CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Université libre de Bruxelles | Architecture - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "departments", 'action': "show_works", 'controller_action': 'departments#show_works', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="H655vVJ1hjc7MntzRojlH0eIXnPVTYM8r0vMoCdXzEwmOVhnp2waQSoDsD-00nz3TVsNLBZ74d0k1WJM3jCLrg" /> <style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" media="all" /> <meta name="description" content="Academia.edu is the platform to share, find, and explore 50 Million research papers. Join us to accelerate your research needs & academic interests." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'departments'; var $action_name = "show_works"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '96b2434373b3f00cb5f70e21558f98ff585722bd'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13915,"monthly_visitors":"139 million","monthly_visitor_count":139296536,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":139,"user_count":286129682,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1743503390000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1743503390000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" media="all" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-d4c85e621b8bf4de9d00992b6e343550022a135eb512ccf66e7b5d8a67a65f0d.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-e94cf4c6a5cc17bae92cd463c6a27ba854937d08345e4010eca69ba0053b7599.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/Departments/Architecture/Documents" /> </head>   <body class='c-departments a-show_works logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-xs no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://ulb.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">Université libre de Bruxelles</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">Architecture</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://ulb.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i>  All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://ulb.academia.edu/Departments/Architecture/Documents">415 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://ulb.academia.edu/Departments/Architecture">383 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1414587" data-work_id="1414587" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1414587/EL_OTRO_CULTURAL_EN_LAS_MULTIPLICI_U_DADES_DE_LA_ERA_POSTMODERNA_">EL OTRO CULTURAL EN LAS MULTIPLICI (U) DADES DE LA ERA POSTMODERNA*</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La idea de que vivimos en sociedades plurales, que generan conflictos de intereses entre grupos de muy diversa índole, y que consecuentemente ponen en crisis la misma idea de un interés común, pilar del urbanismo moderno, ha aparecido... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1414587" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La idea de que vivimos en sociedades plurales, que generan conflictos de intereses entre grupos de muy diversa índole, y que consecuentemente ponen en crisis la misma idea de un interés común, pilar del urbanismo moderno, ha aparecido reiteradamente durante los últimos veinte años en la literatura urbanística (entre otros Healey, Faludi, Friedmann y Forester han dado cuenta de esta transformación desde puntos de vista muy distintos). El alcance de esta crisis se ha visto ampliado desde la contribución de las teorías postmodernas, al definir que todo orden social era intrínsecamente cultural, y que por tanto la cuestión epistemológica, y no sólo la normativa, debía abordarse: si las sociedades son plurales es porque los valores que las sostienen derivan de modelos de pensamiento culturalmente contextualizados. Cada cultura define su propio sistema de conocimiento, define los sistemas de significado y los marcos de referencia a través de los que las personas conforman sus prácticas institucionales, o no, en el contexto social. Cada cultura, grupo o entidad cultural es diferente, y sus demandas deben reconocerse desde esa diferencia. Las aportaciones de Sandercock a este debate podrían resumirse precisamente como la apuesta por la diferencia: una diferencia radical que desconfía de las propuestas que buscan construir, a través del consenso, sistemas de conocimiento y actuación compartidos, por entender que, en el momento presente, este consenso, disfrazado de integración, sólo supone la anulación de esa diferencia [73]. Una diferencia que se realiza en prácticas insurgentes de planeamiento.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1414587" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="976b34369832bda44d3b5d289c88b227" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":9710648,"asset_id":1414587,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/9710648/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1414587 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1414587"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1414587, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1414587", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1414587 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1414587; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1414587"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1414587 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1414587"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1414587; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1414587]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1414587").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1414587").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1414588" data-work_id="1414588" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1414588/Het_Plan_voor_de_Internationale_Ontwikkeling_van_Brussel_een_verhaal_van_up_scaling_by_passing_en_evacuatie_van_het_stedelijk_beleid">Het Plan voor de Internationale Ontwikkeling van Brussel: een verhaal van up-scaling, by-passing en evacuatie van het stedelijk beleid</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Het zal van de kwaliteit van het toekomstig stadsdebat afhangen of het huidige soort planning gebaseerd op neoliberale denkwijze dominant blijft of dat er enige coherentie wordt gegeven die noch de internationale ambities van Brussel... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1414588" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Het zal van de kwaliteit van het toekomstig stadsdebat afhangen of het huidige soort planning gebaseerd op neoliberale denkwijze dominant blijft of dat er enige coherentie wordt gegeven die noch de internationale ambities van Brussel fnuikt, noch de belangen van de huidige inwoners en gebruikers opoffert ten voordele van kort gewin.'</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1414588" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="45aaeed2263b2b2b84d39cca0785adf7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":9710649,"asset_id":1414588,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/9710649/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1414588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1414588"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1414588, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1414588", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1414588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1414588; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1414588"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1414588 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1414588"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1414588; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1414588]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1414588").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1414588").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19886722 coauthored" data-work_id="19886722" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19886722/Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_economy">Seven clues for a revived metropolitan economy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19886722" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0b22bca147584d5a59259d9236c2c21a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40899427,"asset_id":19886722,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40899427/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19886722">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19886722"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ulb.academia.edu/GeoffreyGrulois">Geoffrey Grulois</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19886722'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19886722').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19886722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19886722"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19886722, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19886722", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19886722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19886722; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19886722"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19886722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19886722"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19886722; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19886722]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19886722").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19886722").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19886722"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics">Urban Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16801" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19886722]'), work: {"id":19886722,"title":"Seven clues for a revived metropolitan economy","created_at":"2015-12-29T06:48:54.925-08:00","owner_id":26705496,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/19886722/Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_economy","slug":"Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_economy","dom_id":"work_19886722","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40899427,"asset_id":19886722,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40899427/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40899427/Sevenclue-libre.pdf?1451400685=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSeven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_e.pdf\u0026Expires=1743470262\u0026Signature=GC9j1EhwplJ0aWp3DwEltmeA-7eHmKrja8I2C8CyeVCEXRy7LkblvuaY-Ho0wC9NrrMWQpaZsZgWYcXj~xIncrd2Z7xuDHT97mjd9pkm~oRPVaFcEQrJuwy6cXWq~mNgm6xV3XbYUYXqqiCwJkqXfHrZRaDcgsvhTfgJWTtCA4HkMqQzMnV6UmwG3Ym3oRKTtCr9HM2W3kmV7CbFEcbx0dAJcN1bCak01ttRRKv7QLboaJVCvg6EhW29F73GYbp56CEAIf7BUuq2bCSKLJCzGHYtqwY~yHWSsOChE9xk0oIKbl~rFoGGByO~kj1RE2PKm7LlgTjvPRNLyx00G1rNnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40899427/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/40899427/mini_magick20190220-8762-1rmxolz.png?1550672302"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":40899427,"asset_id":19886722,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40899427/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40899427/Sevenclue-libre.pdf?1451400685=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSeven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_e.pdf\u0026Expires=1743470262\u0026Signature=GC9j1EhwplJ0aWp3DwEltmeA-7eHmKrja8I2C8CyeVCEXRy7LkblvuaY-Ho0wC9NrrMWQpaZsZgWYcXj~xIncrd2Z7xuDHT97mjd9pkm~oRPVaFcEQrJuwy6cXWq~mNgm6xV3XbYUYXqqiCwJkqXfHrZRaDcgsvhTfgJWTtCA4HkMqQzMnV6UmwG3Ym3oRKTtCr9HM2W3kmV7CbFEcbx0dAJcN1bCak01ttRRKv7QLboaJVCvg6EhW29F73GYbp56CEAIf7BUuq2bCSKLJCzGHYtqwY~yHWSsOChE9xk0oIKbl~rFoGGByO~kj1RE2PKm7LlgTjvPRNLyx00G1rNnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40899427/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/40899427/mini_magick20190220-8762-1rmxolz.png?1550672302"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"},{"id":26705496,"first_name":"Geoffrey","last_name":"Grulois","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"GeoffreyGrulois","display_name":"Geoffrey Grulois","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/GeoffreyGrulois","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26705496/11087781/31322179/s65_geoffrey.grulois.