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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extant_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extant_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Extant species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extant_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Fossil record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybridisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybridisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Hybridisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybridisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div 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and ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Social behaviour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Reproduction and parenting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Human relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cultural significance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Captivity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zebra</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebra" title="Sebra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sebra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9C%E1%8B%B3_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%85%E1%8B%AB" title="የሜዳ አህያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሜዳ አህያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seepra" title="Seepra – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Seepra" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigerhors" title="Tigerhors – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tigerhors" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="حمار الزرد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمار الزرد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%AB" title="Վագերաձի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վագերաձի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebra" title="Cebra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cebra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburikarana" title="Mburikarana – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburikarana" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebr" title="Zebr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zebr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="داغ‌قولانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داغ‌قولانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9bra" title="Zébra – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Zébra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="জেব্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেব্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe-pan-b%C3%A9" title="Hoe-pan-bé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoe-pan-bé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Зебры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зебры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зэбра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зэбра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="རྐྱང་ཁྲ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྐྱང་ཁྲ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudenneg" title="Roudenneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Roudenneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(mananap)" title="Zebra (mananap) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zebra (mananap)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbizi" title="Mbizi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbizi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebra" title="Sebra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sebra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebraer" title="Zebraer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zebraer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="حمار لوحش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حمار لوحش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebras" title="Zebras – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zebras" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9%C3%A9h_%C5%82%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Tééh łį́į́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tééh łį́į́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebrad" title="Sebrad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sebrad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AD%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ζέβρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζέβρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebra" title="Cebra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cebra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebro" title="Zebro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zebro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibra" title="Zibra – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Zibra" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="گورخر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورخر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebra" title="Sebra – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sebra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8bre" title="Zèbre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zèbre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9abra" title="Séabra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séabra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal_stiallach" title="Asal stiallach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Asal stiallach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebra" title="Cebra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cebra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2n-m%C3%A2" title="Pân-mâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pân-mâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%BC%EB%A3%A9%EB%A7%90" title="얼룩말 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얼룩말" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%AB" title="Վագրաձի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վագրաձի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ज़ीब्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ीब्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebre" title="Zebre – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zebre" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebro" title="Zebro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zebro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(mammal)" title="Zebra (mammal) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zebra (mammal)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqwarhashe" title="Iqwarhashe – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Iqwarhashe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idube" title="Idube – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Idube" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebrahestur" title="Sebrahestur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sebrahestur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="זברה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זברה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siutitooq_nimeruaartoq" title="Siutitooq nimeruaartoq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Siutitooq nimeruaartoq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE" title="ಝೀಬ್ರಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಝೀಬ್ರಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზებრები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზებრები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punda_milia" title="Punda milia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Punda milia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8b_(b%C3%A8t)" title="Zèb (bèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zèb (bèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ມ້າລາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມ້າລາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebras" title="Zebras – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zebras" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebraen" title="Zeebraen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zeebraen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrai" title="Zebrai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zebrai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%BAnda_ya_ming%C9%94l%C3%BA" title="Mpúnda ya mingɔlú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mpúnda ya mingɔlú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0" title="വരയൻകുതിര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വരയൻകുതിര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBebra" title="Żebra – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żebra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="झेब्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झेब्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زيبرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زيبرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda_belang" title="Kuda belang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuda belang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯖꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ng-m%C4%81" title="Băng-mā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Băng-mā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Китьксай – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Китьксай" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C" title="Эрээн тахь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрээн тахь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မြင်းကျား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်းကျား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_(dier)" title="Zebra (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zebra (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="पाटे घोडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाटे घोडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E" title="シマウマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シマウマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebra" title="Seebra – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Seebra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebra" title="Sebra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sebra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebra" title="Sebra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sebra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8bre" title="Zèbre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zèbre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜେବ୍ରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜେବ୍ରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harree_diidoo" title="Harree diidoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Harree diidoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜੈਬਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਬਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زیبرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زیبرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebr%C4%83" title="Zebră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zebră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwra" title="Siwra – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siwra" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Зебры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зебры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱵᱽᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitsi" title="Pitsi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Pitsi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8Dz%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="‍zසීබ්‍රා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="‍zසීබ්‍රා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زيبرا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زيبرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dameer_farow" title="Dameer farow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dameer farow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C" title="کەرەکێوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەرەکێوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9bra" title="Zébra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Zébra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seepra" title="Seepra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seepra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebror" title="Zebror – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zebror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebra" title="Sebra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sebra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="வரிக்குதிரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரிக்குதிரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="జీబ్రా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీబ్రా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ม้าลาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ม้าลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гӯрхар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гӯрхар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%90%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%B5_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᏓᏃᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏐᏈᎵ ᏧᎵᏍᏆᏓᏃᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AA%C5%A1kov%C3%A1vo%27ha" title="Nêškovávo'ha – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Nêškovávo'ha" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86seb%C9%94" title="Ɔsebɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔsebɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaai_a%CC%B1yit" title="Tsaai a̱yit – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tsaai a̱yit" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зебра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зебра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="زیبرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیبرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebr" title="Zebr – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Zebr" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%B1a_v%E1%BA%B1n" title="Ngựa