of global citizenship have found that persons high in global citizenship are also high on the personality traits of openness to experience and agreeableness from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits" title="Big Five personality traits">Big Five personality traits</a> and high in empathy and caring. Oppositely, the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">authoritarian personality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">social dominance orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathy</a> are all associated with less global human identification. Some of these traits are influenced by heredity as well as by early experiences, which, in turn, likely influence individuals' receptiveness to global human identification.<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland,_S._Webb_2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFarland,_S._Webb_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has found that those who are high in global human identification are less prejudiced toward many groups, care more about international human rights, worldwide inequality, global poverty and human suffering. They attend more actively to global concerns, value the lives of all human beings more equally, and give more in time and money to international humanitarian causes. They tend to be more politically liberal on both domestic and international issues.<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland,_S._Webb_2012_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFarland,_S._Webb_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They want their countries to do more to alleviate global suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_approach" title="Social identity approach">social identity approach</a>, Reysen and Katzarska-Miller tested a model showing the antecedents and outcomes of global citizenship identification (i.e., degree of psychological connection with global citizens).<sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals' normative environment (the cultural environment in which one is embedded contains people, artifacts, cultural patterns that promote viewing the self as a global citizen) and global awareness (perceiving oneself as aware, knowledgeable, and connected to others in the world) predict global citizenship identification. Global citizenship identification then predicts six broad categories of <a href="/wiki/Prosocial_behavior" title="Prosocial behavior">prosocial behaviors</a> and values, including: intergroup <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>, valuing diversity, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, intergroup <a href="/wiki/Helping_behavior" title="Helping behavior">helping</a>, and a felt responsibility to act.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent research has examined variables that influence the model such as: participation in a college course with global components,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perception of one's global knowledge,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> college professors' attitudes toward global citizenship,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> belief in an intentional worlds view of culture,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participation in a fan group that promotes the identity,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use of global citizen related words when describing one's values, possible self as a global citizen,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a> and religious orientation,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> threat to one's nation,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interdependent <a href="/wiki/Self_construal" class="mw-redirect" title="Self construal">self-construal</a> prime,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perception of the university environment,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> usage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a review of all studies of the psychology of global human identification and citizenship through 2018 was published.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography,_sovereignty,_and_citizenship"><span id="Geography.2C_sovereignty.2C_and_citizenship"></span>Geography, sovereignty, and citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography, sovereignty, and citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time that <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> is reducing the importance of <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Scholte,_2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholte,_2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the idea of global citizenship may require a redefinition of ties between civic engagement and geography. Face-to-face <a href="/wiki/Town_hall_meeting" title="Town hall meeting">town hall meetings</a> seem increasingly supplanted by electronic "town halls" not limited by space and time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballots</a> opened the way for <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> to vote while living in another country; the Internet may carry this several steps further. Another interpretation given by several scholars of the changing configurations of citizenship due to globalization is the possibility that citizenship becomes a changed institution; even if situated within territorial boundaries that are national, if the meaning of the national itself has changed, then the meaning of being a citizen of that nation changes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lack of a universally recognized world body can put the initiative upon global citizens themselves to create rights and obligations. Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (e.g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war) are being expanded. Thus, new concepts that accord certain "human rights" which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments. This is the result of many factors, including the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e.g., pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo). Couple this with growing awareness of our impact on the environment, and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global citizenship may seem more accessible. </p><p>Global citizenship advocates may confer specific rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts, those incarcerated as part of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, and pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle <sup id="cite_ref-twsJun16_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsJun16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2018)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UN_General_Assembly">UN General Assembly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: UN General Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 December 1948, the UN General Assembly Adopted Resolution 217A (III), also known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Universal Declaration of Human Rights">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-UDHR_1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDHR_1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 1 states that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."