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism"},{"id":16801,"name":"Urban Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics"},{"id":61835,"name":"Urban Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Design"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":37,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19886821 coauthored" data-work_id="19886821" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19886821/UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_Strategies_for_a_Sustainable_Urban_Metabolism">UpCycle Barcelona - Cogenerative Design Strategies for a Sustainable Urban Metabolism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This publication presents the results of a two-week Erasmus Intensive Programme organized in Barcelona’s Zona Franca during spring 2014 in order to explore potential convergences between urbanism, urban metabolism and industrial ecology... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19886821" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This publication presents the results of a two-week Erasmus Intensive Programme organized in Barcelona’s Zona Franca during spring 2014 in order to explore potential convergences between urbanism, urban metabolism and industrial ecology for planning sustainable European cities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19886821" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ecd5ba9815b0a5bc6a2ca404a039b67" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40899473,"asset_id":19886821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40899473/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19886821">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19886821"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ulb.academia.edu/GeoffreyGrulois">Geoffrey Grulois</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19886821'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19886821').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19886821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19886821"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19886821, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19886821", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19886821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19886821; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19886821"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19886821 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19886821"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19886821; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19886821]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19886821").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19886821").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19886821"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology">Landscape Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="153" type="text/json">{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6010" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Urbanism">Sustainable Urbanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6010" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11278" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Ecology">Urban Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11278" type="text/json">{"id":6010,"name":"Sustainable Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Urbanism","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49929" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Urbanism">Ecological Urbanism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49929" type="text/json">{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19886821]'), work: {"id":19886821,"title":"UpCycle Barcelona - Cogenerative Design Strategies for a Sustainable Urban Metabolism","created_at":"2015-12-29T06:56:21.012-08:00","owner_id":26705496,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/19886821/UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_Strategies_for_a_Sustainable_Urban_Metabolism","slug":"UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_Strategies_for_a_Sustainable_Urban_Metabolism","dom_id":"work_19886821","summary":"This publication presents the results of a two-week Erasmus Intensive Programme organized in Barcelona’s Zona Franca during spring 2014 in order to explore potential convergences between urbanism, urban metabolism and industrial ecology for planning sustainable European cities.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40899473,"asset_id":19886821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40899473/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40899473/Upcycle_Barcelona_low.pdf?1738280279=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_St.pdf\u0026Expires=1743470262\u0026Signature=QTuyGyw3RIzD0pymwdBNbRdR4Xdg~8Ri3LbqVRo35KovWkz-vAs2DLzpdatUAHjUsk6UHKueume8sTIWpTFwdqXW01ToXSbT9YVTK75SdpdYtbRZdW9SKcEkF~on~qSPlCgRYnryE4VU3j-6Wm5O7pXqb3wEfZwObQn0zsmXJSAFInbzm4XZQ3nRC7rvQiuGHeJ94PfVykp~t7KubH-uMKe7k~vlgbZ5c6qRMhIZjSmuruTZs4vY~rnNhCLS2Mf5VDStK83RNHkCRaef3cUnJ631ZxcgSp7jQ309ulMqIXWDG5SJ~Pkfn1xa-wkiQkoFReFu2SThIIpDinPUTGXR3g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40899473/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/40899473/mini_magick20190220-14349-3ewnw6.png?1550673609"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":40899473,"asset_id":19886821,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/40899473/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/40899473/Upcycle_Barcelona_low.pdf?1738280279=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_St.pdf\u0026Expires=1743470262\u0026Signature=QTuyGyw3RIzD0pymwdBNbRdR4Xdg~8Ri3LbqVRo35KovWkz-vAs2DLzpdatUAHjUsk6UHKueume8sTIWpTFwdqXW01ToXSbT9YVTK75SdpdYtbRZdW9SKcEkF~on~qSPlCgRYnryE4VU3j-6Wm5O7pXqb3wEfZwObQn0zsmXJSAFInbzm4XZQ3nRC7rvQiuGHeJ94PfVykp~t7KubH-uMKe7k~vlgbZ5c6qRMhIZjSmuruTZs4vY~rnNhCLS2Mf5VDStK83RNHkCRaef3cUnJ631ZxcgSp7jQ309ulMqIXWDG5SJ~Pkfn1xa-wkiQkoFReFu2SThIIpDinPUTGXR3g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40899473/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/40899473/mini_magick20190220-14349-3ewnw6.png?1550673609"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":98,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"},{"id":26705496,"first_name":"Geoffrey","last_name":"Grulois","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"GeoffreyGrulois","display_name":"Geoffrey Grulois","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/GeoffreyGrulois","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26705496/11087781/31322179/s65_geoffrey.grulois.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology","nofollow":true},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":6010,"name":"Sustainable Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Urbanism","nofollow":true},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism","nofollow":true},{"id":11278,"name":"Urban Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Ecology"},{"id":49929,"name":"Ecological Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Urbanism"},{"id":61835,"name":"Urban Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Design"},{"id":289001,"name":"Urban Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Metabolism"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":711,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70318078" data-work_id="70318078" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70318078/Regional_Planning_Choices_Comparing_the_Rer_in_Brussels_Be_and_the_Stedenbaan_in_South_Holland_NL_">Regional Planning Choices: Comparing the Rer in Brussels (Be) and the Stedenbaan in South-Holland (NL)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the regional planning choices that sustain two important rail transport infrastructure projects, the Dutch Stendenbaan (extending between Leiden and Dordrecht) and the Belgian RER (centered in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70318078" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the regional planning choices that sustain two important rail transport infrastructure projects, the Dutch Stendenbaan (extending between Leiden and Dordrecht) and the Belgian RER (centered in Brussels and spanning over a 30 Km radius area). Even if the two projects have so far gathered sufficient institutional support and there seems to be enough agreement on the general objectives to pursue by the multifarious actors therein involved, our study intends to show the apparent ambiguities or contradictions surrounding the planning choices made and to which extent they influence implementation at different scales and in differing contexts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70318078" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3e5ef1b46859d7953c161480ddad119f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80120803,"asset_id":70318078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80120803/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70318078 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70318078"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70318078, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70318078", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_70318078 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70318078; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_70318078"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_70318078 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70318078"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70318078; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70318078]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70318078").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_70318078").