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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diacritic_on_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritic_on_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Diacritic on vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritic_on_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Pitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Vowel quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Nasality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_articulatory_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_articulatory_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Other articulatory features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_articulatory_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_discrimination_between_homographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_discrimination_between_homographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Visual discrimination between homographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_discrimination_between_homographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritic_on_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritic_on_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Diacritic on consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritic_on_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviation,_contraction,_and_disambiguation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviation,_contraction,_and_disambiguation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviation,_contraction,_and_disambiguation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Italian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Norwegian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.6</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.7</span> <span>Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumflex_below" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumflex_below"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Circumflex below</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumflex_below-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unicode subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freestanding_circumflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freestanding_circumflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Freestanding circumflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freestanding_circumflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typing_the_circumflex_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typing_the_circumflex_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Typing the circumflex accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typing_the_circumflex_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Circumflex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappie_(skryfteken)" title="Kappie (skryfteken) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kappie (skryfteken)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A9_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="مكتنفة (علامة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتنفة (علامة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accento_circumflexo" title="Accento circumflexo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Accento circumflexo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentu_circunflexu" title="Acentu circunflexu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acentu circunflexu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Цыркумфлекс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_kognek" title="Tired kognek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tired kognek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circumflex" title="Accent circumflex – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Accent circumflex" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ka_(diakritick%C3%BD_znak)" title="Stříška (diakritický znak) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stříška (diakritický znak)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acen_grom" title="Acen grom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acen grom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkumflex" title="Zirkumflex – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zirkumflex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acento_circunflejo" title="Acento circunflejo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acento circunflejo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88apelo_(supersigno)" title="Ĉapelo (supersigno) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉapelo (supersigno)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercunflehu" title="Cercunflehu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cercunflehu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%A9" title="هشتک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هشتک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circonflexe" title="Accent circonflexe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accent circonflexe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breedteken" title="Breedteken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Breedteken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acento_circunflexo" title="Acento circunflexo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acento circunflexo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Циркумфлекс темдег – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Циркумфлекс темдег" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EC%A0%88_%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8" title="곡절 부호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곡절 부호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkonflexo" title="Cirkonflexo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cirkonflexo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonflesso" title="Circonflesso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circonflesso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%92_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99)" title="גג (סימן דיאקריטי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גג (סימן דיאקריטי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntuk_a_peka_turung" title="Puntuk a peka turung – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Puntuk a peka turung" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumflekss" title="Cirkumflekss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cirkumflekss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleksas" title="Cirkumfleksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cirkumfleksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ztet%C5%91" title="Háztető – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Háztető" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendro_satroka" title="Tendro satroka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendro satroka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleks" title="Sirkumfleks – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circunflexo" title="Circunflexo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Circunflexo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circonflexe" title="Accent circonflexe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Accent circonflexe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="サーカムフレックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーカムフレックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accint_circonflexe" title="Accint circonflexe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Accint circonflexe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcent_przeci%C4%85g%C5%82y" title="Akcent przeciągły – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akcent przeciągły" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acento_circunflexo" title="Acento circunflexo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acento circunflexo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_circumflex" title="Accent circumflex – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Accent circumflex" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Циркумфлекс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Циркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accentu_circunflessu" title="Accentu