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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_evolutionary_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Nectaroscordum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Nectaroscordum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.1 Subgenus Nectaroscordum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Nectaroscordum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Microscordum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Microscordum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.2 Subgenus Microscordum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Microscordum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Amerallium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Amerallium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3 Subgenus Amerallium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Amerallium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Section_Amerallium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Amerallium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.1 Section Amerallium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Amerallium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Arctoprasum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Arctoprasum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.2 Section Arctoprasum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Arctoprasum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Briseis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Briseis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.3 Section Briseis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Briseis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Bromatorrhiza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Bromatorrhiza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.4 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<li id="toc-Section_Molium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Molium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.8 Section Molium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Molium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Narkissoprason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Narkissoprason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.9 Section Narkissoprason </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Narkissoprason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3.10 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_evolutionary_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_evolutionary_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Second evolutionary line </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_evolutionary_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Caloscordum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Caloscordum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.1 Subgenus Caloscordum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Caloscordum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Anguinum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Anguinum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.2 Subgenus Anguinum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Anguinum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Porphyroprason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Porphyroprason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.3 Subgenus Porphyroprason </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Porphyroprason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Vvedenskya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Vvedenskya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.4 Subgenus Vvedenskya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Vvedenskya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Melanocrommyum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Melanocrommyum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.5 Subgenus Melanocrommyum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Melanocrommyum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_evolutionary_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_evolutionary_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Third evolutionary line </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_evolutionary_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Butomissa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Butomissa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.1 Subgenus Butomissa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Butomissa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Cyathophora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Cyathophora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.2 Subgenus Cyathophora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Cyathophora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Rhizirideum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Rhizirideum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.3 Subgenus Rhizirideum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Rhizirideum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgenus_Allium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgenus_Allium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4 Subgenus Allium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Allium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Section_Allium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Allium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.1 Section Allium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Allium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Avulsea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Avulsea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.2 Section Avulsea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Avulsea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Brevidentia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Brevidentia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.3 Section Brevidentia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Brevidentia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Brevispatha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Brevispatha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.4 Section Brevispatha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Brevispatha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Caerulea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Caerulea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.5 Section Caerulea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Caerulea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Codonoprasum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Codonoprasum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.6 Section Codonoprasum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Codonoprasum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Section_Costulatae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Section_Costulatae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.4.7 Section Costulatae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Section_Costulatae-sublist" 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href="#Subgenus_Cepa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3.7 Subgenus Cepa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subgenus_Cepa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Classification of the plant genus Allium</div> The precise <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">taxonomy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a> is still poorly understood with incorrect descriptions being widespread. With over 850 species distributed over the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">Northern hemisphere</a> Allium is the sole genus in the <a href="/wiki/Allieae" title="Allieae">Allieae</a>, one of four <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>). New species continue to be described<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">[1]</a> and Allium is both highly variable and one of the largest monocotyledonous genera,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> but the precise <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">taxonomy</a> of Allium is poorly understood,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">[1]</a> with incorrect descriptions being widespread. The difficulties arise from the fact that the genus displays considerable polymorphism and has adapted to a wide variety of habitats. Furthermore, traditional classications had been based on <a href="/wiki/Homoplasious" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoplasious">homoplasious</a> characteristics (what turn out to be independently evolved similar features in species from different lineages). However, the genus has been shown to be <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>, containing three major <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a>, although some proposed subgenera are not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> Some progress is being made using molecular phylogenetic methods, and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer" title="Internal transcribed spacer">internal transcribed spacer</a> (ITS) region, including the 5.8S <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA" title="Ribosomal DNA">rDNA</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Spacer_DNA" title="Spacer DNA">spacers</a> ITS1 and ITS2, is one of the more commonly used markers in the study of the differentiation of the Allium species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">[1]</a> Allium includes a number of taxonomic groupings previously considered separate genera (Caloscordum Herb., Milula Prain and Nectaroscordum Lindl.) Allium spicatum had been treated by many authors as Milula spicata, the only species in the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monospecific</a> genus Milula. In 2000, it was shown to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">embedded</a> in Allium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesen_et_al.2000-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Allium are <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophytes">geophytes</a> is characterised by <a href="/wiki/Bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbs">bulbs</a> enclosed in membranous tunics, that may become fibrous and may be carried on <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">rhizomes</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tepals" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepals">tepals</a> that are free or almost free, and a subgynobasic <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a>. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulphoxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphoxides">sulphoxides</a> that are the source of their distinctive garlic and onion odor and taste. About twenty species are grown as <a href="/wiki/Edible_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible crops">edible crops</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Onions" class="mw-redirect" title="Onions">onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a>, while others are <a href="/wiki/Foraged" class="mw-redirect" title="Foraged">foraged</a> from the wild, such as <a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">ramps</a>. Many species are <a href="/wiki/Xerophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerophytic">xerophytic</a> and the over 850 species are found almost exclusively in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">Northern hemisphere</a>, being particularly diverse in the warm dry summers and cool wet winters of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">[1]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> with species rich areas in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. A second centre, in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, is western North America.<a href="#cite_note-Dahlgrenal-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg/220px-Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg/330px-Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg/440px-Linnaeus_Allium_1753.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>' description of Allium, <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> 1753</figcaption></figure> Descriptions of Allium taxonomy date back at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Carolus Clusius</a>' Rariarum plantarum historia (1601).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClusius1601-6">[6]</a> When Linnaeus<a href="#cite_note-Linnaeusal-7">[7]</a> formerly described the genus Allium in his <a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a> (1753), there were thirty species with this name. He placed Allium in a grouping he referred to as Hexandria monogynia<a href="#cite_note-Linnaeushex-8">[8]</a> (i.e. six stamens and one <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a>) containing 51 genera in all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus_Sexual_System2015-9">[9]</a> In 1763, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Adanson" title="Michel Adanson">Michel Adanson</a>, who proposed the concept of families of plants, included Allium and related genera as a grouping within '<a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>'<a href="#cite_note-Adansonlil-10">[10]</a> as Section IV, Les Oignons (Onions), or Cepae in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-Adansoncep-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">De Jussieu</a> is officially recognised as the first formal establishment of the suprageneric grouping into families (Ordo) in 1789. In this system Allium was one of fourteen genera in Ordo VI, Asphodeles (Asphodeli), of the third class (Stamina epigyna) of <a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jussieu-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Jaume_Saint-Hilaire" title="Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire">Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire</a> (1805), who developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>, continued Jussieu's treatment of Allium under Asphodeli (which he considered <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymous</a> with Adanson's Liliaceae and Jussieu's Asphodeli).<a href="#cite_note-sthilaire126-13">[13]</a> He placed Allium in an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> section of Asphodeli defined as Fleurs en ombelle, racine bulbeuse. Calice à six parties egales (<a href="/wiki/Umbellate" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbellate">umbellate</a> flowers, <a href="/wiki/Bulbous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulbous">bulbous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (flower)">calyx</a> of six equal parts).<a href="#cite_note-sthilaire132-14">[14]</a> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/De_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="De Candolle">de Candolle</a> reverted the family name back to Liliaceae from Asphodeli.<a href="#cite_note-Candollelil-15">[15]</a> He divided the Liliaceae into a series of Ordres, and the second ordre was named Asphodèles, based on Jussieus' family of that name,<a href="#cite_note-Candolleasph-16">[16]</a> in which he placed Allium.<a href="#cite_note-Candolleasph-16">[16]</a> The term 'Alliaceae' then reappeared in its subfamilial form, Allieae, in <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier</a>'s Florula Belgica (1827),<a href="#cite_note-Dumortier-17">[17]</a> with six genera. The 'Alliaceae' have been treated as Allieae within the family Liliaceae (or Aspholecaceae, a partial synonym) by most authorities since. <a href="/wiki/Regel" class="mw-redirect" title="Regel">Regel</a> produced a major monograph of the genus in 1875,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Regel1875-18">[18]</a> and this remained the major reference work for over 100 years till the molecularly based study of Friesen and colleagues in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> Despite recent advances the precise <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">taxonomy</a> of Allium remains still poorly understood with incorrect descriptions being widespread.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</div> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a>: Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Tribe <a href="/wiki/Allieae" title="Allieae">Allieae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monogeneric" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogeneric">monogeneric</a>, Allium) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Tribe <a href="/wiki/Tulbaghieae" title="Tulbaghieae">Tulbaghieae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Tribes <a href="/wiki/Gilliesieae" title="Gilliesieae">Gilliesieae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucocoryneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leucocoryneae">Leucocoryneae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subdivision">edit</a>]</div> Linnaeus originally grouped his 30 species into three <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(taxonomy)" title="Alliance (taxonomy)">alliances</a>, e.g. Foliis caulinis planis and as the number of recognised species increased, so did the number of subgroups. Since then, many attempts have been made to divide the growing number of recognised species into infrageneric subgroupings, initially as sections, and then as subgenera further divided into sections. For a brief history, see Friesen et al. (2006)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> and Li et al. (2010)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> Regel's 1875 treatise on Allium divided his 262 species between the six sections proposed by <a href="/wiki/George_Don" title="George Don">Don</a>, in his 1832 monograph on the genus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDon1832-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">Stearn</a> (1944) described 14 subgenera.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn1944-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Traub" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Traub">Traub</a> (1968) described 3 subgenera, 36 sections and subsections and about 600 species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraub1968-23">[23]</a> By 1992 there were 6 sub-genera, 50 sections and subsections and 600–700 species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a-24">[24]</a> The situation was further confused by the presence of over 1,000 taxonomic names, many of which turned out to be <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_et_al.1998-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966-20">[20]</a> The modern era of <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> dates to 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Berg_et_al.1996-26">[26]</a> In 2006 Friesen, Fritsch, and Blattner<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> described a new classification with 15 <a href="/wiki/Subgenera" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenera">subgenera</a>, 56 <a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">sections</a>, and about 780 species based on the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_transcribed_spacer" title="Internal transcribed spacer">internal transcribed spacers</a>. Some of the subgenera correspond to the once separate genera (Caloscordum, Milula, Nectaroscordum) included in the <a href="/wiki/Gilliesieae" title="Gilliesieae">Gilliesieae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESykorova_et_al.2006-27">[27]</a> The terminology has varied with some authors subdividing subgenera into Sections and others Alliances. The term <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(taxonomy)" title="Alliance (taxonomy)">alliance</a> has been used for both subgroupings within species, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">Allium nigrum</a>, as well as infrageneric subsections. These alliances are informal groupings based on morphological similarity and reflecting hypotheses of evolutionary relationship. and can be used between any two formal ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a> For instance the some 70 North American species were divided into nine well-defined species alliances, of which the largest was the Allium falcifolium alliance with 31 taxa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERieseberg_et_al.1987-29">[29]</a> These alliances are usually referred to as the Ownbey alliances, after Marion Ownbey<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966-20">[20]</a> and were also used by Traub.