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="70318078"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70318078]'), work: {"id":70318078,"title":"Regional Planning Choices: Comparing the Rer in Brussels (Be) and the Stedenbaan in South-Holland (NL)","created_at":"2022-02-03T04:57:19.324-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/70318078/Regional_Planning_Choices_Comparing_the_Rer_in_Brussels_Be_and_the_Stedenbaan_in_South_Holland_NL_","slug":"Regional_Planning_Choices_Comparing_the_Rer_in_Brussels_Be_and_the_Stedenbaan_in_South_Holland_NL_","dom_id":"work_70318078","summary":"The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the regional planning choices that sustain two important rail transport infrastructure projects, the Dutch Stendenbaan (extending between Leiden and Dordrecht) and the Belgian RER (centered in Brussels and spanning over a 30 Km radius area). Even if the two projects have so far gathered sufficient institutional support and there seems to be enough agreement on the general objectives to pursue by the multifarious actors therein involved, our study intends to show the apparent ambiguities or contradictions surrounding the planning choices made and to which extent they influence implementation at different scales and in differing contexts.","publication":"newurbanquestion.ifou.org","publication_with_fallback":"newurbanquestion.ifou.org","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80120803,"asset_id":70318078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80120803/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80120803/E001_Casabella_Nadia_Regional_20Planning_20Choices-libre.pdf?1643893998=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRegional_Planning_Choices_Comparing_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1743066284\u0026Signature=fsIa7fOiy7v1ihVwcGipv5cpw5WDlFF8YtgCQvY2v~5qBF7SFH4XxUEp5q5VI23jt1qRO3Yks2B-Ntb7~Gtks1wmhWkwz9-QzRFsqKjcxKh5ZuVfB9A0QJiueFSlYKfCL4K60LXOPfwmcOM3PGptyTULwv1Rwe0obiQVD0-VasrTlGEjskQ3rOePZ41fm2ntL~qroYfZWkr7qdOW663s1MgXtE8sHt6KY71puL2CoJ6GxRelY2Lk7UmXi9qlQhDNKPb-5PlSYOPgF9y9UBSGgXCTmSm8P9C~2w35C-SLH~RF9WRPeDhvTXTyFxEEBKojCr~JjlSPvKjnRKNKTk8KMw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80120803/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/80120803/mini_magick20220203-1298-1v4j9wz.png?1643893141"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":80120803,"asset_id":70318078,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80120803/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80120803/E001_Casabella_Nadia_Regional_20Planning_20Choices-libre.pdf?1643893998=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRegional_Planning_Choices_Comparing_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1743066285\u0026Signature=WQ1bQWGazlJCJ0iXJyd716I~yTInYbEPXDbAE13GeJ1EFzK5LWegR1a~qYy9fvGLTbYu3utOD3bT4O8rtDW-oGdRUr9fDk1nycxR8MfjyYLO3UapHWyBd8m3AvUpz~C7li1OfBqFOJtGtNQgdnq035RNajmnxreGXvQeZpBMAw1SoIfd3~U98vDaqWS6YTmpCu4rzJHS3Y5X5qEI-h7e7uLLQ4nRJSG3Wj9B114tYAqyH12ukn~i2goq4~w9yneKl-6FU7Yg3p-KGM0RHx1ewgvGtrbnVJcEkbkYqFsb7dK70DNA574j9CtkBuxy4OYPi-uz4DnUkeI1y1S8nOVQQQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80120803/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/80120803/mini_magick20220203-1298-1v4j9wz.png?1643893141"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":12,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":9,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76453698" data-work_id="76453698" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76453698/Le_territoire_comme_vecteur_de_production_de_connaissance">Le territoire comme vecteur de production de connaissance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Space Speculation est un atelier qui aborde le projet pour le territoire métropolitain à travers l'enjeu de son équipement, s'adressant à des étudiants de 3 e bachelier et des deux années de master. Inscrit dans le paradigme de la... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76453698" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Space Speculation est un atelier qui aborde le projet pour le territoire métropolitain à travers l'enjeu de son équipement, s'adressant à des étudiants de 3 e bachelier et des deux années de master. Inscrit dans le paradigme de la pratique du projet comme production de connaissance, l'atelier combine une pratique descriptive du territoire, visant à mettre en évidence ses rationalités constitutives pour y insérer le projet, avec une approche prospective et spéculative de son fonctionnement en tant que système dans le contexte métropolitain. Cette combinaison joint dans un travail articulé d'enquête sur le territoire et son futur, l'approche structuraliste de l'école Nord-italienne et le courant pragmatiste anglo-saxon.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76453698" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c614ba99958dc8fc9209c9d9f9e72db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121115030,"asset_id":76453698,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121115030/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76453698 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76453698"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76453698, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76453698", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76453698 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453698; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76453698"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76453698 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76453698"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453698; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76453698]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76453698").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76453698").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76453699" data-work_id="76453699" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76453699/Flow_based_Design_Strategies">Flow-based Design Strategies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76453699" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="622957e1a78968fdb623fa4f9e7e6c89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088735,"asset_id":76453699,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088735/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76453699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76453699"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76453699, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76453699", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76453699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453699; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76453699"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76453699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76453699"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453699; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76453699]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76453699").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76453699").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76453704" data-work_id="76453704" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76453704/UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_Strategies_for_a_Sustainable_Urban_Metabolism">UpCycle Barcelona: Cogenerative Design Strategies for a Sustainable Urban Metabolism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This publication presents the results of a two-week Erasmus Intensive Programme organized in Barcelona’s Zona Franca during spring 2014 in order to explore potential convergences between urbanism, urban metabolism and industrial ecology... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76453704" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This publication presents the results of a two-week Erasmus Intensive Programme organized in Barcelona’s Zona Franca during spring 2014 in order to explore potential convergences between urbanism, urban metabolism and industrial ecology for planning sustainable European cities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76453704" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7026d5b92f3cd2e5c362d1e7cba483fe" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088508,"asset_id":76453704,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088508/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76453704 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76453704"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76453704, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76453704", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76453704 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453704; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76453704"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76453704 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76453704"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453704; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76453704]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76453704").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76453704").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76453704"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology">Landscape Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="153" type="text/json">{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6010" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Urbanism">Sustainable Urbanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6010" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11278" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Ecology">Urban Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11278" type="text/json">{"id":6010,"name":"Sustainable Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Urbanism","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49929" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Urbanism">Ecological Urbanism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49929" type="text/json">{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76453704]'), work: {"id":76453704,"title":"UpCycle Barcelona: Cogenerative Design Strategies for a Sustainable Urban Metabolism","created_at":"2022-04-14T11:57:31.892-07:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/76453704/UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_Strategies_for_a_Sustainable_Urban_Metabolism","slug":"UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_Strategies_for_a_Sustainable_Urban_Metabolism","dom_id":"work_76453704","summary":"This publication presents the results of a two-week Erasmus Intensive Programme organized in Barcelona’s Zona Franca during spring 2014 in order to explore potential convergences between urbanism, urban metabolism and industrial ecology for planning sustainable European cities.