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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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the description and analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Material_flow" title="Material flow">flows of the materials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transfer">energy</a> within <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>, such as undertaken in a <a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">material flow analysis</a> of a city. It provides researchers with a metaphorical framework to study the interactions of natural and human systems in specific regions.<sup id="cite_ref-pincetl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning, researchers have tweaked and altered the parameters of the urban metabolism model. C. Kennedy and fellow researchers have produced a clear definition in the 2007 paper <i>The Changing Metabolism of Cities</i> claiming that urban metabolism is "the sum total of the technical and socio-economic process that occur in cities, resulting in growth, production of energy and elimination of waste."<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growing concern of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degradation</a>, the use of the urban metabolism model has become a key element in determining and maintaining levels of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> and health in cities around the world. Urban metabolism provides a unified or <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> viewpoint to encompass all of the activities of a city in a single model. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With deep roots in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and fellow researcher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> may have been the first to raise concerns around issues which we would now call urban metabolism. Marx and Engels concentrated on the social organization of the harvesting of the Earth's materials by "analysing the dynamic internal relationships between humans and nature."<sup id="cite_ref-pincetl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marx used the metaphor of metabolism to refer to the actual metabolic interactions that take place through humans' exertion of physical labour to cultivate the Earth for sustenance and shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, Marx and Engels found that when humans exerted such physical labour they ultimately altered the biophysical processes as well. This acknowledgement of altering the biophysical landscape is the first stepping stone for the creation of urban metabolism within <a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">social geography</a>. They also used metabolism to describe the material and energy exchange between nature and society in as a critique of industrialization (1883) which created an interdependent set of societal needs brought into play through the concrete organization of human labour. Marx advocated that urban metabolism becomes a power in itself (like capitalism), and will control society unless society is able to control it. </p><p>Later, in reaction against industrialization and coal use, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Sir Patrick Geddes</a>, a Scottish biologist, undertook an ecological critique of urbanization in 1885, making him the first scientist to attempt an <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> description of societal metabolism on a macroeconomic scale.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonald_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonald-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his experimental study of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> he established a physical budget for urban energy and material throughput by way of an input output table.<sup id="cite_ref-fischer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"Geddes' table consisted of the sources of energy and materials transformed into products in three stages: (1) extraction of fuels and raw materials; (2) the manufacture and transport; and (3) exchange. The table also included intermediary products used for manufacture or transport of the final products; calculation of energy losses between each of the three stages; and the resultant final product; which was often surprisingly small, in material terms, compared with its overall material inputs."<sup id="cite_ref-mcdonald_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdonald-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>It wasn't until 1965 when <a href="/wiki/Abel_Wolman" title="Abel Wolman">Abel Wolman</a> fully developed and used the term urban metabolism in his work, "The Metabolism of Cities" which he developed in response to deteriorating air and water qualities in American cities.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this study Wolman developed a model which allowed him to determine the inflow and outflow rates of a hypothetical American City with a population of 1 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-deck_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model allows the monitoring and documentation of natural resources used (mainly water) and the consequential creation and out-put of waste.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolman's study highlighted the fact that there are physical limitations to the natural resources we use on a day-to-day basis and with frequent use, the compilation of waste can and will create problems. It also helped focus researchers and professionals of their time to focus their attention on the system wide impacts of consumption of goods and sequential production of waste within the urban environment.<sup id="cite_ref-d_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working off of Wolman's pioneering work in the 60s, environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Girardet" title="Herbert Girardet">Herbert Girardet</a> (1996) began to see and document his findings in the connection between urban metabolism and sustainable cities.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girardet laid the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">industrial ecology</a> approach to urban metabolism in which it is seen as the "conversion of nature into society."<sup id="cite_ref-d_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from being a great advocate and populariser for urban metabolism, Girardet significantly coined and drew the difference between a 'circular' and 'linear' metabolism.<sup id="cite_ref-d_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a circular cycle, there is nearly no waste and almost everything is re-used. Girardet characterizes this as a natural world process. On the other hand, a 'linear' metabolism which is characterized as an urban world process has a clear resource in-put and waste out-put. Girardet emphasizes that the accelerated use of linear metabolisms in urban environments is creating an impending global crisis as cities grow. </p><p>More recently the metabolism frame of reference has been used in the reporting of environmental information in Australia where researchers such as Newman have begun to link urban metabolic measures to and it has been suggested that it can be used to define the sustainability of a city within the ecosystems capacity that can support it.<sup id="cite_ref-newman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research has stayed mainly at a descriptive level and did not reach into the political or social forces of urban form and stages of flow.<sup id="cite_ref-pincetl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this research there has been a strong theme in present literature on urban sustainability is that of the need to view the urban system as a whole if we are to best understand and solve the complex problems.