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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft empennage configuration</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/T-tail" title="Special:EditPage/T-tail">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22T-tail%22">"T-tail"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22T-tail%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22T-tail%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22T-tail%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22T-tail%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22T-tail%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Bae146.avrorj85.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">Avro RJ-85</a> of <a href="/wiki/SN_Brussels_Airlines" title="SN Brussels Airlines">SN Brussels Airlines</a> (Belgium)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_(Japan_Airlines)_d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_%28Japan_Airlines%29_d.jpg/220px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_%28Japan_Airlines%29_d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_%28Japan_Airlines%29_d.jpg/330px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_%28Japan_Airlines%29_d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_%28Japan_Airlines%29_d.jpg/440px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90_%28Japan_Airlines%29_d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-90">McDonnell Douglas MD-90</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg/220px-Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg/330px-Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg/440px-Piper_PA44-180_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Piper PA-44-180 Seminole</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg/220px-Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg/330px-Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg/440px-Grob.g109b.glider.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grob_G_109" title="Grob G 109">Grob G 109</a> <a href="/wiki/Motor_glider" title="Motor glider">motor glider</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg/220px-Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg/330px-Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg/440px-Beechcraft_1900d_d-cbig_fairford_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_1900" title="Beechcraft 1900">Beechcraft 1900</a>D of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force" title="Swiss Air Force">Swiss Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-tail_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/T-tail_en.svg/220px-T-tail_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/T-tail_en.svg/330px-T-tail_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/T-tail_en.svg/440px-T-tail_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>T-tail of aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Tu-154" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-154">Tu-154</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>T-tail</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/configuration" class="extiw" title="wikt:configuration">configuration</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> is mounted to the top of the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">fin</a>. The arrangement looks like the capital letter T, hence the name. The T-tail differs from the standard configuration in which the tailplane is mounted to the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> at the base of the fin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-tail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>T-tails were common in early jet aircraft. Designers were worried that an engine failure would otherwise damage the horizontal tail. </p><p>The T-tail is very common on aircraft with engines mounted in <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelles</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Number_and_position_of_main_planes" title="Wing configuration">high-winged</a> aircraft or on aircraft with the engines mounted on the rear of the fuselage, as it keeps the tail clear of the jet exhaust.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rear-mounting the engines keeps the wings clean and improves short-field performance. This was necessary in early jet aircraft with less powerful engines.<sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>T-tail aircraft can have better short-field performance,<sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as on the <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">Avro RJ-85</a>. The disturbed airflow over a lower stabilizer can make control more difficult at lower speeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During normal flying conditions, the tailplane of a T-tail is out of the disturbed airflow behind the <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a> and fuselage,<sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provides for more consistent elevator response.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The design and structure of a T-tail can be simpler.<sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a <a href="/wiki/Transsonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsonic">transsonic</a> aircraft a T-tail configuration may improve pitch control effectiveness, because the elevator is not in disturbed air behind the fuselage, particularly at moderate angles of attack.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Depending on wing location, the elevator may remain in undisturbed airflow during a <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Stall (fluid dynamics)">stall</a>. (However, T-tail aircraft may be vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)#Deep_stall" title="Stall (fluid dynamics)">deep stall</a>, see <a href="#Disadvantages">Disadvantages</a> below.) </p><p>An aircraft with a T-tail may be easier to recover from a <a href="/wiki/Spin_(aerodynamics)" title="Spin (aerodynamics)">spin</a>, as the elevator is not in a position to block airflow over the rudder, which would make it ineffective, as can happen if the horizontal tail is directly below the fin and rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The T-tail increases the effectiveness of the vertical tail because of "end plate" effect. The horizontal stabilizer acts like a winglet, reducing <a href="/wiki/Induced_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Induced drag">induced drag</a> of the rudder.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoerner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoerner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller and lighter T-tails are often used on modern gliders. </p><p>When the vertical tail is swept, the horizontal tail can be made smaller because it is further rearwards and therefore has a greater lever arm. Tail sweep may be necessary at high Mach numbers. </p><p>A T-tail may have less interference drag, such as on the <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev Tu-154</a>. </p><p>T-tails may be used to increase clearance at the rear of a cargo aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster">Boeing C-17 Globemaster</a>, to provide extra clearance when loading the aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-tail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aircraft may be prone to <a href="/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)#Deep_stall" title="Stall (fluid dynamics)">deep stall</a> (or super stall) at high <a href="/wiki/Angles_of_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Angles of attack">angles of attack</a>, when airflow over the tailplane and elevators is blanked by the wings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">McDonnell F-101 Voodoo</a> jet fighter suffered from this problem,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as did the British <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Javelin" title="Gloster Javelin">Gloster Javelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a> and <a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">BAC One-Eleven</a>. A stick-pusher can be fitted to deal with this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For propeller aircraft, a T-tail configuration may reduce pitch control effectiveness if the elevators are outside the propeller slipstream.