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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Resource sustainability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resource_sustainability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Resource sustainability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Resource_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Impact assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Water resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mineral resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Forest resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife_and_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_and_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Wildlife and plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_and_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_and_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_and_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Fish and game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_and_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainable_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sustainable development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Equity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transboundary_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transboundary_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Transboundary responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transboundary_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_participation_and_transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_participation_and_transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Public participation and transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_participation_and_transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautionary_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautionary_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Precautionary principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautionary_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polluter_pays_principle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polluter_pays_principle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Polluter pays principle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polluter_pays_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_environmental_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_environmental_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International environmental law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_environmental_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_(RC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_(RC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Congo (RC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congo_(RC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.17</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.18</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.19</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.20</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.21</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Environmental law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="पर्यावरण कानून – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पर्यावरण कानून" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="قانون بيئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قانون بيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologiya_h%C3%BCququ" title="Ekologiya hüququ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekologiya hüququ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="পরিবেশ আইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিবেশ আইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8" title="पर्यावरण क़ानून – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पर्यावरण क़ानून" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dret_ambiental" title="Dret ambiental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dret ambiental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vo_%C5%BEivotn%C3%ADho_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD" title="Právo životního prostředí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Právo životního prostředí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8ret" title="Miljøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miljøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umweltrecht" title="Umweltrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umweltrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskkonna%C3%B5igus" title="Keskkonnaõigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskkonnaõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δίκαιο του περιβάλλοντος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίκαιο του περιβάλλοντος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_ambiental" title="Derecho ambiental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho ambiental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="حقوق محیط زیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق محیط زیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_l%27environnement" title="Droit de l'environnement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de l'environnement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_ambiental" title="Dereito ambiental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito ambiental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EB%B2%95" title="환경법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="환경법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar_muhalli" title="Dokar muhalli – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dokar muhalli" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Էկոլոգիական իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոլոգիական իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="पर्यावरणीय विधि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्यावरणीय विधि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_lingkungan" title="Hukum lingkungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum lingkungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_dell%27ambiente" title="Diritto dell'ambiente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto dell'ambiente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಪರಿಸರ ಕಾನೂನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರಿಸರ ಕಾನೂನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Экологиялық құқық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экологиялық құқық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiq%C3%BBqa_hawirdor%C3%AA" title="Hiqûqa hawirdorê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hiqûqa hawirdorê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Экологиялык укук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Экологиялык укук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplinkos_teis%C4%97" title="Aplinkos teisė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aplinkos teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Еколошко право – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еколошко право" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="പരിസ്ഥിതി നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരിസ്ഥിതി നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Байгаль хамгааллын эрх зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгаль хамгааллын эрх зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieurecht" title="Milieurecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Milieurecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%B3%95" title="環境法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="環境法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="چاپېريالي قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاپېريالي قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawo_ochrony_%C5%9Brodowiska" title="Prawo ochrony środowiska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawo ochrony środowiska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_ambiental" title="Direito ambiental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito ambiental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Экологическое право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экологическое право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA" title="අන්තර්ජාතික පරිසර නීතීය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අන්තර්ජාතික පරිසර නීතීය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Environmental law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6oikeus" title="Ympäristöoikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ympäristöoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B6r%C3%A4tt" title="Miljörätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miljörätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="กฎหมายสิ่งแวดล้อม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมายสิ่งแวดล้อม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evre_hukuku" title="Çevre hukuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çevre hukuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Екологічне право – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екологічне право" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADt_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Luật môi trường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luật môi trường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieuwetgevinge" title="Milieuwetgevinge – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Milieuwetgevinge" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaod_libongnon" title="Balaod libongnon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaod libongnon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="环境法学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="环境法学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q328798#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/125px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/188px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/250px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Pollution control law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Air quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">Water quality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">Environmental cleanup law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Natural resources law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Species protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_law" title="Water resources law">Water resources law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Reference materials</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_journals" title="List of environmental journals">Environmental journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">International environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Environmental laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_lawsuits" title="List of environmental lawsuits">Environmental lawsuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environmental ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supranational_environmental_agencies" title="List of supranational environmental agencies">Supranational environmental agencies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_law" title="Earth law">Earth law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_law" title="Insurance law">Insurance law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_sea" title="Law of the sea">Law of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust_doctrine" title="Public trust doctrine">Public trust doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_law" title="Wild law">Wild law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_law" title="Template:Environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_law" title="Template talk:Environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Environmental laws</b> are laws that protect the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental law is the collection of laws, <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, agreements and common law that governs how humans interact with their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <b>environmental regulations</b>; laws governing management of <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, or fisheries; and related topics such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessments</a>. Environmental law is seen as the body of laws concerned with the protection of living things (human beings inclusive) from the harm that human activity may immediately or eventually cause to them or their species, either directly or to the media and the habits on which they depend.