<sup id="cite_ref-deck_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deck-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two_main_schools_of_approach">Two main schools of approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Two main schools of approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_energy_method">The energy method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The energy method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif/220px-Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif/330px-Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif/440px-Energy_Systems_Symbols_H.gif 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></div> <p>Developed in 1970s <a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecologist</a>, wanted to emphasize the dependence on the source of almost all energy on the planet: the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odum believed that previous research and development on urban metabolism was missing and did not account for qualitative differences of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transfer">energy flows</a>. Odum's study took this into count and he coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Emergy" title="Emergy">emergy</a>" to track and account for the metabolic flows by measuring the <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> used directly or indirectly to make a product or deliver a service. This method also emphasizes the use of a standard unit of measurement to calculate energy, nutrient and waste movement in the biophysical system; the unit chosen was "solar equivalent joules" (sej). At first glance, the notion to use standard units seems like a beneficial idea for calculating and comparing figures; in reality the ability to convert all urban processes into solar energy joules has proven to be a difficult feat, and difficult to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-pincetl_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material_flow_analysis">Material flow analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Material flow analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MFASystem_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MFASystem_1.png/220px-MFASystem_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MFASystem_1.png/330px-MFASystem_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MFASystem_1.png/440px-MFASystem_1.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></div> <p>The UM approach has been applied several times to assess and describe urban flows and impacts related to them, using different tools such as Material Flow Analysis (MFA).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MFA, researched by Baccinni and Brunner in the 1990s, "measures the materials flowing into a system, the stocks and flows within it, and the resulting outputs from the system to other systems in the form of pollution, waste, or exports."<sup id="cite_ref-pincetl_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like Wolmans case model for a hypothetical American City, this method is based on the concept that the mass of the resources used will equal the mass "plus" stock changes out.<sup id="cite_ref-pincetl_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MFA technique has become the mainstream school of urban metabolism because it uses more practical units that the public, workers, government officials and researchers can understand.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four main uses of urban metabolism that are used today by urban planners and designers: sustainability reporting, urban greenhouse gas accounting, mathematical modelling for policy analysis and <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability_indicators">Sustainability indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sustainability indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/220px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/330px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/440px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Sustainability reporting</a></div> <p>With the issue of sustainability at the core of many environmental issues today, one of the main uses of Urban Metabolism in the modern era is to track and record levels of sustainability in cities and regions around the world. Urban metabolism collects important and very useful information about <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Material_cycling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Material cycling (page does not exist)">material cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban infrastructure">infrastructure</a> in urban environments. The urban metabolism model records and analyzes environmental conditions and trends which are easily understood for policy makers and consequently comparable over time<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it easier to find unhealthy patterns and develop a plan of action to better the level of sustainability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gas_accounting">Greenhouse gas accounting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas accounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenhouse_Effect_(2017_NASA_data).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg/220px-Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg/330px-Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg/440px-Greenhouse_Effect_%282017_NASA_data%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gas accounting">Greenhouse gas accounting</a></div> <p>Staying in line with the notion of sustainability, urban metabolism is also a helpful tool for tracking <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> on a city or regional level. As mentioned above, with the proliferation of linear metabolisms such as cars, the production of greenhouse gases has increased exponentially since the birth and mass production of the automobile causing a problem for our atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-d_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban metabolism has been proven to be a necessary tool for measuring levels of greenhouse gas because it is an out-put or waste product that is produced through human consumption. The model provides quantifiable parameters which allow officials to mark unhealthy levels of GHG emissions and again, develop a plan of action to lower them.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_models">Mathematical models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mathematical models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from accounting applications, scholars have begun to develop <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical models</a> to quantify and predict levels of particles and nutrients within the urban metabolism model. Such models are mostly used in MFA analysis and are helpful in determining present and future sub-processes and material stocks and flows within the urban environment <sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ability to predict future levels, the models allow progress to be made and possible pollution prevention programs to be instated rather than end-of-the-pipe solutions which have been favoured in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-ep_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ep-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_tools">Design tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Design tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through utilization of the 3 applications above, scholars and professionals are able to use urban metabolism as a design tool to create greener and more sustainable infrastructure from the beginning. By tracing flows of energy, materials and waste through urban systems as a whole, changes and alterations can be made to close the loops to create circular metabolisms where resources are recycled and almost no waste is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such initiatives are being made around the world with technology and inventions which make building green that much easier and accessible. </p><p>Uses of the model are however not restricted to strictly functional analysis, as the model has been adapted to examine the relational aspects of urban relationships between infrastructure and citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_metabolism" title="Anthropogenic metabolism">Anthropogenic metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(economics)" title="Dematerialization (economics)">Dematerialization (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_metabolism" title="Social metabolism">Social metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuSIASEM" title="MuSIASEM">MuSIASEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pincetl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pincetl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pincetl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pincetl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pincetl_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pincetl_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pincetl_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pincetl, S., Bunje, P., & Holmes, T. (2012). An expanded urban metabolism method: Toward a systems approach for assessing urban energy processes and causes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 193-202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J., & Engel-Yan, J. (2007). The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 43-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fischer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fischer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fischer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Fischer-Kowalski" title="Marina Fischer-Kowalski">Fischer-Kowalski, M.