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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environmental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Food security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agroecological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agroecological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Agroecological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agroecological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Economic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Social </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Energy efficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_footprint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_footprint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Carbon footprint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_footprint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_in_ozone_and_particulate_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_in_ozone_and_particulate_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Reduction in ozone and particulate matter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_in_ozone_and_particulate_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_decontamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_decontamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Soil decontamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_decontamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noise_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noise_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Noise pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noise_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition_and_quality_of_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition_and_quality_of_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Nutrition and quality of food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition_and_quality_of_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_of_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_of_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Economy of scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_of_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_inequalities_and_food_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_inequalities_and_food_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Health inequalities and food justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_inequalities_and_food_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Environmental justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Benefits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade-offs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade-offs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Trade-offs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-offs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Urban agriculture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="زراعة حضرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة حضرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_urbana" title="Agricultura urbana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agricultura urbana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C" title="শহুরে কৃষিকাজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শহুরে কৃষিকাজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Градско селско стопанство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Градско селско стопанство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_urbana" title="Agricultura urbana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agricultura urbana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbane_Landwirtschaft" title="Urbane Landwirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urbane Landwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αστική γεωργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστική γεωργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_urbana" title="Agricultura urbana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agricultura urbana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri-nekazaritza" title="Hiri-nekazaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiri-nekazaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کشاورزی شهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشاورزی شهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_urbaine" title="Agriculture urbaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agriculture urbaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_urbana" title="Agricultura urbana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Agricultura urbana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C_%EB%86%8D%EC%97%85" title="도시 농업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도시 농업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertanian_urban" title="Pertanian urban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertanian urban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricoltura_urbana" title="Agricoltura urbana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agricoltura urbana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חקלאות עירונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חקלאות עירונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87andiniya_bajar%C3%AE" title="Çandiniya bajarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çandiniya bajarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_urbana" title="Agricultura urbana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Agricultura urbana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadslandbouw" title="Stadslandbouw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stadslandbouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="都市農業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市農業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbant_landbruk" title="Urbant landbruk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urbant landbruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਖੇਤੀਬਾੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultura_urbana" title="Agricultura urbana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agricultura urbana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Городское фермерство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Городское фермерство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="නාගරික කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාගරික කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbana_poljoprivreda" title="Urbana poljoprivreda – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Urbana poljoprivreda" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupunkiviljely" title="Kaupunkiviljely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupunkiviljely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsodling" title="Stadsodling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stadsodling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நகர வேளாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகர வேளாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentsel_tar%C4%B1m" title="Kentsel tarım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kentsel tarım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%C3%B4_th%E1%BB%8B" title="Nông nghiệp đô thị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nông nghiệp đô thị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="都市農業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="都市農業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="都市農業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Farming in cities and urban areas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Urban_agriculture#Bad_structure_and_bias" title="Talk:Urban agriculture">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Urban Farm located in the city of Chicago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg/350px-New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg/525px-New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg/700px-New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An urban farm in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/250px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/375px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/500px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1337" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">On land</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrivoltaic">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">sheep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free-range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobby_farm" title="Hobby farm">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowing" title="Sowing">Sowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Madeira)" title="Colonia (Madeira)">Colonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_steam_sterilization" title="Soil steam sterilization">Steam sterilization</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_cultivation" title="Category:Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/16px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/24px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/32px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Agriculture portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture" title="Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture" title="Template talk:Agriculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Urban agriculture refers to various practices of <a