vằn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngựa vằn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebe" title="Zebe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Zebe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barale" title="Barale – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Barale" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%A9%AC" title="斑马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斑马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="זעברע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זעברע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%E1%BA%B9%CC%81k%E1%BA%B9%CC%81t%E1%BA%B9%CC%81_abil%C3%A0" title="Kẹ́tẹ́kẹ́tẹ́ abilà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kẹ́tẹ́kẹ́tẹ́ abilà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%A6%AC" title="斑馬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="斑馬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%A6%AC" title="斑馬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斑馬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Zebra" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Zebra <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 2–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a><a href="#cite_note-Badenhorst2019-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.32307692308px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A herd of plains zebra ("Equus quagga")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg/220px-Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg/330px-Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg/440px-Plains_Zebra_Equus_quagga_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1209" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a> (Equus quagga) among a herd in the <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Equus_(Hippotigris)" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subgenus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hippotigris</a> C. H. Smith, 1841 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> †<a href="/wiki/Equus_capensis" title="Equus capensis">E. capensis</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">E. grevyi</a> †E. koobiforensis †<a href="/wiki/Equus_mauritanicus" title="Equus mauritanicus">E. mauritanicus</a> †E. oldowayensis <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">E. quagga</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">E. zebra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zebra_range.png/220px-Zebra_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zebra_range.png/330px-Zebra_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zebra_range.png/440px-Zebra_range.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1228" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Modern range of the three living zebra species </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Zebras (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈziːbrəz/</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈzɛbrəz, ˈziː-/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (subgenus Hippotigris) are African <a href="/wiki/Equines" class="mw-redirect" title="Equines">equines</a> with distinctive black-and-white striped <a href="/wiki/Animal_coat" title="Animal coat">coats</a>. There are three <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> species: <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra</a> (Equus grevyi), the <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a> (E. quagga), and the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">mountain zebra</a> (E. zebra). Zebras share the genus <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asinus" title="Asinus">asses</a>, the three groups being the only living members of the family <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a>. Zebra stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. Several theories have been proposed for the function of these patterns, with most evidence supporting them as a deterrent for biting flies. Zebras inhabit <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a> and can be found in a variety of habitats such as <a href="/wiki/Savannahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannahs">savannahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a>, woodlands, <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a>, and mountainous areas. Zebras are primarily <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(behaviour)" title="Grazing (behaviour)">grazers</a> and can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. They are preyed on mainly by <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, and typically flee when threatened but also bite and kick. Zebra species differ in <a href="/wiki/Sociality" title="Sociality">social behaviour</a>, with plains and mountain zebra living in stable <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harems</a> consisting of an adult male or <a href="/wiki/Stallion" title="Stallion">stallion</a>, several adult females or <a href="/wiki/Mares" class="mw-redirect" title="Mares">mares</a>, and their young or <a href="/wiki/Foals" class="mw-redirect" title="Foals">foals</a>; while Grévy's zebra live alone or in loosely associated herds. In harem-holding species, adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while male Grévy's zebras establish <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a> which attract females and the species is <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity#Other_animals" title="Promiscuity">promiscuous</a>. Zebras communicate with various vocalisations, body postures and facial expressions. <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">Social grooming</a> strengthens social bonds in plains and mountain zebras. Zebras' dazzling stripes make them among the most recognizable mammals. They have been featured in art and stories in Africa and beyond. Historically, they have been highly sought by exotic animal collectors, but unlike <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkeys">donkeys</a>, zebras have never been completely <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) lists Grévy's zebra as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, the mountain zebra as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> and the plains zebra as <a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">near-threatened</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">quagga</a> (E. quagga quagga), a type of plains zebra, was driven to extinction in the 19th century. Nevertheless, zebras can be found in numerous protected areas. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English name "zebra" derives from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etymology-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Its origins may lie in the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> equiferus, meaning "wild horse". Equiferus appears to have entered into Portuguese as ezebro or zebro, which was originally used for a legendary equine in the wilds of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> during the Middle Ages. In 1591, Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Pigafetta" title="Filippo Pigafetta">Filippo Pigafetta</a> recorded "zebra" being used to refer to the African animals by Portuguese visitors to the continent.<a href="#cite_note-zebro-5">[5]</a> In ancient times, the zebra was called hippotigris ("horse tiger") by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zebro-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201854-6">[6]</a> The word zebra was traditionally pronounced with a long initial vowel, but over the course of the 20th century the pronunciation with the short initial vowel became the norm in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The pronunciation with a long initial vowel remains standard in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution of the horse</a></div> Zebras are classified in the genus <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a> (known as equines) along with <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asinus" title="Asinus">asses</a>. These three groups are the only living members of the family <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">mountain zebra</a> were traditionally placed in the <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> Hippotigris (C. H. Smith, 1841) in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra</a> which was considered the sole species of subgenus Dolichohippus (Heller, 1912).<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Groves and Bell (2004) placed all three species in the subgenus Hippotigris.<a href="#cite_note-GrovesBell2004-13">[13]</a> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study found that the plains zebra is more closely related to Grévy's zebras than mountain zebras.<a href="#cite_note-Vilstrup-14">[14]</a> The extinct <a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">quagga</a> was originally classified as a distinct species.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Later genetic studies have placed it as the same species as the plains zebra, either a subspecies or just the southernmost population.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-PedersenAlbrechtsen2018-17">[17]</a> Molecular evidence supports zebras as a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vilstrup-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forstén-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Equus originated in North America and direct <a href="/wiki/Paleogenomics" title="Paleogenomics">paleogenomic</a> sequencing of a 700,000-year-old middle Pleistocene horse <a href="/wiki/Metapodial" title="Metapodial">metapodial</a> bone from Canada implies a date of 4.07 million years ago (mya) for the most <a href="/wiki/Recent_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Recent common ancestor">recent common ancestor</a> of the equines within a range of 4.0 to 4.5 mya.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20">[20]</a> Horses <a href="/wiki/Split_(phylogenetics)" title="Split (phylogenetics)">split</a> from asses and zebras around this time and equines colonised Eurasia and Africa around 2.1–3.4 mya. Zebras and asses diverged from each other close to 2 mya. The mountain zebra diverged from the other species around 1.6 mya and the plains and Grévy's zebra split 1.4 mya.<a href="#cite_note-Jónsson2014-21">[21]</a> A 2017 mitochondrial DNA study placed the Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Equus_ovodovi" title="Equus ovodovi">Equus ovodovi</a> and the subgenus Sussemionus lineage as closer to zebras than to asses.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, other studies disputed this placement, finding the Sussemionus lineage basal to the zebra+asses group, but suggested that the Sussemionus lineage may have received gene flow from zebras.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_quagga,_coloured.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a Quagga mare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg/220px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg/330px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg/440px-Equus_quagga_quagga%2C_coloured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">Quagga</a> mare at London Zoo, 1870, the only specimen photographed alive. This animal was historically considered a separate species but is now considered a subspecies or population of plains zebra.</figcaption></figure> The cladogram of Equus below is based on Vilstrup and colleagues (2013) and Jónsson and colleagues (2014):<a href="#cite_note-Vilstrup-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jónsson2014-21">[21]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Equus </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Zebras </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">Mountain zebra</a> (E. zebra) <a href="/wiki/File:The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_(Plate_XVII)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_%28Plate_XVII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_%28Plate_XVII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_%28Plate_XVII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_%28Plate_XVII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_%28Plate_XVII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-The_book_of_the_animal_kingdom_%28Plate_XVII%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="814" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">Plains zebra</a> (E. quagga) <a href="/wiki/File:NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg/40px-NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg/60px-NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg/80px-NIE_1905_Horse_-_Burchell%27s_zebra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="908" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra</a> (E. grevyi) <a href="/wiki/File:Equus_grevyi_(white_background).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Equus_grevyi_%28white_background%29.png/40px-Equus_grevyi_%28white_background%29.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Equus_grevyi_%28white_background%29.png/60px-Equus_grevyi_%28white_background%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Equus_grevyi_%28white_background%29.png/80px-Equus_grevyi_%28white_background%29.