circunflessu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Accentu circunflessu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circumflex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vok%C3%A1%C5%88" title="Vokáň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vokáň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumfleks" title="Cirkumfleks – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cirkumfleks" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirk%C5%AFmfleks" title="Cirkůmfleks – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cirkůmfleks" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Circumflex" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Циркумфлекс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Циркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkumfleksi" title="Sirkumfleksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sirkumfleksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkumflex_(typografi)" title="Cirkumflex (typografi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cirkumflex (typografi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCzeltme_i%C5%9Fareti" title="Düzeltme işareti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Düzeltme işareti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Циркумфлекс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Циркумфлекс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirconfleso" title="Sirconfleso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sirconfleso" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Diacritic (^) in European scripts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the diacritic used to modify other characters. For use as an independent, spacing character, see <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">Caret (proofreading)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">Caret (computing)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Circumflex" title="Special:EditPage/Circumflex">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Circumflex%22">"Circumflex"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Circumflex%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Circumflex%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Circumflex%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Circumflex%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Circumflex%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̂</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Circumflex (diacritic)</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0302</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̂</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccc; font-size: 500%; line-height:1.3; font-weight:normal; font-family:'times new roman', times, georgia, serif, sans-serif;">^</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;"><div style="background: #ccc; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.25em 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em;">Circumflex (symbol)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+005E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">^</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a></span> (freestanding symbol, see <a href="#Freestanding">below</a>)<br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02C6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˆ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a></span> (IPA, UPA etc. symbol)<br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF3E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">＾</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Fullwidth_and_halfwidth_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullwidth and halfwidth forms">FULLWIDTH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a></span> (freestanding)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Different from</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Different from</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0302</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̂</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</span> (diacritic)<br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2038</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">‸</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">CARET</a></span><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2227</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">∧</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">LOGICAL AND</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Related</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">See also</th><td class="infobox-data">Similar free-standing accent symbols: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0060</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">`</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">GRAVE ACCENT</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+007E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">~</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">TILDE</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00B4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">´</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">ACUTE ACCENT</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>circumflex</b> (<span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̂</span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> scripts that is also used in the written forms of many languages and in various <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> schemes. It received its English name from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">circumflexus</i> "bent around"—a translation of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">περισπωμένη</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Perispomenon" title="Perispomenon">perispōménē</a></i></span>). </p><p>The circumflex in the Latin script is <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron</a>-shaped (<big><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̂</span></span></big>), while the Greek circumflex may be displayed either like a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (<big><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̃</span></span></big>) or like an <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a> (<big><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̑</span></span></big>). For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> are available. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the circumflex, like other diacritics, is sometimes retained on <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> that used it in the original language (for example <i><a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e" title="Crème brûlée">crème brûlée</a></i>). In mathematics and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, the circumflex diacritic is sometimes used to denote a function and is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Hat_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat operator">hat operator</a></i>. </p><p>A free-standing version of the circumflex symbol, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">^</span>, is encoded in <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and has become known as <i><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret</a></i> and has acquired special uses, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">original caret</a>, <big><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">‸</span></big>, is used in <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreading</a> to indicate insertion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritic_on_vowels">Diacritic on vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diacritic on vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pitch">Pitch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pitch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">Ancient Greek accent</a></div> <p>The circumflex has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">polytonic orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, where it marked <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> that were pronounced with high and then falling <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch</a>. In a similar vein, the circumflex is today used to mark <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>. This is also how it is used in <a href="/wiki/Bamanankan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamanankan language">Bamanankan</a> (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Háček">háček</a>, which signifies a rising tone on a syllable). </p><p>The shape of the circumflex was originally a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accents</a> (^), as it marked a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> contracted from two vowels: an acute-accented vowel and a non-accented vowel (all non-accented syllables in Ancient Greek were once marked with a grave accent).