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121088508,"asset_id":76453704,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088508/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088508/UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_St-libre.pdf?1738209986=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_St.pdf\u0026Expires=1743066285\u0026Signature=d3QUXGBTHQ33udCPmaX9uaVrOgzPAA~-0r7CJtbSQ7SKXEC9WFBSUVREfhSNUYeQAo4Me8gCEqGjQVlyKsL6ULbp9tvJJxc~yyMRMICIfV7bISvBQUE37hI~~TP1DPAOvE9U09sb4N2TyO9kTLCZBLGLN4xT4239Am9rXYTD3PVXS-d~MKC32SyTefl0t-2V4e21DeW4x6X6O0kiNnLZpBi057qW4zdD~3-enEaNzRpO3mIhdzDFOwQL5d1hlyfEm7bLlQNCfk0ZVI1xxG8LvP8TEfLdEMSE6xJFpDUEMHeHX3iOhGmjowxrzfywHIXkEMvsYEnWarCbPhyJo2hoOg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088508/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088508/mini_magick20250129-1-9o23py.png?1738172737"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":121088508,"asset_id":76453704,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088508/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088508/UpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_St-libre.pdf?1738209986=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUpCycle_Barcelona_Cogenerative_Design_St.pdf\u0026Expires=1743066285\u0026Signature=d3QUXGBTHQ33udCPmaX9uaVrOgzPAA~-0r7CJtbSQ7SKXEC9WFBSUVREfhSNUYeQAo4Me8gCEqGjQVlyKsL6ULbp9tvJJxc~yyMRMICIfV7bISvBQUE37hI~~TP1DPAOvE9U09sb4N2TyO9kTLCZBLGLN4xT4239Am9rXYTD3PVXS-d~MKC32SyTefl0t-2V4e21DeW4x6X6O0kiNnLZpBi057qW4zdD~3-enEaNzRpO3mIhdzDFOwQL5d1hlyfEm7bLlQNCfk0ZVI1xxG8LvP8TEfLdEMSE6xJFpDUEMHeHX3iOhGmjowxrzfywHIXkEMvsYEnWarCbPhyJo2hoOg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088508/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088508/mini_magick20250129-1-9o23py.png?1738172737"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":98,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology","nofollow":true},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":6010,"name":"Sustainable Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Urbanism","nofollow":true},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism","nofollow":true},{"id":11278,"name":"Urban Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Ecology"},{"id":49929,"name":"Ecological Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Urbanism"},{"id":61835,"name":"Urban Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Design"},{"id":289001,"name":"Urban Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Metabolism"}],"publication_year":2015,"publication_year_with_fallback":2015,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":0,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76453706" data-work_id="76453706" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76453706/Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_economy">Seven clues for a revived metropolitan economy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76453706" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ebc73c9ad4d99aa8e171f3f76afc114c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088550,"asset_id":76453706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088550/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76453706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76453706"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76453706, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76453706", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76453706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453706; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76453706"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76453706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76453706"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453706; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76453706]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76453706").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76453706").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76453706"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics">Urban Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16801" type="text/json">{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76453706]'), work: {"id":76453706,"title":"Seven clues for a revived metropolitan economy","created_at":"2022-04-14T11:57:32.031-07:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/76453706/Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_economy","slug":"Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_economy","dom_id":"work_76453706","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121088550,"asset_id":76453706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088550/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088550/Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_e-libre.pdf?1738206974=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSeven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_e.pdf\u0026Expires=1743046445\u0026Signature=ZP86TOIEjB4IryGflNSENMiWfBkgizejvzEASZkJ8OoD5KnmK6DW~yfA8PKfX91n1u5sSoIfYn66YvBTV4BmpGakMseyMdojdN3F2iYKKfALdtvndImtnqXtvADgtT-Ryn~HUvow~F7yhV5slySc2N8d1ewB7EdrDQ37Z2hNYC7hk2hIUYuOIsSRHYI0IFFg0OZonlGoK-ChvScCOQvOi1PJ54Y1pleIzAtlbTRaJujBqW2GjO~Jf0ewhBw6raryvOzwcuWdSTqrgqoNtm2XnzYadW0y7PNKeae~ah7dtDX8GTubEmQ2RrRUPtPVpFzyYBfJccNmCkV37zmwv2TlbQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088550/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088550/mini_magick20250129-1-lw33sa.png?1738172933"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":121088550,"asset_id":76453706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088550/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088550/Seven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_e-libre.pdf?1738206974=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSeven_clues_for_a_revived_metropolitan_e.pdf\u0026Expires=1743046446\u0026Signature=b32UufKvu37EAosDySmBQKgIJVGAYnb5BCLWyk4kgdLiuQZPAqiMAoisBGHCl89e1HFAj8KraOXNZPD4mX5x-0bry42zuvfmtv9P0dC1IRlrdB-YV7xLRVIK5m94iVRoW85OmT69shUVwA80Mmn5DqSNt4MKIChVJ1pOQPip~3La31~JHgqWU3WtfXkOvLHl4vEUtHjPeBy9g6dcAyEnxn4Dr9ZXZOGyMxpKjDknQQ-YdoARgX2O2FOzyBpv8ad38FA3jPcXxWcXwnHDtCnMGcoked-LPGbhiaL8ZWoRxjrVWBo7nPZkszRR8tJBi2TuhOv9ES4z8pxrtg2gIxYDBg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088550/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088550/mini_magick20250129-1-lw33sa.png?1738172933"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics","nofollow":true},{"id":4808,"name":"Urban Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Planning","nofollow":true},{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism"},{"id":16801,"name":"Urban Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics"},{"id":61835,"name":"Urban Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Design"},{"id":1485513,"name":"Metropolitan Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metropolitan_Area"}],"publication_year":2013,"publication_year_with_fallback":2013,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":3,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76453713" data-work_id="76453713" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76453713/L_accueil_des_activit%C3%A9s_productives_de_petite_%C3%A9chelle_en_ville">L' accueil des activités productives de petite échelle en ville</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76453713" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b56e1957f457e9db8ae29e8e4257947e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088786,"asset_id":76453713,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088786/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76453713 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76453713"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76453713, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76453713", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76453713 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453713; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76453713"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76453713 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76453713"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76453713; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76453713]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76453713").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76453713").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_90517931" data-work_id="90517931" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90517931/Mobile_otherwise_the_possibilities_offered_by_an_exploded_urban_realm_for_changes_in_transport_behaviour">Mobile otherwise: the possibilities offered by an exploded urban realm for changes in transport behaviour</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Las interdependencias entre urbanización y transporte han sido ampliamente examinadas en estudios urbanos y de planificación espacial. Uno de los resúmenes más completos es el llamado ciclo de retroalimentación entre el uso del suelo y el... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_90517931" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Las interdependencias entre urbanización y transporte han sido ampliamente examinadas en estudios urbanos y de planificación espacial. Uno de los resúmenes más completos es el llamado ciclo de retroalimentación entre el uso del suelo y el transporte (Wegener & Fürst, 1999; Bertolini, 2012). Este ciclo de retroalimentación conceptualiza la reciprocidad entre las redes de infraestructura de transporte, la accesibilidad, el uso del suelo y el comportamiento de los usuarios, y describe la variedad de factores exógenos que influyen en el comportamiento de este ciclo. También cuestiona la fuerte correlación entre los cambios en la infraestructura de movilidad con los cambios en el estilo de urbanización. Incluso si la provisión de infraestructura de transporte tiene un efecto estable en la urbanización, una vez que se alcanza un grado de “saturación” en términos de accesibilidad y usos del suelo, la fuerza de este determinante disminuye mientras que la importancia del comportamiento de lo...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/90517931" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="beaaf6d9d1ead4c0d312ac08cc1d1cab" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":94059698,"asset_id":90517931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94059698/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_90517931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="90517931"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 90517931, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_90517931", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_90517931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90517931; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_90517931"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_90517931 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90517931"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90517931; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90517931]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_90517931").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_90517931").