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraub1968-23">[23]</a> A number of classification schemes have chosen to retain these, the Traub system not being universally accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies have shown the 2006 classification is a considerable improvement over previous classifications, but some of its subgenera and sections are probably not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>. Meanwhile, the number of new species continued to increase, reaching 800 by 2009, 900 by 2016<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016-30">[30]</a> and the pace of discovery has not decreased. Detailed studies have focused on a number of subgenera, including Amerallium. Amerallium is strongly <a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">supported</a> as monophyletic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008-31">[31]</a> Subgenus Melanocrommyum has also been the subject of considerable study (see below), while work on subgenus Allium has focused on section Allium, including <a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">Allium ampeloprasum</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Sample_(material)" title="Sample (material)">sampling</a> was not sufficient to test the monophyly of the section.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010-32">[32]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_lineages" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary lineages">evolutionary lineages</a> or lines correspond to the three major clades. Line one (the oldest) with three subgenera is predominantly bulbous, the second, with five subgenera and the third with seven subgenera contain both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> Banfi and colleagues (2011) have suggested that the phylogenetic trichotomy of this genus Allium <a href="/wiki/Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a> is sufficiently distinct as to warrant splitting it into three separate genera. Banfi's scheme thus proposes the restoring the three originally separate genera Nectaroscordum Lindl. (type: N. siculum), Caloscordum Herb. (type: C. neriniflorum) and Allium L. <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a> (type: A. sativum) to correspond to lines 1-3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanfi_et_al.2011-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_lines_and_subgenera">Evolutionary lines and subgenera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolutionary lines and subgenera">edit</a>]</div> The three evolutionary lineages and 15 subgenera here represent the classification schemes of Friesen et al. (2006)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> and Li (2010),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> and subsequent additional species<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrullo_et_al.2003-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016-30">[30]</a> and revisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoiOh2011-36">[36]</a> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Cladogram of evolutionary lines in Allium<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Allium </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> First evolutionary line </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Second evolutionary line </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Third evolutionary line </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Evolutionary lines and subgenera (number of sections/number of species)<a href="#cite_note-grinallium-37">[37]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="#First_evolutionary_line">First evolutionary line</a> (3 subgenera) <ol><li><a href="#Subgenus_Nectaroscordum">Nectaroscordum</a> (Lindl.) Asch. et Graebn Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_siculum" title="Allium siculum">Allium siculum</a> (1/3) Mediterranean bells, Sicilian honey garlic</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Microscordum">Microscordum</a> (Maxim.) N. Friesen Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_monanthum" title="Allium monanthum">Allium monanthum</a> (1/1)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Amerallium">Amerallium</a> Traub Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a> (12/135)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="#Second_evolutionary_line">Second evolutionary line</a> (5 subgenera) <ol><li><a href="#Subgenus_Caloscordum">Caloscordum</a> (Herb.) R. M. Fritsch Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_neriniflorum" title="Allium neriniflorum">Allium neriniflorum</a> (1/3)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Anguinum">Anguinum</a> (G. Don ex Koch) N. Friesen Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">Allium victorialis</a> (1/12)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Porphyroprason">Porphyroprason</a> (Ekberg) R. M. Fritsch Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_oreophilum" title="Allium oreophilum">Allium oreophilum</a> (1/1)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Vvedenskya">Vvedenskya</a> (Kamelin) R. M. Fritsch Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_kujukense" title="Allium kujukense">Allium kujukense</a> (1/1)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Melanocrommyum">Melanocrommyum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philip_Barker-Webb" title="Philip Barker-Webb">Webb</a> et <a href="/wiki/Berthel." class="mw-redirect" title="Berthel.">Berthel.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rouy" title="Georges Rouy">Rouy</a> Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">Allium nigrum</a> (20/160)</li></ol></li> <li><a href="#Third_evolutionary_line">Third evolutionary line</a> (7 subgenera) <ol><li><a href="#Subgenus_Butomissa">Butomissa</a> (Salisb.) N. Friesen Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_ramosum" title="Allium ramosum">Allium ramosum</a> (2/4) fragrant garlic</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Cyathophora">Cyathophora</a> R. M. Fritsch Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_cyathophorum" title="Allium cyathophorum">Allium cyathophorum</a> (3/5)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Rhizirideum">Rhizirideum</a> (G. Don ex Koch) Wendelbo s.s Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_senescens" title="Allium senescens">Allium senescens</a> (5/37)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Allium">Allium</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a> (15/300)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Reticulatobulbosa">Reticulatobulbosa</a> (Kamelin) N. Friesen Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_lineare" title="Allium lineare">Allium lineare</a> (5/80)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Polyprason">Polyprason</a> Radic Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_moschatum" title="Allium moschatum">Allium moschatum</a> (4/50)</li> <li><a href="#Subgenus_Cepa">Cepa</a> (Mill.) Radic ́ Type: <a href="/wiki/Allium_cepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium cepa">Allium cepa</a> (5/30) onion, garden onion, bulb onion, common onion</li></ol></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_evolutionary_line">First evolutionary line</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First evolutionary line">edit</a>]</div> Although this lineage consists of three subgenera, nearly all the species are attributed to subgenus Amerallium, the third largest subgenus of Allium. The lineage is considered to represent the most ancient line within Allium, and to be the only lineage that is predominantly bulbous, the other two having both bulbous and rhizomatous taxa. Nectaroscordum and Microscordum are bulbous, but Amerallium contains some rhizomatous elements. Within this lineage Amerallium is a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the other two subgenera (Microscordum+Nectaroscordum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Nectaroscordum">Subgenus Nectaroscordum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subgenus Nectaroscordum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg/170px-Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg/255px-Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg/340px-Allium_siculum_in_bloom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Type species: Allium siculum</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_distribution" title="Disjunct distribution">Disjunct distribution</a>, involving the western Mediterranean (type species) and southwest Asia <ul><li>Section Nectaroscordum (Lindl.) Gren. & Godr. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_siculum" title="Allium siculum">Allium siculum</a> Ucria (Syn. Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl.) Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tripedale" title="Allium tripedale">Allium tripedale</a> Trautv.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Microscordum">Subgenus Microscordum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subgenus Microscordum">edit</a>]</div> East Asia <ul><li><ul><li>Section Microscordum Maxim. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_monanthum" title="Allium monanthum">Allium monanthum</a> Maxim.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Amerallium">Subgenus Amerallium</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subgenus Amerallium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_canadense,_2015-06-10,_Fox_Chapel,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Allium_canadense%2C_2015-06-10%2C_Fox_Chapel%2C_01.jpg/170px-Allium_canadense%2C_2015-06-10%2C_Fox_Chapel%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Allium_canadense%2C_2015-06-10%2C_Fox_Chapel%2C_01.jpg/255px-Allium_canadense%2C_2015-06-10%2C_Fox_Chapel%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Allium_canadense%2C_2015-06-10%2C_Fox_Chapel%2C_01.jpg/340px-Allium_canadense%2C_2015-06-10%2C_Fox_Chapel%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Type species: <a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a></figcaption></figure> This large monophyletic subgenus is extremely diverse, both morphologically and ecologically and is characterised by leaves with one row of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular bundles">vascular bundles</a>, absence of <a href="/wiki/Palisade_parenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Palisade parenchyma">palisade parenchyma</a> and a subepidermal position of <a href="/wiki/Laticifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Laticifers">laticifers</a>, with a predominant base <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome number">chromosome number</a> x=7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> <dl><dt>Taxonomy</dt></dl> Amerallium is a relatively large subgenus with about 120–140 species. Under the alliance system of classification proposed by Ownbey (1966), species north of Mexico and two Mexican <a href="/wiki/Endemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemics">endemics</a> were treated as eight informal alliances: the A. acuminatum, <a href="/wiki/Allium_campanulatum" title="Allium campanulatum">A. campanulatum</a>, A. canadense, A. cernuum, A. falcifolium, A. kunthii, A. sanbornii, and A. validum alliances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966-20">[20]</a> Traub (1968) then arranged the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> alliances into four sections: Amerallium Traub, Caulorhizideum Traub, Lophioprason Traub, and Rhopetoprason Traub. In addition he arranged the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> species into 6 sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraub1968-23">[23]</a> Since Traub's revision of the subgenus, two biogeographical sister clades (or alliances) have been recognised. The Old World clade is represented by two relatively small groups from the Mediterranean and East Asia. The larger New World clade by all North American species of Allium. The New World sections are Lophioprason, Amerallium, and Rhophetoprason, while the Old World is represented by sections Arctoprasum, Briseis, Narkissoprason, Molium, Bromatorrhiza and Rhynchocarpum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> The subgenus is thought to originate in the Old World, with a later split, and to have its origin in the higher latitudes of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, at the time of transition from <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>, dispersing to western North America. Twelve sections were subsequently recognized, with sections Amerallium and Molium further split into two subsections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> <dl><dt>Distribution</dt></dl> Amerallium is widely distributed within North America, Europe, north Africa, Ethiopia, the Caucasus, northern Iran, southeast Tibet, and southwest China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> The greatest species diversity occurs in North America with 81 species recognized in the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">Flora of North America</a> (north of Mexico)<a href="#cite_note-fna-38">[38]</a> and a further 13 are unique to Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESernaLópez-Ferrari1992-39">[39]</a> and a total of 26 species recognised there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> Within N America, the genus covers most of the area south of the <a href="/wiki/53rd_parallel_north" title="53rd parallel north">53rd parallel</a>, including the oak hillsides of California and Oregon, deserts of Nevada and Texas, alpine meadows of Utah and Idaho, prairies of Nebraska and Manitoba, and forest glades of Missouri and Arkansas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> <dl><dt>Uses</dt></dl> Both bulbous and rhizomatous species occur in both Old World and New World alliances. The subgenus includes both ornamentals, such as <a href="/wiki/Allium_moly" title="Allium moly">A. moly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_roseum" title="Allium roseum">A. roseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_unifolium" title="Allium unifolium">A. unifolium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allium_neapolitanum" title="Allium neapolitanum">A. neapolitanum</a>, and culinary species such as <a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">A. ursinum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> 15 Sections<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Amerallium">Section Amerallium</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Section Amerallium">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Amerallium (Traub) Kamelin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a> L. (Syn. Allium mutabile Michx.) Type Canadian garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cuthbertii" title="Allium cuthbertii">Allium cuthbertii</a> Small striped garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_drummondii" title="Allium drummondii">Allium drummondii</a> <a href="/wiki/Regel" class="mw-redirect" title="Regel">Regel</a> (Syn. Allium nuttallii S.Watson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_geyeri" title="Allium geyeri">Allium geyeri</a> S. Watson (including Allium fibrosum Regel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_textile" title="Allium textile">Allium textile</a> A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.— prairie onion</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Arctoprasum">Section Arctoprasum</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Section Arctoprasum">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Arctoprasum Kirschl.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg/170px-Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg/255px-Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg/340px-Wild_garlic_allium_ursinum_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Arctoprasum: A. ursinum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Allium ursinum</a> L. ramsons, buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear's garlic</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Briseis">Section Briseis</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Section Briseis">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Briseis (Salesb.) Stearn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_paradoxum" title="Allium paradoxum">Allium paradoxum</a> (M.Bieb.) G.Don few-flowered garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_triquetrum" title="Allium triquetrum">Allium triquetrum</a> L. Type three-cornered leek, triquetous garlic</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Bromatorrhiza">Section Bromatorrhiza</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Section Bromatorrhiza">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Bromatorrhiza Ekberg</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg/170px-Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg/255px-Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg/340px-Allium_wallichii_GotBot_2015_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="3670" /></a><figcaption>Bromatorrhiza: A. wallichii</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_hookeri" title="Allium hookeri">Allium hookeri</a> Thwaites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_macranthum" title="Allium macranthum">Allium macranthum</a> Baker (Syn. Allium oviflorum Regel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_pendulinum" title="Allium pendulinum">Allium pendulinum</a> Ten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_wallichii" title="Allium wallichii">Allium wallichii</a> Kunth (Syn. Allium polyastrum Diels, Allium wallichianum Steud. <a href="/wiki/Nom._nud." class="mw-redirect" title="Nom. nud.">nom. nud.</a>) Type</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Caulorhizideum">Section Caulorhizideum</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Section Caulorhizideum">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Caulorhizideum Traub</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg/170px-Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg/255px-Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg/340px-Swamp_onions_Allium_validum_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Caulorhizideum: A. validum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Allium validum</a> S.Watson</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Chamaeprason">Section Chamaeprason</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Section Chamaeprason">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Chamaeprason Hermann <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_brevistylum" title="Allium brevistylum">Allium brevistylum</a> S.Watson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_gooddingii" title="Allium gooddingii">Allium gooddingii</a> Ownbey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chamaemoly" title="Allium chamaemoly">Allium chamaemoly</a> L. Type</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Lophioprason">Section Lophioprason</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Section Lophioprason">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Lophioprason Traub</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_acuminatum_(4045880754).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Allium_acuminatum_%284045880754%29.jpg/170px-Allium_acuminatum_%284045880754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Allium_acuminatum_%284045880754%29.jpg/255px-Allium_acuminatum_%284045880754%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Allium_acuminatum_%284045880754%29.jpg/340px-Allium_acuminatum_%284045880754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Lophioprason: A. acuminatum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_acuminatum" title="Allium acuminatum">Allium acuminatum</a> Hook. tapertip onion, Hooker's onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_amplectens" title="Allium amplectens">Allium amplectens</a> Torr. (Syn. Allium attenuifolium Kellogg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_anceps" title="Allium anceps">Allium anceps</a> Kellog twinleaf onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atrorubens" title="Allium atrorubens">Allium atrorubens</a> S. Wats. dark red onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bigelovii" title="Allium bigelovii">Allium bigelovii</a> S.Watson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_campanulatum" title="Allium campanulatum">Allium campanulatum</a> S.Watson (Syn.: Allium bidwelliae S.Watson) dusky onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cernuum" title="Allium cernuum">Allium cernuum</a> Roth (Syn. Allium allegheniense Small) nodding onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_crispum" title="Allium crispum">Allium crispum</a> Greene</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_falcifolium" title="Allium falcifolium">Allium falcifolium</a> Hook. & Arn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fimbriatum" title="Allium fimbriatum">Allium fimbriatum</a> S.Watson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_lemmonii" title="Allium lemmonii">Allium lemmonii</a> S.Watson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_munzii" title="Allium munzii">Allium munzii</a> (Ownbey & Aase ex Traub) McNeal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_nevii" title="Allium nevii">Allium nevii</a> <a href="/wiki/Sereno_Watson" title="Sereno Watson">S. Wats.