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_environment" title="List of years in the environment">List of years in the environment</a></div> <p>Examples of laws designed to preserve the environment for its own sake or for human enjoyment are found throughout history. In the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, the primary protection was found in the law of <a href="/wiki/Nuisance_in_English_law" title="Nuisance in English law">nuisance</a>, but this only allowed for private actions for damages or injunctions if there was harm to land. Thus, smells emanating from <a href="/wiki/Pig_sty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pig sty">pigsties</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strict_liability" title="Strict liability">strict liability</a> against dumping rubbish,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or damage from exploding dams.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private enforcement, however, was limited and found to be woefully inadequate to deal with major environmental <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threats</a>, particularly threats to common resources. During the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a>" of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. Ironically, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Commission_of_Sewers_Act_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848">Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848</a> had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close <a href="/wiki/Cesspit" title="Cesspit">cesspits</a> around the city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river. In 19 days, <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> passed a further Act to build the <a href="/wiki/London_sewerage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="London sewerage system">London sewerage system</a>. London also suffered from terrible <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, and this culminated in the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Smog">Great Smog</a>" of 1952, which in turn triggered its own legislative response: the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956" title="Clean Air Act 1956">Clean Air Act 1956</a>. The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on emissions for households and businesses (particularly burning of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>) while an inspectorate would enforce compliance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_control">Pollution control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pollution control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg/220px-Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg/330px-Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg/440px-Alfred_Palmer_Smokestacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Industrial air pollution now regulated by <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">air quality law</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Air quality law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_quality_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Air quality laws</a> govern the emission of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollutants</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. A specialized subset of air quality laws regulate <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">the quality of air inside buildings</a>. Air quality laws are often designed specifically to protect human health by limiting or eliminating airborne pollutant concentrations. Other initiatives are designed to address broader ecological problems, such as limitations on chemicals that affect the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> programs to address <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a>. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorising air pollutants, setting limits on acceptable emissions levels, and dictating necessary or appropriate mitigation technologies.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_quality">Water quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Water quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discharge_pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A typical stormwater outfall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Discharge_pipe.jpg/220px-Discharge_pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Discharge_pipe.jpg/330px-Discharge_pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Discharge_pipe.jpg/440px-Discharge_pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>A typical stormwater outfall, subject to <a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">water quality law</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">Water quality law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_quality_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Water_quality_law" title="Water quality law">Water quality laws</a> govern the protection of water resources for human health and the environment. Water quality laws are legal standards or requirements governing <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, that is, the concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pollutants">water pollutants</a> in some regulated volume of water. Such standards are generally expressed as levels of a specific water pollutants (whether chemical, physical, biological, or radiological) that are deemed acceptable in the water volume, and are generally designed relative to the water's intended use - whether for human consumption, industrial or domestic use, recreation, or as aquatic habitat. Additionally, these laws provide regulations on the alteration of the <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">chemical, physical, radiological, and biological characteristics of water resources</a>. Regulatory efforts may include identifying and categorizing water pollutants, dictating acceptable <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_pollutant_concentration" title="Measures of pollutant concentration">pollutant concentrations</a> in water resources, and limiting pollutant discharges from effluent sources. Regulatory areas include <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment and disposal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural</a> waste water management, and control of <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> from construction sites and urban environments. Water quality laws provides the foundation for regulations in water standards, monitoring, required inspections and permits, and enforcement. These laws may be modified to meet current needs and priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_management">Waste management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Waste management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landfill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A landfill." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Landfill.jpg/220px-Landfill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Landfill.jpg/330px-Landfill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Landfill.jpg/440px-Landfill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>A municipal landfill, operated pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">waste management law</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waste_management_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management laws</a> govern the transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of all manner of <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">nuclear waste</a>, among <a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">many other types</a>. Waste laws are generally designed to minimize or eliminate the uncontrolled dispersal of waste materials into the environment in a manner that may cause ecological or biological harm, and include laws designed to reduce the generation of waste and promote or mandate waste recycling. Regulatory efforts include identifying and categorizing waste types and mandating transport, treatment, storage, and disposal practices.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contaminant_cleanup">Contaminant cleanup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contaminant cleanup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil spill cleanup." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg/220px-Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg/330px-Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg/440px-Rena_oil_spill_cleanup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3843" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>Oil spill emergency response, governed by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">environmental cleanup law</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">Environmental cleanup law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_cleanup_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_cleanup_law" title="Environmental cleanup law">Environmental cleanup laws</a> govern the removal of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contaminant" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminant">contaminants</a> from environmental media such as <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a>. Unlike pollution control laws, cleanup laws are designed to respond after-the-fact to environmental contamination, and consequently must often define not only the necessary response actions, but also the parties who may be responsible for undertaking (or paying for) such actions. Regulatory requirements may include rules for emergency response, liability allocation, site assessment, remedial investigation, feasibility studies, remedial action, post-remedial monitoring, and site reuse.