</a> (1998). Society's metabolism the intellectual history of materials flow analysis, part I, I 860- I 970. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(1), 61-78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcdonald-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcdonald_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdonald_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, G. W., & Patterson, M. G. (2007). Bridging the divide in urban sustainability: From human exemptionalism to the new ecological paradigm.Urban Ecosyst, 10, 169-192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deck-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deck_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deck_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Decker, E., Elliot, S., Smith, F., Blake, D., & Rowland, F. S. (2000). Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Energy Environment, 25, 685-740.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy2_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, C., Pincetl, S., & Bunje, P. (2011). The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution,159, 1965-1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wachsmuth, D. (2012). Three ecologies: Urban metabolism and the society-nature opposition. The Sociological Quarterly, (53), 506-523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newman_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, P. (1999). Sustainability and cities: Extending the metabolism model. Landscape and Urban Planning, (44), 219-226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioppolo, Giuseppe; Reinout Heijungs, Stefano Cucurachi, Roberta Salomone, and René Kleijn, 2014. Urban Metabolism: Many Open Questions for Future Answers. Pp 23-32 in <i>Pathways to Environmental Sustainability</i>, eds. Roberta Salomone and Giuseppe Saija. Springer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ep-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ep_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleaner production versus end-of-pipe. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.centric.at/services/cleaner-production/cleaner-production-versus-end-of-pipe">http://www.centric.at/services/cleaner-production/cleaner-production-versus-end-of-pipe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gandy, M. (2004). <i>Rethinking urban metabolism: Water, space and the modern city. City</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/about-the-department/people/academics/matthew-gandy/files/pdf2.pdf">http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/about-the-department/people/academics/matthew-gandy/files/pdf2.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baccini, P. (2007). A city's metabolism: Towards the sustainable development of urban systems. Journal of Urban Technology, 4(2), 27-39.</li> <li>Boyle, H. G. (1994). Metropolitan food systems in developing countries: The perspective of "urban metabolism". GeoJournal, 34(3), 245-251.</li> <li>Cleaner production versus end-of-pipe. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.centric.at/services/cleaner-production/cleaner-production-versus-end-of-pipe">http://www.centric.at/services/cleaner-production/cleaner-production-versus-end-of-pipe</a></li> <li>Decker, E., Elliot, S., Smith, F., Blake, D., & Rowland, F. S. (2000). Energy and material flow through the urban ecosystem. Energy Environment, 25, 685-740.</li> <li>Fischer-Kowalski, M. (1998). Society's metabolism the intellectual history of materials flow analysis, part I, I 860- I 970. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(1), 61-78.</li> <li>Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J., & Engel-Yan, J. (2007). The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 43-59.</li> <li>Kennedy, C., <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Pincetl" title="Stephanie Pincetl">Pincetl, S</a>., & Bunje, P. (2011). The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design. Environmental Pollution,159, 1965-1973.</li> <li>McDonald, G. W., & Patterson, M. G. (2007). Bridging the divide in urban sustainability: From human exemptionalism to the new ecological paradigm. Urban Ecosyst, 10, 169-192.</li> <li>Newman, P. (1999). Sustainability and cities: Extending the metabolism model. Landscape and Urban Planning, (44), 219-226.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Pincetl" title="Stephanie Pincetl">Pincetl, S</a>., Bunje, P., & Holmes, T. (2012). An expanded urban metabolism method: Toward a systems approach for assessing urban energy processes and causes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 193-202.</li> <li>State of the Environment Advisory Council. (1996). <i>State of the Environment Report 1996</i>: CSIRO.</li> <li>Wachsmuth, D. (2012). Three ecologies: Urban metabolism and the society-nature opposition. The Sociological Quarterly, (53), 506-523.</li> <li>Wolman, A. (1965). <i>The metabolism of cities.</i> Scientific American, 213(3),179-190.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_metabolism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Urban_metabolism">"Urban Metabolism"</a> - Encyclopedia of the Earth article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metabolismofcities.org">Metabolism of Cities</a> - Research hub with publications, datasets and tools related to urban metabolism</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_social_science586" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_social_science" title="Template:Environmental social science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_social_science" title="Template talk:Environmental social science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_social_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental social science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_social_science586" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_politics" title="Environmental politics">Environmental politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Environmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/150px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/225px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/300px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li>Design <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li>Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">thermo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">zoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation_of_nature" title="Political representation of nature">Political representation of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sustainability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">geography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopsychology" title="Ecopsychology">Ecopsychology</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_criminology" title="Green criminology">Green criminology</a></li> <li>Health <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>Management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental resources management">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li>Policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science" title="Category:Environmental social science">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts" title="Category:Environmental