href="/wiki/Cultivating" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivating">cultivating</a>, processing, and distributing <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban areas">urban areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> The term also applies to the area activities of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_beekeeping" title="Urban beekeeping">beekeeping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> in an urban context. Urban agriculture is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">peri-urban agriculture</a>, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-otherurbanag-3">[3]</a> Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development. It can involve a movement of organic growers, "<a href="/wiki/Foodie" title="Foodie">foodies</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Locavore" class="mw-redirect" title="Locavore">locavores</a>", who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a>, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety while decreasing <a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">food miles</a>, leading to lower <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> thereby contributing to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg/220px-Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg/330px-Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg/440px-Tenochtitlan_chinampas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of the Aztec Empire's capital city of Tenochtitlan. Chinampas are prominently featured in the foreground, but visible throughout the city. </figcaption></figure> Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from early <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> cultures. Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls. (3500BC) In <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>'s semi-desert towns, <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a> were fed through <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a> carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hanging Gardens of Babylon">The Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a> are another famous - if potentially legendary - regional example. In China, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> has been continuously inhabited <a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">since at least 5000 BC</a>, whose citizens have engaged in urban agriculture at varying degrees during different points of its history. At the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incans'</a> <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season.<a href="#cite_note-:3-6">[6]</a> Elsewhere in the Americas, well-documented examples of <a href="/wiki/PreColombian_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="PreColombian civilizations">pre-Columbian</a> Amerindian urban agriculture include the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztecs'</a> lake-based <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a> which were crucial to population growth in Mexico Valley's cities;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">maize-based economy</a> in the Mississippi River near present-day St. Louis;<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the thriving mesa agricultural plots of the cliff-based <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Pueblo cultures</a> such as Mesa Verde of today's <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region, among others.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_experiment_in_gardening,_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/City_experiment_in_gardening%2C_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg/220px-City_experiment_in_gardening%2C_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/City_experiment_in_gardening%2C_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg/330px-City_experiment_in_gardening%2C_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/City_experiment_in_gardening%2C_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg/440px-City_experiment_in_gardening%2C_New_York_City_LCCN93501876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>A gardening demonstration in New York City, 1922</figcaption></figure> The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new. It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance. <a href="/wiki/Allotment_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotment garden">Allotment gardens</a> emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the context of the US, urban agriculture as a widely recognized practice took root in response of the 1893–1897 economic depression in Detroit.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Delaware-11">[11]</a> In 1894, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree" title="Hazen S. Pingree">Hazen S. Pingree</a> called on outlying citizens of a depression-struck <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> to lend their properties to the city government ahead of the winter season.<a href="#cite_note-Northeastern_University_Press-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press-13">[13]</a> The Detroit government would in turn develop these lots as makeshift potato gardens - nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor - as potatoes were weather resistant and easy to grow. He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Detroit project was successful enough that other US cities adopted similar urban agriculture practices. By 1906, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that over 75,000 schools alone managed urban agriculture programs<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> to provide children and their families with fresh produce. However, it would not be until the First World War that US urban agriculture spread widely.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Delaware-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorygarden_usa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Victorygarden_usa.jpg/220px-Victorygarden_usa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Victorygarden_usa.jpg/330px-Victorygarden_usa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Victorygarden_usa.jpg/440px-Victorygarden_usa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="1114" /></a><figcaption>An example of the urban agriculture propaganda deployed by the government of the United States during the world wars. "Uncle Sam" encourages the audience to grow their own food in their own gardens, as both an act of patriotism and explicitly to reduce food costs during war rationing.</figcaption></figure> During World War One, food production became a major national security concern for several countries, including the US.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Delaware-11">[11]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation of food insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The National War Garden Committee under the American Forestry Association organized campaigns with patriotic messages such as "Sow the Seeds of Victory", with the aim of reducing domestic pressure on food production. In so doing, primary agricultural industries could focus on shipping rations to troops in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Northeastern_University_Press-12">[12]</a> So called <a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">victory gardens</a> sprouted during World War One (emulated later during World War Two) in the US, as well as Canada & the United Kingdom. By 1919, American victory gardens numbered 5 million plots country-wide, and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested. So efficient were the American urban agriculture programs that surplus foodstuffs were shipped to war-ravaged European nations, in addition to American military forces. A very similar practice came into use during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. Public and government support for Victory Gardens waned during the Interwar Period, with most American sites becoming repurposed for various economic development initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press-13">[13]</a> By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. Indeed, these new victory gardens became the "first line of defense for the country".<a href="#cite_note-Hired_Gardens_and_the_Question_of-17">[17]</a> Once more, the government supported and encouraged Victory Gardens as a means of national security: domestic pressure on major agricultural industries would be relieved to further augment the war economy. With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the post-war period, the US government gradually stopped assisting urban agriculture programs, partially due to the lack of need of war supplies and partially due to the US fully embracing industrialized food systems.<a href="#cite_note-Hired_Gardens_and_the_Question_of-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_guerillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_guerillas.jpg/220px-Green_guerillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_guerillas.jpg/330px-Green_guerillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Green_guerillas.jpg/440px-Green_guerillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>1975 image of Liz Christy in one of her Lower East Side gardens, as one example of NYC's Green Guerillas.