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_safety">Chemical safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemical safety laws govern the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> in human activities, particularly human-made chemicals in modern industrial applications. As contrasted with media-oriented environmental laws (e.g., air or water quality laws), chemical control laws seek to manage the (potential) pollutants themselves. Regulatory efforts include banning specific chemical constituents in consumer products (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_A_controversy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol A controversy (page does not exist)">Bisphenol A</a> in plastic bottles), and regulating <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resource_sustainability">Resource sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resource sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_assessment">Impact assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_assessment&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a> (EIA) is the assessment of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact">environmental consequences</a> of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_environmental_assessment" title="Strategic environmental assessment">strategic environmental assessment</a>" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a tool of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management_system" title="Environmental management system">environmental management</a> forming a part of project approval and decision-making.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative procedure</a> regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Water resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrigation_ditch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Irrigation_ditch.JPG/220px-Irrigation_ditch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Irrigation_ditch.JPG/330px-Irrigation_ditch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Irrigation_ditch.JPG/440px-Irrigation_ditch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>An irrigation ditch, operated in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">water resources law</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Water law</a></div> <p>Water resources laws govern the ownership and use of <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ground_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground water">ground water</a>. Regulatory areas may include <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a>, use restrictions, and ownership regimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_resources">Mineral resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mineral resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining law</a> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> relating to the legal requirements affecting <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. Mining law covers several basic topics, including the ownership of the mineral resource and who can work them. Mining is also affected by various regulations regarding the health and safety of miners, as well as the environmental impact of mining.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_resources">Forest resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forest resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine,_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A timber operation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine%2C_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg/220px-John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine%2C_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine%2C_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg/330px-John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine%2C_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine%2C_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg/440px-John_Deere_2054_DHSP_forestry_swing_machine%2C_Kaibab_National_Forest_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>A timber operation, regulated by <a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">forestry law</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry law</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry law</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forestry_law&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">Forestry laws</a> govern activities in designated <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest lands</a>, most commonly with respect to <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forest management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">timber harvesting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestry laws generally adopt management policies for public forest resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Multiple_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple use">multiple use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustained_yield" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustained yield">sustained yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forest management is split between private and public management, with public forests being sovereign property of the State. Forestry laws are now considered an international affair.<sup id="cite_ref-Forestry_law_:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forestry_law_:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Governmental agencies are generally responsible for planning and implementing forestry laws on public forest lands, and may be involved in <a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">forest inventory</a>, planning, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">conservation</a>, and oversight of timber sales.<sup id="cite_ref-Forestry_law_:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forestry_law_:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestry laws are also dependent on social and economic contexts of the region in which they are implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-Forestry_law_:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forestry_law_:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of scientific forestry management is based on the precise measurement of the distribution and volume of wood in a given parcel, the systematic felling of trees, and their replacement by standard, carefully aligned rows of mono-cultural plantations that could be harvested at set times.<sup id="cite_ref-Forestry_law_r1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forestry_law_r1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_and_plants">Wildlife and plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wildlife and plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife laws govern the potential impact of human activity on wild animals, whether directly on individuals or populations, or indirectly via habitat degradation. Similar laws may operate to protect plant species. Such laws may be enacted entirely to protect <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, or as a means for protecting species deemed important for other reasons. Regulatory efforts may include the creation of special <a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">conservation statuses</a>, prohibitions on killing, harming, or disturbing protected species, efforts to induce and support species recovery, establishment of wildlife refuges to support conservation, and prohibitions on trafficking in species or animal parts to combat <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_and_game">Fish and game</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fish and game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></div> <p>Fish and game laws regulate the right to pursue and take or kill certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animal">wild animal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a>). Such laws may restrict the days to harvest fish or game, the number of animals caught per person, the species harvested, or the weapons or fishing gear used. Such laws may seek to balance dueling needs for preservation and harvest and to manage both <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">populations</a> of fish and game. Game laws can provide a legal structure to collect <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> fees and other <a href="/wiki/Federal_Duck_Stamp" title="Federal Duck Stamp">money</a> which is used to fund <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a> efforts as well as to obtain harvest information used in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</a> practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental law has developed in response to emerging awareness of—and concern over—issues impacting the world. While laws have developed piecemeal and for a variety of reasons, some effort has gone into identifying key concepts and guiding principles common to environmental law as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some laws are seen as temporary or transitional where political realities prevent adoption of more ideal rules. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in his 2015 <a href="/wiki/Encyclical_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclical letter">encyclical letter</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i> acknowledged that "political realism may call for transitional measures and technologies, so long as these are accompanied by the gradual framing and acceptance of binding commitments".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principles discussed below are not an exhaustive list and are not universally recognized or accepted. Nonetheless, they represent important principles for the understanding of environmental law around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_development">Sustainable development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sustainable development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></div> <p>Defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs," <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> may be considered together with the concepts of "integration" (development cannot be considered in isolation from sustainability) and "interdependence" (social and economic development, and environmental protection, are interdependent).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws mandating <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessment</a> and requiring or encouraging development to minimize environmental impacts may be assessed against this principle. </p><p>The modern concept of sustainable development was a topic of discussion at the 1972 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</a> (Stockholm Conference), and the driving force behind the 1983 <a href="/wiki/World_Commission_on_Environment_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="World Commission on Environment and Development">World Commission on Environment and Development</a> (WCED, or Bruntland Commission). In 1992, the first UN <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Declaration">Rio Declaration</a>, Principle 3 of which reads: "The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations." Sustainable development has been a core concept of international environmental discussion ever since, including at the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">World Summit on Sustainable Development</a> (Earth Summit 2002), and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Earth Summit 2012, or Rio+20). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equity">Equity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Equity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a></div> <p>Defined by UNEP to include intergenerational equity – "the right of future generations to enjoy a fair level of the common patrimony" – and intragenerational equity – "the right of all people within the current generation to fair access to the current generation's entitlement to the Earth's natural resources" – environmental equity considers the present generation under an obligation to account for long-term impacts of activities, and to act to sustain the global environment and resource base for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollution control and resource management laws may be assessed against this principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transboundary_responsibility">Transboundary responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transboundary responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defined in the international law context as an obligation to protect one's own environment, and to prevent damage to neighboring environments, UNEP considers transboundary responsibility at the international level as a potential limitation on the rights of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laws that act to limit <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a> imposed upon human health and the environment may be assessed against this principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_participation_and_transparency">Public participation and transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public participation and transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Identified as essential conditions for "accountable governments,... industrial concerns", and organizations generally, public participation and transparency are presented by UNEP as requiring "effective protection of the human right to hold and express opinions and to seek, receive and impart ideas,... a right of access to appropriate, comprehensible and timely information held by governments and industrial concerns on economic and social policies regarding the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment, without imposing undue financial burdens upon the applicants and with adequate protection of privacy and business confidentiality," and "effective judicial and administrative proceedings". These principles are present in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessment</a>, laws requiring publication and access to relevant environmental data, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative procedure">administrative procedure</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precautionary_principle">Precautionary principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Precautionary principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></div><p> One of the most commonly encountered and controversial principles of environmental law, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Declaration">Rio Declaration</a> formulated the precautionary principle as follows:</p><blockquote><p>In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>.</p></blockquote><p>The principle may play a role in any debate over the need for environmental regulation. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>The concept of prevention can perhaps better be considered an overarching aim that gives rise to a multitude of legal mechanisms, including prior assessment of environmental harm, licensing or authorization that set out the conditions for operation and the consequences for violation of the conditions, as well as the adoption of strategies and policies. Emission limits and other product or process standards, the use of best available techniques and similar techniques can all be seen as applications of the concept of prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polluter_pays_principle">Polluter pays principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Polluter pays principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></div> <p>The polluter pays principle is the idea that "the environmental costs of economic activities, including the cost of preventing potential harm, should be internalized rather than imposed upon society at large."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All issues related to responsibility for cost for <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a> and compliance with pollution control regulations involve this principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental law is a continuing source of controversy. Debates over the necessity, fairness, and cost of environmental regulation are ongoing, as well as regarding the appropriateness of regulations versus market solutions to achieve even agreed-upon ends. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allegation" title="Allegation">Allegations</a> of scientific uncertainty fuel the <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">ongoing debate</a> over greenhouse gas regulation, and are a major factor in debates over whether to ban particular pesticides.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cases where the science is well-settled, it is not unusual to find that corporations intentionally hide or distort the facts, or sow confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is very common for regulated industry to argue against environmental regulation on the basis of cost.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Difficulties arise in performing <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a> of environmental issues. It is <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_valuation" title="Ecosystem valuation">difficult to quantify</a> the value of an environmental value such as a healthy ecosystem, clean air, or species diversity. Many environmentalists' response to pitting economy vs. ecology is summed up by former Senator and founder of <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Gaylord Nelson</a>, "The economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the environment, not the other way around."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, environmental issues are seen by many as having an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">ethical or moral</a> dimension, which would transcend financial cost. Even so, there are some efforts underway to systemically recognize environmental costs and assets, and account for them properly in economic terms. </p><p>While affected industries spark controversy in fighting regulation, there are also many environmentalists and public interest groups who believe that current regulations are inadequate, and advocate for stronger protection.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental law conferences – such as the annual <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon_School_of_Law#Public_Interest_Environmental_Law_Conference" title="University of Oregon School of Law">Public Interest Environmental Law Conference</a> in Eugene, Oregon – typically have this focus, also connecting environmental law with class, race, and other issues. </p><p>An additional debate is to what extent environmental laws are fair to all regulated parties. For instance, researchers Preston Teeter and Jorgen Sandberg highlight how smaller organizations can often incur disproportionately larger costs as a result of environmental regulations, which can ultimately create an additional barrier to entry for new firms, thus stifling competition and innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_environmental_law">International environmental law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International environmental law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">List of international environmental agreements</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental protocol">Environmental protocol</a></div> <p>Global and regional environmental issues are increasingly the subject of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. Debates over environmental concerns implicate core principles of international law and have been the subject of numerous international agreements and declarations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">Customary international law</a> is an important source of international environmental law. These are the norms and rules that countries follow as a matter of custom and they are so prevalent that they bind all states in the world. When a principle becomes customary law is not clear cut and many arguments are put forward by states not wishing to be bound. Examples of customary international law relevant to the environment include the duty to warn other states promptly about icons of an environmental nature and environmental damages to which another state or states may be exposed, and Principle 21 of the Stockholm Declaration ('good neighborliness' or sic utere). </p><p>Given that customary international law is not static but ever evolving and the continued increase of air pollution (carbon dioxide) causing climate changes, has led to discussions on whether basic customary principles of international law, such as the jus cogens (peremptory norms) and erga omnes principles could be applicable for enforcing international environmental law.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">legally binding international agreements</a> encompass a wide variety of issue-areas, from terrestrial, marine and atmospheric pollution through to wildlife and biodiversity protection. International environmental agreements are generally <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">multilateral</a> (or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">bilateral</a>) <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> (a.k.a. convention, agreement, protocol, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Treaty#Protocols" title="Treaty">Protocols</a> are subsidiary agreements built from a primary treaty. They exist in many areas of international law but are especially useful in the environmental field, where they may be used to regularly incorporate recent scientific knowledge. They also permit countries to reach an agreement on a framework that would be contentious if every detail were to be agreed upon in advance. The most widely known protocol in international environmental law is the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, which followed from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a>. </p><p>While the bodies that proposed, argued, agreed upon, and ultimately adopted existing international agreements vary according to each agreement, certain conferences, including 1972's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</a>, 1983's <a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">World Commission on Environment and Development</a>, 1992's <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Summit (1992)">United Nations Conference on Environment and Development</a>, and 2002's <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">World Summit on Sustainable Development</a> have been particularly important. <a href="/wiki/Multilateral_environmental_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateral environmental agreement">Multilateral environmental agreements</a> sometimes create an International Organization, Institution or Body responsible for implementing the agreement. Major examples are the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a> (CITES) and the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN). </p><p>International environmental law also includes the opinions of international courts and tribunals. While there are few and they have limited authority, the decisions carry much weight with legal commentators and are quite influential on the development of international environmental law. One of the biggest challenges in international decisions is to determine an adequate compensation for environmental damages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The courts include the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other regional treaty tribunals. </p><p>Previous research found that economic development level and the nations' moral value affected environmental regulation compliance. Developed countries like the US, EU, and Australia are urging for better laws targeting the reduction of harmful environmental impacts. It is worth noting that there is a direct correlation between economic development and the distance between law and ethics. Developed countries have a closer relationship between environmental laws and moral values. If a country's legal system is completely divorced from its moral values, people may not abide by the laws and they will lose their significance and effectiveness. Despite environmental regulations, the water in India's River Ganges remains poor as an example.