</a> — Nevius' garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_praecox" title="Allium praecox">Allium praecox</a> Brandegee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sanbornii" title="Allium sanbornii">Allium sanbornii</a> Wood Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_siskiyouense" title="Allium siskiyouense">Allium siskiyouense</a> Ownbey ex Traub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stellatum" title="Allium stellatum">Allium stellatum</a> Ker Gawl.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_unifolium" title="Allium unifolium">Allium unifolium</a> Kellogg</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Molium">Section Molium</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Section Molium">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Molium G.Don ex Koch</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_roseum0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Allium_roseum0.jpg/170px-Allium_roseum0.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Allium_roseum0.jpg/255px-Allium_roseum0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Allium_roseum0.jpg/340px-Allium_roseum0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Molium: A. roseum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_moly" title="Allium moly">Allium moly</a> L.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_neapolitanum" title="Allium neapolitanum">Allium neapolitanum</a> Cirillo (Syn. Allium sieberianum Schult. & Schult.f.) white garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_roseum" title="Allium roseum">Allium roseum</a> L. Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_subhirsutum" title="Allium subhirsutum">Allium subhirsutum</a> L. (Syn. Allium ciliatum Cirillo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_zebdanense" title="Allium zebdanense">Allium zebdanense</a> Boiss. & Noë</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Narkissoprason">Section Narkissoprason</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Section Narkissoprason">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Narkissoprason Hermann</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG/170px-Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG/255px-Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG/340px-Allium_narcissiflorum31072004fleurp%C3%A9doncules.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Narkissoprason: A. narcissiflorum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_insubricum" title="Allium insubricum">Allium insubricum</a> Boiss. & Reut.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_narcissiflorum" title="Allium narcissiflorum">Allium narcissiflorum</a> Vill. (Syn.: Allium pedemontanum Willd.) Type</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Other">Other</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Rhophetoprason Traub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_glandulosum" title="Allium glandulosum">Allium glandulosum</a> Link & Otto</li></ul></li> <li>Section Rhynchocarpum Brullo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_ruhmerianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium ruhmerianum (page does not exist)">Allium ruhmerianum</a> Aschers.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Triptera Kamelin et Seisums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tripterum" title="Allium tripterum">Allium tripterum</a> Nasir</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_evolutionary_line">Second evolutionary line</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Second evolutionary line">edit</a>]</div> Nearly all the species in this lineage of five subgenera are accounted for by subgenus Melanocrommyum, which is most closely associated with subgenera Vvedenskya and Porphyroprason, phylogenetically. These three genera are late-branching whereas the remaining two subgenera, Caloscordum and Anguinum, are early-branching.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> Of the five subgenera, the large Melanocrommymum and the oligo- or monotypic Caloscordum, Vvedenskya and Porphyroprason are bulbous and the remaining small subgenus Anguinum is rhizomatous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Caloscordum">Subgenus Caloscordum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subgenus Caloscordum">edit</a>]</div> East Asia <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li>Section Caloscordum (Herb.) Baker 3 spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_neriniflorum" title="Allium neriniflorum">Allium neriniflorum</a> (Herb.) Baker Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tubiflorum" title="Allium tubiflorum">Allium tubiflorum</a> Rendle</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Anguinum">Subgenus Anguinum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Subgenus Anguinum">edit</a>]</div> Two distinct distributions: 1. Eurasian-American (A. victorialis alliance, including A. tricoccum) 2. East Asia (A. prattii, A. ovalifolium) <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li>Section Anguinum G.Don ex Koch. 12 spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_microdictyon" title="Allium microdictyon">Allium microdictyon</a> Prokh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ochotense" title="Allium ochotense">Allium ochotense</a> Prokh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ovalifolium" title="Allium ovalifolium">Allium ovalifolium</a> Hand.-Mazz.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_prattii" title="Allium prattii">Allium prattii</a> C.H.Wright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a> Aiton (Syn.: Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G.Jones) wild leek, ramp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_victorialis" title="Allium victorialis">Allium victorialis</a> L. Type</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Porphyroprason">Subgenus Porphyroprason</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Subgenus Porphyroprason">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li>Section Porphyroprason Ekberg 1 sp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_oreophilum" title="Allium oreophilum">Allium oreophilum</a> C.A.Mey. (Syn. Allium ostrowskianum Regel)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Vvedenskya">Subgenus Vvedenskya </h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Subgenus Vvedenskya">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li><ul><li>Section Vvedenskya Kamelin 1 sp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_kujukense" title="Allium kujukense">Allium kujukense</a> Vved.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Melanocrommyum">Subgenus Melanocrommyum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Subgenus Melanocrommyum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg/170px-Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg/255px-Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg/340px-Allium_nigrum_GotBot_2015_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Type species: Allium nigrum</figcaption></figure> This <a href="/wiki/Eurasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian">Eurasian</a> subgenus, the second largest, is complex and has had a confusing taxonomic history and is extremely diverse, morphologically. It is distributed from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, to north-western China and Pakistan in the east, and southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> in the north. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a> is Central Asia where it evolved, but its ancestry is located in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> The 2006 classification of Fritsch and colleagues included 150 species but this has continued to grow. An extensive molecular based study in 2010 confirmed its monophyly but showed that the traditional sections were either <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">para-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>. On the other hand, a number of monophyletic subgroups were recognised, with about 40 <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a>, although their exact relationships remained not fully resolved. Consequently, traditional sections required considerable re-alignment. Eventually 160 species and subspecies were recognised in 20 sections and 22 subsections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFragman-SapirFritsch2011-40">[40]</a> Description: The subgenus is characterised by true tunicated bulbs, annual roots, leaves that are mostly broad and flat with subterranean sheath parts that are barely visible above the ground, scapes that are strong and most often strictly upright and of varying length, and large, fasciculate to globular inflorescences. The latter are composed of many moderately small to large, often star-like, flowers, and some of which have a sweet or noticeable odor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> History: Early (prior to 1950) classifications of Allium included many of the members of this subgenus within the bulbous section, Mollium based on morphological characteristics. Mollium was later raised to subgenus level (and then again reduced to a section of Amerallium after transferring many species to Melanocrommyum. The subgenus was then divided into sections in 1969. Molecular methods in the 1990s confirmed the identity of Melanocrommyum as a distinct monophyletic group, together with the presence of several subgroups, but the deeper relationships remained inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a> Subdivision: Subdivision of the subgenus was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Wendelbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendelbo">Wendelbo</a> in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendelbo1966-41">[41]</a> proposing section Regeloprason Wendelbo, followed in 1969 by Melanocrommyum Webb & Berthel., Kaloprason K. Koch, Acanthoprason Wendelbo, Megaloprason Wendelbo, and Thaumasioprason Wendelbo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendelbo1969-42">[42]</a> Kamelin (1973) provided an alternative arrangement of sections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelin1973-43">[43]</a> which was supplanted by the Gatersleben Allium Group classification (1992) which used a broad range of variables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a-24">[24]</a> The use of molecular markers to develop phylogeny began in the 1990s and showed that the subgenus was a well separated taxon with a number of subgeneric groupings. Friesen and colleagues (2006) carried out an extensive molecular phylogenetic study <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> resulting in a taxonomy based on 15 sections. These were then further subdivided into five of the sections to create 17 subsections. While Melanocrommyum itself appeared monophyletic, most of the sections were either para- or polyphyletic, favouring the formation of a larger number of smaller subgroups. In their study there were a number of larger sections with 15–35 species, Acmopetala, Megaloprason, Regeloprason, Kaloprason, and Acanthoprason. The remaining sections are either <a href="/wiki/Oligogotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligogotypic">oligogotypic</a> with 2–8 species (Compactoprason, Pseudoprason, Miniprason, Brevicaule, Thaumasioprason, Verticillata) or monotypic (Acaule, Aroidea, Popovia). In a more focused study in 2010 this was expanded to 20 sections and 22 subsections, or in some cases, e.g. section Melanocrommyum (type: A. nigrum) into nine alliances and Acanthoprason into seven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a> This section is the most diverse one within the subgenus in which subgroups differ according to the relationships of the lengths of leaves and scapes (leaves shorter, equal or longer than scapes) and inflorescences (fasciculate, umbellate or subglobose).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2006-44">[44]</a> The increased number of sections resulted from the splitting of some of the earlier sections, such as Acmopetala. The two species in the resulting section Longibidentata are sister to all the remaining sections (core clade). This section, together with another new section, Decipientia form the <a href="/wiki/Basal_clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal clade">basal clade</a>. Although Li et al. (2010) included three sections, their study was confined to species endemic to China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> Uses: The subgenus also contains many species grown as <a href="/wiki/Ornamentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamentals">ornamentals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Allium_giganteum" title="Allium giganteum">A. giganteum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_cristophii" title="Allium cristophii">A. cristophii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_schubertii" title="Allium schubertii">A. schubertii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_aflatunense" title="Allium aflatunense">A. aflatunense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_atropurpureum" title="Allium atropurpureum">A. atropurpureum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">A. nigrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allium_karataviense" title="Allium karataviense">A. karataviense</a>. These species are predominantly from Southwestern and Central Asia, where they are used for both culinary and medicinal purposes. The latter usage is associated with the presence of <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulphoxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphoxides">sulphoxides</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Radical_scavenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical scavenger">radical scavenger</a> activity, although many members of the subgenus possess less of these compounds and lack the distinctive taste and smell of garlic and onion, their properties appear to be associated with dithiodipyrroles and sulfur-pyridins. These substances also occur in the ornamental species, that were introduced into European and North American gardens in the early 19th century, and now are represented by an increasing number of named <a href="/wiki/Cultivars" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultivars">cultivars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. Cysteine sulphoxides are also largely responsible for the flavour and spicy taste of these species, predominantly the <a href="/wiki/Isomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric">isomeric</a> cysteine derivatives <a href="/wiki/Alliin" title="Alliin">alliin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isoalliin" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoalliin">isoalliin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2006-44">[44]</a> 15 sections <ul><li>Section Acanthoprason Type A. akaka</li> <li>Section Acaule Type A. hexaceras</li> <li>Section Acmopetala Type A. backhousianum <ul><li>7 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Aroidea Type A. aroides</li> <li>Section Asteroprason Type A. elburzense <ul><li>2 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Brevicaule Type A. sergii</li> <li>Section Compactoprason Type A. giganteum <ul><li>3 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Decipientia Type A. decipiens</li> <li>Section Kaloprason Type A. caspium <ul><li>3 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Longibidentata Type A. fetisowii</li> <li>Section Megaloprason Type A. rosenbachianum <ul><li>4 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Melanocrommyum Type A. nigrum</li> <li>Section Miniprason Type A. karataviense</li> <li>Section Popovia Type A. gypsaceum</li> <li>Section Procerallium Type Allium stipitatum <ul><li>2 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Pseudoprason Type A. koelzii</li> <li>Section Regeloprason Type A. regelii <ul><li>3 subsections</li></ul></li> <li>Section Stellata Type A. taeniopetalum</li> <li>Section Thaumasioprason Type A. mirum</li> <li>Section Verticillata Type A. verticillatum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Acanthoprason <a href="/wiki/Wendelbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendelbo">Wendelbo</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg/170px-Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg/255px-Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg/340px-Allium_akaka-IMG_2180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Acanthoprason: A. akaka</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>Allium akaka alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_akaka" title="Allium akaka">Allium akaka</a> S.G.Gmel. ex Schult. & Schult. f. Type</li></ul></li> <li>Allium austroiranicum alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_austroiranicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium austroiranicum (page does not exist)">Allium austroiranicum</a> R.M. Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Allium derderianum alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_breviscapum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium breviscapum (page does not exist)">Allium breviscapum</a> Stapf</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_derderianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium derderianum (page does not exist)">Allium derderianum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Allium haemanthoides alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_haemanthoides" title="Allium haemanthoides">Allium haemanthoides</a> Boiss. & Reut. ex Regel s. str.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_zagricum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium zagricum (page does not exist)">Allium zagricum</a> R. M. Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Allium materculae alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_graveolens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium graveolens (page does not exist)">Allium graveolens</a> (R.M.Fritsch) R.M.Fritsch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_materculae" title="Allium materculae">Allium materculae</a> Bordz.</li></ul></li> <li>Allium minutiflorum alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_hamedanense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium hamedanense (page does not exist)">Allium hamedanense</a> R. M. Fritsch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_minutiflorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium minutiflorum (page does not exist)">Allium minutiflorum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Allium ubipetrense alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_ubipetrense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium ubipetrense (page does not exist)">Allium ubipetrense</a> R. M. Fritsch (Syn. Allium haemanthoides var. lanceolatum Boiss)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Acaule R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_hexaceras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium hexaceras (page does not exist)">Allium hexaceras</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Acmopetala R.M.Fritsch <ul><li>Subsection Acmopetala R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_aflatunense" title="Allium aflatunense">Allium aflatunense</a> B.Fedtsch. non hort. flowering onion</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_backhousianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium backhousianum (page does not exist)">Allium backhousianum</a> Regel (Syn. Allium gulczense O. Fedtsch.) Type (section and subsection)</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Albidiflora R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_saposhnikovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium saposhnikovii (page does not exist)">Allium saposhnikovii</a> Nikitina (<a href="/wiki/Syn." class="mw-redirect" title="Syn.">Syn.