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The vertical stabilizer must be made stronger (and therefore heavier) to support the weight of the tailplane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (However other factors may make the T-tail smaller and lighter, see <a href="#Advantages">Advantages</a> above.) </p><p>A T-tail produces a strong nose-down pitching moment in sideslip. </p><p>T-tails can cause <a href="/wiki/Aeroelasticity" title="Aeroelasticity">aeroelastic flutter</a>, as seen on the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter" title="Lockheed C-141 Starlifter">Lockheed C-141 Starlifter</a>. The fuselage must be made stiffer to counteract this. </p><p>Many large aircraft can have the fin and rudder fold to reduce height in hangars, however this generally isn't feasible or useful if there is a T-tail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg/220px-Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg/330px-Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg/440px-Gulfstream_G650_departs_Bristol_23rdAug2014_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5015" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_G650/G700/G800" title="Gulfstream G650/G700/G800">Gulfstream G650</a> with a T-tail and <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-engine jet">rear-engines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The T-tail configuration can also cause maintenance problems. The control runs to the elevators are more complex,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the surfaces are more difficult to inspect from the ground. The loss of <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines_Flight_261" title="Alaska Airlines Flight 261">Alaska Airlines Flight 261</a> was attributed to improper maintenance of the T-tail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> T-tails can be harder to inspect or maintain, due to their height.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-tail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The T-tail can often be found on military transport aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A400M">Airbus A400M</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17 Globemaster III</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Embraer_C-390_Millennium" title="Embraer C-390 Millennium">Embraer C-390 Millenium</a>. It was used in the 1950s by combat aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Javelin" title="Gloster Javelin">Gloster Javelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_F-101_Voodoo" title="McDonnell F-101 Voodoo">McDonnell F-101 Voodoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">Lockheed F-104 Starfighter</a> <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptors</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Buccaneer" title="Blackburn Buccaneer">Blackburn Buccaneer</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a>. </p><p>T-tails are often used on regional airliners and business jets. In the 1960s, several passenger jets with rear-fuselage-mounted engines featured T-tails, such as the <a href="/wiki/BAC_One-Eleven" title="BAC One-Eleven">BAC One-Eleven</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC10</a>, the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F28_Fellowship" title="Fokker F28 Fellowship">Fokker F28 Fellowship</a>, and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62" title="Ilyushin Il-62">Ilyushin Il-62</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev Tu-154</a>. It has been used by the <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_Aerospace" title="Gulfstream Aerospace">Gulfstream</a> family since the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Gulfstream_II" title="Grumman Gulfstream II">Grumman Gulfstream II</a>. It has been used by the <a href="/wiki/Learjet" title="Learjet">Learjet</a> family since their first aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Learjet_23" title="Learjet 23">Learjet 23</a>. It has also been used by the Embraer's <a href="/wiki/Embraer_Phenom_100" title="Embraer Phenom 100">Phenom 100</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embraer_Phenom_300" title="Embraer Phenom 300">Phenom 300</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embraer_Legacy_450/500_and_Praetor_500/600" title="Embraer Legacy 450/500 and Praetor 500/600">Legacy/Praetor</a> business jets families. </p><p>In the 1970s it was used on the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">McDonnell Douglas MD-80</a>, and the Russian freighter <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a>, as well as the twin turboprop <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Beechcraft Super King Air</a>. In the 1980s it was used on the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_100" title="Fokker 100">Fokker 100</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_146" title="British Aerospace 146">British Aerospace 146</a>. </p><p>In the 1990s it was used on the <a href="/wiki/Fokker_70" title="Fokker 70">Fokker 70</a>, the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-90">McDonnell Douglas MD-90</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">Boeing 717</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Embraer_ERJ_family" title="Embraer ERJ family">Embraer ERJ family</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_CRJ700_series" title="Bombardier CRJ700 series">Bombardier CRJ700 series</a>. The single-engine turboprop <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-12" title="Pilatus PC-12">Pilatus PC-12</a> also sports a T-tail. </p><p>T-tail is especially popular on modern <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a> because of the high performance, the safety it provides from accidental spins, and the safety it provides the stabilizer and elevator from foreign object damage on take-off and landing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-tail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan_tail" title="Pelikan tail">Pelikan tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Multhopp" title="Hans Multhopp">Hans Multhopp</a>, a pioneer user of the T-Tail concept near World War II's end</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-tail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hush-Kit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hush-Kit_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Jim (5 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hushkit.net/2020/04/05/t-time-why-britain-fell-in-love-with-the-t-tailed-aeroplane/">"T-time? Why Britain fell in love with the T-tailed aeroplane"</a>. <i>Hush-Kit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hush-Kit&rft.atitle=T-time%3F+Why+Britain+fell+in+love+with+the+T-tailed+aeroplane&rft.date=2020-04-05&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhushkit.net%2F2020%2F04%2F05%2Ft-time-why-britain-fell-in-love-with-the-t-tailed-aeroplane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1971" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, J. S. (December 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720005341.pdf">"Summary of spin technology as related to light general-aviation airplanes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+spin+technology+as+related+to+light+general-aviation+airplanes&rft.date=1971-12&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19720005341.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoerner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoerner_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoerner and Borst, <i>Fluid Dynamic Lift</i>, Directional Characteristics, T-tail page 13-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/javelin/history.php">"Gloster Javelin - History"</a>. <i>Thunder & Lightnings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thunder+%26+Lightnings&rft.atitle=Gloster+Javelin+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk%2Fjavelin%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1971" class="citation book cs1">Davies, David P. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKZTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Handling the Big Jets: An Explanation of the Significant Differences in Flying Qualities Between Jet Transport Aeroplanes and Piston Engined Transport Aeroplanes, Together with Some Other Aspects of Jet Transport Handling</i></a> (3rd ed.). Air Registration Board. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0903083019" title="Special:BookSources/0903083019"><bdi>0903083019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handling+the+Big+Jets%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Significant+Differences+in+Flying+Qualities+Between+Jet+Transport+Aeroplanes+and+Piston+Engined+Transport+Aeroplanes%2C+Together+with+Some+Other+Aspects+of+Jet+Transport+Handling&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Air+Registration+Board&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0903083019&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKZTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-tail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1979/1979%20-%203762.html">"T-tails and top technology"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. 13 Oct 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=T-tails+and+top+technology&rft.date=1979-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1979%2F1979%2520-%25203762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AT-tail" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator 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<li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air 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