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="A. Was it universal up to a period? Or did it happen only in some cases, by some, but not all, "groups" of scribes/"writers"? B. A citation is in any case needed. (April 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later a variant similar to the <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (~) was also used. </p> <table align="center" style="font-size: large"> <tbody><tr> <td>νόος </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding: 1em; text-align: center"><em style="font-size: small">contraction </em><br />→<br /><em style="font-size: small">(<a href="/wiki/Synaeresis" title="Synaeresis">synaeresis</a>)</em> </td> <td>ν-<b>´ō`</b>-ς = νō͂ς = νοῦς </td></tr> <tr> <td>nóos </td> <td>n-<b>´ō`</b>-s = nō̂s = noûs </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term "circumflex" is also used to describe similar tonal accents that result from combining two vowels in related languages such as Sanskrit and Latin. </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a> instead of a pitch accent, the circumflex has been replaced with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> in the modern monotonic orthography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Length">Length</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The circumflex accent marks a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of several languages. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, the circumflex marks a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> with a lengthened pronunciation, often arising from <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">compensatory lengthening</a> due to the loss of <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> from the original <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> form. Examples of circumflex use in Afrikaans are <i>sê</i> "to say", <i>wêreld</i> "world", <i>môre</i> "tomorrow", <i>brûe</i> "bridges".</li> <li>In the transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, the circumflex indicates a long vowel resulting from an <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> contraction.</li> <li>In western <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_language_(Algonquian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauk language (Algonquian)">Sauk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Saulteaux language">Saulteaux</a>, the Algonquianist Standard Roman Orthography (SRO) indicates long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː<span class="wrap"> </span>eː<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː~uː]</span> either with a circumflex ⟨<i>â ê î ô</i>⟩ or with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> ⟨<i>ā ē ī ō</i>⟩.</li> <li>The PDA orthography for <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> uses circumflex-bearing vowels for length.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a>, <i>â î û</i> are used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. In some varieties, such as in <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>, vowels with a circumflex are long: <i>fête</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɛːt]</span> (party) is longer than <i>faite</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fɛt]</span>. This <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening" title="Compensatory lengthening">length compensates</a> for a deleted consonant, usually <i>s</i>. French words with deleted <i>s</i> include châtain and hôpital.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Standard Friulian</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Romaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaji">romanization</a>, the circumflex is used to indicate long vowels. The <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunrei-shiki">Kunrei-shiki</a> system, which is based on Nihon-shiki system, also uses the circumflex. The Traditional and Modified forms of the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a> system use the <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> for this purpose, though some users may use the circumflex as a substitute if there are difficulties inputting the macron, as the two diacritics are visually similar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a> romanization system for <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>, <i>â</i> is used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span>, <i>ê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ae]</span> in first series and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛː]</span> in second series, and <i>ô</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span>. There are also additional vowels which are <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> such as <i>aô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ao]</span>, <i>âu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔɨw]</span>, <i>âm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑm]</span>, <i>ŏâm</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oəm]</span> and <i>aôh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑh]</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji Kurdish</a>, ⟨ê î û⟩ are used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː<span class="wrap"> </span>iː<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikasuki">Mikasuki</a>, circumflexed vowels indicate a rising and falling pitch or tone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a>, constructed languages of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, all long vowels are transcribed with the circumflex. In <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>, another of Tolkien's languages, long vowels in <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">polysyllabic</a> words take the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, but a circumflex in monosyllables, to mark a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">non-phonemic</a> extra lengthening.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stress">Stress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/220px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/330px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg/440px-27_Y_Par%C3%AAd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign showing the use of the circumflex in Welsh as an indicator of length and stress: <i>parêd</i> [paˈreːd] "parade", as opposed to <i>pared</i> [ˈparɛd] "partition wall".</figcaption></figure> <p>The circumflex accent marks the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed vowel</a> of a word in some languages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>â</i>, <i>ê</i>, and <i>ô</i> are stressed <a href="/wiki/Close_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Close vowels">close vowels</a>, opposed to their open counterparts <i>á</i>, <i>é</i>, and <i>ó</i> (see below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: the circumflex, due to its function as a disambiguating lengthening sign (see above), is used in polysyllabic words with word-final long vowels. The circumflex thus indicates the stressed syllable (which would normally be on the <a href="/wiki/Penult" title="Penult">penultimate syllable</a>), since in Welsh, non-stressed vowels may not normally be long. This happens notably where the singular ends in an <i>a</i>, to, e.g. singular <i>camera</i>, <i>drama</i>, <i>opera</i>, <i>sinema</i> → plural <i>camerâu</i>, <i>dramâu</i>, <i>operâu</i>, <i>sinemâu</i>; however, it also occurs in singular nominal forms, e.g. <i>arwyddocâd</i>; in verbal forms, e.g. <i>deffrônt</i>, <i>cryffânt</i>; etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_quality">Vowel quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowel quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, it is used on an <i>e</i> to show that the letter is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">open</a> instead of closed.