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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Advanced and retracted tongue root</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transitive_verb_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitive_verb_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Transitive verb classes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Oral_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilloukeg" title="Chilloukeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chilloukeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilluk_(Sprache)" title="Schilluk (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schilluk (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilluk_(langue)" title="Shilluk (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shilluk (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Shilluk" title="Yaren Shilluk – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Shilluk" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Shilluk" title="Asụsụ Shilluk – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Shilluk" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishilluk" title="Kishilluk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kishilluk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Shilluk" title="Lenga Shilluk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Shilluk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_szylluk" title="Język szylluk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język szylluk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_shilluk" title="Língua shilluk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua shilluk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Шиллук (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шиллук (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Luo language spoken in part of South Sudan and Sudan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Sillok_language" title="Sillok language">Sillok language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: gold;">Shilluk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: gold;">Dhøg Cøllø</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="shk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d̪ɔɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>cɔllɔ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Nile_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Nile State">Upper Nile State</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">570,000 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Southern Eastern Sudanic languages">Southern Eastern</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Northern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Shilluk</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Gar</li> <li>Kwak</li> <li>Mwomo</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: gold;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: gold;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/shk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:shk">shk</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shil1265">shil1265</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Shilluk</b> (natively <span title="Shilluk-language text"><i lang="shk">Dhøg Cøllø</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="shk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[d̪ɔ́(ɡ)<span class="wrap"> </span>cɔ̀llɔ̀]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk people</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>. It is closely related to other <a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo languages</a>. The term Shilluk is a pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a></b> </th> <td>i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> i̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̠]</span><br />ɪ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> ɪ̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ̠]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>u <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> u̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̠]</span><br />ʊ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ]</span> ʊ̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊ̠]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a></b> </th> <td>e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span> e̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̠]</span><br />ɛ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> ɛ̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̠]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> o̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̠]</span><br />ɔ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> ɔ̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̠]</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td>ʌ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> ʌ̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ̠]</span><br />a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> a̠ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a̠]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each of these vowels also exists in a long form and an overlong form which are <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root">Advanced and retracted tongue root</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advanced and retracted tongue root"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shilluk, like most <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a>, differentiates vowels according to their place of articulation. They are either pronounced with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">advancement of the root of the tongue</a> or with retraction of the root of the tongue. Gilley uses the terms "extended larynx" or "blown vowel". </p><p>The vowels with advancement of the root of the tongue are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> and their corresponding long variants. The vowels with retraction of the root of the language are denoted by a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> below the letter: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i̠]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e̠]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o̠]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̠]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u̠]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a̠]</span> and their corresponding long variants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td>m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> </td> <td>n̪ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n̪</a>]</span> </td> <td>n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> </td> <td>ɲ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>]</span> </td> <td>ŋ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td>p <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> </td> <td>t̪ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a>]</span> </td> <td>t <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> </td> <td>c <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>]</span> </td> <td>k <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td>b <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> </td> <td>d̪ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a>]</span> </td> <td>d <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> </td> <td>j <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>]</span> </td> <td>g <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>s <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glide_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide consonant">Glide</a> </th> <td>w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shilluk has a rich inventory of <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, with at least seven distinctive tone patterns or tonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three level tonemes: Low, Mid and High. In addition, there are four contours – the Rise and three falling configurations: Fall, High Fall and Late Fall. These are denoted by the following diacritics: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Tone description </th> <th>Diacritic </th> <th>Tone bars </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Level </th> <td>Low </td> <td align="center"><b>cv̀c</b> (<a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a>)</td> <td>꜖ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mid </td> <td align="center"><b>cv̄c</b> (<a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>)</td> <td>꜔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>High </td> <td align="center"><b>cv́c</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>)</td> <td>꜒ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Contoured </th> <td>Rising </td> <td align="center"><b>cv̌c</b> (<a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a>)</td> <td>꜖꜔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling </td> <td align="center"><b>cv̂c</b> (<a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>)</td> <td>꜔꜖ </td></tr> <tr> <td>High Falling </td> <td align="center"><b>cv̂́c</b> (circumflex with acute accent)</td> <td>꜒꜖ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late Falling </td> <td align="center"><b>cv́c̀</b> (acute accent followed by grave accent)</td> <td>꜒꜒꜖ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uninflected native stem <a href="/wiki/Syllables" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllables">syllables</a> are overwhelmingly monosyllabic. With few exceptions, these monosyllabic stems typically consist of an onset, a vowel (nucleus), and a coda. Their structure is: C(C<sub>j/w</sub>)V(V)(V)C.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monosyllabic stems give rise to polysyllabic words through processes of <a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">derivation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>. For verbs and nouns alike, the most common prefixes are /a- ʊ-/, and the most common suffixes are /-Cɪ -ɪ -a (-ɔ)/.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, alternations of vowel length and tone play an important part in inflectional morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transitive_verb_classes">Transitive verb classes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transitive verb classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shilluk transitive verbs have a phonological root that consists of a single closed syllable of the form /C(j/w)V(V)C/. "That is, the root vowel is either short or long, and clustering of consonants is restricted to the onset, where either of the semivowels /w,j/ may follow another consonant."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are seven classes distinguished by alternations in terms of vowel length and tone. These differences are illustrated by subject-voice past, past second-person singular, and object-voice imperfective in the table below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> The Seven Classes of Transitive Verbs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Verb <p>classes </p> </th> <th colspan="2">Fixed short </th> <th colspan="2">Short with grade </th> <th colspan="3">Long </th></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <th>Low fall </th> <th>Low </th> <th>Low fall </th> <th>Low </th> <th>Low fall </th> <th>High fall </th></tr> <tr> <th>Example </th> <th>{ŋɔ̀l} ‘cut’ </th> <th>{lɛ̂ŋ} ‘drum’ </th> <th>{càm} ‘eat’ </th> <th>{mʌ̂l} ‘roast’ </th> <th>{lɛ̀ɛŋ} ‘throw’ </th> <th>{mâat̪} ‘drink’ </th> <th>{mấal} ‘praise’ </th></tr> <tr> <td>SV past </td> <td>á-ŋɔ̀l </td> <td>á-lɛ̂ŋ </td> <td>á-càm </td> <td>á-mʌ̂l </td> <td>á-lɛ̀ɛŋ </td> <td>á-mâat̪ </td> <td>á-mấal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Past 2SG </td> <td>á-ŋɔ̀l </td> <td>á-lɛ̂ŋ </td> <td>á-càaam </td> <td>á-mʌ̂ʌʌl </td> <td>á-lɛ̀ɛɛŋ </td> <td>á-mâaat̪ </td> <td>á-mấaal </td></tr> <tr> <td>OV IMPF </td> <td>ʊ̀-ŋɔ̀l-ɔ̀ </td> <td>ʊ̀-lɛ̂ŋ-ɔ̀ </td> <td>ʊ̀-càaam-ɔ̀ </td> <td>ʊ̀-mʌ̂ʌʌl-ɔ̀ </td> <td>ʊ̀-lɛ̀ɛɛŋ-ɔ̀ </td> <td>ʊ̀-mâaat̪-ɔ̀ </td> <td>ʊ̀-mấaal-ɔ̀ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noun inflection is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">head marking</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pertensive" title="Pertensive">pretensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct-state</a> are both inflections that mark the <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a>, not the <a href="/wiki/Dependent_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent (linguistics)">dependent</a>. For example, English has <i>a person's rodent</i>, where the head is <i>rodent,</i> and the possessive marking is on the dependent <i>person's</i>. In contrast, Shilluk has a pretensive affix on the head (e.g., <i>dúup</i> = "rodent", <i>dû́uup</i> = "rodent belonging to").<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a> is marked, but no predictable system has been identified. Instead, there are over 140 different patterns of number marking on nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Numerals</a> in Shilluk are nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> alphabet was developed for Shilluk by <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 29 characters in Shilluk orthography; 10 vowels and 19 consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <td>a </td> <td>á </td> <td>à </td> <td>ä </td> <td>aa </td> <td>b </td> <td>c </td> <td>d </td> <td>dh </td> <td>e </td> <td>é </td> <td>è </td> <td>ë </td> <td>ee </td> <td>f </td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>í </td> <td>ì </td> <td>ï </td> <td>ii </td> <td>j </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>lg </td> <td>lh </td> <td>ly </td> <td>m </td> <td>ng </td> <td>nh </td> <td>ny </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ó </td> <td>ò </td> <td>ö </td> <td>oo </td> <td>p </td> <td>q </td> <td>r </td> <td>t </td> <td>th </td> <td>u </td> <td>ú </td> <td>ù </td> <td>ü </td> <td>uu </td> <td>v </td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>y </td> <td>ø </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oral_literature">Oral literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oral literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Diedrich_Westermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Diedrich Westermann">Diedrich Westermann</a> published <i>The Shilluk People, their Language and Folklore</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contains a wide selection of texts in the Shilluk language with English translations; there are 61 tales in addition to prayers, songs and riddles. The book also contains a Shilluk grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here are some of the riddles: </p> <ul><li>"<i>nemei ki rei gen fa gute: tune dean.</i>" "Brothers who never hurt each other: the two horns of a cow."</li> <li>"<i>nejok gwoti fen: dwei.</i>" "The black-white cow is making white the earth: the moon."</li> <li>"<i>nemei doge lun fen: orom.</i>" "Two brothers, their mouth is turned down: the nose."</li> <li>"<i>Agar agar, yat win: lek.</i>" "A long row of trees full of white birds: the teeth. (Along the rivers one sees frequently trees which are literally covered with snow-white birds.)"