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Around_the_world">Around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">List of environmental laws by country</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">List of international environmental agreements</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_for_Environmental_Compliance_and_Enforcement" title="International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement">International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement</a> (INECE), the major <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Africa" title="Environmental issues in Africa">environmental issues in Africa</a> are "drought and <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>, air pollution, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>, freshwater availability, degradation of soil and vegetation, and widespread poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-INECE_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INECE-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) is focused on the "growing urban and industrial pollution, water quality, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">electronic waste</a> and indoor air from cookstoves."<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hope to provide enough aid on concerns regarding pollution before their impacts contaminate the African environment as well as the global environment. By doing so, they intend to "protect human health, particularly vulnerable populations such as children and the poor."<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to accomplish these goals in Africa, EPA programs are focused on strengthening the ability to enforce environmental laws as well as public compliance to them. Other programs work on developing stronger environmental laws, regulations, and standards.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Asian Environmental Compliance and Enforcement Network (AECEN) is an agreement between 16 Asian countries dedicated to improving cooperation with environmental laws in Asia. These countries include Cambodia, China, Indonesia, India, Maldives, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, and Lao PDR.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> issues secondary legislation on environmental issues that are valid throughout the EU (so called regulations) and many directives that must be implemented into national legislation from the 27 member states (national states). Examples are the Regulation (EC) No. 338/97 on the implementation of CITES; or the Natura 2000 network the centerpiece for nature & biodiversity policy, encompassing the bird Directive (79/409/EEC/ changed to 2009/147/EC)and the habitats directive (92/43/EEC). Which are made up of multiple SACs (Special Areas of Conservation, linked to the habitats directive) & SPAs (Special Protected Areas, linked to the bird directive), throughout Europe. </p><p>EU legislation is ruled in Article 249 Treaty for the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Topics for common EU legislation are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protection">Water protection</a> and management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil protection">Soil protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of nature">Protection of nature</a>, species and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise pollution</a></li> <li>Cooperation for the environment with third countries (other than EU member states)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil protection">Civil protection</a></li></ul> <p>In February 2024, the European Parliament adopted a law making a big, intentionally caused, environmental damage “comparable to <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>” a crime that can be punished by up to 10 years in prison. The members of the Union should enter it to their national law, during 2 years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parliament also approved a nature restoration law which obligate members to restore 20% of degraded ecosystems (including 30% of drained peatland) by 2030 and 100% by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental law is rapidly growing in the Middle East. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> is working with countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to improve "environmental governance, water pollution and water security, clean fuels and vehicles, public participation, and pollution prevention."<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_East_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle_East-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main concerns about environmental issues in Oceania are "illegal releases of air and water <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal logging</a>/timber trade, illegal shipment of <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous wastes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/E-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="E-waste">e-waste</a> and ships slated for destruction, and insufficient institutional structure/lack of enforcement capacity".<sup id="cite_ref-INECE_Asia_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INECE_Asia-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an international organization between Australia, the Cook Islands, FMS, Fiji, France, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, PNG, Samoa, Solomon Island, Tonga, Tuvalu, US, and Vanuatu. The SPREP was established in order to provide assistance in improving and protecting the environment as well as assure sustainable development for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-SPREP_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPREP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v_Tasmania" title="Commonwealth v Tasmania">Commonwealth v Tasmania</a></i> (1983), also known as the "Tasmanian Dam Case", was a highly significant case in Australian environmental law.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999" title="Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999">Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999</a></i> is the centerpiece of environmental legislation in Australia. It sets up the "legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places" and focuses on protecting world heritage properties, national heritage properties, <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> of international importance, nationally threatened species and ecological communities, migratory species, Commonwealth marine areas, <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef_Marine_Park" title="Great Barrier Reef Marine Park">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park</a>, and the environment surrounding nuclear activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Australia_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been subject to numerous reviews examining its shortcomings, the latest taking place in mid-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-2020reviewabout_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020reviewabout-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interim report of this review concluded that the laws created to protect unique species and habitats are ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-interim_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interim-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brazilian government created the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Environment (Brazil)">Ministry of Environment</a> in 1992 in order to develop better strategies for protecting the environment, using natural resources sustainably, and enforcing public environmental policies. The Ministry of Environment has authority over policies involving environment, water resources, preservation, and environmental programs involving the Amazon.<sup id="cite_ref-Brazil_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brazil-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Environment Act">Department of the Environment Act</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Environment (Canada)">Department of the Environment</a> in the Canadian government as well as the position <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Environment_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of the Environment (Canada)">Minister of the Environment</a>. Their duties include "the preservation and enhancement of the quality of the natural environment, including water, air and <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>; renewable resources, including migratory birds and other non-domestic flora and fauna; water; meteorology;"<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_the_Environment_Act_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_the_Environment_Act-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Protection_Act,_1999" title="Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999">Environmental Protection Act</a> is the main piece of Canadian environmental legislation that was put into place March 31, 2000. The Act focuses on "respecting pollution prevention and the protection of the environment and human health in order to contribute to sustainable development."<sup id="cite_ref-CEPA_Canada_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPA_Canada-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other principle federal statutes include the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Assessment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Assessment Act">Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Species_at_Risk_Act" title="Species at Risk Act">Species at Risk Act</a>. When provincial and federal legislation are in conflict federal legislation takes precedence, that being said individual provinces can have their own legislation such as Ontario's <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Bill_of_Rights" title="Environmental Bill of Rights">Environmental Bill of Rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act_(Ontario)" title="Clean Water Act (Ontario)">Clean Water Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <p>According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, "China has been working with great determination in recent years to develop, implement, and enforce a solid environmental law framework. Chinese officials face critical challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the roles of their national and provincial governments, and strengthening the operation of their legal system."