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="710" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Asinus" title="Asinus">Wild asses</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">Kiang</a> (E. kiang) <a href="/wiki/File:Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Equus_hemionus_-_1700-1880_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3848" data-file-height="2760" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Onager</a> (E. hemionus) <a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9mippe_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/H%C3%A9mippe_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-H%C3%A9mippe_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/H%C3%A9mippe_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-H%C3%A9mippe_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/H%C3%A9mippe_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-H%C3%A9mippe_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1232" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/African_wild_ass" title="African wild ass">African wild ass</a> (E. africanus) <a href="/wiki/File:%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_%28white_background%29.jpg/40px-%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-%C3%82ne_d%27Ethiopie_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1360" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Horses</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> (E. ferus caballus) <a href="/wiki/File:NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg/40px-NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg/60px-NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg/80px-NIEdot332_white_background_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="498" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a> (E. ferus przewalski) <a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_(Przewalski%27s_Horse)_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_%28Przewalski%27s_Horse%29_white_background.jpg/40px-The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_%28Przewalski%27s_Horse%29_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_%28Przewalski%27s_Horse%29_white_background.jpg/60px-The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_%28Przewalski%27s_Horse%29_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_%28Przewalski%27s_Horse%29_white_background.jpg/80px-The_Soviet_Union_1959_CPA_2325_stamp_%28Przewalski%27s_Horse%29_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="280" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extant_species">Extant species</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: centre;"> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Dimensions </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Distribution </th> <th>Subspecies </th> <th>Chromosomes </th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra</a> (Equus grevyi) </td> <td>Body length: 250–300 cm (98–118 in) Tail length: 38–75 cm (15–30 in) Shoulder height: 125–160 cm (49–63 in) Weight: 352–450 kg (776–992 lb).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20169-24">[24]</a> </td> <td>Thin, elongated skull, robust neck and conical ears; narrow striping pattern with <a href="/wiki/Concentric_objects" title="Concentric objects">concentric</a> rump stripes, white belly and tail base and white line around the ashy muzzle.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201615-26">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern Africa</a> including <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">the Horn</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a> arid and semiarid <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201614-27">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">Monotypic</a><a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a> </td> <td>46<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201614-27">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg/120px-Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg/180px-Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg/240px-Grevy%27s_Zebra_Stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="659" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">Plains zebra</a> (Equus quagga) </td> <td>Body length: 217–246 cm (85–97 in) Tail length: 47–56 cm (19–22 in) Shoulder height: 110–145 cm (43–57 in) Weight: 175–385 kg (386–849 lb).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20169-24">[24]</a> </td> <td>Thick bodied with relatively short legs and an obtusely-shaped skull profile with a protruding forehead and a more recessed nose area;<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grub_1981-28">[28]</a> broad stripes, horizontal on the rump, with northern populations having more extensive striping while populations further south have whiter legs and bellies and more brown "shadow" stripes while the snout is black.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201612–13-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skinner-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a>, grasslands and open woodlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201611-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>6<a href="#cite_note-GrovesBell2004-13">[13]</a> or monotypic<a href="#cite_note-PedersenAlbrechtsen2018-17">[17]</a> </td> <td>44<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201613-33">[33]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha%2C_2014.jpg/120px-Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha%2C_2014.jpg/180px-Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha%2C_2014.jpg/240px-Equus_quagga_burchellii_-_Etosha%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4120" data-file-height="2747" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">Mountain zebra</a> (Equus zebra) </td> <td>Body length: 210–260 cm (83–102 in) Tail length: 40–55 cm (16–22 in) Shoulder height: 116–146 cm (46–57 in) Weight: 204–430 kg (450–948 lb).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20169-24">[24]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eye_sockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye sockets">Eye sockets</a> more circular and positioned farther back, a squarer <a href="/wiki/Nuchal_lines" title="Nuchal lines">nuchal crest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewlap" title="Dewlap">dewlap</a> present under neck and compact hooves; stripes intermediate in width between the other species, with gridiron and horizontal stripes on the rump, while the belly is white and the black muzzle is lined with <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(color)" title="Chestnut (color)">chestnut</a> or orange.<a href="#cite_note-Penzhorn_1988-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbook-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201614-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>Southwestern Africa; mountains, rocky uplands and <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> shrubland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201611-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penzhorn_1988-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skinner-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>2<a href="#cite_note-Penzhorn_1988-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>32<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201614-27">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg/120px-Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg/180px-Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg/240px-Equus_zebra_hartmannae_-_Etosha_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="2468" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_mauritanicus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A fossil skull of Equus mauritanicu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Equus_mauritanicus.JPG/220px-Equus_mauritanicus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Equus_mauritanicus.JPG/330px-Equus_mauritanicus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Equus_mauritanicus.JPG/440px-Equus_mauritanicus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3422" data-file-height="1281" /></a><figcaption> Fossil skull of Equus mauritanicus</figcaption></figure> In addition to the three living species, some fossil zebras and relatives have also been identified. Equus koobiforensis is an early equine <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to zebras found in the <a href="/wiki/Shungura_Formation" title="Shungura Formation">Shungura Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and dated to around 2.3 mya.<a href="#cite_note-Bernor2019-36">[36]</a> E. oldowayensis is identified from remains in Olduvai Gorge dating to 1.8 mya.<a href="#cite_note-Churcher2006-37">[37]</a> Fossil skulls of E. mauritanicus from Algeria which date to around 1 mya appears to show affinities with the plains zebra.<a href="#cite_note-Azzaroli-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Equus_capensis" title="Equus capensis">E. capensis</a>, known as the Cape zebra, appeared around 2 mya and lived throughout southern and eastern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Badenhorst2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Churcher2006-37">[37]</a> Non-African equines that may have been basal to zebras include E. sansaniensis of Eurasia (circa 2.5 mya) and <a href="/wiki/Equus_namadicus" title="Equus namadicus">E. namadicus</a> (circa 2.5 mya) and <a href="/wiki/Equus_sivalensis" title="Equus sivalensis">E. sivalensis</a> (circa 2.0 mya) of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Bernor2019-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra,_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra%2C_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra%2C_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra%2C_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra%2C_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra%2C_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_%C3%97_Plains_Zebra%2C_ol_pejeta_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_401473965_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Grévy's × plains zebra hybrid, alongside plains zebras.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybridisation">Hybridisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zebroid" title="Zebroid">Zebroid</a></div> Fertile hybrids have been reported in the wild between plains and Grévy's zebra.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Hybridisation has also been recorded between the plains and mountain zebra, though it is possible that these are infertile due to the difference in chromosome numbers between the two species.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Captive zebras have been bred with horses and <a href="/wiki/Donkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkeys">donkeys</a>; these are known as <a href="/wiki/Zebroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebroids">zebroids</a>. A zorse is a cross between a zebra and a horse; a zonkey, between a zebra and a donkey; and a zoni, between a zebra and a <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a>. Zebroids are often born sterile with <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Equine anatomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_grevyi_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mounted skeleton of a Grévy's zebra Cranium, complete skeleton, left forefoot frontal, left forefoot side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Equus_grevyi_01.JPG/220px-Equus_grevyi_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Equus_grevyi_01.JPG/330px-Equus_grevyi_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Equus_grevyi_01.JPG/440px-Equus_grevyi_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5502" data-file-height="2086" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a Grévy's zebra at the <a href="/wiki/State_Museum_of_Natural_History_Karlsruhe" title="State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe">State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe</a></figcaption></figure> As with all wild equines, zebras have barrel-chested bodies with tufted tails, elongated faces and long necks with long, erect <a href="/wiki/Mane_(horse)" title="Mane (horse)">manes</a>. Their thin legs are each supported by a spade-shaped toe covered in a hard <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">hoof</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Horse_teeth" title="Horse teeth">dentition</a> is adapted for <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(behaviour)" title="Grazing (behaviour)">grazing</a>; they have large incisors that clip grass blades and rough molars and premolars well suited for grinding. Males have spade-shaped canines, which can be used as weapons in fighting. The eyes of zebras are at the sides and far up the head, which allows them to look over the tall grass while feeding. Their moderately long, erect ears are movable and can locate the source of a sound.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbook-35">[35]</a> Unlike horses, zebras and asses have <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(horse_anatomy)" title="Chestnut (horse anatomy)">chestnut callosities</a> present only on their front legs. In contrast to other living equines, zebras have longer front legs than back legs.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-35">[35]</a> Diagnostic traits of the zebra skull include: its relatively small size with a straight dorsal outline, protruding eye sockets, narrower rostrum, less conspicuous <a href="/wiki/Postorbital_bar" title="Postorbital bar">postorbital bar</a>, separation of the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mammalian_dental_topography" title="Glossary of mammalian dental topography">metaconid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mammalian_dental_topography" title="Glossary of mammalian dental topography">metastylid</a> of the tooth by a V-shaped canal and rounded <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stripes">Stripes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Zebra stripes" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zebra_stripes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zebra stripes (disambiguation)">Zebra stripes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_species_(ENG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration showing the three living zebra species" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Zebra_species_%28ENG%29.png/220px-Zebra_species_%28ENG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Zebra_species_%28ENG%29.png/330px-Zebra_species_%28ENG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Zebra_species_%28ENG%29.png/440px-Zebra_species_%28ENG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Comparative illustration of living zebra species</figcaption></figure> Zebras are easily recognised by their bold black-and-white striping patterns. The <a href="/wiki/Animal_coat" title="Animal coat">coat</a> appears to be white with black stripes, as indicated by the belly and legs when unstriped, but the skin is black.<a href="#cite_note-Bard1977-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201614–15-46">[46]</a> Young or <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foals</a> are born with brown and white coats, and the brown darkens with age.