</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg/220px-Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg/330px-Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg/440px-Hofmayr_Die_Schilluk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Book cover of Hofmayr's Die Schilluk (1925)</figcaption></figure><p>For a selection of over 200 Shilluk proverbs and riddles with German translations, see <i>Die Schilluk. Geschichte, Religion und Leben eines Niloten-stammes</i> by Wilhelm Hofmayr.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book also contains songs in Shilluk, and some of the songs have an accompanying musical transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilluktext.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Gwɛtti Dhɔ Cɔlɔ mi tyɛli malɔ"><img alt="Gwɛtti Dhɔ Cɔlɔ mi tyɛli malɔ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shilluktext.gif/120px-Shilluktext.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shilluktext.gif/180px-Shilluktext.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shilluktext.gif/240px-Shilluktext.gif 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gwɛtti Dhɔ Cɔlɔ mi tyɛli malɔ</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilluktext000.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Gwedd ki Dhøg Cøllø men nyänø"><img alt="Gwedd ki Dhøg Cøllø men nyänø" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shilluktext000.GIF/120px-Shilluktext000.GIF" decoding="async" width="120" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shilluktext000.GIF/180px-Shilluktext000.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shilluktext000.GIF/240px-Shilluktext000.GIF 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gwedd ki Dhøg Cøllø men nyänø</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilluktext2.GIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Cigg dyërø mi dhaanhø ki Dhøg Cøllø ki yij wänyø mi cigg Pödh Cøllø"><img alt="Cigg dyërø mi dhaanhø ki Dhøg Cøllø ki yij wänyø mi cigg Pödh Cøllø" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shilluktext2.GIF/120px-Shilluktext2.GIF" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shilluktext2.GIF/180px-Shilluktext2.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shilluktext2.GIF/240px-Shilluktext2.GIF 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cigg dyërø mi dhaanhø ki Dhøg Cøllø ki yij wänyø mi cigg Pödh Cøllø</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shk">Shilluk</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openroad.net.au/languages/chollo">"Chollo (Dhøg Cøllø)"</a>. <i>openroad.net.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openroad.net.au&rft.atitle=Chollo+%28Dh%C3%B8g+C%C3%B8ll%C3%B8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openroad.net.au%2Flanguages%2Fchollo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley1992" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Leoma G. (1992). <a href="/wiki/Summer_Institute_of_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Institute of Linguistics">Summer Institute of Linguistics</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=92847458920"><i>An autosegmental approach to Shilluk phonology</i></a> (revised text of a thesis, University of London). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shilluk.webonary.org&rft.atitle=C%C3%B8ll%C3%B8+%28aka+Shilluk%29+Dictionary+%C2%BB+Alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshilluk.webonary.org%2Foverview%2Falphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann, Diedrich (1912). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shillukpeoplethe00west_0/mode/2up">The Shilluk People, their Language and Folklore.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann, Diedrich (1912). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shillukpeoplethe00west_0/page/2/mode/2up?view=theater">The Shilluk People, their Language and Folklore.</a></i> pp. 2-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hofmayr, Wilhelm (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieschillukgesch00hofm/page/376/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Die Schilluk. Geschichte, Religion und Leben eines Niloten-stammes.</i> pp. 376-402-</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hofmayr, Wilhelm (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieschillukgesch00hofm/page/403/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Die Schilluk. 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href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Eastern Sudanic languages">Eastern Sudanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan language family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Northern_k_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Northern Eastern Sudanic languages">Northern <i>k</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nubian_languages" title="Nubian languages">Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Birgid_language" title="Birgid language">Birgid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongolawi_language" title="Dongolawi language">Dongolawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenzi_language" title="Kenzi language">Kenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midob_language" title="Midob language">Midob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hill_Nubian_languages" title="Hill Nubian languages">Hill Nubian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dair_language" title="Dair language">Dair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilling_language" title="Dilling language">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Hugeirat_language" title="El Hugeirat language">El Hugeirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulfan_language" title="Ghulfan language">Ghulfan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haraza_language" title="Haraza language">Haraza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadaru_language" title="Kadaru language">Kadaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karko_language_(Sudan)" title="Karko language (Sudan)">Karko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Sudan)" title="Wali language (Sudan)">Wali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Nara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nyima_languages" title="Nyima languages">Nyima</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afitti_language" title="Afitti language">Afitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyimang_language" title="Nyimang language">Nyimang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Taman_languages" title="Taman languages">Taman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mararit_language" title="Mararit language">Mararit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miisiirii_language" title="Miisiirii language">Miisiirii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungor_language" title="Sungor language">Sungor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_language" title="Tama language">Tama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Southern_n_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Eastern_Sudanic_languages" title="Southern Eastern Sudanic languages">Southern <i>n</i> languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Surmic_languages" title="Surmic languages">Surmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majang_language" title="Majang language">Majang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwegu_language" title="Kwegu language">Kwegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%CA%BCen_language" title="Meʼen language">Meʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursi_language" title="Mursi