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="90517931"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Innovation">Social Innovation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61498" type="text/json">{"id":61498,"name":"Social Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Innovation","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=90517931]'), work: {"id":90517931,"title":"Mobile otherwise: the possibilities offered by an exploded urban realm for changes in transport behaviour","created_at":"2022-11-11T03:31:01.126-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/90517931/Mobile_otherwise_the_possibilities_offered_by_an_exploded_urban_realm_for_changes_in_transport_behaviour","slug":"Mobile_otherwise_the_possibilities_offered_by_an_exploded_urban_realm_for_changes_in_transport_behaviour","dom_id":"work_90517931","summary":"Las interdependencias entre urbanización y transporte han sido ampliamente examinadas en estudios urbanos y de planificación espacial. Uno de los resúmenes más completos es el llamado ciclo de retroalimentación entre el uso del suelo y el transporte (Wegener \u0026 Fürst, 1999; Bertolini, 2012). Este ciclo de retroalimentación conceptualiza la reciprocidad entre las redes de infraestructura de transporte, la accesibilidad, el uso del suelo y el comportamiento de los usuarios, y describe la variedad de factores exógenos que influyen en el comportamiento de este ciclo. También cuestiona la fuerte correlación entre los cambios en la infraestructura de movilidad con los cambios en el estilo de urbanización. Incluso si la provisión de infraestructura de transporte tiene un efecto estable en la urbanización, una vez que se alcanza un grado de “saturación” en términos de accesibilidad y usos del suelo, la fuerza de este determinante disminuye mientras que la importancia del comportamiento de lo...","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":94059698,"asset_id":90517931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94059698/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/94059698/334549603-libre.pdf?1668166389=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMobile_otherwise_the_possibilities_offer.pdf\u0026Expires=1743056213\u0026Signature=MPCDRBrQ2tLRFgj4tjsSo6AgVzE~NmCD6rIJTUsf3s9yfd7mzu~v6n88S6D7oX-jSX1S-gTSeRvdnPrFHBJilMVsyZ2ApQnS~xJ37w~3V2bVv3Jh~p~wxzsPoqPC7JvP5N2PZZy9vgAt87cGKGpIfj4jEFRbZKQcaL~1AzXIFs6Cz~rD75VCBOP7OQehC5TgssLOj5zq2SJ2RV7uGFChDPs4fsN-gizw72I9LetKNGLlZso2U5qjLNGDyMEtcgUTJ3SEx1anT8wYiQ6tzyOc-L7pGILt9W0a0etCVFHMaY0rWx~CpUk2skHAexf4zOJCtg6WlWrUtprYoFHUvXUA9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94059698/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/94059698/mini_magick20221111-1-1qd1glb.png?1668166415"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":94059698,"asset_id":90517931,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/94059698/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/94059698/334549603-libre.pdf?1668166389=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMobile_otherwise_the_possibilities_offer.pdf\u0026Expires=1743056213\u0026Signature=MPCDRBrQ2tLRFgj4tjsSo6AgVzE~NmCD6rIJTUsf3s9yfd7mzu~v6n88S6D7oX-jSX1S-gTSeRvdnPrFHBJilMVsyZ2ApQnS~xJ37w~3V2bVv3Jh~p~wxzsPoqPC7JvP5N2PZZy9vgAt87cGKGpIfj4jEFRbZKQcaL~1AzXIFs6Cz~rD75VCBOP7OQehC5TgssLOj5zq2SJ2RV7uGFChDPs4fsN-gizw72I9LetKNGLlZso2U5qjLNGDyMEtcgUTJ3SEx1anT8wYiQ6tzyOc-L7pGILt9W0a0etCVFHMaY0rWx~CpUk2skHAexf4zOJCtg6WlWrUtprYoFHUvXUA9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/94059698/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/94059698/mini_magick20221111-1-1qd1glb.png?1668166415"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":20,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":61498,"name":"Social Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Innovation","nofollow":true},{"id":211265,"name":"Innovación Social","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovaci%C3%B3n_Social"},{"id":842169,"name":"Ghent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ghent"}],"publication_year":2020,"publication_year_with_fallback":2020,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":0,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_90517968" data-work_id="90517968" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90517968/Design_activisme_une_forme_d_empathie_avec_le_r%C3%A9el">Design-activisme: une forme d’empathie avec le réel</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The paper discusses a conference by Paola Viganò held on November 9, 2017, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, focusing on urban activism as a form of empathy with reality. It explores the challenges and dynamics of urban planning,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_90517968" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper discusses a conference by Paola Viganò held on November 9, 2017, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, focusing on urban activism as a form of empathy with reality. It explores the challenges and dynamics of urban planning, emphasizing the need for urban designers to engage in activism to create the right conditions for their work. Opposite to the traditional intellectual distance from reality of past professionals, it advocates for a more involved and empathetic approach to urbanism, highlighting the importance of addressing current social and political issues through active participation and responsibility.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/90517968" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5bfeda6b8fc96c117e34d8ff053a707c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088495,"asset_id":90517968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088495/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_90517968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="90517968"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 90517968, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_90517968", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_90517968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90517968; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_90517968"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_90517968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90517968"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90517968; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90517968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_90517968").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_90517968").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="90517968"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=90517968]'), work: {"id":90517968,"title":"Design-activisme: une forme d’empathie avec le réel","created_at":"2022-11-11T03:31:54.777-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/90517968/Design_activisme_une_forme_d_empathie_avec_le_r%C3%A9el","slug":"Design_activisme_une_forme_d_empathie_avec_le_réel","dom_id":"work_90517968","summary":"The paper discusses a conference by Paola Viganò held on November 9, 2017, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, focusing on urban activism as a form of empathy with reality. It explores the challenges and dynamics of urban planning, emphasizing the need for urban designers to engage in activism to create the right conditions for their work. Opposite to the traditional intellectual distance from reality of past professionals, it advocates for a more involved and empathetic approach to urbanism, highlighting the importance of addressing current social and political issues through active participation and responsibility.","publication":"Crítica urbana: revista de estudios urbanos y territoriales.","publication_with_fallback":"Crítica urbana: revista de estudios urbanos y territoriales.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121088495,"asset_id":90517968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088495/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088495/2018_Design_activisme_Une_forme_d_empathie_avec_le_reel-libre.pdf?1738206985=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDesign_activisme_une_forme_d_empathie_av.pdf\u0026Expires=1743018401\u0026Signature=R6B1Xrv8oPc2~L2ZDlReNpZfEM0SU1CnPe-tP3RRGiO9T3LAzt0TyD1xCh5pByq0BdgCSru2VwT5QRs2K7oN09zQQuWjnSFEtNjylgpafx44tu8ppaXQGxbumQghISuYUbBT1Q85StKggNXUXbMz7kUnZr7rEgfh9UX6QYOmPSXQ9Cs5eWooSgjWBsedvpndziXxFTT0i7WlVHrFbjdTH8LThfmoyXFfRYPYmkeezH1SvqooZb4Ri-3kqCYA~MQrdv4D0B4y-gLbiXv6LL8kznpS-9n~ZNd6h5IueTA79eWWIlZhveBit7UNJLG7fhZd-MNP6cFYGN1cRvO9rVYBaA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088495/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088495/mini_magick20250129-1-7b41ws.png?1738172606"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":121088495,"asset_id":90517968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088495/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088495/2018_Design_activisme_Une_forme_d_empathie_avec_le_reel-libre.pdf?1738206985=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDesign_activisme_une_forme_d_empathie_av.pdf\u0026Expires=1743018401\u0026Signature=R6B1Xrv8oPc2~L2ZDlReNpZfEM0SU1CnPe-tP3RRGiO9T3LAzt0TyD1xCh5pByq0BdgCSru2VwT5QRs2K7oN09zQQuWjnSFEtNjylgpafx44tu8ppaXQGxbumQghISuYUbBT1Q85StKggNXUXbMz7kUnZr7rEgfh9UX6QYOmPSXQ9Cs5eWooSgjWBsedvpndziXxFTT0i7WlVHrFbjdTH8LThfmoyXFfRYPYmkeezH1SvqooZb4Ri-3kqCYA~MQrdv4D0B4y-gLbiXv6LL8kznpS-9n~ZNd6h5IueTA79eWWIlZhveBit7UNJLG7fhZd-MNP6cFYGN1cRvO9rVYBaA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088495/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088495/mini_magick20250129-1-7b41ws.png?1738172606"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":3,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9437,"name":"Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism"},{"id":36402,"name":"Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activism"}],"publication_year":2018,"publication_year_with_fallback":2018,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":16,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_90517979" data-work_id="90517979" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/90517979/The_Design_Unit_Space_Speculation_and_the_Case_of_Brussels">The Design Unit “Space Speculation” and the Case of Brussels</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/90517979" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a81aa92ce253888f0ff5ec817d19ebea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088973,"asset_id":90517979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088973/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_90517979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="90517979"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 90517979, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_90517979", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_90517979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90517979; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_90517979"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_90517979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90517979"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90517979; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90517979]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_90517979").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_90517979").