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, the sound represented in Bulgarian by the Cyrillic letter <i>ъ</i> (<i>er goljam</i>) is usually transliterated as <i>â</i> in systems used prior to 1989. Although called a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> (misleadingly suggesting an unstressed lax sound), it is more accurately described as a <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel#Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">mid back unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>/</span>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, but similar to <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>, it can be stressed.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> romanized <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <i>ê</i> is used to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> in isolation, which occurs sometimes as an exclamation.</li> <li>In French, the letter <i>ê</i> is normally pronounced <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open</a>, like <i>è</i>. In the usual pronunciations of central and northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <i>ô</i> is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close</a>, like <i>eau</i>; in Southern France, no distinction is made between <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">close</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">open</a> <i>o</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a>, <i>î</i> and <i>û</i> are used to mark <a href="/wiki/Superclose_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Superclose vowel">superclose vowels</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/</span>, respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>â</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>/</span>, <i>ê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, and <i>ô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> are stressed high vowels, in opposition to <i>á</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span>, <i>é</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span>, and <i>ó</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span>, which are stressed low vowels.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, the circumflex is used on the vowels <i>â</i> and <i>î</i> to mark the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/</span>, similar to Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">yery</a></i>. The names of these accented letters are <i>â din a</i> and <i>î din i</i>, respectively. (The letter <i>â</i> only appears in the middle of words; thus, its <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> version appears only in all-capitals inscriptions.)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, the circumflex (<i>vokáň</i>) on <i>ô</i> indicates a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sk-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">[ʊɔ]</a></span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> the circumflex is used to indicate the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a(ː)</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ(ː)</a>/</span> <i>(â)</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ(ː)</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ(ː)</a>/</span> (<i>ô</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ(ː)</a>/</span> (<i>û</i>) in dialects and regional accents where these are distinct from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ(ː)</a>/</span> (<i>a</i>), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø(ː)</a>/</span> (<i>ö</i>) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o(ː)</a>/</span> (<i>o</i> or <i>å</i>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ(ː)</a>/</span> (<i>u</i>) respectively, unlike Standard Swedish where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑː]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɵ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʉː]</span> are short and long allophones of the phonemes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʉ/</span> respectively, and where <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> (<i>ŏ</i>) has merged with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o(ː)/</span> from Old Swedish <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑː/</span> (<i>ā</i>, Modern Swedish <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></i>) instead of centralizing to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɞ]</span> or fronting to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɶ]</span> and remaining a distinct phoneme (<i>ô</i>) as in the dialects in question. Different methods can be found in different literature, so some author may use <i>æ</i> instead of <i>â</i>, or use <i>â</i> where others use <i>å̂</i> (<i>å</i> with a circumflex; for a sound between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ(ː)/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o(ː)/</span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <i>â</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span>, <i>ê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span>, and <i>ô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> are higher vowels than <i>a</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span>, <i>e</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span>, and <i>o</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span>. The circumflex can appear together with a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language#Notational_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tone mark</a> on the same vowel, as in the word <i>Việt</i>. Vowels with circumflex are considered separate letters from the base vowels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasality">Nasality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nasality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> <i>m̂ n̂</i> can be used to indicate nasalisation of a vowel. Also, the circumflex can be over the vowel to indicate nasalisation. In either case, the circumflex is rare.</li> <li>In several <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_languages" title="New Caledonian languages">indigenous languages of New Caledonia</a>, a circumflex indicates <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasality on vowels</a>: e.g. the orthography <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9" title="Xârâcùù">Xârâcùù</a> contrasts its <a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">oral vowels</a> <i>a</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/</span>, <i>e</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span>, <i>i</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span>, <i>u</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> with its <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> <i>â</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a>/</span>, <i>ê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a>/</span>, <i>î</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>/</span>, <i>ô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a>/</span>, <i>û</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a>/</span> – with duplicated variants indicating length (e.g. <i>êê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃ː</a>/</span>, etc.). Due to typographical shortage of characters, some nasal vowels in Xârâcùù are encoded with an <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut</a>: e.g. <i>ä</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ʌ̃</a>/</span>, <i>ü</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɨ̃</a>/</span>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_articulatory_features">Other articulatory features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other articulatory features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialect" title="Emilian dialect">Emilian</a>, <i>ê ô</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː]</span> denote both length and height.