<a href="#cite_note-Grub_1981-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> line acts as the backbone for vertical stripes along the sides, from the head to the rump. On the snout they curve toward the nostrils, while the stripes above the front legs split into two branches. On the rump, they develop into species-specific patterns. The stripes on the legs, ears and tail are separate and horizontal.<a href="#cite_note-Bard1977-44">[44]</a> Striping patterns are unique to an individual and heritable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20167,_19-47">[47]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a>, the stripes appear at eight months, but the patterns may be determined at three to five weeks. For each species there is a point in embryonic development where the stripes are perpendicular to the dorsal line and spaced 0.4 mm (0.016 in) apart. However, this happens at three weeks of development for the plains zebra, four weeks for the mountain zebra, and five for Grévy's zebra. The difference in timing is thought to be responsible for the differences in the striping patterns of the different species.<a href="#cite_note-Bard1977-44">[44]</a> Various abnormalities of the patterns have been documented in plains zebras. In "<a href="/wiki/Melanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanistic">melanistic</a>" zebras, dark stripes are highly concentrated on the torso but the legs are whiter. "Spotted" individuals have broken up black stripes around the dorsal area.<a href="#cite_note-Larison2020-48">[48]</a> There have even been <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">morphs</a> with white spots on dark backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201620-49">[49]</a> Striping abnormalities have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larison2020-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albino" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino">Albino</a> zebras have been recorded in the forests of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, with the dark stripes being blonde.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The quagga had brown and white stripes on the head and neck, brown upper parts and a white belly, tail and legs.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Function">Function</h4></div> The function of stripes in zebras has been discussed among biologists since at least the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20161-52">[52]</a> Popular hypotheses include the following: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">crypsis</a> hypothesis suggests that the stripes allow the animal to blend in with its environment or <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">break up its outline</a>. This was the earliest hypothesis and proponents argued that the stripes were particularly suited for camouflage in tall grassland and woodland habitat. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wallace" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Wallace">Alfred Wallace</a> also wrote in 1896 that stripes make zebras less noticeable at night. Critics note that zebras graze in open habitat and do not behave cryptically, being noisy, fast, and social and do not freeze when a predator is near. In addition, the camouflaging stripes of woodland living ungulates like <a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">bongos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">bushbucks</a> are much less vivid with less contrast with the background colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20162–3,_23,_48,_50-53">[53]</a> A 1987 <a href="/wiki/Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a> study concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Spatial_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatial frequencies">spatial frequencies</a> of zebra stripes do not line up with their environment,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> while a 2014 study of wild equine species and subspecies could not find any correlations between striping patterns and woodland habitats.<a href="#cite_note-Caro-55">[55]</a> Melin and colleagues (2016) found that <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> and hyenas do not appear to perceive the stripes when they are a certain distance away at daytime or nighttime, thus making the stripes useless in blending in except when the predators are close enough by which they could smell or hear their target. They also found that the stripes do not make the zebra less noticeable than solidly coloured herbivores on the open plains. They suggested that stripes may give zebras an advantage in woodlands, as the dark stripes could line up with the outlines of tree branches and other vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Closeup shot of mountain zebra stripes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg/220px-Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg/330px-Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg/440px-Mountain_zebra_stripes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of mountain zebra stripes</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The confusion hypothesis states that the stripes confuse predators, be it by: making it harder to distinguish individuals in a group as well as determining the number of zebras in a group; making it difficult to determine an individual's outline when the group runs away; reducing a predator's ability to keep track of a target during a chase; <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzling</a> an assailant so they have difficulty making contact; or making it difficult for a predator to deduce the zebra's size, speed and direction via <a href="/wiki/Motion_dazzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion dazzle">motion dazzle</a>. This theory has been proposed by several biologists since at least the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201672–81,_86-57">[57]</a> A 2014 computer study of zebra stripes found that they may create a <a href="/wiki/Wagon-wheel_effect" title="Wagon-wheel effect">wagon-wheel effect</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Barber_pole_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Barber pole illusion">barber pole illusion</a> when in motion. The researchers concluded that this could be used against mammalian predators or biting flies.<a href="#cite_note-How2014-58">[58]</a> The use of the stripes for confusing mammalian predators has been questioned. The stripes of zebras could make groups seem smaller, and thus more likely to be attacked. Zebras also tend to scatter when fleeing from attackers and thus the stripes could not break up an individual's outline. Lions, in particular, appear to have no difficulty targeting and catching zebras when they get close and take them by ambush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201680,_92-59">[59]</a> In addition, no correlations have been found between the number of stripes and populations of mammal predators.<a href="#cite_note-Caro-55">[55]</a> Hughes and colleagues (2021) concluded that solidly grey and less contrasted patterns are more likely to escape being caught when in motion.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> hypothesis suggests that the stripes serve as warning colouration. This hypothesis was first suggested by Wallace in 1867 and discussed in more detail by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> in 1890. As with known aposematic mammals, zebras are recognizable up close, live in more open environments, have a high risk of predation and do not hide or act inconspicuous. However, critics note that stripes do not work on lions because they frequently prey on zebras, though they may work on smaller predators, and zebras are not slow-moving enough to need to ward off threats. In addition, zebras do not possess adequate defenses to back up the warning pattern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201655,_57–58,_68-61">[61]</a></li> <li>The social function hypothesis states that stripes serve a role in intraspecific or individual recognition, social bonding, mutual grooming or a signal of <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote in 1871 that "a female zebra would not admit the addresses of a male ass until he was painted so as to resemble a zebra" while Wallace stated in 1871 that: "The stripes therefore may be of use by enabling stragglers to distinguish their fellows at a distance". Regarding species and individual identification, critics note that zebra species have limited range overlap with each other and horses can recognise each other using visual communication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20166–7,_139–148,_150-62">[62]</a> In addition, no correlation has been found between striping and social behaviour or group numbers among equines,<a href="#cite_note-Caro-55">[55]</a> and no link has been found between fitness and striping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2016150-63">[63]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulatory</a> hypothesis suggests that stripes help to control a zebra's body temperature. In 1971, biologist H. A. Baldwin noted that heat would be absorbed by the black stripes and reflected by the white ones. In 1990, zoologist <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a> suggested that the stripes create cooling <a href="/wiki/Convection_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Convection current">convection currents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20167-64">[64]</a> A 2019 study supported this, finding that where the faster air currents of the warmer black stripes meet those of the white, <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">air swirls</a> form. The researchers also concluded that during the hottest times of the day, zebras <a href="/wiki/Hackles" title="Hackles">erect</a> their black hair to release heat from the skin and flatten it again when it gets cooler.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Larison and colleagues (2015) determined that environmental temperature is a strong predictor for zebra striping patterns.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Others have found no evidence that zebras have lower body temperatures than other ungulates whose habitat they share, or that striping correlates with temperature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2016158–161-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caro-55">[55]</a> A 2018 experimental study which dressed water-filled metal barrels in horse, zebra and cattle hides concluded that the zebra stripes had no effect on thermoregulation.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Comparison of horse fly flight patterns on horses and zebras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png/220px-Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png/330px-Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png/440px-Journal.pone.0210831.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="3252" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of flight patterns and contact/landings of horse flies around domestic horses (a-c) and plains zebras (d-f).<a href="#cite_note-Caro2-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The fly protection hypothesis holds that the stripes deter <a href="/wiki/Blood-sucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-sucking">blood-sucking</a> flies. <a href="/wiki/Horse_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse fly">Horse flies</a>, in particular, spread diseases that are lethal to equines such as <a href="/wiki/African_horse_sickness" title="African horse sickness">African horse sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equine_influenza" title="Equine influenza">equine influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemia" title="Equine infectious anemia">equine infectious anemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis" title="Trypanosomiasis">trypanosomiasis</a>. In addition, zebra hair is about as long as the mouthparts of these flies.<a href="#cite_note-Caro-55">[55]</a> This hypothesis is the most strongly supported by the evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Caro2-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tombak2022-70">[70]</a> It was found that flies preferred landing on solidly coloured surfaces over those with black-and-white striped patterns in 1930 by biologist R. Harris,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro20165-71">[71]</a> and this was proposed to have been a function of zebra stripes in a 1981 study.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> A 2014 study found a correlation between striping and overlap with horse and <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a> populations and activity.<a href="#cite_note-Caro-55">[55]</a> Other studies have found that zebras are rarely targeted by these insect species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2016196–197-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Caro</a> and colleagues (2019) studied captive zebras and horses and observed that neither could deter flies from a distance, but zebra stripes kept flies from landing, both on zebras and horses dressed in zebra <a href="/wiki/Animal_print" title="Animal print">print</a> coats.<a href="#cite_note-Caro2-69">[69]</a> There does not appear to be any difference in the effectiveness of repelling flies between the different zebra species; thus the difference in striping patterns may have evolved for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Tombak2022-70">[70]</a> White or light stripes painted on dark bodies have also been found to reduce fly irritations in both cattle and humans.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The effect even extends to pelts, with zebra pelts being less attractive to flies than unstriped <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impala</a> pelts.<a href="#cite_note-Tombak2022-70">[70]</a> How the stripes repel flies is less clear.<a href="#cite_note-Tombak2022-70">[70]</a> A 2012 study concluded that they disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarization (physics)">polarised</a> light patterns these insects use to locate water and habitat,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> though subsequent studies have refuted this.