</a> Allium collis-magni Kamelin)</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Durovaginata R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_costatovaginatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium costatovaginatum (page does not exist)">Allium costatovaginatum</a> Kamelin & Levichev Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_severtzovioides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium severtzovioides (page does not exist)">Allium severtzovioides</a> R.M. Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Inornatae R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sewerzowii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sewerzowii (page does not exist)">Allium sewerzowii</a> Regel Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_tashkenticum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium tashkenticum (page does not exist)">Allium tashkenticum</a> F. O. Khass. & R. M. Fritsch (Syn. Allium collis-magni auct. non Kamelin)</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Pharmakoprason R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tschimganicum" title="Allium tschimganicum">Allium tschimganicum</a> B.Fedtsch. (Syn. Allium motor Kamelin & Levichev)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Aroidea Khass. & R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_aroides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium aroides (page does not exist)">Allium aroides</a> Vved. et Popov</li></ul></li> <li>Section Asteroprason R. M. Fritsch <ul><li>Subsect Asteroprason R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_elburzense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium elburzense (page does not exist)">Allium elburzense</a> Wendelbo Type (section and subsection)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_helicophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium helicophyllum (page does not exist)">Allium helicophyllum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_monophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium monophyllum (page does not exist)">Allium monophyllum</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Christophiana T Scholok. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cristophii" title="Allium cristophii">Allium cristophii</a> Trautv. (Syn. Allium albopilosum C.H.Wright, Allium walteri Regel, <a href="/wiki/Allium_bodeanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium bodeanum">Allium bodeanum</a> Regel nom. rej., Allium christophii Trautv. <a href="/wiki/Orth._var." class="mw-redirect" title="Orth. var.">orth. var.</a>) Type</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_cristophii04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Allium_cristophii04.jpg/170px-Allium_cristophii04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Allium_cristophii04.jpg/255px-Allium_cristophii04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Allium_cristophii04.jpg/340px-Allium_cristophii04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Kaloprason: A. cristophii</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_ellisii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium ellisii (page does not exist)">Allium ellisii</a> Hook.f</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Brevicaule R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_badakhshanicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium badakhshanicum (page does not exist)">Allium badakhshanicum</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chitralicum" title="Allium chitralicum">Allium chitralicum</a> Wang et Tang s. str. (Syn. Allium pauli Vved.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sergii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sergii (page does not exist)">Allium sergii</a> Vved. Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Compactoprason R.M.Fritsch</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_giganteum_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Allium_giganteum_001.JPG/170px-Allium_giganteum_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Allium_giganteum_001.JPG/255px-Allium_giganteum_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Allium_giganteum_001.JPG/340px-Allium_giganteum_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1689" /></a><figcaption>Compactoprason: A. giganteum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>Subsection Erectopetala F. O. K Hass. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_giganteum" title="Allium giganteum">Allium giganteum</a> Regel Type (section and subsection) giant onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_macleanii" title="Allium macleanii">Allium macleanii</a> Baker (Syn. Allium elatum Regel)</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Komaroviana F. O. Khass. & R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_komarowii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium komarowii (page does not exist)">Allium komarowii</a> Lipsky</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Spiralopetala F. O. Khass. & R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_majus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium majus (page does not exist)">Allium majus</a> Vved.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Decipientia (O Melczuk) R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_chelotum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium chelotum (page does not exist)">Allium chelotum</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_decipiens" title="Allium decipiens">Allium decipiens</a> Fisch. ex Schult. & Schult. f. Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_grande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium grande (page does not exist)">Allium grande</a> Lipsky</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_roborowskianum" title="Allium roborowskianum">Allium roborowskianum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_robustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium robustum">Allium robustum</a> Kar.&Kir.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sinkiangense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sinkiangense (page does not exist)">Allium sinkiangense</a> F.T. Wang & Y.C. Tang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tulipifolium" title="Allium tulipifolium">Allium tulipifolium</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_viridulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium viridulum">Allium viridulum</a> Ledeb.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Kaloprason C.Koch <ul><li>Subsection Kaloprason (K. Koch) Kamelin s. str. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caspium" title="Allium caspium">Allium caspium</a> (Pall.) M. Bieb. Type (section and subsection)</li> <li>Allium bucharicum Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Ligulifolia R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_alexeianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium alexeianum (page does not exist)">Allium alexeianum</a> Regel s. str.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_hindukuschense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium hindukuschense (page does not exist)">Allium hindukuschense</a> Kamelin & Seisums</li></ul></li> <li>Subsect Schubertia Kamelin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_schubertii" title="Allium schubertii">Allium schubertii</a> Zucc.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Longibidentata (R.M.Fritsch) R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fetisowii" title="Allium fetisowii">Allium fetisowii</a> Regel (Syn. Allium simile Regel) Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_chychkanense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium chychkanense (page does not exist)">Allium chychkanense</a> R. M. Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Section Megaloprason Wendelbo <ul><li>Subsection Humilicognata R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_assadii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium assadii (page does not exist)">Allium assadii</a> Seisums (Syn. Allium brachyscapum sensu Wendelbo)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_brachyscapum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium brachyscapum (page does not exist)">Allium brachyscapum</a> Vved. Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_scotostemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium scotostemon (page does not exist)">Allium scotostemon</a> Wendelbo</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Keratoprason R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sarawschanicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sarawschanicum (page does not exist)">Allium sarawschanicum</a> Regel (Syn. Allium pseudozeravschanicum Popov & Vved. ex B. Fedtsch & Popov)</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Megaloprason R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_insufficiens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium insufficiens (page does not exist)">Allium insufficiens</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rosenbachianum" title="Allium rosenbachianum">Allium rosenbachianum</a> Regel Type (section and subsection)</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Spiralitunicata R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fibriferum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium fibriferum">Allium fibriferum</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_suworowii" title="Allium suworowii">Allium suworowii</a> Regel Type</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Melanocrommyum Webb & Berthel. s.s.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg/170px-Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg/255px-Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg/340px-Allium_atropurpureum_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Melanocrommyum: A. atropurpureum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>Allium asclepiadeum alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_asclepiadeum" title="Allium asclepiadeum">Allium asclepiadeum</a> Bornm.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_chrysantherum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium chrysantherum (page does not exist)">Allium chrysantherum</a> Boiss.& Reut. (Syn. Allium reflexum Boiss.& Reut. non F. Dietr.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_eginense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium eginense (page does not exist)">Allium eginense</a> Freyn</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_kharputense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium kharputense (page does not exist)">Allium kharputense</a> Freyn & Sint.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_nemrutdaghense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium nemrutdaghense (page does not exist)">Allium nemrutdaghense</a> Kit Tan & Sorger</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_olivieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium olivieri (page does not exist)">Allium olivieri</a> Boiss.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_saralicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium saralicum (page does not exist)">Allium saralicum</a> R. M. Fritsch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_shatakiense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium shatakiense (page does not exist)">Allium shatakiense</a> Rech.f.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_stenopetalum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium stenopetalum (page does not exist)">Allium stenopetalum</a> Boiss. & Kotschy</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_urmiense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium urmiense (page does not exist)">Allium urmiense</a> Kamelin & Seisums</li></ul></li> <li>Allium bisotunense alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisotunense" title="Allium bisotunense">Allium bisotunense</a> R. M. Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Allium cardiostemon alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_cardiostemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium cardiostemon (page does not exist)">Allium cardiostemon</a> Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (Syn. Allium atriphoeniceum Bornm., Allium nabelekii Kamelin & Seisums, Allium trilophostemon Bornm.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_mariae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium mariae (page does not exist)">Allium mariae</a> Bordz.</li></ul></li> <li>Allium colchicifolium alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_colchicifolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium colchicifolium (page does not exist)">Allium colchicifolium</a> Boiss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_libani" title="Allium libani">Allium libani</a> Boiss. Lebanese onion</li></ul></li> <li>Allium multibulbosum alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atropurpureum" title="Allium atropurpureum">Allium atropurpureum</a> Waldst. & Kit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cyrilli" title="Allium cyrilli">Allium cyrilli</a> Ten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_multibulbosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium multibulbosum">Allium multibulbosum</a> Jacq. (Syn. Allium nigrum auct. non L.)</li></ul></li> <li>Allium nigrum alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_nigrum" title="Allium nigrum">Allium nigrum</a> L. (Syn. Allium afrum (Zuccagni) Kunth, Allium magicum L., nom. rej., Allium bauerianum Baker) Type black garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_struzlianum" title="Allium struzlianum">Allium struzlianum</a> Ogan.</li></ul></li> <li>Allium noëanum alliance <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_karamanoglui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium karamanoglui (page does not exist)">Allium karamanoglui</a> Koyuncu & Kollmann</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_no%C3%ABanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium noëanum (page does not exist)">Allium noëanum</a> Reut. ex Regel (Syn. Allium dilutum Stapf, Allium jenischianum Regel)</li></ul></li> <li>Allium orientale alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_aschersonianum" title="Allium aschersonianum">Allium aschersonianum</a> Barbey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_dumetorum" title="Allium dumetorum">Allium dumetorum</a> Feinbrun & Szel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_orientale" title="Allium orientale">Allium orientale</a> Boiss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tel-avivense" title="Allium tel-avivense">Allium tel-avivense</a> Eig</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_tubergenii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium tubergenii (page does not exist)">Allium tubergenii</a> Freyn</li></ul></li> <li>Allium rothii alliance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rothii" title="Allium rothii">Allium rothii</a> Zucc.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_vinicolor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium vinicolor (page does not exist)">Allium vinicolor</a> Wendelbo</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Miniprason R.M.Fritsch <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_karataviense_(Poland,_Lublin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Allium_karataviense_%28Poland%2C_Lublin%29.jpg/170px-Allium_karataviense_%28Poland%2C_Lublin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Allium_karataviense_%28Poland%2C_Lublin%29.jpg/255px-Allium_karataviense_%28Poland%2C_Lublin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Allium_karataviense_%28Poland%2C_Lublin%29.jpg/340px-Allium_karataviense_%28Poland%2C_Lublin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Miniprason: A. karataviense</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_karataviense" title="Allium karataviense">Allium karataviense</a> Regel (Syn. Allium cabulicum Baker, Allium singulifolium Rech. f.; ? incl. subsp. henrikii Ruksans)</li></ul></li> <li>Section Popovia Khass. & R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_gypsaceum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium gypsaceum (page does not exist)">Allium gypsaceum</a> Popov et Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Procerallium R. M. Fritsch <ul><li>Subsection Elatae R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stipitatum" title="Allium stipitatum">Allium stipitatum</a> Regel Type (subsection and section) Persian shallot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_altissimum" title="Allium altissimum">Allium altissimum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Costatae R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_hollandicum" title="Allium hollandicum">Allium hollandicum</a> R. M. Fritsch (Syn. Allium aflatunense hort. non B. Fedtsch.) flowering onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_jesdianum" title="Allium jesdianum">Allium jesdianum</a> Boiss. & Buhse Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rosenorum" title="Allium rosenorum">Allium rosenorum</a> R.M. Fritsch (Syn. Allium rosenbachianum auct. non Regel)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Pseudoprason (Wendelbo) K.Persson & Wendelbo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_hooshidaryae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium hooshidaryae (page does not exist)">Allium hooshidaryae</a> Mashayekhi, Zarre & R.M.Fritsch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_koelzii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium koelzii (page does not exist)">Allium koelzii</a> (Wendelbo) K.Perss. et Wendelbo Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Regeloprason Wendelbo</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg/170px-Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg/255px-Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg/340px-Allium_regelii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3670" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption>Regeloprason: A. regelii</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>Subsection Diffusoumbellata R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_balkhanicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium balkhanicum (page does not exist)">Allium balkhanicum</a> (R. M. Fritsch & F.O.Khass.) R. M. Fritsch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_cathodicarpum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium cathodicarpum (page does not exist)">Allium cathodicarpum</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_cupuliferum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium cupuliferum (page does not exist)">Allium cupuliferum</a> Regel Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_iliense" title="Allium iliense">Allium iliense</a> Regel </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_isakulii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium isakulii (page does not exist)">Allium isakulii</a> R. M. Fritsch & F.O.Khass. (Syn. Allium cupuliferum sensu Kamelin subsp. nuratense Kamelin)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_subkopetdagense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium subkopetdagense (page does not exist)">Allium subkopetdagense</a> (R. M. Fritsch & F.O. Khass.) R. M. Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Odoratae R. M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chodsha-bakirganicum" title="Allium chodsha-bakirganicum">Allium chodsha-bakirganicum</a> Gaffarov & Turakulov</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_darwasicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium darwasicum (page does not exist)">Allium darwasicum</a> Regel Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_hissaricum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium hissaricum (page does not exist)">Allium hissaricum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_intradarvazicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium intradarvazicum (page does not exist)">Allium intradarvazicum</a> R. M. Fritsch*** <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_lipskyanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium lipskyanum (page does not exist)">Allium lipskyanum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pseudowinklerianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pseudowinklerianum (page does not exist)">Allium pseudowinklerianum</a> R. M. Fritsch & F.O. Khass</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sochense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sochense (page does not exist)">Allium sochense</a> R. M. Fritsch & U. Turakulov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_winklerianum" title="Allium winklerianum">Allium winklerianum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Subsection Regeloprason (Wendelbo) Kamelin <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_regelii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium regelii (page does not exist)">Allium regelii</a> Trautv. Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_victoris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium victoris (page does not exist)">Allium victoris</a> Vved.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Section Stellata (F.O. Khass. & R.M. Fritsch) R.M. Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_taeniopetalum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium taeniopetalum (page does not exist)">Allium taeniopetalum</a> Popov & Vved. (Syn.: Allium baschkyzylsaicum Krassovsk., Allium mogoltavicum Vved.)</li></ul></li> <li>Section Thaumasioprason Wendelbo <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_caroli-henrici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium caroli-henrici (page does not exist)">Allium caroli-henrici</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_cucullatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium cucullatum (page does not exist)">Allium cucullatum</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_khozratense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium khozratense (page does not exist)">Allium khozratense</a> R. M. Fritsch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_mirum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium mirum (page does not exist)">Allium mirum</a> Wendelbo Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Verticillata Kamelin <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_verticillatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium verticillatum (page does not exist)">Allium verticillatum</a> Regel</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_evolutionary_line">Third evolutionary line</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Third evolutionary line">edit</a>]</div> The third evolutionary line contains the most number of subgenera (seven) and also the largest subgenus of the genus Allium, subgenus Allium which includes the type species of the genus, Allium sativum. This subgenus also contains the majority of the species in the line. Within the lineage the phylogeny is complex. Two small subgenera Butomissa and Cyathophora form a sister clade to the remaining five subgenera, with Butomissa as the first branching group. Amongst the remaining five subgenera, Rhizirideum forms a medium-sized subgenus that is the sister to the other four larger subgenera. However, they may not be monophyletic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> Of the seven subgenera, the large subgenus Allium represents the bulbous element.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Butomissa">Subgenus Butomissa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Subgenus Butomissa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg/170px-%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg/255px-%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg/340px-%27Allium_tuberosum%27_in_the_Walled_Garden_of_Goodnestone_Park_Kent_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">Allium tuberosum</a></figcaption></figure> 2 sections <ul><li>Section Austromontana Type A. oreoprasum</li> <li>Section Butomissa Type A. ramosum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Austromontana N.Friesen</li></ul> <dl><dd>Mountains from eastern to central Asia up to the borderline of the eastern Mediterranean</dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_gilgiticum" title="Allium gilgiticum">Allium gilgiticum</a> Wang & Tang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_oreoprasum" title="Allium oreoprasum">Allium oreoprasum</a> Schrenk Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Butomissa (Salisb.) Kamelin</li></ul> <dl><dd>Siberian–Mongolian–North Chinese steppes</dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ramosum" title="Allium ramosum">Allium ramosum</a> L. (Syn. Allium odorum L., Allium tataricum L. f., Allium lancipetalum Y.P.Hsu, Allium potaninii Regel, Allium weichanicum Palibin) Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">Allium tuberosum</a> Rottler ex Spreng Chinese chives</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Cyathophora">Subgenus Cyathophora</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Subgenus Cyathophora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG/170px-Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG/255px-Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG/340px-Allium_cyathophorum_farreri_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1601" /></a><figcaption>Type species: Allium cyathophorum</figcaption></figure> Asia (Tibet and the Himalayas) 3 sections <ul><li>Section Coleoblastus Type A. mairei</li> <li>Section Cyathophora Type A. cyathophorum</li> <li>Section Milula Type A. spicatum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Coleoblastus Ekberg <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_auriculatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium auriculatum (page does not exist)">Allium auriculatum</a> Kunth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_mairei" title="Allium mairei">Allium mairei</a> H.Lév. (Syn. Allium yunnanense Diels) Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Cyathophora R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cyathophorum" title="Allium cyathophorum">Allium cyathophorum</a> Bureau & Franch</li></ul></li> <li>Section Milula (Prain) Friesen <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_spicatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium spicatum (page does not exist)">Allium spicatum</a> (Prain) N.Friesen</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Rhizirideum">Subgenus Rhizirideum</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Subgenus Rhizirideum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_senescens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Allium_senescens.jpg/170px-Allium_senescens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Allium_senescens.jpg/255px-Allium_senescens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Allium_senescens.jpg/340px-Allium_senescens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Type species: Allium senescens</figcaption></figure> ~ 37 species. Eurasian steppes, with greatest diversity in southern Siberia and Mongolia. Only a few species distributed in Europe, with Portugal as most western point. Some species occur also in Korea and far eastern Russia, and one in Japan. 5 sections <ul><li>Section Caespitosoprason Type A. polyrhizum</li> <li>Section Eduardia Type A. eduardii</li> <li>Section Rhizirideum Type A. senescens</li> <li>Section Rhizomatosa Type A. caespitosum</li> <li>Section Tenuissima Type A. tenuissimum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Caespitosoprason N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bidentatum" title="Allium bidentatum">Allium bidentatum</a> Fisch. ex Prokh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_mongolicum" title="Allium mongolicum">Allium mongolicum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_polyrhizum" title="Allium polyrhizum">Allium polyrhizum</a> Turcz. ex Regel Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_przewalskianum" title="Allium przewalskianum">Allium przewalskianum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_subangulatum" title="Allium subangulatum">Allium subangulatum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Section Eduardia N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_eduardii" title="Allium eduardii">Allium eduardii</a> Stearn</li></ul></li> <li>Section Rhizirideum G.Don ex Koch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_albidum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium albidum">Allium albidum</a> Fisch. ex M.Bieb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_angulosum" title="Allium angulosum">Allium angulosum</a> L. mouse garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_austrosibiricum" title="Allium austrosibiricum">Allium austrosibiricum</a> N.Friesen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_burjaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium burjaticum">Allium burjaticum</a> N.Friesen</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_denudatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium denudatum (page does not exist)">Allium denudatum</a> Redouté (Syn. Allium albidum Fisch. ex M.Bieb.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_lusitanicum" title="Allium lusitanicum">Allium lusitanicum</a> Lam. (Syn. Allium fallax Schult. & Schult. f., Allium montanum F.W.Schmidt)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_minus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium minus (page does not exist)">Allium minus</a> S.Yu, W.Lee & S.Lee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_nutans" title="Allium nutans">Allium nutans</a> L.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_prostratum" title="Allium prostratum">Allium prostratum</a> Trevir.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pseudosenescens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pseudosenescens (page does not exist)">Allium pseudosenescens</a> H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rubens" title="Allium rubens">Allium rubens</a> Schrad. ex Willd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_senescens" title="Allium senescens">Allium senescens</a> L. (Syn. Allium baicalense Willd., Allium glaucum Schrad. ex Poir.) Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_spirale" title="Allium spirale">Allium spirale</a> Willd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_spurium" title="Allium spurium">Allium spurium</a> G.Don (Syn. Allium dauricum N.Friesen, Allium saxicola Kitag.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_stellerianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium stellerianum (page does not exist)">Allium stellerianum</a> Willd.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Rhizomatosa Egor. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caespitosum" title="Allium caespitosum">Allium caespitosum</a> Siev.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Tenuissima (Tzag.) Hanelt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_anisopodium" title="Allium anisopodium">Allium anisopodium</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tenuissimum" title="Allium tenuissimum">Allium tenuissimum</a> L. Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_vodopjanovae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium vodopjanovae (page does not exist)">Allium vodopjanovae</a> N.Friesen</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Allium">Subgenus Allium</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Subgenus Allium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG/170px-Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG/255px-Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG/340px-Vitl%C3%B6ksblomma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>Type species: Allium sativum</figcaption></figure> Subgenus Allium, the youngest of the subgenera, is predominantly Mediterranean but its distribution extends east towards Central Asia. This very large subgenus is divided into 15 - 16 sections<a href="#cite_note-45">[a]</a> and demonstrates two main groups. One has been referred to as classical Allium with tripartite inner filaments and only one thick storage cataphyll. The other is more diverse morphologically reflected in less closely related sections. A number of sections appear to be non-monophyletic, including Avulsea, Pallasia, Brevispatha and Kopetdagia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010-32">[32]</a> It includes both ornamentals, such as A. sphaerocephalon, A. caeruleum, A. carinatum and A. flavum as well as food crops such as A. sativum and A. ampeloprasum. 16 Sections <ul><li>Section Allium Type A. sativum</li> <li>Section Avulsea Type A. rubellum</li> <li>Section Brevidentia Type A. brevidens</li> <li>Section Brevispatha Type A. parciflorum</li> <li>Section Caerulea Type A. caeruleum</li> <li>Section Codonoprasum Type A. oleraceum</li> <li>Section Costulatae Type A. filidens</li> <li>Section Crystallina Type A. crystallinum</li> <li>Section Eremoprasum Type A. sabulosum</li> <li>Section Kopetdagia Type A. kopedeganse</li> <li>Section Longivaginata Type A. longivaginatum</li> <li>Section Minuta Type A. minutum</li> <li>Section Mediasia Type A. turkestanicum</li> <li>Section Multicaulea Type A. lehmannianum</li> <li>Section Pallasia Type A. pallasii</li> <li>Section Spathulata Type A. spathulatum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Allium">Section Allium</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Section Allium">edit</a>]</div> This is the largest section with about 114 species, a number of which are economically important, such as A. sativum (garlic) and A. ampeloprasum (leek). This section also expresses frequent <a href="/wiki/Polyploidy" title="Polyploidy">polyploidy</a> and contains a number of species whose boundaries have been difficult to establish, notably A. ampeloprasum which includes a number of subspecies and varieties, as well as synonymous species, which have been labelled the "A. ampeloprasum complex". Horticulturally, it is represented by at least four groups, including leeks, whose exact ancestry has been considered uncertain. In the molecular phylogenetic study by Hirschegger and colleagues (2010) showed section Allium to be a well supported clade with two main subclades, one of which included two smaller clades. All of the tetraploid forms of A. ampeloprasum were resolved in a single clade, and leeks appeared to be more closely allied to A. iranicum and A. atroviolaceum than A. ampeloprasum. Restoration of A. porrum L. was therefore proposed for the tertraploid forms, reserving A. ampeloprasum for the forms known horticulturally as great headed garlic and A. ampeloprasum var. babingtonii.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010-32">[32]</a> <ul><li>Section Allium L. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_acutiflorum" title="Allium acutiflorum">Allium acutiflorum</a> Lois.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_affine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium affine">Allium affine</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_amethystinum" title="Allium amethystinum">Allium amethystinum</a> Tausch (Syn.: Allium stojanovii Kov.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">Allium ampeloprasum</a> L. (Syn. Allium babingtonii Borrer, Allium scorodoprasum var. babingtonii (Borrer) Regel, Allium kurrat Schweinf. ex K.Krause) (broadleaf) wild leek</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_artemisietorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium artemisietorum (page does not exist)">Allium artemisietorum</a> Eig & Feinbrun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atroviolaceum" title="Allium atroviolaceum">Allium atroviolaceum</a> Boiss. (Syn.: Allium ampeloprasum var. atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_aucheri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium aucheri (page does not exist)">Allium aucheri</a> Boiss. (Syn.: Allium caerulescens Boiss.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_bourgeaui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium bourgeaui (page does not exist)">Allium bourgeaui</a> Rech.f.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_commutatum" title="Allium commutatum">Allium commutatum</a> Guss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_curtum" title="Allium curtum">Allium curtum</a> Boiss. & Gaill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_dictyoprasum" title="Allium dictyoprasum">Allium dictyoprasum</a> C.A.Mey. ex Kunth</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_dilatatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium dilatatum (page does not exist)">Allium dilatatum</a> Zahar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_dregeanum" title="Allium dregeanum">Allium dregeanum</a> Kunth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ebusitanum" title="Allium ebusitanum">Allium ebusitanum</a> Font Quer (Syn.: Allium durandoi (Batt. & Trab.) Seregin, Allium sphaerocephalon var. durandoi Batt. & Trab.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_ekimianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium ekimianum (page does not exist)">Allium ekimianum</a> Ekşi, Koyuncu & Özkan</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_fuscoviolaceum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium fuscoviolaceum (page does not exist)">Allium fuscoviolaceum</a> Fomin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_gramineum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium gramineum (page does not exist)">Allium gramineum</a> K.Koch (Syn.: Allium fominianum Miscz. ex Grossh. & Schischk.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_guttatum" title="Allium guttatum">Allium guttatum</a> Steven (Syn.: Allium dalmaticum A.Kern. ex Janch., Allium margaritaceum Sm., Allium sardoum Moris)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_heldreichii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium heldreichii (page does not exist)">Allium heldreichii</a> Boiss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_iranicum" title="Allium iranicum">Allium iranicum</a> (Wendelbo) Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_jubatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium jubatum (page does not exist)">Allium jubatum</a> J.F.Macbr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_leucanthum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium leucanthum">Allium leucanthum</a> K.Koch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_macrochaetum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium macrochaetum (page does not exist)">Allium macrochaetum</a> Boiss. & Hausskn.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_melitense" title="Allium melitense">Allium melitense</a> (Somm. & Caruana) Cif. & Giacom.(Syn. Allium ampeloprasum var. melitense Sommier & Caruana ex Borg.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_polyanthum" title="Allium polyanthum">Allium polyanthum</a> Schult. & Schult. f.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_ponticum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium ponticum (page does not exist)">Allium ponticum</a> Miscz. ex Grossh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_porrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium porrum">Allium porrum</a> L. (Syn. A. ampeloprasum var. porrum (L.) J.Gay)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pseudoampeloprasum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pseudoampeloprasum (page does not exist)">Allium pseudoampeloprasum</a> Miscz. ex Grossh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_pyrenaicum" title="Allium pyrenaicum">Allium pyrenaicum</a> Costa & Vayr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rotundum" title="Allium rotundum">Allium rotundum</a> L. (Syn. Allium jajlae Vved., Allium cilicium Boiss., Allium waldsteinii G.Don)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium sativum">Allium sativum</a> L. (Syn.: Allium longicuspis Regel) Type garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_scorodoprasum" title="Allium scorodoprasum">Allium scorodoprasum</a> L. sand leek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sphaerocephalon" title="Allium sphaerocephalon">Allium sphaerocephalon</a> L. (Syn. Allium descendens L.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_truncatum" title="Allium truncatum">Allium truncatum</a> (Feinbrun) Kollmann & Zohary (Syn.: Allium ampeloprasum var. truncatum Feinbrun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuncelianum" title="Allium tuncelianum">Allium tuncelianum</a> (Kollmann) Özhatay et al. Tunceli garlic, Ovacik garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Allium vineale</a> L. (Syn. Allium kochii Lange, Allium vineale var. purpureum H.P.G.Koch) crow garlic, wild garlic</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Avulsea">Section Avulsea</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Section Avulsea">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Avulsea F.O.Khass. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rubellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium rubellum">Allium rubellum</a> M.Bieb. (Syn. Allium albanum Grossh.) Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_umbilicatum" title="Allium umbilicatum">Allium umbilicatum</a> Boiss.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Brevidentia">Section Brevidentia</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Section Brevidentia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Brevidentia F.O.Khass. et Iengalycheva <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_brevidens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium brevidens (page does not exist)">Allium brevidens</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_haneltii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium haneltii (page does not exist)">Allium haneltii</a> F.O.Khass. & R.M.Fritsch</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Brevispatha">Section Brevispatha</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Section Brevispatha">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Brevispatha Valsecchi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_lojaconoi" title="Allium lojaconoi">Allium lojaconoi</a> Brullo, Lanfr. & P.Pavone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_parciflorum" title="Allium parciflorum">Allium parciflorum</a> Brullo, Lanfr. & P.Pavone Type</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Caerulea">Section Caerulea</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Section Caerulea">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Caerulea (Omelcz.) F.O.Khass. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caeruleum" title="Allium caeruleum">Allium caeruleum</a> Pall. (Syn. Allium azureum Ledeb., Allium viviparum Kar. & Kir.) Type blue globe onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_caesium" title="Allium caesium">Allium caesium</a> Schrenk (Syn.: Allium urceolatum Regel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_delicatulum" title="Allium delicatulum">Allium delicatulum</a> J.F.E.Siev. ex Schult. & Schult. f.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Codonoprasum">Section Codonoprasum</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Section Codonoprasum">edit</a>]</div> Section Codonoprason is strongly <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmeri_et_al.2016-46">[45]</a> and has its <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of diversity">centre of diversity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region, particularly Greece and Turkey, but extends to other areas of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It was originally conceived of as a separate genus, Codonoprasum by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gottlieb_Ludwig_Reichenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach">Reichenbach</a> in 1828.<a href="#cite_note-Alliaceae-47">[46]</a> The taxonomy of the section is complicated with inconsistent speciation. In 2005 the section was considered to consist of 58 species and 7 subspecies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeregin2005-48">[47]</a> The section is characterised as large plants with multiflowered inflorescences, long pedicels, very long spathe valves and a cylindrical-campanulate perigon, with unequal and long-caudate spathe leaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanelt1996-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmeri_et_al.2016-46">[45]</a> Historically the section has been considered to have a number of subsections. Friesen recognised 2,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> while others have described 3, e.g.;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECesmedzievTerzijski1997-50">[49]</a> <dl><dd>Codonoprasum (Rchb.) Kamelin </dd> <dd>Longistamineum Cheshm. ex Omelczuk</dd> <dd>Haemoprason (F. Herm.) Cheshm.</dd></dl> Many species were previously included in a grouping referred to as the Paniculatum complex. Molecular studies demonstrate the presence of two clades within the section. Clade A contains the two autumn flowering species, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_tardans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium tardans (page does not exist)">Allium tardans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allium_parciflorum" title="Allium parciflorum">Allium parciflorum</a> as a subclade. Clade B contains the smaller taxa within the section. <ul><li>Section Codonoprasum <a href="/wiki/Reichenb." class="mw-redirect" title="Reichenb.">Reichenb.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_agrigentinum" title="Allium agrigentinum">Allium agrigentinum</a> Brullo & Pavone</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_apergii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium apergii (page does not exist)">Allium apergii</a> Trigas, Iatrou & Tzanoudakis</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_apolloniensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium apolloniensis (page does not exist)">Allium apolloniensis</a> B. Biel, Kit Tan & Tzanoud.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_brulloi" title="Allium brulloi">Allium brulloi</a> Salmeri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_candargyi" title="Allium candargyi">Allium candargyi</a> Karavok. & Tzanoud.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_carinatum" title="Allium carinatum">Allium carinatum</a> L. (Syn.: Allium pulchellum G.Don)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_castellanense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium castellanense (page does not exist)">Allium castellanense</a> (Garbari, Miceli & Raimondo) Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone & Salmeri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chloranthum" title="Allium chloranthum">Allium chloranthum</a> Boiss.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_dentiferum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium dentiferum">Allium dentiferum</a> Webb & Berthel </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_desertorum" title="Allium desertorum">Allium desertorum</a> Forssk.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_dodecanesii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium dodecanesii (page does not exist)">Allium dodecanesii</a> Karavokyrou & Tzanoudak</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_dirphianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium dirphianum (page does not exist)">Allium dirphianum</a> Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_dumanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium dumanii (page does not exist)">Allium dumanii</a> Koyuncu & Koçyiğit</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_exile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium exile (page does not exist)">Allium exile</a> Boiss. & Orph.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_flavum" title="Allium flavum">Allium flavum</a> L. (Syn.: Allium paczoskianum Tuzson)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_garganicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium garganicum (page does not exist)">Allium garganicum</a> Brullo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_guicciardii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium guicciardii (page does not exist)">Allium guicciardii</a> Heldr.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_kunthianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium kunthianum (page does not exist)">Allium kunthianum</a> Vved. (Syn.: Allium lepidum Kunth)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_lehmanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium lehmanii (page does not exist)">Allium lehmanii</a> Lojac.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_melanantherum" title="Allium melanantherum">Allium melanantherum</a> Pančić</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_occultum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium occultum (page does not exist)">Allium occultum</a> Tzanoudakis & Trigas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_oleraceum" title="Allium oleraceum">Allium oleraceum</a> L. Type field garlic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_pallens" title="Allium pallens">Allium pallens</a> L. (Syn.: Allium coppoleri Tineo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_paniculatum" title="Allium paniculatum">Allium paniculatum</a> L. (Syn.: Allium karsianum Fomin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_parciflorum" title="Allium parciflorum">Allium parciflorum</a> Viv.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_parnassicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium parnassicum (page does not exist)">Allium parnassicum</a> (Boiss.) Halacsy</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_phitosianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium phitosianum (page does not exist)">Allium phitosianum</a> Brullo, Guglielmo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pilosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pilosum (page does not exist)">Allium pilosum</a> Sm.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_platakisii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium platakisii (page does not exist)">Allium platakisii</a> Tzanoud. & Kypr.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pseudoflavum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pseudoflavum (page does not exist)">Allium pseudoflavum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_rausii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium rausii (page does not exist)">Allium rausii</a> Brullo, Guglidmo, Pavone, Salmeri & Terrasi</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_rupestre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium rupestre (page does not exist)">Allium rupestre</a> Steven (Syn.: Allium charaulicum Fomin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_savii" title="Allium savii">Allium savii</a> Parl.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_stamineum" title="Allium stamineum">Allium stamineum</a> Boiss.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_tardans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium tardans (page does not exist)">Allium tardans</a> Greuter & Zahar.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_telmatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium telmatum (page does not exist)">Allium telmatum</a> Bogdanovic, Brullo, Giusso & Salmeri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tenuiflorum" title="Allium tenuiflorum">Allium tenuiflorum</a> Ten.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Section_Costulatae">Section Costulatae</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Section Costulatae">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Costulatae F.O.Khass. & Yengal. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_filidens" title="Allium filidens">Allium filidens</a> Regel Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_turcomanicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium turcomanicum (page does not exist)">Allium turcomanicum</a> Regel</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Other_2">Other</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Section Crystallina F.O.Khass. & Yengalycheva <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_crystallinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium crystallinum (page does not exist)">Allium crystallinum</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Eremoprasum (Kamelin) F.O.Khass. ex R.M.Fritsch & N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sabulosum" title="Allium sabulosum">Allium sabulosum</a> Steven ex Bunge Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Kopetdagia F. O. Khassanov <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_kopetdagense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium kopetdagense (page does not exist)">Allium kopetdagense</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Longivaginata (Kamelin) F.O.Khass. ex R.M.Fritsch & N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_longivaginatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium longivaginatum (page does not exist)">Allium longivaginatum</a> Wendelbo</li></ul></li> <li>Section Minuta F. O. Khassanov <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_minutum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium minutum (page does not exist)">Allium minutum</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Mediasia F.O.Khass., Yengalycheva & N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_turkestanicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium turkestanicum (page does not exist)">Allium turkestanicum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Section Multicaulea F.O.Khass. & Yengalycheva <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_lehmannianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium lehmannianum (page does not exist)">Allium lehmannianum</a> Merckl. ex Bunge</li></ul></li> <li>Section Pallasia (Tzag.) F.O.Khass. ex R.M.Fritsch & N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_pallasii" title="Allium pallasii">Allium pallasii</a> Murray Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tanguticum" title="Allium tanguticum">Allium tanguticum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Section Spathulata F.O. Khass. & R.M.Fritsch <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_spathulatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium spathulatum (page does not exist)">Allium spathulatum</a> Khass. & R.M.Fritsch</li></ul></li> <li>Unplaced <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_macrostemon" title="Allium macrostemon">Allium macrostemon</a> Bunge (Syn. Allium grayi Regel, Allium nipponicum Franch. & Sav.)<a href="#cite_note-52">[b]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Reticulatobulbosa">Subgenus Reticulatobulbosa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Subgenus Reticulatobulbosa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg/170px-Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg/255px-Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg/340px-Allium_barsczewskii_GotBot_2015_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3670" data-file-height="5496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allium_barsczewskii" title="Allium barsczewskii">Allium barsczewskii</a></figcaption></figure> The second largest subgenus in the third evolutionary line. 5 sections. <ul><li>Section Campanulata Type A. xiphopetalum</li> <li>Section Nigrimontana Type A. drobovii</li> <li>Section Reticulatobulbosa Type A. lineare</li> <li>Section Scabriscapa Type A. scabriscapum</li> <li>Section Sikkimensia Type A. sikkimense</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Campanulata Kamelin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_barsczewskii" title="Allium barsczewskii">Allium barsczewskii</a> Lipsky</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_drepanophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium drepanophyllum (page does not exist)">Allium drepanophyllum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_inconspicuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium inconspicuum (page does not exist)">Allium inconspicuum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_jodanthum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium jodanthum (page does not exist)">Allium jodanthum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_xiphopetalum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium xiphopetalum (page does not exist)">Allium xiphopetalum</a> Aitch. Type</li></ul></li> <li>Section Nigrimontana N.Friesen</li></ul> <dl><dd>Kazakhstan</dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_drobovii" title="Allium drobovii">Allium drobovii</a> Vved. Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_oreoprasoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium oreoprasoides (page does not exist)">Allium oreoprasoides</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Reticulatobulbosa Kamelin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_amphibolum" title="Allium amphibolum">Allium amphibolum</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_clathratum" title="Allium clathratum">Allium clathratum</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_eriocoleum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium eriocoleum (page does not exist)">Allium eriocoleum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_flavidum" title="Allium flavidum">Allium flavidum</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_flavovirens" title="Allium flavovirens">Allium flavovirens</a> Regel (Syn. Allium leucocephalum Turcz. ex Vved., Allium schischkinii K.Sobol.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_koreanum" title="Allium koreanum">Allium koreanum</a> H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_lineare" title="Allium lineare">Allium lineare</a> L. Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pseudostrictum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pseudostrictum (page does not exist)">Allium pseudostrictum</a> Albov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_splendens" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium splendens">Allium splendens</a> Willd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_strictum" title="Allium strictum">Allium strictum</a> Schrad.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_szovitsii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium szovitsii (page does not exist)">Allium szovitsii</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Section Scabriscapa (Tscholok.) N.Friesen <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_scabriscapum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium scabriscapum (page does not exist)">Allium scabriscapum</a> Boiss. & Kotschy (including A. eriocoleum Vved.) Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_sulphureum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium sulphureum (page does not exist)">Allium sulphureum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_trachyscordum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium trachyscordum (page does not exist)">Allium trachyscordum</a> Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Sikkimensia N.Friesen</li></ul> <dl><dd>Southwestern and southern China</dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_beesianum" title="Allium beesianum">Allium beesianum</a> W.W.Sm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cyaneum" title="Allium cyaneum">Allium cyaneum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sikkimense" title="Allium sikkimense">Allium sikkimense</a> Baker (Syn. Allium kansuense Regel, Allium tibeticum Rendle) Type</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Polyprason">Subgenus Polyprason</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Subgenus Polyprason">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allium_carolinianum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Allium_carolinianum.JPG/170px-Allium_carolinianum.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Allium_carolinianum.JPG/255px-Allium_carolinianum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Allium_carolinianum.JPG/340px-Allium_carolinianum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allium_carolinianum" title="Allium carolinianum">Allium carolinianum</a></figcaption></figure> 4 sections <ul><li>Section Daghestanica Type A. daghestanicum</li> <li>Section Falcatifolia Type A. carolinianum</li> <li>Section Oreiprason Type A. saxatile</li> <li>Section Scorodon Type A. moschatum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Daghestanica (Tscholok.) N.Friesen</li></ul> <dl><dd>2 geographical alliances <dl><dd>1. Caucasian species (A. daghestanicum, A. gunibicum)</dd> <dd>2. European species from the eastern Alps to the Pyrenees</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_chrysanthum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium chrysanthum (page does not exist)">Allium chrysanthum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chrysocephalum" title="Allium chrysocephalum">Allium chrysocephalum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_daghestanicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium daghestanicum (page does not exist)">Allium daghestanicum</a> Grossh. Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ericetorum" title="Allium ericetorum">Allium ericetorum</a> Thore (Syn. Allium ochroleucum Waldst. & Kit.