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, the circumflex accent (<i>pakupyâ</i>) is used to represent the simultaneous occurrence of a stress and a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> on the last vowel of a word. Though not part of the official alphabet, possible combinations can include: â, ê, î, ô, and û. But in the case of <a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a>, the circumflex accent is only used as a pure unstressed glottal stop. It works as a combination of acute and grave accent; with the case of letters é and ó which represents the sound of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> respectively and can be shown as ê and ô if it contains a glottal stop.<sup id="cite_ref-expr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tagalog_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagalog-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Romagnol_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Romagnol dialect">Romagnol</a>, they are used to represent the diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eə,<span class="wrap"> </span>oə/</span>, whose specific articulation varies between dialects, e.g. <i>sêl</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[seəl~seɛl~sæɛl~sɛɘl]</span> "salt".</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi">Old Tupi</a>, the circumflex changed a vowel into a <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a>: <i>î</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>]</span>, <i>û</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span>, and <i>ŷ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a>]</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn</a>, the letter <i>ŷ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>]</span> is sometimes used to transliterate the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <i>ы</i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the circumflex over <i>a</i> and <i>u</i> is sometimes used in words of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> derivation to indicate when a preceding consonant (<i>k</i>, <i>g</i>, <i>l</i>) is to be pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> plosive; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>]</span> (<i>kâğıt</i>, <i>gâvur</i>, <i>mahkûm</i>, <i>Gülgûn</i>). The circumflex over <i>i</i> is used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba" title="Arabic nouns and adjectives">nisba</a> suffix (<i>millî</i>, <i>dinî</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-tdk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> romanization of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, the circumflex over a vowel (a, e, i, o, o͘, u) or a syllabic nasal (m, ng) indicate the <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> number 5, traditionally called Yang Level or Light Level (陽平). The <a href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">tone contour</a> is usually low rising. For example, <i>ê</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e˩˧]</span>, <i>n̂g</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̩˩˧]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_discrimination_between_homographs">Visual discrimination between homographs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual discrimination between homographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> the circumflex can be used to distinguish <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, and it is called the "genitive sign" or "length sign". Examples include <i>sam</i> "am" versus <i>sâm</i> "alone". For example, the phrase "I am alone" may be written <i>Ja sam sâm</i> to improve clarity. Another example: <i>da</i> "yes", <i>dâ</i> "gives".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> orthography, <i>düzeltme işareti</i> "correction mark" over <i>a</i>, <i>i</i> and <i>u</i> marks a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> to disambiguate similar words. For example, compare <i>ama</i> "but" and <i>âmâ</i> "blind", <i>şura</i> 'that place, there' and <i>şûra</i> "council".<sup id="cite_ref-tdk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, circumflexes occur only in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> as vowel length in early Turkish was not phonemic. However, this standard was never applied entirely consistently<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the late 20th century many publications had stopped using circumflexes almost entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>. The circumflex is known as <i>hirnod</i> "long sign" or <i>acen grom</i> "crooked accent", but more usually and colloquially as <i>to bach</i> "little roof". It lengthens a stressed vowel (<i>a, e, i, o, u, w, y</i>), and is used particularly to differentiate between <a href="/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homographs</a>; e.g. <i>tan</i> and <i>tân</i>, <i>ffon</i> and <i>ffôn</i>, <i>gem</i> and <i>gêm</i>, <i>cyn</i> and <i>cŷn</i>, or <i>gwn</i> and <i>gŵn</i>. However the circumflex is only required on elongated vowels if the same word exists without the circumflex - "nos" (night), for example, has an elongated "o" sound but a circumflex is not required as the same word with a shortened "o" doesn't exist.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">orthography of French</a> has a few pairs of <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> that are only distinguished by the circumflex: e.g. <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/du#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:du">du</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[dy]</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">partitive</a> article) vs. <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/d%C3%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:dû">dû</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[dy]</a></span> 'due'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritic_on_consonants">Diacritic on consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diacritic on consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, the romanized writing of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <i>ẑ</i>, <i>ĉ</i>, and <i>ŝ</i> are, albeit rarely, used to represent <i>zh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a>]</span>, <i>ch</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʂʰ</a>]</span>, and <i>sh</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a>]</span>, respectively.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, the circumflex is used on <i>ĉ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span>, <i>ĝ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span>, <i>ĥ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span>, <i>ĵ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span>, <i>ŝ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span>. Each indicates a different consonant from the unaccented form, and is considered a separate letter for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto orthography</a>.)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a>, <i>ŵ</i> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chichewa</a>, <i>ŵ</i> (present for example in the name of the country <i><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malaŵi</a></i>) used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/</span>; nowadays, however, most Chichewa-speakers pronounce it as a regular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nias_language#Phonology" title="Nias language">Nias</a>, <i>ŵ</i> denotes the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the African language <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>, a circumflex below d, l, n, and t is used to represent dental consonants: ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ.</li> <li>In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> introduced the circumflex accent in Spanish to mark that a <i>ch</i> or <i>x</i> were pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡs/</span> respectively (instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, which were the default values): <i>châracteres, exâcto</i> (spelled today <i>caracteres, exacto</i>). This usage was quickly abandoned during the same century, once the RAE decided to use <i>ch</i> and <i>x</i> with one assigned pronunciation only: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡs/</span> respectively.