<sup id="cite_ref-UDHR_2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDHR_2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 2 states that "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinions, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty."<sup id="cite_ref-UDHR_3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDHR_3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 13(2) states that "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country."<sup id="cite_ref-UDHR_4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UDHR_4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As evidence in today's modern world, events such as the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial of Saddam Hussein</a> have proven what British jurist <a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a> said in 1885, when he popularized the phrase "rule of law" in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dicey emphasized three aspects of the rule of law :<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>No one can be punished or made to suffer except for a breach of law proved in an ordinary court.</li> <li>No one is above the law and everyone is equal before the law regardless of social, economic, or political status.</li> <li>The rule of law includes the results of judicial decisions determining the rights of private persons.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_Declaration_of_Independence">US Declaration of Independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: US Declaration of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opening of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1776, states as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We hold these truths to be <a href="/wiki/Self-evident" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-evident">self-evident</a>, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a> with certain <a href="/wiki/Inalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Inalienable rights">unalienable Rights</a>, that among these are <a href="/wiki/Life,_liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness">Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness</a>. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the <a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">consent of the governed</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"Global citizenship in the United States" was a term used by former <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2008 in a speech in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twsJun16ga_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsJun16ga-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_movements">Social movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_citizen">World citizen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World citizen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"World citizen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/World_citizen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="World citizen (disambiguation)">World citizen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Citizen_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/World_Citizen_Flag.svg/220px-World_Citizen_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/World_Citizen_Flag.svg/330px-World_Citizen_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/World_Citizen_Flag.svg/440px-World_Citizen_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>World Citizen flag by Garry Davis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_citizen_badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/World_citizen_badge.svg/220px-World_citizen_badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/World_citizen_badge.svg/330px-World_citizen_badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/World_citizen_badge.svg/440px-World_citizen_badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption>World Citizen badge</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, a world citizen is a person who places global citizenship above any nationalistic or local identities and relationships. An early expression of this value is found in <a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a> of Sinope (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 412 B.C.</span>; mentioned above), a <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic philosopher</a> in Ancient Greece. Of Diogenes it is said: "Asked where he came from, he answered: 'I am a citizen of the world (kosmopolitês)<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a ground-breaking concept because the broadest basis of social identity in Greece at that time was either the individual city-state or the Greeks (Hellenes) as a group. The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> poet Kaniyan Poongundran wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Purananuru" title="Purananuru">Purananuru</a></i>, "To us all towns are one, all men our kin." In later years, political philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> would declare, "my country is the world, and my religion is to do good."<sup id="cite_ref-Paine1792_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paine1792-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the increase in worldwide globalization has led to the formation of a "world citizen" <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> under a proposed <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-worldservice_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldservice-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a non-political definition, it has been suggested that a world citizen may provide value to society by using knowledge acquired across cultural contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-number_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-number-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people also consider themselves world citizens, as they feel at home wherever they may go. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> described himself as a world citizen and supported the idea throughout his life,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> famously saying "Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World citizenship has been promoted by distinguished people including <a href="/wiki/Garry_Davis" title="Garry Davis">Garry Davis</a>, who lived for 60 years as a citizen of no nation, only the world. Davis founded the <a href="/wiki/World_Service_Authority" title="World Service Authority">World Service Authority</a> in Washington, DC, which sells <a href="/wiki/World_Passport" title="World Passport">World Passports</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Camouflage_passport" title="Camouflage passport">fantasy passport</a> to world citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_J._Schonfield" title="Hugh J. Schonfield">Hugh J. Schonfield</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_World_Citizens" title="Commonwealth of World Citizens">Commonwealth of World Citizens</a>, later known by its <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> name "Mondcivitana Respubliko", which also issued a world passport; it declined after the 1980s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> promotes the concept through its founder's proclamation (in the late 19th century) that "The Earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a term defined by the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_International_Community" title="Baháʼí International Community">Baháʼí International Community</a> in a concept paper shared at the 1st session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, U.S.A. on 14–25 June 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-bic_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bic-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "World citizenship begins with an acceptance of the oneness of the human family and the interconnectedness of the nations of 'the earth, our home.' While it encourages a sane and legitimate patriotism, it also insists upon a wider loyalty, a love of humanity as a whole. It does not, however, imply abandonment of legitimate loyalties, the suppression of cultural diversity, the abolition of national autonomy, nor the imposition of uniformity. Its hallmark is '<a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">unity in diversity</a>.' World citizenship encompasses the principles of social and economic justice, both within and between nations; non-adversarial decision making at all levels of society; equality of the sexes; racial, ethnic, national and religious harmony; and the willingness to sacrifice for the common good. Other facets of world citizenship—including the promotion of human honour and dignity, understanding, amity, co-operation, trustworthiness, compassion and the desire to serve—can be deduced from those already mentioned."<sup id="cite_ref-bic_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bic-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mundialization">Mundialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mundialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Global_citizenship" title="Special:EditPage/Global citizenship">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Philosophically, mundialization (French, <i>mondialisation</i>) is seen as a response to globalization's "dehumanisation through [despatialised] planetarisation" (Teilhard de Chardin quoted in Capdepuy 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early use of <i>mondialisation</i> was to refer to the act of a city or a local authority declaring itself a "world citizen" city, by voting a charter stating its awareness of global problems and its sense of shared responsibility. The concept was promoted by the self-declared World Citizen <a href="/wiki/Garry_Davis" title="Garry Davis">Garry Davis</a> in 1949, as a logical extension of the idea of individuals declaring themselves world citizens, and promoted by Robert Sarrazac, a former leader of the <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> who created the Human Front of World Citizens in 1945. </p><p>The first city to be officially mundialised was the small French city of <a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a> (only 20,000 in 2006), the capital city of the Département of <a href="/wiki/Lot_(department)" title="Lot (department)">Lot</a> in central <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, on 20 July 1949. Hundreds of cities mundialised themselves over a few years, most of them in France, and then it spread internationally, including to many German cities and to <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. In less than a year, ten General Councils (the elected councils of the French "Départements"), and hundreds of cities in France covering 3.4 million inhabitants voted mundialisation charters. One of the goals was to elect one delegate per million inhabitants to a People's World Constitutional Convention given the already then historical failure of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in creating a global institution able to negotiate a final <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>. More than 1,000 cities and towns have declared themselves <a href="/wiki/World_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World cities">World cities</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Hiroshima, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivelles" title="Nivelles">Nivelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswinter" title="Königswinter">Königswinter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a social movement, mundialization expresses the solidarity of populations of the globe and aims to establish institutions and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranational legislature">supranational</a> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federative</a> structure common to them, while respecting the diversity of cultures and peoples. The movement advocates for a new political organization governing <a href="/wiki/All_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="All humanity">all humanity</a>, involving the transfer of certain parts of national <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Federal_World_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal World Authority">Federal World Authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal World Government">Federal World Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal World Court">Federal World Court</a>. Basing its authority on the will of the people, supporters hope it could develop new systems to draw on the highest and best wisdom of all humanity, and solve major planetary problems like <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a>, access to <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace-keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace-keeping">peace-keeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and energy. The mundialization movement includes the declaration of specified territory – a city, town, or state, for example – as world territory, with responsibilities and rights on a world scale. Currently, the nation-state system and the United Nations offer no way for the people of the world to vote for world officials or participate in governing our world. International <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a> or agreements, while binding at the international level, are not automatically enforceable under the laws of every state. Mundialization seeks to address this lack by presenting a way to build, one city at a time, such a system of true World Law based upon the sovereignty of the whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth_Anthem">Earth Anthem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Earth Anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Author-politician <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> feels that an <a href="/wiki/Earth_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Anthem">Earth Anthem</a> sung by people across the world can inspire <a href="/wiki/Planetary_consciousness" title="Planetary consciousness">planetary consciousness</a> and global citizenship among people.