language">Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri_language" title="Suri language">Suri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baale_language" title="Baale language">Baale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didinga_language" title="Didinga language">Didinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murle_language" title="Murle language">Murle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laarim_language" title="Laarim language">Laarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennet_language" title="Tennet language">Tennet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Jebel_languages" title="Eastern Jebel languages">Eastern Jebel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaam_language" title="Gaam language">Gaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelo_language" title="Kelo language">Kelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molo_language" title="Molo language">Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillok_language" title="Sillok language">Sillok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Temein_languages" title="Temein languages">Temein</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiga_Jirru_language" title="Keiga Jirru language">Keiga Jirru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temein_language" title="Temein language">Temein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tese_language" title="Tese language">Tese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Daju_languages" title="Daju languages">Daju</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logorik_language" title="Logorik language">Logorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_language" title="Shatt language">Shatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beigo_language" title="Beigo language">Beigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_Mongo_language" title="Daju Mongo language">Daju Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyolge_language" title="Nyolge language">Nyolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyala_language_(Sudan)" title="Nyala language (Sudan)">Nyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_language_(Chad)" title="Sila language (Chad)">Sila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large group listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nilotic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic languages</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Nilotic_languages" title="Eastern Nilotic languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bari</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bari_language" title="Bari language">Bari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuku_dialect" title="Kuku dialect">Kuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandari_dialect" title="Mandari dialect">Mandari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teso%E2%80%93Turkana_languages" title="Teso–Turkana languages">Teso–Turkana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamojong_language" title="Karamojong language">Karamojong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teso_language" title="Teso language">Teso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toposa_language" title="Toposa language">Toposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_language" title="Nyangatom language">Nyangatom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lotuko</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongotono_language" title="Dongotono language">Dongotono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(South_Sudan)" title="Lango language (South Sudan)">Lango (South Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokoya_language" title="Lokoya language">Lokoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopit_language" title="Lopit language">Lopit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuho_language" title="Otuho language">Otuho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maa_languages" title="Maa languages">Ongamo–Maa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngasa_language" title="Ngasa language">Ngasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilchamus_people#Language" title="Ilchamus people">Camus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dinka–Nuer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_language" title="Reel language">Reel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Bor_language" title="Belanda Bor language">Belanda Bor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jur_language" title="Jur language">Jur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4ri_language" title="Päri language">Päri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuri_language" title="Thuri language">Thuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Luo language">Southern Luo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_dialect" title="Acholi dialect">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhola_dialect" title="Adhola dialect">Adhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alur_language" title="Alur language">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Dholuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumam_dialect" title="Kumam dialect">Kumam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lango_language_(Uganda)" title="Lango language (Uganda)">Lango (Uganda)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burun_languages" title="Burun languages">Burun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burun_language" title="Burun language">Northern Burun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Burun_language" title="Southern Burun language">Southern Burun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nilotic_languages" title="Southern Nilotic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_languages" title="Kalenjin languages">Kalenjin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elgon_languages" title="Elgon languages">Elgon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kupsabiny_language" title="Kupsabiny language">Kupsabiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaot_language" title="Sabaot language">Sabaot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nandi%E2%80%93Markweta_languages" title="Nandi–Markweta languages">Nandi–Markweta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keiyo_language" title="Keiyo language">Keiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markwet_language" title="Markwet language">Markwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terik_language" title="Terik language">Terik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Okiek–Mosiro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pökoot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Omotik–Datooga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datooga_language" title="Datooga language">Datooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36486#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36486#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36486#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121441">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12569000q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12569000q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538857105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034998713">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&oldid=1241085903">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_language&oldid=1241085903</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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