</figcaption></figure> By the 1950s and 1960s, urban agriculture was more focused on grassroots initiatives spearheaded by politicized social movements, including the <a href="/wiki/African-American_Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American Civil Rights">African-American Civil Rights</a>. These groups benefited from a great number of vacant lots, left behind during a period of <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">post-war urban to suburban migration</a>. Despite these efforts, vacant lots as a whole became seen as blighted, decaying areas. Some American cities, such as Syracuse, NY once more supported urban agriculture programs, not for food security but to <a href="/wiki/Beautification" title="Beautification">make these vacant lots more appealing</a>. Social and environmental justice groups, such as New York City based <a href="/wiki/Green_Guerillas" title="Green Guerillas">Green Guerillas</a>, Seattle-based <a href="/wiki/P-Patch" title="P-Patch">P-Patch</a>, Boston-based Urban Gardeners,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and Philadelphia-based <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Green" title="Philadelphia Green">Philadelphia Green</a>, continued to shape American urban agricultural practices during the 1970s. These groups - and many others - reinvigorated interest in urban agriculture, aimed not only at community development but also combating environmental crises.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Delaware-11">[11]</a> American urban agriculture initiatives during the 1980s built upon the previous decade's focus on community engagement. A natural evolution was sites of urban agriculture entering everyday community roles and consequently requiring more funding than grassroots movements could muster. The US government created an Urban Garden Program, which funded programs in twenty-eight cities who in turn produced roughly twenty-one million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a> of produce. Though some sites of urban agriculture were repurposed for other economic development, the overall trend of the 1980s was an expansion of the practice.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Delaware-11">[11]</a> The 1990s continued this growth of urban agriculture sites in the US, while also expanding their purposes. A result of this broadening was the division of urban agriculture practitioners based on motivations, organizational structure, and a host of other operational concerns.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_Press-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg/220px-The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg/330px-The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg/440px-The-rainbow-themed-flowers-are-arranged-in-a-figure-8-formation-This-part-of-the-garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>An example of urban agriculture in Wilmington, Delaware. The garden is secondary to the operating organization's wider mission of reducing youth truancy. While crops are grown, flowers have been placed around the perimeter explicitly to attract community members to the garden.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s, urban agriculture sites and usages of these sites have continued to grow. Groups managing some sites focus on the economic security and cultural preservation of immigrants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong American</a> communities in various US states.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Other groups incorporate urban agriculture programs as part of wider social justice missions, such as those in the city of Wilmington, Delaware.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Delaware-11">[11]</a> Still others seek to use urban agriculture as a means of combating community-scale food insecurity,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> as part of wider goals of <a href="/wiki/Rewilding" title="Rewilding">rewilding</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_wilderness" title="Urban wilderness">cities</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and human diets,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> among a multitude of other uses.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Much attention has been placed on the practice of urban agriculture in connection to food movements such as <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Food_Network" class="extiw" title="it:Alternative Food Network">alternative food networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">local food movements.</a> Alternative food networks seek to redefine food production, distribution, and consumption by considering the sociocultural elements of local communities and economies.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Sustainable food networks are a related concept, but focus more on ecological concerns. Local food networks focus more on the political responses to globalization<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> or concerns with the environmental impacts of industrialized food transportation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_types">Main types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg/250px-Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg/375px-Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg/500px-Mudchute_farm_cow_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A cow at Mudchute Park and Farm, Tower Hamlets, London. Note <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm. Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens">Gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gardens">edit</a>]</div> Many communities make <a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">community gardening</a> accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education. In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden. Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants. All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community. It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need. A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's <a href="/wiki/P-Patch" title="P-Patch">P-Patch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The grassroots <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world. During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farms">Farms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Farms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_(65787p).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_%2865787p%29.jpg/220px-Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_%2865787p%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_%2865787p%29.jpg/330px-Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_%2865787p%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_%2865787p%29.jpg/440px-Rooftop_farm_at_the_Essex_%2865787p%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6781" data-file-height="9118" /></a><figcaption>The Project Eats Rooftop Farm in New York City</figcaption></figure> The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as the city grows around it. City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, that have people working with <a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">animals</a> and plants to produce food. They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a> to people who live in urbanized areas.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building. They are important sources of <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> for many communities around the globe. City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres. In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone. Other city farms operate as partnerships with <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authorities</a>. An early city farm was set up in 1972 in <a href="/wiki/Kentish_Town" title="Kentish Town">Kentish Town</a>, London. It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands. Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom. In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities. In Melbourne, the <a href="/wiki/Collingwood_Children%27s_Farm" title="Collingwood Children's Farm">Collingwood Children's Farm</a> was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF),<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the oldest continually farmed land in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, farmed since 1838. In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated <a href="/wiki/Rooftop_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooftop farm">rooftop farm</a>, followed by an even larger location in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and Green Infrastructure Grant Program.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> has numerous urban farms and other types of UA sites throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-All_Properties-43">[43]</a> Several notable initiatives and organizations include The Philippine Urban Agriculture Network (PUAN), Gawad Kalinga, and the federal government's Urban Agriculture Program.<a href="#cite_note-All_Properties-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, the most populous city in the country, began a "Joy of Farming" program in the 2010s, which to date has implemented 160+ urban farms in backyards, daycare centres, churches and communal spaces as well as purpose-built farm demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a>, a 300 square meter urban farm built in 2020 was seen as a key player in the city's resilience during the <a href="/wiki/Covid-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid-19">Covid-19</a> pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Fishermen based in <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> initiated a hybrid <a href="/wiki/Farm_to_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm to table">farm to table</a> scheme, connecting isolated farming communities to both national and international markets.