social science concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_social_science_journals" title="List of environmental social science journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environment_research_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environment research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_scientists" title="Category:Environmental social scientists">Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Industrial_ecology49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#7FBF7F;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Industrial_ecology" title="Template talk:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial_ecology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Industrial ecology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Industrial_ecology49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPSIR" title="DPSIR">DPSIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">Environmental management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIO-LCA" title="EIO-LCA">EIO-LCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_chain_management" title="Integrated chain management">Integrated chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">ISO 14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost_analysis" title="Life-cycle cost analysis">Life-cycle cost analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MET_Matrix" title="MET Matrix">MET Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_analysis" title="Stakeholder analysis">Stakeholder analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design" title="Cradle-to-cradle design">Cradle-to-cradle design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-efficiency" title="Eco-efficiency">Eco-efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_development" title="Eco-industrial development">Eco-industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">Exergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_symbiosis" title="Industrial symbiosis">Industrial symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" title="Rebound effect (conservation)">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">Waste valorization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7FBF7F;;width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_the_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for the Environment">Design for environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urban metabolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_science494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_science" title="Template:Systems science"><abbr title="View this 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<li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_human%E2%80%93environment_system" title="Coupled human–environment system">Coupled human–environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">Multi-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommender_system" title="Recommender system">Recommender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_time" title="Doubling time">Doubling time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_leverage_points" title="Twelve leverage points">Leverage points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">Limiting factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">Negative feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">Positive feedback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_systems" title="Living systems">Living systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">Sociotechnical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urban metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_pharmacology" title="Systems pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_philosophy" title="Systems philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">Theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">Systems thinking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists" title="List of systems scientists">Scientists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_L._Ackoff" title="Russell L. Ackoff">Russell L. Ackoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Ashby" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ross Ashby">William Ross Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_H._B%C3%A1n%C3%A1thy" title="Béla H. Bánáthy">Béla H. Bánáthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stafford_Beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Stafford Beer">Anthony Stafford Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Bellman" title="Richard E. Bellman">Richard E. Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Bertalanffy" title="Ludwig von Bertalanffy">Ludwig von Bertalanffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Boden" title="Margaret Boden">Margaret Boden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bowen" title="Murray Bowen">Murray Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Clynes" title="Manfred Clynes">Manfred Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dantzig" title="George Dantzig">George Dantzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Emery" title="Fred Emery">Fred Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_von_Foerster" title="Heinz von Foerster">Heinz von Foerster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Forrest" title="Stephanie Forrest">Stephanie Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_J._Grosz" title="Barbara J. Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._S._Hall" title="Charles A. S. Hall">Charles A. S. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jackson_(systems_scientist)" title="Mike Jackson (systems scientist)">Mike Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavraki" title="Lydia Kavraki">Lydia Kavraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Kay" title="James J. Kay">James J. Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faina_Mihajlovna_Kirillova" class="mw-redirect" title="Faina Mihajlovna Kirillova">Faina M. Kirillova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Klir" title="George Klir">George Klir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenna_Leonard" title="Allenna Leonard">Allenna Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Niklas Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Maturana" title="Humberto Maturana">Humberto Maturana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_D._Mesarovic" title="Mihajlo D. Mesarovic">Mihajlo D. Mesarovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Grier_Miller" title="James Grier Miller">James Grier Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Odum" title="Howard T. Odum">Howard T. Odum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuesen" title="Qian Xuesen">Qian Xuesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Rapoport" title="Anatol Rapoport">Anatol Rapoport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seddon" title="John Seddon">John Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Senge" title="Peter Senge">Peter Senge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trist" title="Eric Trist">Eric Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Varela" title="Francisco Varela">Francisco Varela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Warwick" title="Kevin Warwick">Kevin Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Wilby" title="Jennifer Wilby">Jennifer Wilby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wilden" title="Anthony Wilden">Anthony Wilden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_archaeology" title="Systems theory in archaeology">Systems theory in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" title="Systems theory in political science">Systems theory in political science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences_organizations" title="List of systems sciences organizations">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_science" title="Category:Systems science">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Systems_science" title="Portal:Systems science">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Systems_theory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Systems theory">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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