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Explosive economic and industrial growth in China has led to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">significant environmental degradation</a>, and China is currently in the process of developing more stringent legal controls.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harmonization of Chinese society and the natural environment is billed as a rising policy priority.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_Legitimacy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_Legitimacy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental lawsuits have been available in China since the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Public protest, however, plays a greater role in shaping <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">China's environmental policy</a> than litigation does.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congo_(RC)"><span id="Congo_.28RC.29"></span>Congo (RC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Congo (RC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of Congo</a>, inspired by the African models of the 1990s, the phenomenon of constitutionalization of environmental law appeared in 1992, which completed an historical development of environmental law and policy dating back to the years of independence and even long before the colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-2016_nzaou_kongo_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_nzaou_kongo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gives a constitutional basis to environmental protection, which traditionally was part of the legal framework.<sup id="cite_ref-2016_nzaou_kongo_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_nzaou_kongo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Constitutions of 15 March 1992 and 20 January 2002 concretize this paradigm,<sup id="cite_ref-2016_nzaou_kongo_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_nzaou_kongo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by stating a legal obligation of a clean environment,<sup id="cite_ref-2016_nzaou_kongo_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016_nzaou_kongo-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by establishing a principle of compensation and a foundation of criminal nature.<sup id="cite_ref-2014_nzaou_kongo_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_nzaou_kongo-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this <a href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomenon</a>, Congolese environmental law is situated between non-regression and the search for efficiency."<sup id="cite_ref-2014_nzaou_kongo_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_nzaou_kongo-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Ecuador" title="2008 Constitution of Ecuador">2008 Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> became the first country in the world to codify the <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Rights of Nature">Rights of Nature</a>. The Constitution, specifically Articles 10 and 71–74, recognizes the inalienable rights of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> to exist and flourish, gives people the authority to petition on the behalf of ecosystems, and requires the government to remedy violations of these rights. The rights approach is a break away from traditional environmental regulatory systems, which regard nature as property and legalize and manage degradation of the environment rather than prevent it.<sup id="cite_ref-Celdf_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celdf-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rights of Nature articles in Ecuador's constitution are part of a reaction to a combination of political, economic, and social phenomena. Ecuador's abusive past with the <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil industry</a>, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation#Environmental_damage_in_Ecuador" title="Chevron Corporation">class-action litigation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, and the failure of an extraction-based economy and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> reforms to bring economic prosperity to the region has resulted in the election of a New Leftist regime, led by President <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>, and sparked a demand for new approaches to development. In conjunction with this need, the principle of "Buen Vivir," or good living – focused on social, environmental and spiritual wealth versus material wealth – gained popularity among citizens and was incorporated into the new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Gudynas_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gudynas-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of indigenous groups, from whom the concept of "Buen Vivir" originates, in the forming of the constitutional ideals also facilitated the incorporation of the Rights of Nature as a basic tenet of their culture and conceptualization of "Buen Vivir."<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Law_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Law (Egypt)">Environmental Protection Law</a> outlines the responsibilities of the Egyptian government to "preparation of draft legislation and decrees pertinent to environmental management, collection of data both nationally and internationally on the state of the environment, preparation of periodical reports and studies on the state of the environment, formulation of the national plan and its projects, preparation of environmental profiles for new and urban areas, and setting of standards to be used in planning for their development, and preparation of an annual report on the state of the environment to be prepared to the President."<sup id="cite_ref-Egypt_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egypt-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_environmental_law" title="Indian environmental law">Indian environmental law</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Environmental law is governed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act is enforced by the Central Pollution Control Board and the numerous State Pollution Control Boards. Apart from this, there are also individual legislation specifically enacted for the protection of Water, Air, Wildlife, etc. Such legislations include : </p> <ul><li>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974</li> <li>The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977</li> <li>The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980</li> <li>The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981</li> <li>Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) (Union Territories) Rules, 1983</li> <li>The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972</li> <li>Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001</li> <li>Recycled Plastics, Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999</li> <li>The National Green <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a> established under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has jurisdiction over all environmental cases dealing with a substantial environmental question and acts covered under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.</li> <li>Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978</li> <li>Ganga Action Plan, 1986</li> <li>The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980</li> <li>Wildlife protection Act, 1972</li> <li>The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The acts covered under Indian Wild Life Protection Act 1972 do not fall within the jurisdiction of the National Green Tribunal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeals can be filed in the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements on Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1989 and Its Protocols</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazardous</a> Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Environmental_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Environmental Law">Basic Environmental Law</a> is the basic structure of Japan's environmental policies replacing the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_Environmental_Pollution_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control">Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservation_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservation Law">Nature Conservation Law</a>. The updated law aims to address "global environmental problems, urban pollution by everyday life, loss of accessible natural environment in urban areas and degrading environmental protection capacity in forests and farmlands."<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three basic environmental principles that the Basic Environmental Law follows are "the blessings of the environment should be enjoyed by the present generation and succeeded to the future generations, a sustainable society should be created where environmental loads by human activities are minimized, and Japan should contribute actively to global environmental conservation through international cooperation."<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these principles, the Japanese government have established policies such as "environmental consideration in policy formulation, establishment of the Basic Environment Plan which describes the directions of long-term environmental policy, environmental impact assessment for development projects, economic measures to encourage activities for reducing environmental load, improvement of social infrastructure such as sewerage system, transport facilities etc., promotion of environmental activities by corporations, citizens and NGOs, environmental education, and provision of information, promotion of science and technology."<sup id="cite_ref-Japan_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japan-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_environmental_law" title="New Zealand environmental law">New Zealand environmental law</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)">Ministry for the Environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Commissioner_for_the_Environment" title="Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment">Office of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment</a> were established by the <a href="/wiki/Environment_Act_1986" title="Environment Act 1986">Environment Act 1986</a>. These positions are responsible for advising the Minister on all areas of environmental legislation. A common theme of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand's</a> environmental legislation is sustainably managing natural and physical resources, fisheries, and forests. The <a href="/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">Resource Management Act 1991</a> is the main piece of environmental legislation that outlines the government's strategy to managing the "environment, including air, water soil, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, the coastal environment, noise, subdivision, and land use planning in general."