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all interpretations of global citizenship are positive. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bhikhu_Parekh" title="Bhikhu Parekh">Bhikhu Chotalal Parekh</a> advocates what he calls globally oriented citizenship, and states, "If global citizenship means being a citizen of the world, it is neither practicable nor desirable."<sup id="cite_ref-Parekh1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parekh1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that global citizenship, defined as an actual membership of a type of worldwide government system, is impractical and dislocated from one's immediate community.<sup id="cite_ref-Parekh1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parekh1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also notes that such a world state would inevitably be "remote, bureaucratic, oppressive, and culturally bland."<sup id="cite_ref-Parekh1_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parekh1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parekh presents his alternative option with the statement: "Since the conditions of life of our fellow human beings in distant parts of the world should be a matter of deep moral and political concern to us, our citizenship has an inescapable global dimension, and we should aim to become what I might call a globally oriented citizen."<sup id="cite_ref-Parekh1_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parekh1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parekh's concept of globally oriented citizenship consists of identifying with and strengthening ties towards one's political regional community (whether in its current state or an improved, revised form), while recognizing and acting upon obligations towards others in the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Parekh1_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parekh1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Byers, a professor in Political Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, questions the assumption that there is one definition of global citizenship, and unpacks aspects of potential definitions. In the introduction to his public lecture, the UBC Internationalization website states, "'Global citizenship' remains undefined. What, if anything, does it really mean? Is global citizenship just the latest buzzword?"<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byers notes the existence of <a href="/wiki/Stateless_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless persons">stateless persons</a>, whom he remarks ought to be the primary candidates for global citizenship, yet continue to live without access to basic freedoms and citizenship rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byers does not oppose the concept of global citizenship, however, he criticizes potential implications of the term depending on one's definition of it, such as ones that provide support for the "ruthlessly capitalist economic system that now dominates the planet."<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byers states that global citizenship is a "powerful term"<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because "people that invoke it do so to provoke and justify action,"<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encourages the attendees of his lecture to re-appropriate it in order for its meaning to have a positive purpose, based on idealistic values.<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Neither criticism of global citizenship is anything new. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>, a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention (United States)</a>, criticized "citizens of the world" while he was on the floor of the convention on 9 August 1787:</p><blockquote><p>As to those philosophical gentlemen, those Citizens of the World as they call themselves, He owned he did not wish to see any of them in our public Councils. He would not trust them. The men who can shake off their attachments to their own Country can never love any other. These attachments are the wholesome prejudices which uphold all Governments, Admit a Frenchman into your Senate, and he will study to increase the commerce of France: an Englishman, and he will feel an equal bias in favor of that of England.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col 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title="World Constitution and Parliament Association">World Constitution and Parliament Association</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosmosjournal.org/article/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-global-citizen/">"What Does it Mean to be a Global Citizen?"</a>. <i>www.kosmosjournal.org</i>. April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kosmosjournal.org&rft.atitle=What+Does+it+Mean+to+be+a+Global+Citizen%3F&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosmosjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fwhat-does-it-mean-to-be-a-global-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+citizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw,_Martin2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Users/hafa3/global.htm"><i>Global Society and International Relations: Sociological and Political Perspectives</i></a>. Cambridge: Polity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Society+and+International+Relations%3A+Sociological+and+Political+Perspectives&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2FUsers%2Fhafa3%2Fglobal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+citizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaleducationfirst.org/220.htm">"Priority #3: Foster Global Citizenship." <i>Global Education First Initiative,</i> Secretary-General of the United Nations.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/global/node/483">"Global Studies Center"</a>. 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UBC Global Citizenship Speaker Series. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalization.ubc.ca/gcss.htm#Meanings">the original</a> on 15 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Meanings+of+Global+Citizenship&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Byers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalization.ubc.ca%2Fgcss.htm%23Meanings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+citizenship" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_809.asp">"Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> Avalon Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Debates+in+the+Federal+Convention&rft.pub=Yale+University+Avalon+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Fdebates_809.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+citizenship" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_citizenship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2785021#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh98003193">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="globální občanství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1033868&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007530209605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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