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_gunibicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium gunibicum (page does not exist)">Allium gunibicum</a> Miscz. ex Grossh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_herderianum" title="Allium herderianum">Allium herderianum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_kermesinum" title="Allium kermesinum">Allium kermesinum</a> Rchb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_maowenense" title="Allium maowenense">Allium maowenense</a> J.M.Xu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rude" title="Allium rude">Allium rude</a> J.M.Xu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_suaveolens" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium suaveolens">Allium suaveolens</a> Jacq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_xichuanense" title="Allium xichuanense">Allium xichuanense</a> J.M.Xu</li></ul></li> <li>Section Falcatifolia N.Friesen</li></ul> <dl><dd>Montane to subalpine belt of Central Asian mountains</dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_carolinianum" title="Allium carolinianum">Allium carolinianum</a> DC. (Syn. Allium blandum Wall., Allium polyphyllum Kar. & Kir., Allium thomsonii Baker) Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_hymenorhizum" title="Allium hymenorhizum">Allium hymenorhizum</a> Ledeb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_platyspathum" title="Allium platyspathum">Allium platyspathum</a> Schrenk</li></ul></li> <li>Section Oreiprason F.Herm. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_albovianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium albovianum (page does not exist)">Allium albovianum</a> Vved. (Syn. Allium gracile Albov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_consanguineum" title="Allium consanguineum">Allium consanguineum</a> Kunth</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_glaciale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium glaciale (page does not exist)">Allium glaciale</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_goloskokovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium goloskokovii (page does not exist)">Allium goloskokovii</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_horvatii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium horvatii (page does not exist)">Allium horvatii</a> Lovrić</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_kaschianum" title="Allium kaschianum">Allium kaschianum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_kokanicum" title="Allium kokanicum">Allium kokanicum</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_obliquum" title="Allium obliquum">Allium obliquum</a> L.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_roylei" title="Allium roylei">Allium roylei</a> Stearn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_saxatile" title="Allium saxatile">Allium saxatile</a> M.Bieb. (Syn. Allium globosum M.Bieb. ex DC.) Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_stracheyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium stracheyi (page does not exist)">Allium stracheyi</a> Baker</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_talassicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium talassicum (page does not exist)">Allium talassicum</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Section Scorodon Koch <a href="/wiki/Sensu_stricto" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu stricto">sensu stricto</a> (s.s.)<a href="#cite_note-53">[c]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_frigidum" title="Allium frigidum">Allium frigidum</a> Boiss. & Heldr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_jacquemontii" title="Allium jacquemontii">Allium jacquemontii</a> Kunth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_moschatum" title="Allium moschatum">Allium moschatum</a> L. subgenus Type</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_popovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium popovii (page does not exist)">Allium popovii</a> Vved.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Subgenus_Cepa">Subgenus Cepa</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Subgenus Cepa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oignons-FR-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oignons-FR-2013.jpg/170px-Oignons-FR-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oignons-FR-2013.jpg/255px-Oignons-FR-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Oignons-FR-2013.jpg/340px-Oignons-FR-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Type species: Allium cepa</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">Polyphyletic</a>. 5 sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi_et_al.2012-51">[50]</a> <ul><li>Section Annuloprason Type A. fedschenkoanum</li> <li>Section Cepa Type A. cepa</li> <li>Section Condensatum Type A. condensatum</li> <li>Section Sacculiferum Type A. sacculiferum</li> <li>Section Schoenoprasum Type A. schoenoprasum</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Section Annuloprason T.V.Egorova <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_atrosanguineum" title="Allium atrosanguineum">Allium atrosanguineum</a> Schrenk (including Allium fedschenkoanum Regel; Allium kaufmannii Regel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fedschenkoanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium fedschenkoanum">Allium fedschenkoanum</a> Regel. Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_semenovii" title="Allium semenovii">Allium semenovii</a> Regel</li></ul></li> <li>Section Cepa (Mill.) Prokh. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_altaicum" title="Allium altaicum">Allium altaicum</a> Pall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_asarense" title="Allium asarense">Allium asarense</a> R.M.Fritsch & Matin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_cepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium cepa">Allium cepa</a> L. Type onion</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_%C3%97cornutum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium ×cornutum (page does not exist)">Allium ×cornutum</a> Clementi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_farctum" title="Allium farctum">Allium farctum</a> Wendelbo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">Allium fistulosum</a> L. Welsh onion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_galanthum" title="Allium galanthum">Allium galanthum</a> Kar. & Kir. (Syn. Allium pseudocepa Schrenk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_oschaninii" title="Allium oschaninii">Allium oschaninii</a> O.Fedtsch. shallot</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_praemixtum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium praemixtum (page does not exist)">Allium praemixtum</a> Vved.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_%C3%97proliferum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium ×proliferum">Allium ×proliferum</a> (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd. (= A. fistulosum × A. cepa, Syn. Allium cepa var. bulbiferum Regel, Allium cepa var. proliferum (Moench) Alef., Allium cepa var. viviparum (Metzg.) Alef., Allium cepa viviparum Metzg., Allium ×wakegii Araki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_pskemense" title="Allium pskemense">Allium pskemense</a> B.Fedtsch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_rhabdotum" title="Allium rhabdotum">Allium rhabdotum</a> Stearn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vavilovii" title="Allium vavilovii">Allium vavilovii</a> Popov & Vved.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Condensatum N. Friesen</li></ul> <dl><dd>Eastern Siberia and Mongolia north to Korea and Japan</dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_condensatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium condensatum (page does not exist)">Allium condensatum</a> Turcz.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Sacculiferum P.P.Gritz.<a href="#cite_note-54">[d]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_chinense" title="Allium chinense">Allium chinense</a> G.Don (Syn. Allium bakeri Regel) Chinese onion</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_linearifolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium linearifolium (page does not exist)">Allium linearifolium</a> H.J.Choi & B.U.Oh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_longistylum" title="Allium longistylum">Allium longistylum</a> Baker (Syn. A. jeholense Franch., A. hopeiense Nakai)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_pseudojaponicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium pseudojaponicum (page does not exist)">Allium pseudojaponicum</a> Makino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_sacculiferum" title="Allium sacculiferum">Allium sacculiferum</a> Maxim.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_taquetii" title="Allium taquetii">Allium taquetii</a> H.Lév.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_thunbergii" title="Allium thunbergii">Allium thunbergii</a> G.Don Type</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_virgunculae" title="Allium virgunculae">Allium virgunculae</a> F.Maek. & Kitam.</li></ul></li> <li>Section Schoenoprasum Dum. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_altyncolicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium altyncolicum (page does not exist)">Allium altyncolicum</a> N.Friesen</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_karelinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium karelinii (page does not exist)">Allium karelinii</a> Poljakov (Syn. Allium schoenoprasum var. scaberrimum Regel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ledebourianum" title="Allium ledebourianum">Allium ledebourianum</a> Schult. & Schult. f.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_maximowiczii" title="Allium maximowiczii">Allium maximowiczii</a> Regel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_oliganthum" title="Allium oliganthum">Allium oliganthum</a> Kar. & Kir. (Syn. Allium stenophyllum Schrenk)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allium_schmitzii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allium schmitzii (page does not exist)">Allium schmitzii</a> Cout.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_schoenoprasum" class="mw-redirect" title="Allium schoenoprasum">Allium schoenoprasum</a> L. Type chives</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allium_species" title="List of Allium species">List of Allium species</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name Allium is ancient, and the plant was known to both the Romans and the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay2016-55">[51]</a> The name is thought to be Celtic in origin, meaning "to burn", in reference to its taste and smell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMottaMotta1962-56">[52]</a> One of the earliest uses of the name in botany was by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> (1656–1708). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Friesen et al. include section Costulatae within section Allium, while others treat it separately </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The history of A. macrostemon is complex. Historically the species was included in subgenus Allium section Scorodon s.l.. When the species in the section were redistributed by Friesen et al. 2006<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> they were unable to allocate this species to a section and questioned whether a new section should be created. Nguyen et al. (2008)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008-31">[31]</a> found it most closely related to species within section Codonoprason. In contrast Li et al. (2010)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">[2]</a> placed it in section Allium and Choi et al. (2012)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi_et_al.2012-51">[50]</a> believed it belonged in section Caerulea, but did not recommend moving it on the basis of available information. It is therefore unplaced within subgenus Allium or considered the sole member of section Scorodon s.l. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> In older classifications, such as Hanelt (1992)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a-24">[24]</a> section Scorodon was placed in subgenus Allium. It was a relatively large section with several subsections. In the study of Friesen et al. 2006<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> the section was shown not to be monophyletic, and most species were allocated to other sections. One subsection segregated with subgenus Polyprason and was elevated to section Scorodon. To distinguish between the two, the older section is designated Scorodon s.l. and the new section Scorodon s.s. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Whereas Friesen et al. 2006<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">[19]</a> treat A. taquetii as synonymous with the type species A. thunbergii, Choi and Oh 2011 present evidence as to why they should be treated separately<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoiOh2011-36">[36]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeniz_et_al.2015_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeniz_et_al.2015">Deniz et al. 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi_et_al.2010_2-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi_et_al.2010">Li et al. 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesen_et_al.2000-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesen_et_al.2000_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriesen_et_al.2000">Friesen et al. 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahlgrenal-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Dahlgrenal_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985">Dahlgren, Clifford & Yeo 1985</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YLuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA198">Tribus Allieae</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler_et_al.2013_5-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler_et_al.2013">Wheeler et al. 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClusius1601-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClusius1601_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClusius1601">Clusius 1601</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeusal-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeusal_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/306/mode/1up">Allium pp. 294–301</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeushex-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeushex_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13829#page/297/mode/1up">Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–332</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus_Sexual_System2015-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus_Sexual_System2015_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus_Sexual_System2015">Linnaeus Sexual System 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adansonlil-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Adansonlil_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdanson1763">Adanson 1763</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/588/mode/1up">VIII. Liliaceae. Part II. p. 42</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adansoncep-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Adansoncep_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdanson1763">Adanson 1763</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/596/mode/1up">VIII. Liliaceae Section IV. Cepae Part II. p. 50</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jussieu-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Jussieu_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJussieu1789">Jussieu 1789</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7125#page/146/mode/1up">ordo VII Narcissi. pp. 51–53</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sthilaire126-13"><a href="#cite_ref-sthilaire126_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaume_Saint-Hilaire1805">Jaume Saint-Hilaire 1805</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositiondesfa00saingoog/page/n289">Asphodelées vol. 1. pp. 126–133</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sthilaire132-14"><a href="#cite_ref-sthilaire132_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaume_Saint-Hilaire1805">Jaume Saint-Hilaire 1805</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expositiondesfa00saingoog/page/n295">Asphodelées Cinquième Section vol. 1. pp. 132–133</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candollelil-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Candollelil_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815">De Lamarck & De Candolle 1815</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA198">Vingtième Famille Liliacées Liliaceae pp. 198–255</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candolleasph-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Candolleasph_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Candolleasph_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815">De Lamarck & De Candolle 1815</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_MHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA204">Liliaceae Asphodèles CCXLII: Ail Allium pp. 218–228</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumortier-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Dumortier_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumortier1827">Dumortier 1827</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA139">Fam. 104. Asphodeleae Juss. Trib. 1 Allieae pp. 139–140</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Regel1875-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Regel1875_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Regel1875">von Regel 1875</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriesenFritschBlattner2006_19-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriesenFritschBlattner2006">Friesen, Fritsch & Blattner 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaghir_et_al.1966_20-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaghir_et_al.1966">Saghir et al. 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDon1832-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDon1832_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDon1832">Don 1832</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearn1944-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearn1944_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStearn1944">Stearn 1944</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraub1968-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraub1968_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraub1968_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraub1968_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTraub1968">Traub 1968</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanelt_et_al.1992a_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanelt_et_al.1992a">Hanelt et al. 1992a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory_et_al.1998-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory_et_al.1998_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory_et_al.1998">Gregory et al. 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Berg_et_al.1996-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Berg_et_al.1996_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Berg_et_al.1996">von Berg et al. 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESykorova_et_al.2006-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESykorova_et_al.2006_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSykorova_et_al.2006">Sykorova et al. 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2010_28-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritsch_et_al.2010">Fritsch et al. 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERieseberg_et_al.1987-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERieseberg_et_al.1987_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRieseberg_et_al.1987">Rieseberg et al. 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoçyiğıt_et_al.2016">Koçyiğıt et al. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENguyen_et_al.2008_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNguyen_et_al.2008">Nguyen et al. 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschegger_et_al.2010_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHirschegger_et_al.2010">Hirschegger et al. 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanfi_et_al.2011-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanfi_et_al.2011_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanfi_et_al.2011">Banfi et al. 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrullo_et_al.2003-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrullo_et_al.2003_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrullo_et_al.2003">Brullo et al. 