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searchaux" style="display:none">Clandestine publishing operations in Poland during World War II and the Communist regime</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg/300px-Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg/450px-Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg/600px-Wydawnictwa_podziemne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1845" /></a><figcaption>Selection of Polish underground publications.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Polish underground press</b>, devoted to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">prohibited</a> materials (<a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">sl.</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl"><b>bibuła</b></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[biˈbu.wa]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-bibu%C5%82a.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-bibu%C5%82a.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-bibu\u0142a.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-bibu%C5%82a.wav/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Olaf-bibu%C5%82a.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Olaf-bibu%C5%82a.wav" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-bibuła.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, lit. semitransparent blotting paper or, alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl"><b>drugi obieg</b></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈdru.ɡi<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɔ.bjɛk]</a></span>, lit. second circulation), has a long history of combatting <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of oppressive regimes in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. It existed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, including under foreign occupation of the country, as well as during the totalitarian rule of the pro-Soviet government. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, <i>bibuła</i> published until the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of communism</a> was known also as <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a> (<i>see below</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partitions_of_Poland">Partitions of Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_underground_press&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Partitions of Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned Poland</a>, many underground newspapers appeared; among the most prominent was the <i><a href="/wiki/Robotnik_(1894-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotnik (1894-1939)">Robotnik</a></i>, published in over 1,000 copies from 1894. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_underground_press&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland">occupied Poland</a> there were <a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II#Print" title="Polish culture during World War II">thousands of underground publications</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Secret_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Secret State">Polish Secret State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">the Polish resistance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tajne_Wojskowe_Zak%C5%82ady_Wydawnicze" title="Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze">Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze</a> (Secret Military Printing Works) was probably the largest underground publisher in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmonowicz-187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmonowicz-187-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> <i>Biuletyn Informacyjny</i> reached an estimated circulation of 47,000.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish_People's_Republic"><span id="Polish_People.27s_Republic"></span>Polish People's Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_underground_press&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polish People's Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> during the 1970s and 1980s, several books (sometimes as long as 500 pages) were printed in quantities often exceeding 5,000 copies. In 1980 and 1981, during the short legal existence of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity trade union</a>, actual newspapers were also published. </p><p>Most of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground press</a> was organized in the 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Defense_of_Human_and_Civic_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights">Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights</a> (ROPCiO) and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee" title="Workers' Defence Committee">Workers' Defence Committee</a> (KOR). Over several years, alongside hundreds of small individual publishers, several large underground publishing houses were created, fueled by supplies smuggled from abroad or stolen from the backrooms of <i>official</i> publishing houses. </p><p>Throughout the communist era, Poland's Catholic Church and some Christian organizations and groups were allowed to publish a number of periodicals with a certain amount of freedom and a more or less clear anti-communist stand in various periods - but censored. The weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Powszechny" title="Tygodnik Powszechny">Tygodnik Powszechny</a></i>, half openly supporting KOR since 1976 and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> since 1980, and monthly <i>Więż</i> were among the most popular. </p><p>A news-sheet <i>Solidarność</i>, printed in the Gdansk shipyard during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">August 1980 strike</a>, reached a print run of 30,000 copies daily.<sup id="cite_ref-isj.org.uk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isj.org.uk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communist regime then allowed for two legal periodics to be published under the government control and censorship, yet with a significant margin of freedom: in January 1981, a regional weekly <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedno%C5%9B%C4%87_(tygodnik)" class="extiw" title="pl:Jedność (tygodnik)">Jedność</a> in Szczecin, and in May the nationwide weekly <a href="/wiki/Tygodnik_Solidarno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Tygodnik Solidarność">Tygodnik Solidarność</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a> as chief editor and circulation of 500,000. Both newspapers were dependent on the government grants of printing paper, which limited the number of copies. Semi-legal news bulletins were printed by Solidarity and other opposition groups in almost every town, on paper sent as an aid by some Scandinavian and Western-European trade unions, without the regime's consent, but for the time being rarely prosecuted. All that ended December 13, 1981, when General <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> imposed martial law and banned Solidarity. </p><p>The Polish underground press drew on experiences of <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> veterans