<a href="#cite_note-Caro2023-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Takács2022-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Stripes do not appear to work like a barber pole against flies since <a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">checkered patterns</a> also repel them.<a href="#cite_note-Caro2023-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> There is also little evidence that zebra stripes confuse the insects via visual distortion or <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caro2023-77">[77]</a> Takács and colleagues (2022) suggest that, when the animal is in sunlight, temperature gradients between the warmer dark stripes and cooler white stripes prevent horseflies from detecting the warm blood vessels underneath.<a href="#cite_note-Takács2022-78">[78]</a> Caro and colleagues (2023) conclude that the insects are disoriented by the high colour contrast and relative thinness of the patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Caro2023-77">[77]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mountain zebra dust bathing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra%2C_Namibia.jpg/220px-Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra%2C_Namibia.jpg/330px-Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra%2C_Namibia.jpg/440px-Dust_bathing_mountain_zebra%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Mountain zebra dustbathing in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></figcaption></figure> Zebras may travel or <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> to wetter areas during the dry season.<a href="#cite_note-Grub_1981-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> Plains zebras have been recorded travelling 500 km (310 mi) between Namibia and Botswana, the longest land migration of mammals in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> When migrating, they appear to rely on some memory of the locations where foraging conditions were best and may predict conditions months after their arrival.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Plains zebras are more water-dependent and live in <a href="/wiki/Mesic_habitat" title="Mesic habitat">moister</a> environments than other species. They usually can be found 10–12 km (6.2–7.5 mi) from a water source.<a href="#cite_note-Grub_1981-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skinner-31">[31]</a> Grévy's zebras can survive almost a week without water but will drink it every day when given the chance, and their bodies maintain water better than cattle.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a> Mountain zebras can be found at elevations of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Zebras sleep for seven hours a day, standing up during the day and lying down during the night. They regularly use various objects as rubbing posts and will <a href="/wiki/Dust_bathing" title="Dust bathing">roll on the ground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cebras_de_Burchell_(Equus_quagga_burchellii),_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plains zebras drinking at a river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_30.jpg/220px-Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_30.jpg/330px-Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_30.jpg/440px-Cebras_de_Burchell_%28Equus_quagga_burchellii%29%2C_vista_a%C3%A9rea_del_delta_del_Okavango%2C_Botsuana%2C_2018-08-01%2C_DD_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5067" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption>Plains zebras at <a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></figcaption></figure> A zebra's diet is mostly <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedge">sedges</a>, but they will opportunistically consume <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, leaves, buds, fruits, and roots. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">ruminants</a>, zebras have a simpler and less efficient digestive system. Nevertheless, they can subsist on lower-quality vegetation. Zebras may spend 60–80% of their time feeding, depending on the availability of vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> The plains zebra is a pioneer grazer, mowing down the upper, less nutritious grass canopy and preparing the way for more specialised grazers like <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a>, which depend on shorter and more nutritious grasses below.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Zebras are preyed on mainly by lions. <a href="/wiki/Leopards" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopards">Leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetahs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetahs">cheetahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted hyenas">spotted hyenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">brown hyenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">wild dogs</a> pose less of a threat to adults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201661–63-86">[86]</a> Biting and kicking are a zebra's defense tactics. When threatened by lions, zebras flee, and when caught they are rarely effective in fighting off the big cats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201661–62-87">[87]</a> In one study, the maximum speed of a zebra was found to be 50 km/h (31 mph) while a lion was measured at 74 km/h (46 mph). Zebras do not escape lions by speed alone but by sideways turning, especially when the cat is close behind.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> With smaller predators like hyenas and dogs, zebras may act more aggressively, especially in defense of their young.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro201662–63-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behaviour">Social behaviour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse behaviour">Horse behaviour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of six plains zebra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg/170px-Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg/255px-Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg/340px-Zebra_Botswana_edit02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>A plains zebra group </figcaption></figure> Zebra species have two basic social structures. Plains and mountain zebras live in stable, closed family groups or <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harems</a> consisting of one <a href="/wiki/Stallion" title="Stallion">stallion</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Mares" class="mw-redirect" title="Mares">mares</a>, and their offspring. These groups have their own <a href="/wiki/Home_ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Home ranges">home ranges</a>, which overlap, and they tend to be nomadic. Stallions form and expand their harems by herding young mares away from their birth harems. The stability of the group remains even when the family stallion is displaced. Plains zebras groups gather into large herds and may create temporarily stable subgroups within a herd, allowing individuals to interact with those outside their group. Females in harems can spend more time feeding, and gain protection both for them and their young. The females have a linear <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance hierarchy</a> with the high-ranking females being the ones that have lived in the group longest. While traveling, the most dominant females and their offspring lead the group, followed by the next most dominant. The family stallion trails behind. Young of both sexes leave their natal groups as they mature; females are usually herded by outside males to become part of their harems.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein_1986-90">[90]</a> In the more arid-living Grévy's zebras, adults have more fluid associations and adult males establish large <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a>, marked by dung piles, and mate with the females that enter them.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a> Grazing and drinking areas tend to be separated in these environments and the most dominant males establish territories near watering holes, which attract females with dependent foals and those who simply want a drink, while less dominant males control territories away from water with more vegetation, and only attract mares without foals.<a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein_2010-91">[91]</a> Mares may travel through several territories but remain in one when they have young. Staying in a territory offers a female protection from harassment by outside males, as well as access to resources.<a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein_1986-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three Grévy's zebras grazing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg/220px-Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg/330px-Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg/440px-Grevy%27s_zebra_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Group of Grévy's zebras grazing</figcaption></figure> In all species, excess males gather in <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_herd" title="Bachelor herd">bachelor groups</a>. These are typically young males that are not yet ready to establish a harem or territory.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> With the plains zebra, the oldest males are the most dominant and group membership is stable.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> Bachelor groups tend to be at the boundaries of herds and during group movements, the bachelors follow behind or along the sides.<a href="#cite_note-Skinner-31">[31]</a> Mountain zebra bachelor groups may also include young females that have left their natal group early, as well as old, former harem males. A territorial Grévy's zebra stallion may allow non-territorial bachelors in their territory, however when a mare in <a href="/wiki/Oestrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestrous">oestrous</a> is present the territorial stallion keeps other stallions at bay. Bachelors prepare for their future harem roles with play fights and greeting/challenge rituals, which make up most of their activities.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> Fights between males usually occur over mates and involve biting and kicking. In plains zebra, stallions fight each other over recently matured mares to bring into their group and her father will fight off other males trying to abduct her. As long as a harem stallion is healthy, he is not usually challenged. Only unhealthy stallions have their harems taken over, and even then, the new stallion slowly takes over, peacefully displacing the old one. <a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behaviour" title="Agonistic behaviour">Agonistic behaviour</a> between male Grévy's zebras occurs at the border of their territories.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cebras_comunes_(Equus_quagga),_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire,_Tanzania,_2024-05-25,_DD_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pair of Plains zebra facing each other and rubbing heads on the others body" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cebras_comunes_%28Equus_quagga%29%2C_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire%2C_Tanzania%2C_2024-05-25%2C_DD_90.jpg/220px-Cebras_comunes_%28Equus_quagga%29%2C_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire%2C_Tanzania%2C_2024-05-25%2C_DD_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cebras_comunes_%28Equus_quagga%29%2C_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire%2C_Tanzania%2C_2024-05-25%2C_DD_90.jpg/330px-Cebras_comunes_%28Equus_quagga%29%2C_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire%2C_Tanzania%2C_2024-05-25%2C_DD_90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cebras_comunes_%28Equus_quagga%29%2C_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire%2C_Tanzania%2C_2024-05-25%2C_DD_90.jpg/440px-Cebras_comunes_%28Equus_quagga%29%2C_parque_nacional_de_Tarangire%2C_Tanzania%2C_2024-05-25%2C_DD_90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7032" data-file-height="4688" /></a><figcaption> Plains zebras mutually grooming</figcaption></figure> Zebras produce a number of vocalisations and noises. The plains zebra has a distinctive, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(sound)" title="Bark (sound)">barking</a> contact call heard as "a-ha, a-ha, a-ha" or "kwa-ha, kaw-ha, ha, ha".<a href="#cite_note-Grub_1981-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> The mountain zebra may produce a similar sound while the call of Grévy's zebra has been described as "something like a <a href="/wiki/Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippo">hippo</a>'s grunt combined with a donkey's wheeze". Loud snorting and rough "gasping" in zebras signals alarm. Squealing is usually made when in pain, but can also be heard in friendly interactions. Zebras also communicate with visual displays, and the flexibility of their lips allows them to make complex facial expressions. Visual displays also consist of head, ear, and tail postures. A zebra may signal an intention to kick by dropping back its ears and whipping its tail. Flattened ears, bared teeth and a waving head may be used as threatening gestures by stallions.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> Individuals may greet each other by rubbing and sniffing and then mutually rub their cheeks, and move along their bodies towards each other's genitals to sniff. They then may caress their shoulders against each other and lay their heads on one another. This greeting usually occurs between harem or territorial males or among bachelor males playing.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> Plains and mountain zebras strengthen their social bonds with <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">grooming</a>. Members of a harem nibble and rake along the neck, shoulder, and back with their teeth and lips. Grooming usually occurs between mothers and foals and between stallions and mares. Grooming establishes social rank and eases aggressive behaviour,<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaro2016143-93">[93]</a> although Grévy's zebras generally do not perform social grooming.