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="90517979"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=90517979]'), work: {"id":90517979,"title":"The Design Unit “Space Speculation” and the Case of Brussels","created_at":"2022-11-11T03:32:04.517-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/90517979/The_Design_Unit_Space_Speculation_and_the_Case_of_Brussels","slug":"The_Design_Unit_Space_Speculation_and_the_Case_of_Brussels","dom_id":"work_90517979","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121088973,"asset_id":90517979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088973/2014_AESOP_Casabella_Adesignresearchintendedforsustainableurbanpractices-libre.pdf?1738206926=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Design_Unit_Space_Speculation_and_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1743050200\u0026Signature=MgDUUPqgjyqQCvAx6WnYsVYMxj-n6sDCRvlyPkD6npMhVihjiGFwPk75~IG0O9PEbuE-2T5tJmXbsOGG0W95VZapjM5EZbQaG4KZ-eZAJd5XnWiXEwlu~PGNFBl41KwOojjhB0d-ZHsVoTkWq9gp2anjulaT80Ao1hwABew-L7VZgkO5PFpuUdPJ02Jtp2MjyXz7OV-fX7y9PwZd2GkdBeune3cxDodAmLzQUTzCgskOckB9awkhsPgWYoVxTQVgb7GQGuPPKF9-Nuh5OVtxny9gmQXjR~OkcTVNWRparkL8hTv7u3OWBO3qqSv8MjyMSEGHHIaB0KCsrmmQOG5bOw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088973/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088973/mini_magick20250129-1-1r9bzg.png?1738174666"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":121088973,"asset_id":90517979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088973/2014_AESOP_Casabella_Adesignresearchintendedforsustainableurbanpractices-libre.pdf?1738206926=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Design_Unit_Space_Speculation_and_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1743050200\u0026Signature=MgDUUPqgjyqQCvAx6WnYsVYMxj-n6sDCRvlyPkD6npMhVihjiGFwPk75~IG0O9PEbuE-2T5tJmXbsOGG0W95VZapjM5EZbQaG4KZ-eZAJd5XnWiXEwlu~PGNFBl41KwOojjhB0d-ZHsVoTkWq9gp2anjulaT80Ao1hwABew-L7VZgkO5PFpuUdPJ02Jtp2MjyXz7OV-fX7y9PwZd2GkdBeune3cxDodAmLzQUTzCgskOckB9awkhsPgWYoVxTQVgb7GQGuPPKF9-Nuh5OVtxny9gmQXjR~OkcTVNWRparkL8hTv7u3OWBO3qqSv8MjyMSEGHHIaB0KCsrmmQOG5bOw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088973/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/121088973/mini_magick20250129-1-1r9bzg.png?1738174666"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":null,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":54328,"name":"Speculation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Speculation"}],"publication_year":2014,"publication_year_with_fallback":2014,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":2,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_99460420" data-work_id="99460420" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99460420/Twisted_Thorbecke">Twisted Thorbecke</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The nested model that allowed Thorbecke (1848) to lay the ground for the administrative organization in municipal, provincial and national scales does no longer seem relevant to contemporary spatial processes. Scale seems rather to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_99460420" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The nested model that allowed Thorbecke (1848) to lay the ground for the administrative organization in municipal, provincial and national scales does no longer seem relevant to contemporary spatial processes. Scale seems rather to proliferate and get entangled in different temporalities as well as spatialities (Jessop, 1998). To devise jointly those different scales seems far from evident both conceptually and as regards political-administrative arbitration. Further, as the means to gear spatial transformation are not fully seized by those who would benefit from them, aberrant effects are likely to appear. This aspect is particularly pertinent in transit infrastructure projects, as the scale at which networks are owned and/or managed rarely corresponds to the territorial boundaries within which their structuring effects are felt.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/99460420" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ebc0fd5a219f7156b35154b9c8203a2d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088928,"asset_id":99460420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088928/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_99460420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="99460420"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99460420, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_99460420", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_99460420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99460420; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_99460420"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_99460420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99460420"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99460420; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99460420]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_99460420").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_99460420").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127089483" data-work_id="127089483" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127089483/Food_aid_in_Brussels_and_the_enactment_of_urban_citizenship">Food aid in Brussels and the enactment of urban citizenship</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">One third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally: 1.3 billion tons each year (Gustafson et al., 2011). At the same time, almost 800 million people worldwide are estimated to be undernourished (FAO, 2015).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127089483" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">One third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally: 1.3 billion tons each year (Gustafson et al., 2011). At the same time, almost 800 million people worldwide are estimated to be undernourished (FAO, 2015). Europe, where nearly 43.6 million people live in food insecurity and where everyone of us wastes around 179 kg of food yearly, demonstrates that is much more than a Global South affair (Connor, 2013). Concretely in Brussels, more than one third of its population lives in risk of poverty and social exclusion, 55 thousand of them depend on food aid to survive (CCC-GGC, 2017), and 134 thousand tons of food surplus are generated every year (BE, 2017).<br />The paper examines two projects addressing food poverty in the Brussels' region: the sharing food project 'Collectmet' (led by the non-profit collective 'Cultureghem', based in the Abattoirs' site and active since a couple of years), and the Food Bank Brussels-Brabant (created in 1986 to fight food poverty and waste, linked to the European Federation of Food Banks). <br />Coping with food poverty in the city, the paper contends, goes beyond the resolution of an urgent problem at the city level to become a potential site for 'performative citizenship' (Holston & Appadurai, 1996) that supplements the nation’s ideal of universal equality with everyday practices of inclusion. In this way, the fundamental problem urban citizenship is confronted to goes beyond the criticism about the extent to which one can profit from the particular metabolism of any city to encompass the question of our place (or lack of place) into the urban society by looking into its metabolism. Urban citizenship cannot be thought outside the very material dimension of safeguard and well-being of those who are excluded and who must survive.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127089483" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a524b3b18253466b3e2c758d10e28352" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":120874482,"asset_id":127089483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120874482/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127089483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127089483"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127089483, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127089483", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127089483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127089483; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127089483"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127089483 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127089483"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127089483; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127089483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127089483").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127089483").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127089483"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28632" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_citizenship">Urban citizenship</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28632" type="text/json">{"id":28632,"name":"Urban citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_citizenship","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="289001" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Metabolism">Urban Metabolism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="289001" type="text/json">{"id":289001,"name":"Urban Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Metabolism","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3205076" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-ecological_transition">Socio-ecological transition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3205076" type="text/json">{"id":3205076,"name":"Socio-ecological transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-ecological_transition","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127089483]'), work: {"id":127089483,"title":"Food aid in Brussels and the enactment of urban citizenship","created_at":"2025-01-17T09:59:26.711-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/127089483/Food_aid_in_Brussels_and_the_enactment_of_urban_citizenship","slug":"Food_aid_in_Brussels_and_the_enactment_of_urban_citizenship","dom_id":"work_127089483","summary":"One third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally: 1.3 billion tons each year (Gustafson et al., 2011). At the same time, almost 800 million people worldwide are estimated to be undernourished (FAO, 2015). Europe, where nearly 43.6 million people live in food insecurity and where everyone of us wastes around 179 kg of food yearly, demonstrates that is much more than a Global South affair (Connor, 2013). Concretely in Brussels, more than one third of its population lives in risk of poverty and social exclusion, 55 thousand of them depend on food aid to survive (CCC-GGC, 2017), and 134 thousand tons of food surplus are generated every year (BE, 2017).\nThe paper examines two projects addressing food poverty in the Brussels' region: the sharing food project 'Collectmet' (led by the non-profit collective 'Cultureghem', based in the Abattoirs' site and active since a couple of years), and the Food Bank Brussels-Brabant (created in 1986 to fight food poverty and waste, linked to the European Federation of Food Banks). \nCoping with food poverty in the city, the paper contends, goes beyond the resolution of an urgent problem at the city level to become a potential site for 'performative citizenship' (Holston \u0026 Appadurai, 1996) that supplements the nation’s ideal of universal equality with everyday practices of inclusion. In this way, the fundamental problem urban citizenship is confronted to goes beyond the criticism about the extent to which one can profit from the particular metabolism of any city to encompass the question of our place (or lack of place) into the urban society by looking into its metabolism. Urban citizenship cannot be thought outside the very material dimension of safeguard and well-being of those who are excluded and who must