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroponic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroponic">hydroponic</a> rooftop farms (which also rely on <a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">vertical farming</a>) are appearing.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized. Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As Singapore imports 90+% of its food, urban agriculture is seen as essential to national security, a fact underscored during the Covid-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of Taiwan">local city governments</a> sometimes support urban agriculture as a means of sustainable ecology, such as <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei's</a> Garden City Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_City_Government-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Originally intended to be small-scale, the program was met with unanticipated enthusiasm,<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_City_Government-50">[50]</a> for example, 200+ schools were approved for its trial phase out of planned 22. While certain challenges exist towards implementation and management, the program covers multiple types of urban agricultural sites governed by a variety of independent actors and institutions.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Like many countries experiencing rapid (urban) population growth, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is exploring urban agriculture as a means of feeding its growing population; such as in Shanghai <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Despite several widespread cultural, architectural, economic, governmental, and social challenges towards implementation, urban agriculture is noted as having numerous positive transformative effects for China ranging from local food security to national economic security.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg/250px-Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg/375px-Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg/500px-Aretxabaleta-apts-and-garden-4618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A tidy front yard flower and vegetable garden in <a href="/wiki/Aretxabaleta" title="Aretxabaleta">Aretxabaleta</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaponics_systems">Aquaponics systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aquaponics systems">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a> is a closed-loop farming technique that ingeniously combines <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. In this mutually beneficial relationship, fish waste serves as a natural <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This ingenious system not only minimizes water usage but also eliminates the need for chemical <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, making it an <a href="/wiki/Eco-friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-friendly">eco-friendly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resource-efficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource-efficient">resource-efficient</a> method of <a href="/wiki/Food_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Food production">food production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The origins of <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a> can be traced back to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, who practiced a form of this method by <a href="/wiki/Cultivating" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivating">cultivating</a> crops on floating rafts in nutrient-rich waters. In modern times, researchers like Dr. Mark McMurtry and Dr. James Rakocy further developed and popularized <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a> during the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In practice, fish are raised in a tank, and their waste releases ammonia. Beneficial bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which serve as essential nutrients for the plants. As the plants take up these nutrients, they cleanse the water, which is recirculated back to the fish tank, completing the sustainable loop. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_farming">Vertical farming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vertical farming">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a> has emerged as a solution for sustainable urban agriculture, enabling crops to be cultivated in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, within controlled indoor environments. This approach maximizes space utilization and facilitates year-round cultivation, making it an ideal choice for densely populated urban areas with limited land availability. The concept of vertical farming dates back to the early 20th century, but its recent popularity has surged due to the challenges posed by <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and the growing demand for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> food production. Vertical farms have gained significant traction globally as they offer solutions to overcome the limitations associated with traditional agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In practice, vertical farms employ advanced techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>, allowing plants to grow without soil by using nutrient-rich water or air instead. By utilizing vertical space, these farms achieve higher crop yields per square foot compared to conventional farming methods. The integration of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lighting">artificial lighting</a> and sophisticated climate control systems ensures optimal conditions for crop growth throughout the year. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> stands at the forefront of the vertical farming movement, embracing this technology-driven agriculture to address its limited land availability and secure food sustainability. As a densely populated city-state, Singapore's adoption of <a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">vertical farming</a> showcases how innovative approaches to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> can effectively tackle the challenges of urban living while promoting <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Food production">food production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The obstacles that vertical farming must overcome include; training/indoor farming expertise, commercial feasibility and resistance from city people/politicians.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor_farms">Indoor farms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indoor farms">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indoor_farming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indoor farming (page does not exist)">Indoor farming</a> is a method involves <a href="/wiki/Cultivating" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivating">cultivating</a> plants indoors, free from the constraints of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional agriculture">traditional agriculture</a> such as weather fluctuations and limited land availability. The concept of indoor farming emerged as a solution to the challenges faced by conventional <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a> methods. With unpredictable weather patterns and urbanization taking up valuable arable land, indoor farming offers a sustainable alternative. In practice, indoor farms utilize advanced techniques like <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a> to cultivate plants. These systems provide a soil-less environment, ensuring efficient use of resources and optimal plant growth. Climate control systems play a crucial role in maintaining the perfect conditions for crops, regulating temperature, humidity, and lighting. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial lighting">Artificial lighting</a>, often powered by energy-efficient LED technology, ensures that plants receive the right light spectrum for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, resulting in healthy and abundant harvests.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The ultimate goal of developments includes providing superior agricultural products that meet urban consumers' safety requirements.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Perspectives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_and_economic">Resource and economic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resource and economic">edit</a>]</div> The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <blockquote> An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and peri-urban areas. Typically urban agriculture applies <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive production</a> methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community. </blockquote> With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-:02-64">[64]</a> This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> has been linked to socioeconomic inequities.