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a> (according to the Pan-Domari Alphabet orthography), the circumflex is used on the letters <<i>ĉ ĝ ĵ ŝ ẑ</i>> to represent the sounds of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ/</span>. It is also used above vowels to indicate length.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviation,_contraction,_and_disambiguation"><span id="Abbreviation.2C_contraction.2C_and_disambiguation"></span>Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abbreviation, contraction, and disambiguation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 18th century <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, before the cheap <a href="/wiki/Penny_Post" title="Penny Post">Penny Post</a> and while paper was taxed, the combination <i><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></i> was occasionally shortened to <i>ô</i> when the <i>gh</i> was not pronounced, to save space: <i>thô</i> for <i>though</i>, <i>thorô</i> for <i>thorough</i>, and <i>brôt</i> for <i>brought</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_in_French" title="Circumflex in French">Circumflex in French</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a>, the circumflex generally marks the former presence of a consonant (usually <i>s</i>) that was <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deletion (phonology)">deleted</a> and is no longer pronounced. (The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> words, and consequently the words derived from them in English, frequently retain the lost consonant.) For example: </p> <ul><li><i>ancêtre</i> "ancestor"</li> <li><i>hôpital</i> "hospital"</li> <li><i>hôtel</i> "hostel"</li> <li><i>forêt</i> "forest"</li> <li><i>rôtir</i> "to roast"</li> <li><i>côte</i> "rib, coast, slope"</li> <li><i>pâté</i> "paste"</li> <li><i>août</i> "August"</li> <li><i>dépôt</i> (from the Latin <i>depositum</i> 'deposit', but now referring to both a deposit or a storehouse of any kind)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> (or near-homophones in some varieties of French) are distinguished by the circumflex. However, â, ê and ô distinguish different sounds in most varieties of French, for instance <i>cote</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kɔt]</a></span> "level, mark, code number" and <i>côte</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kot]</a></span> "rib, coast, hillside". </p><p>In handwritten French, for example in taking notes, an <i>m</i> with a circumflex (m̂) is an informal abbreviation for <i>même</i> "same". </p><p>In February 2016, the Académie française decided to remove the circumflex from about 2,000 words, a plan that had been outlined since 1990. However, usage of the circumflex would not be considered incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian">Italian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <i>î</i> is occasionally used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with <i>-io</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[jo]</a></span> as a <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a> mark. Other possible spellings are <i>-ii</i> and obsolete <i>-j</i> or <i>-ij</i>. For example, the plural of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">vario</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvaːrjo]</a></span> "various" can be spelt <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">vari</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">varî</i></span>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">varii</i></span>; the pronunciation will usually stay <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈvaːri]</a></span> with only one <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[i]</a></span>. The plural forms of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">principe</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈprintʃipe]</a></span> "prince" and of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">principio</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[prinˈtʃiːpjo]</a></span> "principle, beginning" can be confusing. In pronunciation, they are distinguished by whether the stress is on the first or on the second syllable, but <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">principi</i></span> would be a correct spelling of both. When necessary to avoid ambiguity, it is advised to write the plural of <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">principio</i></span> as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">principî</i></span> or as <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">principii</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin">Latin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>, circumflex was used most often to disambiguate between forms of the same word that used a long vowel, for example ablative of first declension and genitive of fourth declension, or between second and third conjugation verbs. It was also used for the interjection <i>ô</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norwegian">Norwegian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Norwegian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, the circumflex differentiates <i>fôr</i> "lining, fodder" from the preposition <i>for</i>. From a historical point of view, the circumflex also indicates that the word used to be spelled with the letter <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> – for example, <i>fôr</i> is derived from <i>fóðr</i>, <i>lêr</i> 'leather' from <i>leðr</i>, and <i>vêr</i> "weather, ram" from <i>veðr</i> (both <i>lêr</i> and <i>vêr</i> only occur in the <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> spelling; in <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> these words are spelled <i>lær</i> and <i>vær</i>). After the <i>ð</i> disappeared, it was replaced by a <i><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></i> (<i>fodr, vedr</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circumflexes are used in many common words of the language, such as the name of the language, <i>português</i>. Usually, <i>â, ê</i> and <i>ô</i> appear before nasals (<i>m</i> and <i>n</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytone" title="Proparoxytone">proparoxytone</a> words, like <i>higiênico</i> but in many cases in European Portuguese <i>e</i> and <i>o</i> will be marked with an acute accent (e.g. <i>higiénico</i>) since the vowel quality is open (ɛ or ɔ) in this standard variety. In early literacy classes in school, it is commonly nicknamed <i>chapéu</i> (hat). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Welsh">Welsh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography#Diacritics" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh orthography § Diacritics</a></div> <p>The circumflex (ˆ) is mostly used to mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, so <i>â, ê, î, ô, û, ŵ, ŷ</i> are always long. However, not all long vowels are marked with a circumflex, so the letters <i>a, e, i, o, u, w, y</i> with no circumflex do not necessarily represent short vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hat_notation" title="Hat notation">Hat notation</a></div> <p>In mathematics, the circumflex is used to modify variable names; it is usually read "hat", e.g., <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/18d95a7845e4e16ffb7e18ab37a208d0ab18e0e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {x}}}"></span> is "x hat". The <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> of a function <i>ƒ</i> is often denoted by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14ce989fd75da938ec6f95a0cdb71037b23a11cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.699ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}"></span>. </p><p>In geometry, a hat is sometimes used for an <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angle</a>. For instance, the angles <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f595a6c73d1183d6a1b2ac21fe47ac28c1483821" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {A}}}"></span> or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mo>^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7dafbcc15480bd1c88dc4177d1c9312e9ba30599" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.273ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\widehat {ABC}}}"></span>. </p><p>In vector notation, a hat above a letter indicates a <a href="/wiki/Unit_vector" title="Unit vector">unit vector</a> (a dimensionless <a href="/wiki/Vector_(geometric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (geometric)">vector</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)" title="Magnitude (mathematics)">magnitude</a> of 1). For instance, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ı</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc750c09cac51d6e994499b2dd9a183d6af6cd65" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.214ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {\imath } }}}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">x</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a5451354f837d5d89774e1de386b44a903d929d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}}"></span>, or <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">e</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/573d5abb58f8aeabf816afe06c716ecbbc6190a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.279ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {e} }}_{1}}"></span> stands for a unit vector in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/X-axis" class="mw-redirect" title="X-axis">x-axis</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, the hat is used to denote an <a href="/wiki/Estimator" title="Estimator">estimator</a> or an estimated value, as opposed to its theoretical counterpart. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals">errors and residuals</a>, the hat in <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>ε</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f59e08078de1fc0acc5c2a08448127049373875d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.356ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}}"></span> indicates an observable estimate (the residual) of an unobservable quantity called <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ε</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }"></span> (the statistical error). It is read <i>x-hat</i> or <i>x-roof</i>, where <i>x</i> represents the character under the hat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>, a circumflex above a numeral is used to make reference to a particular <a href="/wiki/Degree_(music)" title="Degree (music)">scale degree</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">music notation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevron-shaped</a> symbol placed above a note indicates <a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">marcato</a>, a special form of emphasis or <a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">accent</a>. In music for <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, a narrow inverted chevron indicates that a note should be performed up-bow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circumflex_below">Circumflex below</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Circumflex below"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>circumflex below</b> a vowel (for example, <span class="nowrap">⟨ḙ⟩</span>) is a notation used by the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Phonetic Alphabet">Uralic Phonetic Alphabet</a> to indicate a raised variant of the vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode <span class="anchor" id="Letters_with_circumflex"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Circumflex_in_digital_character_sets"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a> to display the uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters in this section correctly.</div></div> </div> <p>Unicode encodes a number of cases of "letter with circumflex" as <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">precomposed characters</a> and these are displayed below. In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining character</a> facility (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0302</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̂</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</a></span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+032D</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̭</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">COMBINING CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW</a></span>) that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create a customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and thus are not shown in the table. </p> <div class="nounderlines" style="font-size:160%; padding:.3em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral, #fafafa); clear:both; color:var(--color-base, black);"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Circumflex <big><span style="font-family: serif">◌̂</span></big><span class="nowrap">   </span><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Â â</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">Ĉ ĉ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Ê ê</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">Ĝ ĝ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">Ĥ ĥ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î î</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">Ĵ ĵ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">Ô ô</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ố">Ố ố</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ồ">Ồ ồ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ổ">Ổ ổ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ỗ">Ỗ ỗ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ộ">Ộ ộ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝ ŝ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">Û û</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŵ">Ŵ ŵ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%82" title="X̂">X̂ x̂</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŷ">Ŷ ŷ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%90" title="Ẑ">Ẑ ẑ</a></li></ul></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritic</a> <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">περισπωμένη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">perispōménē</i></span>, 'twisted around' is encoded as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0342</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">͂</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING GREEK PERISPOMENI</span>. In distinction to the angled Latin circumflex, the Greek circumflex is printed in the form of either a <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a> (◌̃) or an inverted <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a> (◌̑). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freestanding_circumflex">Freestanding circumflex <span class="anchor" id="Freestanding"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Freestanding circumflex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">Caret (computing)</a></div> <p>There is a similar but larger character, <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+005E</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">^</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&Hat;</span>), which was originally intended to emulate the typewriter's <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> function using backspace and overtype. Nowadays, this glyph is more often called a <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> instead (though the term has a long-standing meaning as a <a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">proofreader's</a> mark, with <a href="/wiki/Caret_(proofreading)" title="Caret (proofreading)">its own codepoints</a> in Unicode). It is, however, unsuitable for use as a diacritic on modern computer systems, as it is a spacing character. Two other spacing circumflex characters in Unicode are the smaller <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter" title="Modifier letter">modifier letters</a> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+02C6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˆ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A788</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꞈ</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER LOW CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT</span>, mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> notations or as a sample of the diacritic in isolation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typing_the_circumflex_accent">Typing the circumflex accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Typing the circumflex accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/330px-KB_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/495px-KB_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/KB_France.svg/660px-KB_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a> layout with 'combining circumflex' as a <a href="/wiki/Dead_key" title="Dead key">dead key</a> (beside <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">P</kbd>) </figcaption></figure> <p>In countries where the local language(s) routinely include letters with a circumflex, local keyboards are typically engraved with those symbols. </p><p>For users with other keyboards, see <a href="/wiki/QWERTY#Multilingual_variants" title="QWERTY">QWERTY#Multilingual variants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caret_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caret (disambiguation)">Caret (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumflex_in_French" title="Circumflex in French">Circumflex in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">Macron (diacritic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turned_v" title="Turned v">Turned v</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth, Herbert Weir</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm"><i>A Greek Grammar for Colleges</i></a>. New York: American Book Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126022458/http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/toc_uni.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-15</span></span> – via ccel.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Grammar+for+Colleges&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fsmyth%2Fgrammar%2Fhtml%2Ftoc_uni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span>: "155. The ancients regarded the grave originally as belonging to every syllable not accented with the acute or circumflex; and some Mss. show this in practice, e.g. πὰγκρὰτής. [...]"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackston2006" class="citation cs1">Thackston, Wheeler M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf"><i>Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616142342/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pilipino+Express&rft.atitle=The+Basics+of+Filipino+Pronunciation%3A+Part+2+of+3%3A+Accent+Marks&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilipino-express.com%2Fhistory-a-culture%2Fin-other-words%2F1180-basics-of-filipino-pronunciation-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagalog-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tagalog_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127030759/http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf"><i>Tagalog Reading Booklet</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Simon & Schister's Pimsleur. 2007. p. 5–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supadu.com/images/ckfinder/26/pdfs/PIMSLEUR/Tagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog+Reading+Booklet&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schister%27s+Pimsleur&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supadu.com%2Fimages%2Fckfinder%2F26%2Fpdfs%2FPIMSLEUR%2FTagalog_Phase1-Bklt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tdk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221180227/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4EC2F94D94121ECE">"Düzeltme İşareti"</a> [Correction Mark]. <i>Türk Dil Kurumu</i> (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4EC2F94D94121ECE">the original</a> on February 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrk+Dil+Kurumu&rft.atitle=D%C3%BCzeltme+%C4%B0%C5%9Fareti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdk.gov.tr%2FTR%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3FF6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF4EC2F94D94121ECE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Genitivni znak". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srpskijezickiatelje.com/pravopis:ostali-znaci#toc2"><i>Pravopis Srpskog Jezika</i></a> (in Serbian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308121610/http://www.srpskijezickiatelje.com/pravopis:ostali-znaci#toc2">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3607/1/Struktur%20bahasa%20nias.pdf"><i>Struktur Bahasa Nias</i></a> [<i>Nias Language Structure</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306223647/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3607/1/Struktur%20bahasa%20nias.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-11</span></span> – via repositori.kemdikbud.go.id.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struktur+Bahasa+Nias&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa%2C+Departemen+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Halawa&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Harefa%2C+A.&rft.au=Silitonga%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3607%2F1%2FStruktur%2520bahasa%2520nias.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t/23875">"Dépôt"</a>. <i>Larousse</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130114714/http://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais/d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t/23875">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Changes in French Spelling Cause Uproar"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104080028/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35496893">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Circumflex%3F+Changes+in+French+Spelling+Cause+Uproar&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-35496893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenbakkers" class="citation conference cs1">Steenbakkers, Piet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hafniactaconvent00inteuoft/page/924/mode/2up"><i>Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Hafniensis</i></a>. Eighth International Congress of neo-Latin Studies. Copenhagen. pp. 925–934.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Acta+Conventus+Neo-Latini+Hafniensis&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=925-934&rft.aulast=Steenbakkers&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhafniactaconvent00inteuoft%2Fpage%2F924%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircumflex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumflex&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a class="mw-selflink selflink">circumflex</a> accent (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̂, ◌̭ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%82" title="Â">Ââ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">Ĉĉ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%92" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḓ">Ḓḓ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">Êê </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḙ">Ḙḙ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">Ĝĝ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">Ĥĥ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">Î î </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">Ĵĵ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḽ">Ḽḽ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṋ">Ṋṋ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Ô">Ôô </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">Ŝŝ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṱ">Ṱṱ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">Ûû </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṷ">Ṷṷ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŵ">Ŵŵ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/X%CC%82" title="X̂">X̂x̂ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŷ">Ŷŷ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%90" title="Ẑ">Ẑẑ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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