survive. \n","publication":"OASE","publication_with_fallback":"OASE","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":120874482,"asset_id":127089483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120874482/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/120874482/OASE104_NC_JD_food_aid_in_BXL-libre.pdf?1737138986=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFood_aid_in_Brussels_and_the_enactment_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1743050200\u0026Signature=gooxEt-7gCRrpy8ytg2EwKVqJvOEiiTZQERrsbPXAVLQNwKaYfK68obioo6HWygglxE6E~avEDmfOCoJ8GpiecTfsSY0318nqysQctE5w3yudLbOTgOp0YyUMA8PC0QdMZpz9u7lJsl2EC3Hkylz0DS-kvkqTBJs07-kindpknNjjGjPyHLjDPuVqqbHp47ks7Xs6emm0KtchHEiHsLScyqS8toMKvL-DzLRB0tQR7fc1h0IHHlUJqYQMKPzVyYbSx4Ds2nnxLVX8fHNEnDccsLE-UoqF-FSBAYXOF~Cub2QfZInnadvR2bxBAEfphLUQ3u8vRKtMlfeT0YL14URNQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120874482/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/120874482/mini_magick20250117-1-bsiv1n.png?1737136766"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":120874482,"asset_id":127089483,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120874482/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/120874482/OASE104_NC_JD_food_aid_in_BXL-libre.pdf?1737138986=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFood_aid_in_Brussels_and_the_enactment_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1743050200\u0026Signature=gooxEt-7gCRrpy8ytg2EwKVqJvOEiiTZQERrsbPXAVLQNwKaYfK68obioo6HWygglxE6E~avEDmfOCoJ8GpiecTfsSY0318nqysQctE5w3yudLbOTgOp0YyUMA8PC0QdMZpz9u7lJsl2EC3Hkylz0DS-kvkqTBJs07-kindpknNjjGjPyHLjDPuVqqbHp47ks7Xs6emm0KtchHEiHsLScyqS8toMKvL-DzLRB0tQR7fc1h0IHHlUJqYQMKPzVyYbSx4Ds2nnxLVX8fHNEnDccsLE-UoqF-FSBAYXOF~Cub2QfZInnadvR2bxBAEfphLUQ3u8vRKtMlfeT0YL14URNQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120874482/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/120874482/mini_magick20250117-1-bsiv1n.png?1737136766"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":8,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":28632,"name":"Urban citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_citizenship","nofollow":true},{"id":289001,"name":"Urban Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Metabolism","nofollow":true},{"id":3205076,"name":"Socio-ecological transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio-ecological_transition","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":4,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127089607" data-work_id="127089607" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127089607/Entre_aqu%C3%AD_y_all%C3%A1">Entre aquí y allá</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Revisitar la "Carta a Lord Chandos" (Hugo Von Hofmannsthal, 1902) constituye una oportunidad de darnos cuenta de que la incapacidad que experimenta Lord Chandos de pensar o expresarse coherentemente, su imposibilidad manifiesta de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127089607" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Revisitar la "Carta a Lord Chandos" (Hugo Von Hofmannsthal, 1902) constituye una oportunidad de darnos cuenta de que la incapacidad que experimenta Lord Chandos de pensar o expresarse coherentemente, su imposibilidad manifiesta de utilizar conceptos abstractos, no es simplemente autobiográfica, sino que es algo que se deriva de nuestra aceptación, en un momento histórico dado, de simplificar y despreocuparse de la complejidad del mundo que nos rodea,  “liberándose” así de las enrevesadas interdependencias que nos unían con otros seres y procesos. La imposibilidad de dar cuenta del mundo que experimenta Lord Chandos tiene que ver con la enajenación que sentimos cuando las relaciones de intimidad que manteníamos con otras especies, el viento, el suelo, además de con otros humanos son destruidas para “recatarnos” de nuestra animalidad y contingencia, y sobre todo cuando ignoramos que nuestra existencia no puede pensarse sin todo lo que hace mundo con nosotros.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127089607" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="182845cd15a8f2f900b1e28bdf2f8c44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":120874610,"asset_id":127089607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120874610/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127089607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127089607"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127089607, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127089607", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127089607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127089607; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127089607"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127089607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127089607"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127089607; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127089607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127089607").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127089607").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127089607"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16433" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature_Culture">Nature Culture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16433" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127089607]'), work: {"id":127089607,"title":"Entre aquí y allá","created_at":"2025-01-17T10:15:26.015-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/127089607/Entre_aqu%C3%AD_y_all%C3%A1","slug":"Entre_aquí_y_allá","dom_id":"work_127089607","summary":"Revisitar la \"Carta a Lord Chandos\" (Hugo Von Hofmannsthal, 1902) constituye una oportunidad de darnos cuenta de que la incapacidad que experimenta Lord Chandos de pensar o expresarse coherentemente, su imposibilidad manifiesta de utilizar conceptos abstractos, no es simplemente autobiográfica, sino que es algo que se deriva de nuestra aceptación, en un momento histórico dado, de simplificar y despreocuparse de la complejidad del mundo que nos rodea, “liberándose” así de las enrevesadas interdependencias que nos unían con otros seres y procesos. La imposibilidad de dar cuenta del mundo que experimenta Lord Chandos tiene que ver con la enajenación que sentimos cuando las relaciones de intimidad que manteníamos con otras especies, el viento, el suelo, además de con otros humanos son destruidas para “recatarnos” de nuestra animalidad y contingencia, y sobre todo cuando ignoramos que nuestra existencia no puede pensarse sin todo lo que hace mundo con nosotros.","publication":"Revista de Critica Urbana","publication_with_fallback":"Revista de Critica Urbana","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":120874610,"asset_id":127089607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120874610/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/120874610/Revista_de_Critica_Urbana_NC_Entre_Aqui_y_Alla-libre.pdf?1737138958=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEntre_aqui_y_alla.pdf\u0026Expires=1743016007\u0026Signature=fScJVvtod4Cw~YFs-acgKuZdrjaGdSeZhfX40~wXKMaDkx~oLy1LTOgWcYwHDE1XqjdQ7oXGK4q3fLCYFIp8y19KABdimrtRERB-qewL5Gve6E3GNUSBQ-ihvR844HVSUZ3NEH2OjfPyJG3yD9gwCzwfSPjILnVDSGFtqOdv5DPaeAiaKcIlwMO94vsDOeqwp79BINebaGKhKRqI2UxFt9bobETagc2-jrRgrZ-8QLByuGWTIRPZoUgz7w0O6skHXzjgV3JNvWUtnKYMprsQAoucIJtU7igVy9nFYu29Fwb5w36edDyON40sO0s7haC8WvWGewjSnKnUHLRs5wLSCw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120874610/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/120874610/mini_magick20250117-1-6x6wr7.png?1737137711"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":120874610,"asset_id":127089607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/120874610/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/120874610/Revista_de_Critica_Urbana_NC_Entre_Aqui_y_Alla-libre.pdf?1737138958=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEntre_aqui_y_alla.pdf\u0026Expires=1743016007\u0026Signature=fScJVvtod4Cw~YFs-acgKuZdrjaGdSeZhfX40~wXKMaDkx~oLy1LTOgWcYwHDE1XqjdQ7oXGK4q3fLCYFIp8y19KABdimrtRERB-qewL5Gve6E3GNUSBQ-ihvR844HVSUZ3NEH2OjfPyJG3yD9gwCzwfSPjILnVDSGFtqOdv5DPaeAiaKcIlwMO94vsDOeqwp79BINebaGKhKRqI2UxFt9bobETagc2-jrRgrZ-8QLByuGWTIRPZoUgz7w0O6skHXzjgV3JNvWUtnKYMprsQAoucIJtU7igVy9nFYu29Fwb5w36edDyON40sO0s7haC8WvWGewjSnKnUHLRs5wLSCw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120874610/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/120874610/mini_magick20250117-1-6x6wr7.png?1737137711"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":5,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies","nofollow":true},{"id":16433,"name":"Nature Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature_Culture"}],"publication_year":2024,"publication_year_with_fallback":2024,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":8,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_127342706" data-work_id="127342706" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127342706/Vers_une_strat%C3%A9gie_de_revitalisation_%C3%A9conomique_du_quartier_Maximilien_Vergote_%C3%A0_Bruxelles">Vers une stratégie de revitalisation économique du quartier Maximilien-Vergote à Bruxelles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The paper focuses on developing an economic revitalization strategy for the Maximilien-Vergote neighbourhood. It outlines the current economic challenges, including structural disinvestment, deindustrialization, and economic imbalance... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_127342706" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper focuses on developing an economic revitalization strategy for the Maximilien-Vergote neighbourhood. It outlines the current economic challenges, including structural disinvestment, deindustrialization, and economic imbalance between the northern and southern parts of the area, and it concludes with a strategy aimed to create a strong, responsible, and inclusive local economy by supporting existing activities and attracting new ones.<br />The document is divided into three main sections:<br />- Setting the Scene for Economic Revitalization: Discusses the historical context, the impact of deindustrialization, and the potential for urban reindustrialization.<br />- Unique Places and Wealth-Generating Functions: Analyses the diverse urban landscape and economic activities, highlighting the importance of integrating the port and creating synergies with nearby economic hubs.<br />- A Vision for the Future: Proposes strategies for addressing logistical challenges, enhancing local production, and fostering economic resilience through circular economy principles.<br />The document emphasizes the importance of collaboration among local actors, stable investments in infrastructure, and the need for a coordinated approach to governance. It also highlights the potential of urban reindustrialization and circular economy to create jobs, improve the environment, and ensure balanced access to services.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/127342706" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e49440fee80b0f066bd866bd38439e59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":121088144,"asset_id":127342706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088144/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566620" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella">Nadia Casabella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566620" type="text/json">{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_127342706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="127342706"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 127342706, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_127342706", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_127342706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127342706; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_127342706"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_127342706 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127342706"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127342706; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127342706]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_127342706").