<a href="#cite_note-:02-64">[64]</a> Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less... healthful foods", and phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food deserts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-64">[64]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Racialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialized">racialized</a> systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food. Today, some cities have much vacant land due to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>. In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close up of plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg/220px-Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg/330px-Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg/440px-Kaicycle_Urban_Farm_Wellington_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A mixed garden bed of plants for food and for bees and insects in a community based urban farm in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh,_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh%2C_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Tomato_plant_at_Roof_garden_in_Mymensingh%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3347" /></a><figcaption>Tomato plant at Roof garden in <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <blockquote> Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented. These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation. </blockquote> Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because they fit within the current scope of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a>. The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67">[67]</a> Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to engage with ecological citizenship actively. By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society. Decisions must be made on a group-level basis to run the farm. Most effective results are achieved when community residents are asked to take on more active roles in the farm.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_security">Food security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Food security">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></div> Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities. The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food. The <a href="/wiki/Community_Food_Security_Coalition" title="Community Food Security Coalition">Community Food Security Coalition</a> (CFSC) defines food security as: <blockquote> All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times. </blockquote> Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">processed</a> <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes. These problems have brought about the concept of <a href="/wiki/Food_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Food justice">food justice</a> which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a>, racial formation, and racialized geographies... Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a>."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see<a href="#cite_note-Audate_PP,_Fernandez_MA,_Cloutier_G,_Lebel_A_2018-70">[70]</a>) Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The issue of <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> is accompanied by the related movements of <a href="/wiki/Food_Justice_Movement" title="Food Justice Movement">food justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_sovereignty" title="Food sovereignty">food sovereignty</a>. These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a>, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i.e. growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agroecological">Agroecological</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agroecological">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a> is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems. In contrast to the dominant model of agriculture, agroecology emphasizes the importance of soil health by fostering connections between the diverse biotic and abiotic factors present.<a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[76]</a> It prioritizes farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems. <a href="/wiki/Transdisciplinarity" title="Transdisciplinarity">Transdisciplinarity</a> and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_empowerment" title="Gender empowerment">gender empowerment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological sustainability">ecological sustainability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous sovereignty">indigenous sovereignty</a>, and public <a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">participation</a> in addition to promoting food access. For example, agroecology has been integral to social movements surrounding public demand for sustainably grown food free from pesticides and other chemicals. Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture alleviates much more than simply food insecurity by also encouraging discourse about all facets of community wellness from physical and mental health to community connectedness. It has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprouting_mung_beans_in_a_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sprouting_mung_beans_in_a_jar.jpg/220px-Sprouting_mung_beans_in_a_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sprouting_mung_beans_in_a_jar.jpg/330px-Sprouting_mung_beans_in_a_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Sprouting_mung_beans_in_a_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouting</a> glass jar with mung beans in it</figcaption></figure>In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic">edit</a>]</div> Urban and <a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">Peri-urban agriculture</a> (UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_marketing" title="Agricultural marketing">marketing</a> of consumable products. This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the <a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">creation of jobs</a>, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a> UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing <a href="/wiki/Urban_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban poverty">urban poverty</a>, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of <a href="/wiki/Food_distribution" title="Food distribution">food distribution</a>. UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community garden</a> plot a median yield value of between approximately $200 and $500 (US, adjusted for inflation).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg/220px-Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg/330px-Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg/440px-Kstovo-hay-1536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The needs of urban landscaping can be combined with those of suburban livestock farmers. (<a href="/wiki/Kstovo" title="Kstovo">Kstovo</a>, Russia)</figcaption></figure> Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield,_S._2007-81">[81]</a> UA can have an overall positive impact on <a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">community health</a>, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield,_S._2007-81">[81]</a> Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being. Urban agriculture sites have been noted as lowering crime rates generally in local neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located. For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens. Activities which involve hundreds of people.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased. This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> UPA can be seen as a means of improving the <a href="/wiki/Livelihood" title="Livelihood">livelihood</a> of people living in and around cities. Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns. Due to the food security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise. The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield,_S._2007-81">[81]</a> Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city.<a href="#cite_note-Hales-87">[87]</a> The CFSC states that: <blockquote> Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars. They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items. As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $0.44 per dozen.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </blockquote> This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local <a href="/wiki/Grocer" class="mw-redirect" title="Grocer">grocers</a> or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products. With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg/250px-Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg/375px-Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg/500px-Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A vegetable garden in the square in front of the train station in <a href="/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a>, China</figcaption></figure> Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household consumption while supplying more for market sale.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights. The <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Research_Centre" title="International Development Research Centre">IDRC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening. There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008 to 2013. US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame. Urban agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together. In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients. Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushroom_growing_kit,_BTTR_Ventures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mushroom_growing_kit%2C_BTTR_Ventures.jpg/170px-Mushroom_growing_kit%2C_BTTR_Ventures.