<sup id="cite_ref-New_Zealand_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Zealand-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment</a> of the Russian Federation makes regulation regarding "conservation of natural resources, including the <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a>, water bodies, forests located in designated conservation areas, fauna and their habitat, in the field of hunting, <a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorology" title="Hydrometeorology">hydrometeorology</a> and related areas, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a> and pollution control, including <a href="/wiki/Radiation_monitoring" title="Radiation monitoring">radiation monitoring</a> and control, and functions of public environmental policy making and implementation and <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutory</a> regulation."<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore is a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>; with most of its CBD obligations being overseen by the National Biodiversity Reference Centre, a division of its National Parks Board (<a href="/wiki/NParks" class="mw-redirect" title="NParks">NParks</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore is also a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on International Trade in Endangered Animals">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Animals</a>, with its obligations under that treaty also being overseen by NParks.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament of Singapore</a> has enacted numerous pieces of legislation to fulfil its obligations under these treaties, such as the Parks and Trees Act,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endangered Species (Import and Export) Act,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wildlife Act.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Wildlife (Protected Wildlife Species) Rules 2020 marks the first instance in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s history that direct legal protection has been offered for specific named species, as listed in Parts 1-5 of the Rules' schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_African_environmental_law" title="South African environmental law">South African environmental law</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UK_environmental_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK environmental law">UK environmental law</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vietnam is currently working with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">dioxin</a> remediation and technical assistance in order to lower <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>. In March 2002, the U.S. and Vietnam signed the U.S.-Vietnam Memorandum of Understanding on Research on Human Health and the Environmental Effects of Agent Orange/Dioxin.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Vietnam_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Vietnam-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental racism in Europe">Environmental racism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_law_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental law journals">List of environmental law journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">List of international environmental agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_enterprise_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK enterprise law">UK enterprise law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillipe Sands (2003) Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Edition. p. xxi Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://182.160.97.198:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/928/Introductory%20Page.pdf?sequence=1">[1]</a> Accessed 19 February 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Forestry+Law%3F+-+Becoming+a+Forestry+Lawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalcareerpath.com%2Fwhat-is-forestry-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCIFOR2006" class="citation book cs1">CIFOR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17528/cifor/001939"><i>Justice in the forest: rural livelihoods and forest law enforcement</i></a>. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17528%2Fcifor%2F001939">10.17528/cifor/001939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+in+the+forest%3A+rural+livelihoods+and+forest+law+enforcement&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Forestry+Research+%28CIFOR%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17528%2Fcifor%2F001939&rft.au=CIFOR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.17528%2Fcifor%2F001939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forestry_law_:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forestry_law_:2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmithüsen2007" class="citation book cs1">Schmithüsen, Franz Josef (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/730303720"><i>Multifunctional forestry practices as a land use strategy to meet increasing private and public demands in modern societies</i></a>. ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Human-Environmental Sciences. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/730303720">730303720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multifunctional+forestry+practices+as+a+land+use+strategy+to+meet+increasing+private+and+public+demands+in+modern+societies&rft.pub=ETH%2C+Eidgen%C3%B6ssische+Technische+Hochschule+Z%C3%BCrich%2C+Department+of+Environmental+Sciences%2C+Institute+for+Human-Environmental+Sciences&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F730303720&rft.aulast=Schmith%C3%BCsen&rft.aufirst=Franz+Josef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F730303720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KAIMOWITZ, D. (2003). Forest law enforcement and rural livelihoods. The International Forestry Review, 5(3), 199–210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43740118">http://www.jstor.org/stable/43740118</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forestry_law_:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forestry_law_:1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntersB._DurstB._ApplegateC.S._Kho2001" class="citation book cs1">Enters, Thomas; B. Durst, Patrick; B. Applegate, Grahame; C.S. Kho, Peter; Man, Gary (2001). "29. Policies, strategies and technologies for forest resource protection - William B. Magrath* and Richard Grandalski". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/ac805e/ac805e00.htm#Contents"><i>Applying Reduced Impact Logging to Advance Sustainable Forest Management</i></a>. Kuching, Malaysia: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=29.+Policies%2C+strategies+and+technologies+for+forest+resource+protection+-+William+B.+Magrath%2A+and+Richard+Grandalski&rft.btitle=Applying+Reduced+Impact+Logging+to+Advance+Sustainable+Forest+Management&rft.place=Kuching%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Enters&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=B.+Durst%2C+Patrick&rft.au=B.+Applegate%2C+Grahame&rft.au=C.S.+Kho%2C+Peter&rft.au=Man%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fac805e%2Fac805e00.htm%23Contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forestry_law_:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forestry_law_:4_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Principles of sustainable tropical forest management where wood production is the primary objective". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/w8212e/w8212e04.htm#principles%20of%20sustainable%20tropical%20forest%20management%20where%20wood%20production%20is%20th"><i>Guidelines for the management of tropical forests 1. The production of wood (FAO forestry paper 135)</i></a>. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Principles+of+sustainable+tropical+forest+management+where+wood+production+is+the+primary+objective&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+management+of+tropical+forests+1.+The+production+of+wood+%28FAO+forestry+paper+135%29&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fw8212e%2Fw8212e04.htm%23principles%2520of%2520sustainable%2520tropical%2520forest%2520management%2520where%2520wood%2520production%2520is%2520th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forestry_law_r1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forestry_law_r1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11m1m76d">"Why Is There No International Forestry Law?: An Examination of International Forestry Regulation, both Public and Private [eScholarship]"</a>. <i>Escholarship.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FL5191019219">10.5070/L5191019219</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Escholarship.org&rft.atitle=Why+Is+There+No+International+Forestry+Law%3F%3A+An+Examination+of+International+Forestry+Regulation%2C+both+Public+and+Private+%5BeScholarship%26%2393%3B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FL5191019219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F11m1m76d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) has identified eleven "emerging principles and concepts" in international environmental law, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">1972 Stockholm Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">1992 Rio Declaration</a>, and more recent developments. UNEP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Portals/8/documents/training_Manual.pdf">Training Manual on International Environmental Law</a> (Chapter 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Francis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si_en.pdf">Laudato si'</a>, paragraph 180, published 24 May 2015, accessed 28 April 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Portals/8/documents/training_Manual.pdf">UNEP Manual</a>, ¶¶ 12-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Portals/8/documents/training_Manual.pdf">UNEP Manual</a>, ¶¶ 20-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Portals/8/documents/training_Manual.pdf">UNEP Manual</a>, ¶¶ 24-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Portals/8/documents/training_Manual.pdf">UNEP Manual</a>, ¶¶ 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Declaration">Rio Declaration</a> Principle 16; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/Portals/8/documents/training_Manual.pdf">UNEP Manual</a> ¶ 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Christian_Science_Monitor2010" class="citation web cs1">The Christian Science Monitor (22 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2010/0622/Merchants-of-Doubt">"Merchants of Doubt"</a>. <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Merchants+of+Doubt&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.au=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FBooks%2FBook-Reviews%2F2010%2F0622%2FMerchants-of-Doubt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the United States, estimates of environmental regulation total costs reach 2% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-03-06.pdf">Pizer & Kopp, Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation, 1 (2003 Resources for the Future)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326170136/http://www.rff.org/Documents/RFF-DP-03-06.