<a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_parenting">Reproduction and parenting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Horse breeding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pair of Grévy's zebras mating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_Zebra_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption> Captive Grévy's zebras mating</figcaption></figure> Among plains and mountain zebras, the adult females mate only with their harem stallion, while in Grévy's zebras, mating is more <a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">polygynandrous</a> and the males have larger testes for <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein_2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ginsberg_1990-94">[94]</a> Female zebras have five to ten day long oestrous cycles; physical signs include a swollen, everted (inside out) labia and copious flows of urine and mucus. Upon reaching peak oestrous, mares spread-out their legs, lift their tails and open their mouths when in the presence of a male. Males assess the female's reproductive state with a curled lip and bared teeth (<a href="/wiki/Flehmen_response" title="Flehmen response">flehmen response</a>) and the female will solicit mating by backing in. Gestation is typically around a year. A few days to a month later, mares can return to oestrus.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> In harem-holding species, oestrus in a female becomes less noticeable to outside males as she gets older, hence competition for older females is virtually nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-Grub_1981-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Mountain_Zebras_(Equus_zebra)_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._(31281408687).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mountain zebra suckling a foal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cape_Mountain_Zebras_%28Equus_zebra%29_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._%2831281408687%29.jpg/220px-Cape_Mountain_Zebras_%28Equus_zebra%29_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._%2831281408687%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cape_Mountain_Zebras_%28Equus_zebra%29_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._%2831281408687%29.jpg/330px-Cape_Mountain_Zebras_%28Equus_zebra%29_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._%2831281408687%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cape_Mountain_Zebras_%28Equus_zebra%29_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._%2831281408687%29.jpg/440px-Cape_Mountain_Zebras_%28Equus_zebra%29_mare_and_foal_suckling_..._%2831281408687%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5021" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption>Mountain zebra suckling a foal</figcaption></figure> Usually, a single foal is born, which is capable of running within an hour of birth.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a> A newborn zebra will follow anything that moves, so new mothers prevent other mares from approaching their foals as they become more familiar with the mother's striping pattern, smell and voice.<a href="#cite_note-Churcher_1993-25">[25]</a> At a few weeks old, foals begin to graze, but may continue to nurse for eight to thirteen months.<a href="#cite_note-MacDonald-9">[9]</a> Living in an arid environment, Grévy's zebras have longer nursing intervals and young only begin to drink water three months after birth.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1990-95">[95]</a> In plains and mountain zebras, foals are cared for mostly by their mothers, but if threatened by pack-hunting hyenas and dogs, the entire group works together to protect all the young. The group forms a protective front with the foals in the centre, and the stallion will rush at predators that come too close.<a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-29">[29]</a> In Grévy's zebras, young stay in "<a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che_(zoology)" title="Crèche (zoology)">kindergartens</a>" when their mothers leave for water. These groups are tended to by the territorial male.<a href="#cite_note-Becker_1990-95">[95]</a> A stallion may look after a foal in his territory to ensure that the mother stays, though it may not be his.<a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein_1986-90">[90]</a> By contrast, plains zebra stallions are generally intolerant of foals that are not theirs and may practice <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">infanticide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feticide" class="mw-redirect" title="Feticide">feticide</a> via violence to the pregnant mare.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_relations">Human relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="San rock art depicting a zebra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_%284%29.jpg/220px-Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_%284%29.jpg/330px-Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_%284%29.jpg/440px-Brandberg-Peintures_rupestres_San_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_rock_art" title="San rock art">San rock art</a> depicting a zebra</figcaption></figure> With their distinctive black-and-white stripes, zebras are among the most recognizable mammals. They have been associated with beauty and grace, with naturalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a> describing them in 1781 as "the most elegant of quadrupeds". Zebras have been popular in photography, with some wildlife photographers describing them as the most photogenic animal. They have become staples in children's stories and wildlife-themed art, such as depictions of <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. In children's <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">alphabet books</a>, the animals are often used to represent the letter 'Z'. Zebra stripe patterns are popularly used for body paintings, dress, furniture and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201810–13,_40–41,_134–140,_189-97">[97]</a> Zebras have been featured in <a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">culture</a> for millennia. They are depicted in <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> in Southern Africa dating from 28,000 to 20,000 years ago, though less often than antelope species like <a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">eland</a>. How the zebra got its stripes has been the subject of <a href="/wiki/African_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="African folklore">folk tales</a>, some of which involve it being scorched by fire. The <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> proverb "a man without culture is like a zebra without stripes" has become popular in Africa. The <a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a> connected zebra stripes with water, rain and lightning, and <a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">water spirits</a> were conceived of having these markings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201837–44-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of a business's "Zebra Stripes" logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg/170px-Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg/255px-Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg/340px-Zebra_Stripes_Glen_Raven_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption> "Zebra Stripes," trademark for the defunct <a href="/wiki/Glen_Raven,_Inc." title="Glen Raven, Inc.">Glen Raven Cotton Mills Company</a></figcaption></figure> For the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</a>, the zebra is a <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> animal and is glorified in a poem as an "iridescent and glittering creature". Its stripes have symbolised the union of male and female and at the ruined city of <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>, zebra stripes decorate what is believed to be a domba, a school meant to prepare girls for adulthood. In the <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona language</a>, the name madhuve means "woman/women of the zebra totem" and is a name for girls in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The plains zebra is the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> of Botswana and zebras have been depicted on stamps during <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">colonial</a> and post-colonial Africa. For people of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, the zebra represented the politics of race and identity, being both black and white.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201845–50-99">[99]</a> In cultures outside of its range, the zebra has been thought of as a more exotic alternative to the horse; the comic book character <a href="/wiki/Sheena,_Queen_of_the_Jungle" title="Sheena, Queen of the Jungle">Sheena, Queen of the Jungle</a>, is depicted riding a zebra and explorer <a href="/wiki/Osa_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Osa Johnson">Osa Johnson</a> was photographed riding one. The film <a href="/wiki/Racing_Stripes" title="Racing Stripes">Racing Stripes</a> features a captive zebra ostracised from the horses and ends up being ridden by a rebellious girl. Zebras have been featured as characters in animated films like <a href="/wiki/Khumba" title="Khumba">Khumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(franchise)" title="Madagascar (franchise)">Madagascar films</a> and television series such as <a href="/wiki/Zou_(TV_series)" title="Zou (TV series)">Zou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw2018167–169,_188,_192–194,_200–201-100">[100]</a> Zebras have been popular subjects for <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> artists. Such art includes <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wood_(painter)" title="Christopher Wood (painter)">Christopher Wood</a>'s Zebra and Parachute, <a href="/wiki/Lucian_Freud" title="Lucian Freud">Lucian Freud</a>'s The Painter's Room and Quince on a Blue Table and the various paintings of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fedden" title="Mary Fedden">Mary Fedden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Nolan" title="Sidney Nolan">Sidney Nolan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vasarely" title="Victor Vasarely">Victor Vasarely</a> depicted zebras as black and white lines and connected in a <a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle" title="Jigsaw puzzle">jigsaw puzzle</a> fashion. <a href="/wiki/Carel_Weight" title="Carel Weight">Carel Weight</a>'s Escape of the Zebra from the Zoo during an Air Raid was based on a real life incident of a zebra escaping during <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="London Zoo">the bombing of London Zoo</a> and consists of four comic book-like panels. Zebras have lent themselves to products and advertisements, notably for 'Zebra Grate Polish' cleaning supplies by British manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_and_Sons" title="Reckitt and Sons">Reckitt and Sons</a> and Japanese pen manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Zebra_(pen_manufacturer)" title="Zebra (pen manufacturer)">Zebra Co., Ltd.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw2018128–131,_141–149-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captivity">Captivity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of a zebra by George Stubbs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-George_Stubbs_-_Zebra_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5972" data-file-height="4753" /></a><figcaption> Zebra (1763) by <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a>. A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a>'s zebra</figcaption></figure> Zebras have been kept in captivity since at least the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In later times, captive zebras have been shipped around the world, often for diplomatic reasons. In 1261, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Egypt</a> established an embassy with <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> and sent a zebra and other exotic animals as gifts. In 1417, a zebra was gifted to the Chinese people by Somalia and displayed before the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a>. The fourth <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> received a zebra from Ethiopia in 1620 and <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a> made a painting of it. In the 1670s, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_I" title="Yohannes I">Yohannes I</a> exported two zebras to the Dutch governor of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. These animals would eventually be given by the Dutch to the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokugawa Shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8GxaDwAAQBAJpgPT59_55–62],_65–66-102">[102]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a> received a zebra as a wedding gift in 1762, the animal became a source of fascination for the people of Britain. Many flocked to see it at its <a href="/wiki/Paddock" title="Paddock">paddock</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>. It soon became the subject of humour and satire, being referred to as "The Queen's Ass", and was the subject of an oil painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a> in 1763. The zebra also gained a reputation for being ill-tempered and kicked at visitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201876–78,_81-103">[103]</a> In 1882, Ethiopia sent a zebra to French president <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</a>, and the species it belonged to was named in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-Prothero_2003-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Walter Rothschild with a carriage drawn by four zebra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg/170px-WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg/255px-WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg/340px-WalterRothschildWithZebras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Rothschild">Walter Rothschild</a> with a zebra carriage</figcaption></figure> Attempts to <a href="/wiki/Domesticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticate">domesticate</a> zebras were largely unsuccessful. It is possible that having evolved under pressure from the many large predators of Africa, including early humans, they became more aggressive, thus making domestication more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However, zebras have been <a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">trained</a> throughout history. In Rome, zebras are recorded to have pulled chariots during <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a> games starting in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (198 to 217 AD).