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mushroom_growing_kit%2C_BTTR_Ventures.jpg/255px-Mushroom_growing_kit%2C_BTTR_Ventures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mushroom_growing_kit%2C_BTTR_Ventures.jpg/340px-Mushroom_growing_kit%2C_BTTR_Ventures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Edible oyster mushrooms growing on used coffee grounds</figcaption></figure> The current <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a> system is accountable for high <a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">energy costs</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a> of foodstuffs. According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Center_for_Sustainable_Agriculture" title="Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture">Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>, the average conventional produce item travels 1,500 miles (2,400 km),<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> using, if shipped by <a href="/wiki/Tractor-trailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractor-trailer">tractor-trailer</a>, 1 US gallon (3.8 L; 0.83 imp gal) of fossil fuel per 100 pounds (45 kg).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food. Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more CO2 than the local and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Transportation_Plan" title="Regional Transportation Plan">regional transport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of CO2, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-96">[96]</a> In theory one would save money, but everything is being run on the house's power grid most of the time. So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_WindowFarms_Project_(Drainage)_@_MakerFaire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_WindowFarms_Project_%28Drainage%29_%40_MakerFaire.jpg/170px-The_WindowFarms_Project_%28Drainage%29_%40_MakerFaire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_WindowFarms_Project_%28Drainage%29_%40_MakerFaire.jpg/255px-The_WindowFarms_Project_%28Drainage%29_%40_MakerFaire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_WindowFarms_Project_%28Drainage%29_%40_MakerFaire.jpg/340px-The_WindowFarms_Project_%28Drainage%29_%40_MakerFaire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Windowfarm" title="Windowfarm">windowfarm</a>, incorporating discarded plastic bottles into pots for hydroponic agriculture in urban windows</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_agriculture" title="Energy efficiency in agriculture">Energy efficiency in agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_footprint">Carbon footprint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Carbon footprint">edit</a>]</div> As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Such areas can act as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and release breathable oxygen (O2) through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. The process of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_Sequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Sequestration">Carbon Sequestration</a> can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of CO2 during harvest time. However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-96">[96]</a> Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">remain green all year</a> can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_in_ozone_and_particulate_matter">Reduction in ozone and particulate matter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reduction in ozone and particulate matter">edit</a>]</div> The reduction in <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Particulate matter">particulate matter</a> can benefit human health.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a> in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities. A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m2 of uncut <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_decontamination">Soil decontamination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Soil decontamination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Urban_agriculture#Seems_a_bit_hard_to_believe_that_plants_being_grown_specifically_to_remove_toxins_from_the_soil_would_be_considered_suitable_for_human_consumption._Either_the_reason_why_these_are_fine_needs_to_be_explained_more_clearly,_or_this_section_doesn't_belong_in_this_article." title="Talk:Urban agriculture">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes. They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "<a href="/wiki/Grey_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey water">grey water</a>", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods. The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals. In the process known as <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a>, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e.g. Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e.g. Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e.g. petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremeditation</a> is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution. Phytoremediation only costs about $5–$40 per ton of <a href="/wiki/Soil_decontamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil decontamination">soil being decontaminated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill.<a href="#cite_note-phytoremediation1995-106">[106]</a> Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.<a href="#cite_note-phytoremediation1995-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a>. Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty. Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species. Typically urban soil has had the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage. Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes, <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">soil organic matter</a> (SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction. A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the <a href="/wiki/Total_organic_carbon" title="Total organic carbon">total organic carbon</a> (TOC) in the soil. This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web. Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noise_pollution">Noise pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Noise pollution">edit</a>]</div> Large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health.<a href="#cite_note-pass-109">[109]</a> The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem. Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance." Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast <a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">reduction in noise pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pass-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition_and_quality_of_food">Nutrition and quality of food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nutrition and quality of food">edit</a>]</div> Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated94-110">[110]</a> which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-111">[111]</a> Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake. A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1.4 times more per day and were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p. 1).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated94-110">[110]</a> Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children. An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water <a href="/wiki/Vitamins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamins">soluble vitamins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-114">[114]</a> The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-114">[114]</a> Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly. Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households. Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-111">[111]</a> Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts. The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes. Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners. Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming. These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm. This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole. This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment. Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health. Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy_of_scale">Economy of scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy of scale">edit</a>]</div> Using high-density urban farming with <a href="/wiki/Vertical_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical farms">vertical farms</a> or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise. These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can <a href="/wiki/Recycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycle">recycle</a> organic waste back to energy and nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_inequalities_and_food_justice">Health inequalities and food justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Health inequalities and food justice">edit</a>]</div> A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Although the definition and methods for determining "<a href="/wiki/Food_deserts" class="mw-redirect" title="Food deserts">food deserts</a>" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States, there are racial disparities in the food environment.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice.<a href="#cite_note-Cultivating_Food_Justice_-_Growing_Food_and_Justice-121">[121]</a> This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core.<a href="#cite_note-cultivating_food_justice_-_from_industrial_garden-122">[122]</a> The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security.