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_127342706").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="127342706"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics">Urban Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16801" type="text/json">{"id":16801,"name":"Urban Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="150191" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Revitalization">Urban Revitalization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="150191" type="text/json">{"id":150191,"name":"Urban Revitalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Revitalization","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=127342706]'), work: {"id":127342706,"title":"Vers une stratégie de revitalisation économique du quartier Maximilien-Vergote à Bruxelles","created_at":"2025-01-29T09:14:07.173-08:00","owner_id":566620,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/127342706/Vers_une_strat%C3%A9gie_de_revitalisation_%C3%A9conomique_du_quartier_Maximilien_Vergote_%C3%A0_Bruxelles","slug":"Vers_une_stratégie_de_revitalisation_économique_du_quartier_Maximilien_Vergote_à_Bruxelles","dom_id":"work_127342706","summary":"The paper focuses on developing an economic revitalization strategy for the Maximilien-Vergote neighbourhood. It outlines the current economic challenges, including structural disinvestment, deindustrialization, and economic imbalance between the northern and southern parts of the area, and it concludes with a strategy aimed to create a strong, responsible, and inclusive local economy by supporting existing activities and attracting new ones.\nThe document is divided into three main sections:\n- Setting the Scene for Economic Revitalization: Discusses the historical context, the impact of deindustrialization, and the potential for urban reindustrialization.\n- Unique Places and Wealth-Generating Functions: Analyses the diverse urban landscape and economic activities, highlighting the importance of integrating the port and creating synergies with nearby economic hubs.\n- A Vision for the Future: Proposes strategies for addressing logistical challenges, enhancing local production, and fostering economic resilience through circular economy principles.\nThe document emphasizes the importance of collaboration among local actors, stable investments in infrastructure, and the need for a coordinated approach to governance. It also highlights the potential of urban reindustrialization and circular economy to create jobs, improve the environment, and ensure balanced access to services.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":121088144,"asset_id":127342706,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/121088144/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/121088144/2019_11_15_Vers_une_strategie_de_revitalisation_economique_Quartier_Maximilien_Vergote-libre.pdf?1738209226=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVers_une_strategie_de_revitalisation_eco.pdf\u0026Expires=1743037254\u0026Signature=J7R-8qKI1E-3Y4Py~yKrxnfUke20q4xJmYRiEteXtrw9UxqwIiGlBv3-rbvH-c3gpmKBlAlCUDIDOCn6QONTURp1c0wNXf9XqizdP7flzeZbHBAsdKh~KOkJqAFGPud2-ScWJN5NFO3x0DTrobQaCaw73qg1y8xiFGS3HjFEa~HxSM6-aGAYR48Qz3HlhH~CCL8R6pb7FkIEChLeX2tarqMKbeBOI545yvmXMEoSBdIa0UDU~4b0AN5IjWC5jH2G7jGhJ33C2j7grfp2h1jEEqSexPSD-9dj-cjUUgiBiXirAFGl2ehXxjgb6~azx~Wa3JsGpeEDCxtXsi7wUf74dg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121088144/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":null}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":36,"ordered_authors":[{"id":566620,"first_name":"Nadia","last_name":"Casabella","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"NadiaCasabella","display_name":"Nadia Casabella","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/NadiaCasabella","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/566620/202681/20768095/s65_nadia.casabella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16801,"name":"Urban Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Economics","nofollow":true},{"id":150191,"name":"Urban Revitalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Revitalization","nofollow":true},{"id":321721,"name":"Circular Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circular_Economy"}],"publication_year":2019,"publication_year_with_fallback":2019,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":4,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1527546" data-work_id="1527546" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1527546/B612_Associates_Olivier_Mathieu_Li_Mei_Tsien_Les_jardins_de_Dolez_Immo_Dolez_sa_Uccle_">B612 Associates – Olivier Mathieu, Li Mei Tsien. ["Les jardins de Dolez", Immo Dolez sa, Uccle]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1527546" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="55a42d6da2e8be4077f3e5a2b5b7ad76" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30864713,"asset_id":1527546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30864713/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1110430" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/ChristineRoels">Christine Roels</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1110430" type="text/json">{"id":1110430,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Roels","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"ChristineRoels","display_name":"Christine Roels","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/ChristineRoels","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1527546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1527546"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1527546, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1527546", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1527546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1527546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1527546"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1527546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1527546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1527546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1527546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1527546").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1527546").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1527550" data-work_id="1527550" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1527550/Prototype_et_m%C3%A9ditations_Eden_Gand_Geert_De_Groote_Architecten_">Prototype et méditations. [Eden, Gand, Geert De Groote Architecten]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1527550" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b1e3cdbb13f40c5748ed8b0746fb3f96" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30864710,"asset_id":1527550,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30864710/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1110430" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/ChristineRoels">Christine Roels</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1110430" type="text/json">{"id":1110430,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Roels","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"ChristineRoels","display_name":"Christine Roels","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/ChristineRoels","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1527550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1527550"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1527550, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1527550", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1527550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1527550; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1527550"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1527550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1527550"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1527550; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1527550]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1527550").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1527550").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1623550" data-work_id="1623550" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1623550/On_the_distinction_between_rural_and_vernacular_architecture">On the distinction between rural and vernacular architecture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1623550" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6febeb4f84130ff28cd54c7354e11942" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":16258865,"asset_id":1623550,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/16258865/download_file?st=MTc0MzUwMzM5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1110430" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/ChristineRoels">Christine Roels</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1110430" type="text/json">{"id":1110430,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Roels","domain_name":"ulb","page_name":"ChristineRoels","display_name":"Christine Roels","profile_url":"https://ulb.academia.edu/ChristineRoels","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1623550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1623550"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1623550, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1623550", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1623550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1623550; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1623550"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1623550 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1623550"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1623550; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1623550]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1623550").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1623550").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination "> <li class="page active"> <a href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents">1</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents?page=2">2</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents?page=3">3</a> </li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents?page=4">4</a> </li> <li class="page gap disabled"><a href="#" onclick="return false;">…</a></li> <li class="page"> <a href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents?page=21">21</a> </li> <li class="next_page"> <a rel="next" href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents?page=2">Next &rsaquo;</a> </li> <li class="last next"> <a href="/Departments/Architecture/Documents?page=21">Last »</a> </li> </ul> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "59a4e0ddd938cc3ad08cc76557f9baad0c0bb2105903157174b788894ded8ff3", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="3pSwLfSp8Ta_tjtaFZUeE6zqekQSNodED3YOlFuI7JfnA5H3AbBtQK6H8Bbnz4f7pjkpG9EA5aWE6KB4ou-rdQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://ulb.academia.edu/Departments/Architecture/Documents" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="qUJ9IhELwVhW8-0X09qEj5g_lRAaAI_pNMNzyOuwZtCQ1Vz45BJdLkfCJlshgB1nkuzGT9k27Qi_Xd0kEtchMg" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style=""><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style=""><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>