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201856-105">[105]</a> In the late 19th century, the zoologist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Rothschild">Walter Rothschild</a> trained some zebras to draw a carriage in England, which he drove to Buckingham Palace to demonstrate that it can be done. However, he did not ride on them knowing that they were too small and aggressive.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German colonial officers in East Africa</a> tried to use zebras for both driving and riding, with limited success.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mountain zebra hide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg/170px-Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg/255px-Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg/340px-Equus_zebra_hartmannae_fur_skin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3081" /></a><figcaption> Mountain zebra hide</figcaption></figure> As of 2016–2019, the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of mammals lists Grévy's zebra as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>, the mountain zebra as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> and the plains zebra as <a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">near-threatened</a>. Grévy's zebra populations are estimated at less than 2,000 mature individuals, but they are stable. Mountain zebras number near 35,000 individuals and their population appears to be increasing. Plains zebra are estimated to number 150,000–250,000 with a decreasing population trend. Human intervention has fragmented zebra ranges and populations. Zebras are threatened by hunting for their hide and meat, and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. They also compete with livestock and have their travelling routes obstruct by fences.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-grevyi-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-iucn-zebra-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-iucn-quagga-110">[110]</a> Civil wars in some countries have also caused declines in zebra populations.<a href="#cite_note-Moehlman_2002-111">[111]</a> By the early 20th century, zebra skins were being used to make rugs and chairs. In the 21st century, zebras may be taken by <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy hunters</a> as zebra skin rugs sell for $1,000 to $2,000. Trophy hunting was rare among African peoples though the San were known to hunt zebra for meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201841,_132–133-112">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A herd of Grévy's zebras in Samburu National Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg/220px-Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg/330px-Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg/440px-Samburu_Grevy%27s_zebra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption> Endangered Grévy's zebras in <a href="/wiki/Samburu_National_Reserve" title="Samburu National Reserve">Samburu National Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">quagga</a> (E. quagga quagga) population was hunted by early Dutch settlers and later by <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</a> to provide meat or for their skins. The skins were traded or used locally. The quagga was probably vulnerable to extinction due to its restricted range, and because they were easy to find in large groups. The last known wild quagga died in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Weddell-113">[113]</a> The last captive quagga, a female in Amsterdam's <a href="/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura Artis Magistra">Natura Artis Magistra</a> zoo, lived there from 9 May 1867 until it died on 12 August 1883.<a href="#cite_note-ungulates-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cape_mountain_zebra" title="Cape mountain zebra">Cape mountain zebra</a>, a subspecies of mountain zebra, nearly went extinct due to hunting and habitat destruction, with less than 50 individuals left by the 1950s. Protections from <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Parks" title="South African National Parks">South African National Parks</a> allowed the population to rise to 2,600 by the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Zebras can be found in numerous protected areas. Important areas for Grévy's zebra include <a href="/wiki/Yabelo_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary">Yabelo Wildlife Sanctuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelbi_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelbi Wildlife Sanctuary">Chelbi Sanctuary</a> in Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Springs_National_Reserve" title="Buffalo Springs National Reserve">Buffalo Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samburu_National_Reserve" title="Samburu National Reserve">Samburu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaba_National_Reserve" title="Shaba National Reserve">Shaba</a> National Reserves in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-grevyi-108">[108]</a> The plains zebra inhabits the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a> in Tanzania, <a href="/wiki/Tsavo" title="Tsavo">Tsavo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masai_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara">Masai Mara</a> in Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</a> in Zimbabwe, <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-quagga-110">[110]</a> Mountain zebras are protected in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Zebra_National_Park" title="Mountain Zebra National Park">Mountain Zebra National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karoo_National_Park" title="Karoo National Park">Karoo National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goegap_Nature_Reserve" title="Goegap Nature Reserve">Goegap Nature Reserve</a> in South Africa as well as Etosha and <a href="/wiki/Namib-Naukluft_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Namib-Naukluft Park">Namib-Naukluft Park</a> in Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-zebra-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Africa" title="Fauna of Africa">Fauna of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Morton%27s_mare" title="Lord Morton's mare">Lord Morton's mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_markings" title="Primitive markings">Primitive markings</a> – markings found on other equines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonkey_(Tijuana)" title="Zonkey (Tijuana)">Zonkey (Tijuana)</a> – a donkey painted with zebra stripes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Badenhorst2019-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Badenhorst2019_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Badenhorst2019_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6588-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-6588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rulers+of+German+Africa%2C+1884%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6588-6&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Duignan%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-grevyi-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-grevyi_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-grevyi_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubensteinLow_MackeyDavidsonKebede2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rubenstein, D.; Low Mackey, B.; Davidson, Z. D.; Kebede, F.; King, S. R. B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7950/89624491">"Equus grevyi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Equus+grevyi&rft.volume=2016&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Low+Mackey%2C+B.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Z.+D.&rft.au=Kebede%2C+F.&rft.au=King%2C+S.+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F7950%2F89624491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-zebra-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-zebra_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-zebra_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoslingMuntiferingKolbergUiseb2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gosling, L. M.; Muntifering, J.; Kolberg, H.; Uiseb, K.; King, S. R. B. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7960/160755590">"Equus zebra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Equus+zebra&rft.volume=2016&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Muntifering%2C+J.&rft.au=Kolberg%2C+H.&rft.au=Uiseb%2C+K.&rft.au=King%2C+S.+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F7960%2F160755590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-quagga-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-quagga_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn-quagga_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingMoehlman2016" class="citation journal cs1">King, S. R. B.; Moehlman, P. D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41013/45172424">"Equus quagga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Equus+quagga&rft.volume=2016&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=S.+R.+B.&rft.au=Moehlman%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41013%2F45172424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moehlman_2002-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Moehlman_2002_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHackEastRubenstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Hack, Mace A.; East, Rod; Rubenstein, Dan J. (2002). "Status and Action Plan for the Plains Zebra (Equus burchelli)". In Moehlman, P. D. (ed.). Equids. Zebras, Asses and Horses. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. IUCN. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0647-4"><bdi>978-2-8317-0647-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Status+and+Action+Plan+for+the+Plains+Zebra+%28Equus+burchelli%29&rft.btitle=Equids.+Zebras%2C+Asses+and+Horses.+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Equid+Specialist+Group.+IUCN&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0647-4&rft.aulast=Hack&rft.aufirst=Mace+A.&rft.au=East%2C+Rod&rft.au=Rubenstein%2C+Dan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201841,_132–133-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumbShaw201841,_132–133_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlumbShaw2018">Plumb & Shaw 2018</a>, pp. 41, 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weddell-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Weddell_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeddell2002" class="citation book cs1">Weddell, B. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservingliving00wedd">Conserving Living Natural Resources: In the Context of a Changing World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservingliving00wedd/page/n63">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78812-0"><bdi>978-0-521-78812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conserving+Living+Natural+Resources%3A+In+the+Context+of+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78812-0&rft.aulast=Weddell&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservingliving00wedd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ungulates-114"><a href="#cite_ref-ungulates_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bruggen1959" class="citation journal cs1">Van Bruggen, A. C. (1959). "Illustrated notes on some extinct South African ungulates". <a href="/wiki/South_African_Journal_of_Science" title="South African Journal of Science">South African Journal of Science</a>. 55: 197–200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Illustrated+notes+on+some+extinct+South+African+ungulates&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Van+Bruggen&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKotzéSmithMoodleyLuikart2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kotzé, A.; Smith, R. M.; Moodley, Y.; Luikart, G.; Birss, C.; Van Wyk, A. M.; Grobler, J. P.; Dalton, D. L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6668792">"Lessons for conservation management: Monitoring temporal changes in genetic diversity of Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra)"</a>. PLOS ONE. 14 (7): e0220331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1420331K">2019PLoSO..1420331K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0220331">10.1371/journal.pone.0220331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6668792">6668792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31365543">31365543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Lessons+for+conservation+management%3A+Monitoring+temporal+changes+in+genetic+diversity+of+Cape+mountain+zebra+%28Equus+zebra+zebra%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0220331&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6668792%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31365543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0220331&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1420331K&rft.aulast=Kotz%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Moodley%2C+Y.&rft.au=Luikart%2C+G.&rft.au=Birss%2C+C.