<a href="#cite_note-growing_food_and_justice_for_all-123">[123]</a> Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_justice">Environmental justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environmental justice">edit</a>]</div> Urban agriculture may advance <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and food justice for communities living in food deserts. First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food. When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-MCC-125">[125]</a> Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities. Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs. Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members. Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress. Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-4Sapolsky-126">[126]</a> Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>. Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food system</a> infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2GOTTLIEB-127">[127]</a> Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area. A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2.5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7–33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">CO2 emission</a> rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> in lower socioeconomic areas. <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Urban_Agriculture_(SUA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable Urban Agriculture (SUA)">Sustainable urban agriculture</a> can also promote worker protection and consumer rights.<a href="#cite_note-2GOTTLIEB-127">[127]</a> For example, communities in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-3ACC-129">[129]</a> However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">contaminated</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead</a> contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">lead paint</a> which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_exhaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle exhaust">vehicle exhaust</a>, and atmospheric deposition. Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues.<a href="#cite_note-MCC-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture_by_region" title="Urban agriculture by region">Urban agriculture by region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg/220px-Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg/330px-Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg/440px-Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A small urban farm in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodrooffarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Foodrooffarm.jpg/220px-Foodrooffarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Foodrooffarm.jpg/330px-Foodrooffarm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Foodrooffarm.jpg/440px-Foodrooffarm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Rooftop urban farming at the Food Roof Farm in downtown St. Louis, Missouri</figcaption></figure> Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a>. To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects. Some projects have collectively tended community farms on <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common land</a>, much like that of the eighteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common_(park)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Common (park)">Boston Common</a>. One such community farm is the <a href="/wiki/Collingwood_Children%27s_Farm" title="Collingwood Children's Farm">Collingwood Children's Farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Other community garden projects use the <a href="/wiki/Allotment_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotment garden">allotment garden</a> model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities. Seattle's <a href="/wiki/P-Patch" title="P-Patch">P-Patch</a> Gardens use this model, as did the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Farm" title="South Central Farm">South Central Farm</a> in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St. Louis. Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs. <a href="/wiki/Garden_sharing" title="Garden sharing">Garden sharing</a> projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space. <a href="/wiki/Roof_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Roof gardens">Roof gardens</a> allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land. Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cpul-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HuertoRomita03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HuertoRomita03.JPG/200px-HuertoRomita03.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HuertoRomita03.JPG/300px-HuertoRomita03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HuertoRomita03.JPG/400px-HuertoRomita03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Urban agriculture project in the <a href="/wiki/La_Romita" title="La Romita">La Romita</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Roma" title="Colonia Roma">Colonia Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG/220px-Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG/330px-Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG/440px-Tomato_plants_growing_July_2013_in_garbage_cans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Tomato plants growing in a pot farming alongside a small house in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> in fifteen <a href="/wiki/Garbage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage can">garbage cans</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> grew over 700 tomatoes during the summer of 2013.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a> on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share. The <a href="/wiki/Keep_Growing_Detroit" title="Keep Growing Detroit">Garden Resource Program Collaborative</a> based in Detroit has cluster tool banks. Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster. Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays. In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community. <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_market" title="Farmers' market">Farmers' markets</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Farmers_Market_(Los_Angeles)" title="Farmers Market (Los Angeles)">farmers' market in Los Angeles</a>, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers. Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week. For example, the farmers' market of <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Richard-Lenoir" title="Boulevard Richard-Lenoir">Boulevard Richard-Lenoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</a>, is open on Sundays and Thursdays. However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly. For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products. The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Benefits">edit</a>]</div> The benefits of UA for cities that implement this practice are numerous. Cities' transformation from food consumers to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation. <ul><li>UA creates circular energy loops in which food is consumed in the same place it is produced, and waste is not exported to the peripheral rural areas.</li> <li>Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer.</li> <li>Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production instead of sitting unused<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Using wastewater for irrigation improves <a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a> and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption.</li> <li>UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland.</li> <li>Urban agriculture saves energy (e.g., energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas).</li> <li>Local food production also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and product loss, which results in a reduction in food costs.</li> <li>UA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and, thus, reduces pollution.</li> <li>Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[76]</a></li> <li>UPA is a very effective tool for fighting hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates access to food for an impoverished sector of the urban population.</li></ul> A large part of urban agriculture involves the urban poor. In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses sold in the market. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), poor urban consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them vulnerable to higher food prices. <ul><li>UPA provides food and creates savings in household consumable expenditures, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses.</li> <li>UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Community_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Community center">Community centers</a> and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life. The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in <a href="/wiki/Sarasota,_Florida" title="Sarasota, Florida">Sarasota, Florida</a> serves as a public community and education center where innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them. Community centers like Florida House integrate agriculture into the urban lifestyle by providing centralized urban areas to learn about urban agriculture and food production.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-134">[134]</a> Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade-offs">Trade-offs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Trade-offs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure.</li> <li>The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture. It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests. Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated226-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations. This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food. These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated226-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health. These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ul> Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts. For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees. However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment (gardening)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset-based_community_development" title="Asset-based community development">Asset-based community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building-integrated_agriculture" title="Building-integrated agriculture">Building-integrated agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growbag" title="Growbag">Growbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growroom" title="Growroom">Growroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_agriculture" title="Metropolitan agriculture">Metropolitan agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooftop gardens">Rooftop gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoyama" title="Satoyama">Satoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_mulching" title="Sheet mulching">Sheet mulching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraces_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terraces (agriculture)">Terraces (agriculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_farming" title="Underground farming">Underground farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">Urban horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windowfarm" title="Windowfarm">Windowfarm</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Bailkey, M., and J. Nasr. 2000. "From Brownfields to Greenfields: Producing Food in North American Cities", Community Food Security News. Fall 1999/Winter 2000:6 </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/fcit/upa/en/">"Food for the Cities: Production systems (UPA)"</a>. 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Zajicek, HortTechnology 10 (3) 593–596 -2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas-ValenciaVelásquezFranco2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rojas-Valencia, M.N.; Velásquez, M.T. Orta de; Franco, Víctor (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/49936059">"Urban agriculture, using sustainable practices that involve the reuse of wastewater and solid waste"</a>. Agricultural Water Management. 98 (9): 1388–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AgWM...98.1388R">2011AgWM...98.1388R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agwat.2011.04.005">10.1016/j.agwat.2011.04.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+Water+Management&rft.atitle=Urban+agriculture%2C+using+sustainable+practices+that+involve+the+reuse+of+wastewater+and+solid+waste&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1388-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.agwat.2011.04.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AgWM...98.1388R&rft.aulast=Rojas-Valencia&rft.aufirst=M.N.&rft.au=Vel%C3%A1squez%2C+M.T.+Orta+de&rft.au=Franco%2C+V%C3%ADctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49936059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated226-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated226_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated226_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellPowerJarraudAgrawal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, J. N.B.; Power, S. A.; Jarraud, N.; Agrawal, M.; Davies, C. (2011). "The effects of air pollution on urban ecosystems and agriculture". International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 18 (3): 226–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IJSDW..18..226B">2011IJSDW..18..226B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.2011.570803">10.1080/13504509.2011.570803</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154867736">154867736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sustainable+Development+%26+World+Ecology&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+air+pollution+on+urban+ecosystems+and+agriculture&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154867736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13504509.2011.570803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011IJSDW..18..226B&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+N.B.&rft.au=Power%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Jarraud%2C+N.&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+M.&rft.au=Davies%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock2012" class="citation journal cs1">McClintock, Nathan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=usp_fac">"Assessing soil lead contamination at multiple scales in Oakland, California: Implications for urban agriculture and environmental justice"</a>. Applied Geography. 35 (1–2): 460–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..35..460M">2012AppGe..35..460M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apgeog.2012.10.001">10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.10.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geography&rft.atitle=Assessing+soil+lead+contamination+at+multiple+scales+in+Oakland%2C+California%3A+Implications+for+urban+agriculture+and+environmental+justice&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apgeog.2012.10.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012AppGe..35..460M&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdxscholar.library.pdx.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1093%26context%3Dusp_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordahl2009" class="citation book cs1">Nordahl, Darrin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicproducenew0000nord">Public Produce: The New Urban Agriculture</a>. Washington DC: Island Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726-588-1"><bdi>978-1-59726-588-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Produce%3A+The+New+Urban+Agriculture&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59726-588-1&rft.aulast=Nordahl&rft.aufirst=Darrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicproducenew0000nord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayland,_Michael2013" class="citation web cs1">Wayland, Michael (29 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/auto/index.ssf/2013/08/gm_expanding_urban_garden_prog.html">"GM expanding urban gardening program in Detroit"</a>. MLive. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GM+expanding+urban+gardening+program+in+Detroit&rft.pub=MLive&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.au=Wayland%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fauto%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F08%2Fgm_expanding_urban_garden_prog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2007/09/10/technology/farming_vertical.biz2/index.htm?postversion=2007091105">Farming Goes Vertical</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/news/features/30020/">Skyfarming</a> (2 April 2007). New York Magazine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904113839/http://www.chitowndailynews.org/Culture/City_Farm_grows_jobs_knowledge_and_tomatoes,15388">City Farm Grows Jobs, Knowledge, and Tomatoes</a>, article about Chicago's City Farm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_agriculture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainable-everyday-project.net/urbact-sustainable-food/">"URBACT - Sustainable food in urban communities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URBACT+-+Sustainable+food+in+urban+communities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainable-everyday-project.net%2Furbact-sustainable-food%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinderhughes,_Raquel2004" class="citation book cs1">Pinderhughes, Raquel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsrimdDwqEsC&q=urban+gardening&pg=PA207">Alternative Urban Futures: Planning for sustainable development in cities throughout the world</a>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 185–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742523678" title="Special:BookSources/9780742523678"><bdi>9780742523678</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Urban+Futures%3A+Planning+for+sustainable+development+in+cities+throughout+the+world&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=Lanham%3A+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780742523678&rft.au=Pinderhughes%2C+Raquel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsrimdDwqEsC%26q%3Durban%2Bgardening%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrban+agriculture" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2366-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2366-7">0-7425-2366-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li>Urban agriculture</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_farming" title="Desert farming">Desert farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture" title="Rainfed agriculture">Rainfed agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_cultivation" title="Category:Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening720" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening720" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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