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2002" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Gaylord (November 2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondearthdayfu00nels_0"><i>Beyond Earth Day: Fulfilling the Promise</i></a></span>. 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Environmental Protection Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Middle+East&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Foia%2Fregions%2FMideast%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INECE_Asia-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INECE_Asia_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021217145241/http://inece.org/region_asia.html">"INECE Regions - Asia and the Pacific"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inece.org/region_asia.html">the original</a> on December 17, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INECE+Regions+-+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inece.org%2Fregion_asia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprep.org/">"Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Programme (SPREP)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretariat+of+the+Pacific+Regional+Environmental+Programme+%28SPREP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprep.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPREP-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPREP_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025050438/http://www.sprep.org/Legal/agreement-establishing-sprep">"Agreement Establishing SPREP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprep.org/Legal/agreement-establishing-sprep">the original</a> on 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+Establishing+SPREP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprep.org%2FLegal%2Fagreement-establishing-sprep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorStroud,_LucyPeteru,_Clark2013" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Prue; Stroud, Lucy; Peteru, Clark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprep.org/attachments/Publications/EMG/MEA_Handbook_2013.pdf"><i>Multilateral Environmental Agreement Negotiator's Handbook: Pacific Region 2013</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Samoa / New Zealand: Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme / New Zealand Centre for Environmental Law, University of Auckland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-04-0475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-04-0475-5"><bdi>978-982-04-0475-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilateral+Environmental+Agreement+Negotiator%27s+Handbook%3A+Pacific+Region+2013&rft.place=Samoa+%2F+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Pacific+Regional+Environment+Programme+%2F+New+Zealand+Centre+for+Environmental+Law%2C+University+of+Auckland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-982-04-0475-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Prue&rft.au=Stroud%2C+Lucy&rft.au=Peteru%2C+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprep.org%2Fattachments%2FPublications%2FEMG%2FMEA_Handbook_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1983/21.html">Commonwealth v Tasmania</a> (1983) 158 CLR 1 (1 July 1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australia-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Australia_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/epbc/index.html">"EPBC Act"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPBC+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fepbc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020reviewabout-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020reviewabout_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epbcactreview.environment.gov.au/about-review">"About the review"</a>. <i>Independent review of the EPBC Act</i>. 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+review+of+the+EPBC+Act&rft.atitle=About+the+review&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepbcactreview.environment.gov.au%2Fabout-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interim-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-interim_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2020" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Lisa (20 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/20/australias-environment-in-unsustainable-state-of-decline-major-review-finds">"Australia's environment in unsustainable state of decline, major review finds"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apresenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mma.gov.br%2Fo-ministerio%2Fapresentacao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Department_of_the_Environment_Act-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Department_of_the_Environment_Act_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/E-10/page-1.html">"Department of the Environment Act"</a>. 31 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stern, Environmental Litigation in China: A Study in Political Ambivalence (Cambridge University Press 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsareyHaddadLewisHarrell2020" class="citation book cs1">Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan, eds. (2020). <i>Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sso.agc.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Wildlife+%28Protected+Wildlife+Species%29+Rules+2020+-+Singapore+Statutes+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg%2FSL%2FWA1965-S411-2020%3FDocDate%3D20200529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Vietnam-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Vietnam_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/international/regions/Asia/vietnammain.html">"Vietnam International Programs"</a>. Environmental Protection Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vietnam+International+Programs&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Finternational%2Fregions%2FAsia%2Fvietnammain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydar_Akhatov" title="Aydar Akhatov">Akhatov, Aydar</a> (1996). <i>Ecology & International Law</i>. Moscow: АST-PRESS. 512 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-214-00225-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-214-00225-4">5-214-00225-4</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Russian)</span></li> <li>Bimal N. Patel, ed. (2015). MCQ on Environmental Law. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351452454" title="Special:BookSources/9789351452454">9789351452454</a></li> <li>Farber & Carlson, eds. (2013). <i>Cases and Materials on Environmental Law, 9th</i>. West Academic Publishing. 1008 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0314283986" title="Special:BookSources/978-0314283986">978-0314283986</a>.</li> <li>Faure, Michael, and Niels Philipsen, eds. (2014). <i>Environmental Law & European Law</i>. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing. 142 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462360754" title="Special:BookSources/9789462360754">9789462360754</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li>Malik, Surender & Sudeep Malik, eds. (2015). Supreme Court on Environment Law. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351451914" title="Special:BookSources/9789351451914">9789351451914</a></li> <li>Martin, Paul & Amanda Kennedy, eds. (2015). <i>Implementing Environmental Law</i>. Edward Elgar Publishing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/around-the-world-environmental-laws-are-under-attack-in-all-sorts-of-ways-77590">Around the world, environmental laws are under attack in all sorts of ways</a> (30 May 2017), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_law&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>International</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/">United Nations Environment Programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125134603/http://www.ecolex.org/start.php">ECOLEX</a> (Gateway to Environmental Law)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elaw.org/">Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (E-LAW)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciel.org/">Centre for International Environmental Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalwildlifelaw.org/">Wildlife Interest Group, American Society of International Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthrights.org/legal/">EarthRights International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110110013207/http://www.aida-americas.org/front">Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921045423/http://www.ukela.org/">United Kingdom Environmental Law Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/legis.php">Lexadin global law database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/features/12-things-know-2012-green-justice-asia-and-pacific">Upholding Environmental Laws in Asia and the Pacific</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/environment_energy_resources/">American Bar Association Section of Environment, Energy and Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eli.org/">Environmental Law Institute (ELI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthjustice.org/">EarthJustice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060307221833/http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/index.aspx">"Law Journals: Submission and Ranking, 2007-2014"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>, Lexington, Virginia</li></ul> <dl><dt>Canada</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcel.org/">West Coast Environmental Law</a> (non-profit law firm)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecojustice.ca/">Ecojustice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cela.ca/">Canadian Environmental Law Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elc.ab.ca/">Environmental Law Centre (of Alberta)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European Union</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/youreurope/business/doing-business-responsibly/keeping-to-environmental-rules/index_en.htm">Europa: Environmental rules of the European Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/index_en.htm">Europa: Summaries of Legislation - Environment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Category:Law" title="Category:Law">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a><br /> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major<br /><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>,<br /> treaties,<br />and lower court<br />decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a></i> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a></i> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a></i> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a><br /> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_humanities" title="Template talk:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_art" title="Crop art">Crop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/100px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/150px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/200px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_adult_education" title="Environmental adult education">adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts-based_environmental_education" title="Arts-based environmental education">arts-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" 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