of <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> and much attention was paid to conspiracy; however, after <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a> and the government crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>, the activities of underground publishing were significantly curtailed for several years. Nevertheless, with the communist government losing power in the second half of the 1980s, production of Polish underground printing (<i>bibuła</i>) dramatically increased, and many publications were distributed throughout the entire country. After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> some of the underground publishers in Poland transformed into regular and legal publishing houses. </p><p>There were important differences of scale between Polish underground publishing and the <i><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdats</a></i> of the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>. In the 1980s, at any given time there were around one hundred independent publishers in Poland who formed an exceptionally vibrant segment of the black market. Books were sold through underground distribution channels to paying customers, including subscribers. Among the few hundred regional periodicals with a usual hand-to-hand circulation of 2,000-5,000, the countrywide "Tygodnik Mazowsze" weekly reached an average circulation of 60,000 - 80,000 copies, while some issues topped 100,000. The estimated production of books and thick journals can be put close to one thousand per year and more than one million copies. Other products on this market included audio cassettes, videocassettes, posters, postcards, calendars, stamps and buttons.<sup id="cite_ref-karta.org.pl-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karta.org.pl-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an indication of how many Poles had access to underground publications in the martial-law decade, 3 of every 4 responders in a research in Kraków by the Niezależne Biuro Badania Opinii Społecznej NSZZ „Solidarność” (Solidarity's Independent Public Opinion Poll Bureau) in 1985 claimed to read it (26% "regularly", 47% "often", 22% chose "irregular and rare", with the remaining 5% declaring "never".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this range of influence had to be far more modest in smaller towns and countryside, where few underground groups were active. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_underground_press&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature" title="Polish literature">Polish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_literature_during_World_War_II" title="Polish literature during World War II">Polish literature during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_underground_press&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Salmonowicz-187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salmonowicz-187_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Salmonowicz" title="Stanisław Salmonowicz">Stanisław Salmonowicz</a>, (1994), <i>Polskie Państwo Podziemne</i> (Polish Underground State), <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>: <i>Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne</i>, p. 187. <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-02-05500-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-02-05500-X">83-02-05500-X</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraszewska1967" class="citation journal cs1">Straszewska, Maria (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=44789">"Biuletyn Informacyjny 1939-1944"</a>. <i>Najnowsze Dzieje Polski: Materiały i Studia z Okresu II Wojny Światowej</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Najnowsze+Dzieje+Polski%3A+Materia%C5%82y+i+Studia+z+Okresu+II+Wojny+%C5%9Awiatowej&rft.atitle=Biuletyn+Informacyjny+1939-1944&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Straszewska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdoccontent%3Fid%3D44789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+underground+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isj.org.uk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isj.org.uk_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Barker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=136&issue=108">The rise of Solidarnosc.</a> <i>International Socialism</i> Quarterly, 17 October 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karta.org.pl-1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karta.org.pl-1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karta.org.pl/Archiwa_i_bazy_danych/Archiwum_Opozycji/50">Archiwum Opozycji.</a> Materiały dotyczące oporu wobec władzy komunistycznej (Collected materials of the anti-communist opposition in Poland). <span class="nowrap"><i>Ośrodek <a href="/wiki/KARTA_Center" title="KARTA Center">KARTA Center</a></i>.</span> Retrieved October 15, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWierzbicki2012" class="citation web cs1">Wierzbicki, Paweł (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/48152/WA303_65065_A507-DN-R-44-4_Wierzbicki.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Tygodnik Mazowsze" — cudowne dziecko drugiego obiegu (The wonderful child of Bibuła)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RCIN Digital Repository</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RCIN+Digital+Repository&rft.atitle=%22Tygodnik+Mazowsze%22+%E2%80%94+cudowne+dziecko+drugiego+obiegu+%28The+wonderful+child+of+Bibu%C5%82a%29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wierzbicki&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F48152%2FWA303_65065_A507-DN-R-44-4_Wierzbicki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+underground+press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_underground_press&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webfiles.uci.edu/mkaminsk/www/book.html">Marek Kaminski - Book of Polish Political Prisoner and Underground Publisher</a> makes various references to Polish underground publishing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karta.org.pl">Foundation "Karta" founded to preserve documents related to Polish underground publications</a></li> <li>Kantorosinski, Zbigniew (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/polpress/indepres1.html"><i>The Independent Press in Poland, 1976-1990.</i></a> Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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country)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance#Clandestine_press" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands#Passive_resistance" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_media_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underground media in German-occupied Czechoslovakia (page does not exist)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underground_media_in_German-occupied_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underground media in German-occupied Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_media_in_German-occupied_France" title="Underground media in German-occupied France">France</a></li> <li><a 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