&rft.au=Van+Wyk%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Grobler%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Dalton%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6668792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamunyela2017" class="citation web cs1">Hamunyela, Elly (27 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travelnewsnamibia.com/news/status-namibias-hartmanns-zebra/">"The status of Namibia's Hartmann's zebra"</a>. Travel News Namibia. Retrieved 9 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+status+of+Namibia%27s+Hartmann%27s+zebra&rft.pub=Travel+News+Namibia&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.aulast=Hamunyela&rft.aufirst=Elly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelnewsnamibia.com%2Fnews%2Fstatus-namibias-hartmanns-zebra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaro2016" class="citation book cs1">Caro, Tim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o-EDQAAQBAJ&q=zebra+stripes">Zebra Stripes</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-41101-9"><bdi>978-0-226-41101-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zebra+Stripes&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-226-41101-9&rft.aulast=Caro&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o-EDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzebra%2Bstripes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlumbShaw2018" class="citation book cs1">Plumb, C.; Shaw, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GxaDwAAQBAJ&q=zebra+reaktion">Zebra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780239712" title="Special:BookSources/9781780239712"><bdi>9781780239712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zebra&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781780239712&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GxaDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dzebra%2Breaktion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZebra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zebra" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zebra">Zebra</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quaggaproject.org/">The Quagga Project</a>—An organisation that selectively breeds zebras to recreate the hair coat pattern of the quagga</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perissodactyla" title="Template:Perissodactyla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perissodactyla" title="Template talk:Perissodactyla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perissodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perissodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Perissodactyla_(Odd-toed_ungulates)_species_by_suborder349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates)</a> species by suborder</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Hippomorpha172"><a href="/wiki/Hippomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippomorpha">Hippomorpha</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> (Horse family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Equus(including_Zebras)181" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a> (including <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zebras</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Equus_(subgenus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus (subgenus)">Equus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse (E. ferus)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse (E. f. przewalskii)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Domestic horse (E. caballus)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Asinus" title="Asinus">Asinus</a>: <a href="/wiki/African_wild_ass" title="African wild ass">African wild ass (E. africanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey (E. asinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Onager (E. hemionus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">Kiang (E. kiang)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Subgenus <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hippotigris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">Plains zebra (E. quagga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">Mountain zebra (E. zebra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra (E. grevyi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Ceratomorpha339"><a href="/wiki/Ceratomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomorpha">Ceratomorpha</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">Rhinocerotidae</a> (Rhinoceroses)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(genus)" title="Rhinoceros (genus)">Rhinoceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros (R. sondaicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dicerorhinus" title="Dicerorhinus">Dicerorhinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros (D. sumatrensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Ceratotherium" title="Ceratotherium">Ceratotherium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">White rhinoceros (C. simum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Diceros" title="Diceros">Diceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">Black rhinoceros (D. bicornis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">Tapiridae</a> (Tapirs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tapirus15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tapirus" title="Tapirus">Tapirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_tapir" title="Baird's tapir">Baird's tapir (T. bairdii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_tapir" title="Mountain tapir">Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_tapir" title="South American tapir">South American tapir (T. terrestris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tapir" title="Malayan tapir">Malayan tapir (T. indicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Perissodactyla" title="Category:Perissodactyla">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Species_of_the_genus_Equus256" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Equus" title="Template:Equus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Equus" title="Template talk:Equus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Equus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Equus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Species_of_the_genus_Equus256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="color:#606060; font-size:smaller"><div>Extinct species are marked †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asinus" title="Asinus">Asses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/African_wild_ass" title="African wild ass">African wild ass (Equus africanus)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_wild_ass" title="Nubian wild ass">Nubian wild ass (Equus africanus africanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey (Equus africanus asinus)</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Atlas_wild_ass" title="Atlas wild ass">Atlas wild ass (Equus africanus atlanticus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_wild_ass" title="Somali wild ass">Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Onager / Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wild_ass" title="Mongolian wild ass">Mongolian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemionus)</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Syrian_wild_ass" title="Syrian wild ass">Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wild_ass" title="Indian wild ass">Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenian_kulan" title="Turkmenian kulan">Turkmenian kulan (Equus hemionus kulan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_onager" title="Persian onager">Persian onager (Equus hemionus onager)</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/European_wild_ass" title="European wild ass">European wild ass (Equus hemionus hydruntinus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">Kiang/Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_kiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Western kiang">Western kiang (Equus kiang kiang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_kiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern kiang">Northern kiang (Equus kiang chu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_kiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern kiang">Eastern kiang (Equus kiang holdereri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_kiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern kiang">Southern kiang (Equus kiang polyodon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wild_horse_(Equus_ferus)43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse (Equus ferus)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse (Equus ferus caballus)</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">Tarpan (Equus ferus ferus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zebras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebras">Zebras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">Plains zebra (Equus quagga)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">Quagga (Equus quagga quagga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchell%27s_zebra" title="Burchell's zebra">Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_zebra" title="Grant's zebra">Grant's zebra (Equus quagga boehmi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneless_zebra" title="Maneless zebra">Maneless zebra (Equus quagga borensis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman%27s_zebra" title="Chapman's zebra">Chapman's zebra (Equus quagga chapmani)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawshay%27s_zebra" title="Crawshay's zebra">Crawshay's zebra (Equus quagga crawshayi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27_zebra" title="Selous' zebra">Selous' zebra (Equus quagga selousi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">Mountain zebra (Equus zebra)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_mountain_zebra" title="Cape mountain zebra">Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann%27s_mountain_zebra" title="Hartmann's mountain zebra">Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#efefff;"><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra (Equus grevy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra (Equus grevy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinny" title="Hinny">Hinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunga_(equid)" title="Kunga (equid)">Kunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebroid" title="Zebroid">Zebroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric Equus species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_alaskae" title="Equus alaskae">Equus alaskae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_andium" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus andium">Equus andium</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_capensis" title="Equus capensis">Giant Cape zebra (Equus capensis)</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_cedralensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus cedralensis (page does not exist)">Equus cedralensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_complicatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus complicatus (page does not exist)">Equus complicatus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_conversidens" title="Equus conversidens">Equus conversidens</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_crinidens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus crinidens (page does not exist)">Equus crinidens</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_cumminsii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus cumminsii (page does not exist)">Equus cumminsii</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_dalianensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus dalianensis (page does not exist)">Equus dalianensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_excelsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus excelsus (page does not exist)">Equus excelsus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_fraternus" title="Equus fraternus">Equus fraternus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_gallicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus gallicus">Equus gallicus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_giganteus" title="Equus giganteus">Equus giganteus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_lambei" title="Equus lambei">Equus lambei</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_latipes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus latipes (page does not exist)">Equus latipes</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_lenensis" title="Equus lenensis">Equus lenensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_mauritanicus" title="Equus mauritanicus">Equus mauritanicus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_mexicanus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus mexicanus (page does not exist)">Equus mexicanus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_namadicus" title="Equus namadicus">Equus namadicus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_niobrarensis" title="Equus niobrarensis">Equus niobrarensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_occidentalis" title="Equus occidentalis">Equus occidentalis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_pacificus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus pacificus (page does not exist)">Equus pacificus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_parastylidens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus parastylidens (page does not exist)">Equus parastylidens</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_pectinatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus pectinatus (page does not exist)">Equus pectinatus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Hagerman_horse" title="Hagerman horse">Hagerman horse (Equus simplicidens)</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_semiplicatus" title="Equus semiplicatus">Equus semiplicatus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_scotti" title="Equus scotti">Equus scotti</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_sivalensis" title="Equus sivalensis">Equus sivalensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_stenonis" title="Equus stenonis">Equus stenonis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_uralensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus uralensis (page does not exist)">Equus uralensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Equus_yunnanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus yunnanensis">Equus yunnanensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers815" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers815" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon 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