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETzanoudakisTrigas2015_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTzanoudakisTrigas2015">Tzanoudakis & Trigas 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoiOh2011-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoiOh2011_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoiOh2011_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoiOh2011">Choi & Oh 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-grinallium-37"><a href="#cite_ref-grinallium_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGRIN2015">GRIN 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=403">Allium</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fna-38"><a href="#cite_ref-fna_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFNA2008">FNA 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESernaLópez-Ferrari1992-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESernaLópez-Ferrari1992_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSernaLópez-Ferrari1992">Serna & López-Ferrari 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFragman-SapirFritsch2011-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFragman-SapirFritsch2011_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFragman-SapirFritsch2011">Fragman-Sapir & Fritsch 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendelbo1966-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendelbo1966_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWendelbo1966">Wendelbo 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendelbo1969-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendelbo1969_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWendelbo1969">Wendelbo 1969</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamelin1973-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamelin1973_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamelin1973">Kamelin 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2006-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2006_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritsch_et_al.2006_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFritsch_et_al.2006">Fritsch et al. 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmeri_et_al.2016-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmeri_et_al.2016_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmeri_et_al.2016_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmeri_et_al.2016">Salmeri et al. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alliaceae-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Alliaceae_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReichenbach1828">Reichenbach 1828</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UL0nAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66">Alliaceae p. 66</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeregin2005-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeregin2005_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeregin2005">Seregin 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanelt1996-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanelt1996_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanelt1996">Hanelt 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECesmedzievTerzijski1997-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECesmedzievTerzijski1997_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCesmedzievTerzijski1997">Cesmedziev & Terzijski 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi_et_al.2012-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi_et_al.2012_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi_et_al.2012_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoi_et_al.2012">Choi et al. 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJay2016-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJay2016_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJay2016">Jay 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMottaMotta1962-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMottaMotta1962_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMottaMotta1962">Motta & Motta 1962</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdanson1763" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adans." class="mw-redirect" title="Adans.">Adanson, Michel</a> (1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/271#/summary">Familles des plantes</a>. Paris: Vincent. Retrieved 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familles+des+plantes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Vincent&rft.date=1763&rft.aulast=Adanson&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F271%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2009" class="citation book cs1">Block, Eric (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC">Garlic and other alliums: the lore and the science</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-190-9"><bdi>978-0-85404-190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+other+alliums%3A+the+lore+and+the+science&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-190-9&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6AB89RHV9ucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2008" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, J. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eW_TiZ1jHCkC">Onions and Other Alliums</a>. CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-399-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-399-9"><bdi>978-1-84593-399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onions+and+Other+Alliums&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-399-9&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeW_TiZ1jHCkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClusius1601" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Clusius" title="Carolus Clusius">Clusius, Carolus</a> (1601). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/1057452/rariorum-plantarum-historia-carolus-clusius">Rariarum plantarum historia</a>. Antwerp: Ioannem Moretum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rariarum+plantarum+historia&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Ioannem+Moretum&rft.date=1601&rft.aulast=Clusius&rft.aufirst=Carolus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalcollection.org.uk%2Fcollection%2F1057452%2Frariorum-plantarum-historia-carolus-clusius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlgrenCliffordYeo1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren, R.M.</a>; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC">The families of the monocotyledons</a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-64903-5"><bdi>978-3-642-64903-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+families+of+the+monocotyledons&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-642-64903-5&rft.aulast=Dahlgren&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+P.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iGndTFY0skC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_D.1992" class="citation book cs1">Davies, D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alliums00dily">Alliums: The Ornamental Onions</a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-241-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-241-7"><bdi>978-0-88192-241-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliums%3A+The+Ornamental+Onions&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-241-7&rft.au=Davies%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falliums00dily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumortier1827" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dumort." class="mw-redirect" title="Dumort.">Dumortier, Barthélemy Charles Joseph</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FU-AAAAcAAJ">Florula Belgica, operis majoris prodromus</a>. Tournay: Casterman. Retrieved 4 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florula+Belgica%2C+operis+majoris+prodromus&rft.place=Tournay&rft.pub=Casterman&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Dumortier&rft.aufirst=Barth%C3%A9lemy+Charles+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FU-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_et_al.1998" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Mary; Fritsch, R. M.; Friesen, N.; Khassanov, F.O.; McNeal, D. W., eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271486973">Nomenclator Alliorum: Allium names and synonyms - a world guide</a>. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900347648" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900347648"><bdi>978-1900347648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclator+Alliorum%3A+Allium+names+and+synonyms+-+a+world+guide&rft.place=Kew&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1900347648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271486973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanelt_et_al.1992" class="citation book cs1">Hanelt, P; Hammer, K; Knüpffer, H, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/132324423.pdf">The genus Allium: taxonomic problems and genetic resources. Proceedings of an international symposium held at Gatersleben, Germany, 11–13 June 1991</a> (PDF). Gatersleben, Germany: Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+genus+Allium%3A+taxonomic+problems+and+genetic+resources.+Proceedings+of+an+international+symposium+held+at+Gatersleben%2C+Germany%2C+11%E2%80%9313+June+1991&rft.place=Gatersleben%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Pflanzengenetik+und+Kulturpflanzenforschung&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbv.de%2Fdms%2Fbs%2Ftoc%2F132324423.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaume_Saint-Hilaire1805" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaume_Saint-Hilaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaume Saint-Hilaire">Jaume Saint-Hilaire, Jean Henri</a> (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEQAAAAAQAAJ">Exposition de familles naturales</a>. Paris: Treutel et Würtz. Retrieved 25 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposition+de+familles+naturales&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Treutel+et+W%C3%BCrtz&rft.date=1805&rft.aulast=Jaume+Saint-Hilaire&rft.aufirst=Jean+Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVEQAAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay2016" class="citation book cs1">Jay, Martha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/O/bo23422918.html">Onions and Garlic: A global history</a>. Reaktion. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780235875" title="Special:BookSources/9781780235875"><bdi>9781780235875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onions+and+Garlic%3A+A+global+history&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781780235875&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FO%2Fbo23422918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJussieu1789" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de</a> (1789). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/284">Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</a>. Paris: apud viduam Herissant et Theophilum Barrois. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+Plantarum%2C+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita+juxta+methodum+in+Horto+Regio+Parisiensi+exaratam&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=apud+viduam+Herissant+et+Theophilum+Barrois&rft.date=1789&rft.aulast=Jussieu&rft.aufirst=Antoine+Laurent+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamelin1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kamelin, RV (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.ca/Florogeneticheskij-estestvennoj-Srednej-Russian-language/dp/B008MRUVCK">Florogeneticheskij analiz estestvennoj flory</a> (in Russian). Leningrad: Nauka. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785458471459" title="Special:BookSources/9785458471459"><bdi>9785458471459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florogeneticheskij+analiz+estestvennoj+flory&rft.place=Leningrad&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9785458471459&rft.aulast=Kamelin&rft.aufirst=RV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.ca%2FFlorogeneticheskij-estestvennoj-Srednej-Russian-language%2Fdp%2FB008MRUVCK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_LamarckDe_Candolle1815" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/De_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamarck">De Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste</a>; De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/florefrancaiseou31815lama">Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique</a>. Vol. III (3 ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flore+fran%C3%A7aise+ou+descriptions+succinctes+de+toutes+les+plantes+qui+croissent+naturellement+en+France+dispos%C3%A9es+selon+une+nouvelle+m%C3%A9thode+d%27analyse%3B+et+pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9d%C3%A9es+par+un+expos%C3%A9+des+principes+%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaires+de+la+botanique&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Desray&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=De+Lamarck&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=De+Candolle%2C+Augustin+Pyramus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflorefrancaiseou31815lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C.</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary">Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</a>. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 27 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mathew" title="Brian Mathew">Mathew, Brian</a> (1996). A review of Allium sect. Allium. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780947643935" title="Special:BookSources/9780947643935"><bdi>9780947643935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+review+of+Allium+sect.+Allium&rft.place=Kew&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780947643935&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottaMotta1962" class="citation book cs1">Motta, Anselmo; Motta, Virginio, eds. (1962). Enciclopedia Motta di Scienze Naturali v.1 Botanica. Milan: Federico Motta Editore. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Motta+di+Scienze+Naturali+v.1+Botanica&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Federico+Motta+Editore&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitchCurrah2002" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitch, H. D.; Currah, L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=grUinwEACAAJ">Allium Crop Sciences: Recent Advances</a>. CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-510-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-510-6"><bdi>978-0-85199-510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allium+Crop+Sciences%3A+Recent+Advances&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-510-6&rft.aulast=Rabinowitch&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft.au=Currah%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgrUinwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Regel1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_August_von_Regel" title="Eduard August von Regel">von Regel, Eduard August</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15473#/summary">Alliorum adhuc cognitorum monographia</a>. St Petersburgh: Petropolis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliorum+adhuc+cognitorum+monographia&rft.place=St+Petersburgh&rft.pub=Petropolis&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=von+Regel&rft.aufirst=Eduard+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F15473%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuattrocchi1999" class="citation book cs1">Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KiMmgEACAAJ">CRC world dictionary of plant names: common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology</a>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2673-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-2673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+world+dictionary+of+plant+names%3A+common+names%2C+scientific+names%2C+eponyms%2C+synonyms%2C+and+etymology&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2673-8&rft.aulast=Quattrocchi&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KiMmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichenbach1828" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Reichenbach" title="Ludwig Reichenbach">Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UL0nAAAAYAAJ">Conspectus regni vegetabilis per gradus naturales evoluti</a> (in Latin). Leipzig: Carolum Cnobloch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspectus+regni+vegetabilis+per+gradus+naturales+evoluti&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Carolum+Cnobloch&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Reichenbach&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Gottlieb+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUL0nAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSernaLópez-Ferrari1992" class="citation book cs1">Serna, A E; López-Ferrari, A R (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1EHPQAACAAJ">Las monocotiledoneas Mexicanas: una sinopsis floristica, Parte I: Agavaceae, Alismataceae, Alliaceae, Alstromeriaceae y Amaryllidaceae</a>. Consejo Nacional de la Flora de México. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789686144079" title="Special:BookSources/9789686144079"><bdi>9789686144079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+monocotiledoneas+Mexicanas%3A+una+sinopsis+floristica%2C+Parte+I%3A+Agavaceae%2C+Alismataceae%2C+Alliaceae%2C+Alstromeriaceae+y+Amaryllidaceae&rft.pub=Consejo+Nacional+de+la+Flora+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789686144079&rft.aulast=Serna&rft.aufirst=A+E&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Ferrari%2C+A+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1EHPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1996" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PF4XnwEACAAJ">Garlic and Friends: The History, Growth and Use of Edible Alliums</a>. Hyland House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86447-009-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86447-009-3"><bdi>978-1-86447-009-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garlic+and+Friends%3A+The+History%2C+Growth+and+Use+of+Edible+Alliums&rft.pub=Hyland+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-86447-009-3&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPF4XnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters">Chapters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Chapters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritschFriesen" class="citation book cs1">Fritsch, RM; Friesen, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237309729">Evolution, domestication and taxonomy</a>. pp. 5–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%2C+domestication+and+taxonomy&rft.pages=5-30&rft.aulast=Fritsch&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Friesen%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237309729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988">, in <a href="#CITEREFRabinowitchCurrah2002">Rabinowitch & Currah (2002)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanelt_et_al.1992a" class="citation book cs1">Hanelt, P; Schulze-Motel, J; Fritsch, R M; Kruse, J; Maass, H; Ohle, H; Pistrick, K. Infrageneric grouping of Allium— the Gatersleben approach. pp. 107–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrageneric+grouping+of+Allium%E2%80%94+the+Gatersleben+approach&rft.pages=107-123&rft.aulast=Hanelt&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Schulze-Motel%2C+J&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+R+M&rft.au=Kruse%2C+J&rft.au=Maass%2C+H&rft.au=Ohle%2C+H&rft.au=Pistrick%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988">, in <a href="#CITEREFHanelt_et_al.1992">Hanelt et al. (1992)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_theses">Articles and theses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Articles and theses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiOh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Hyeok JAE; Oh, Byoung UN (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259483667">"A partial revision of Allium (Amaryllidaceae) in Korea and north-eastern China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a>. 167 (2): 153–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2011.01166.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01166.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+partial+revision+of+Allium+%28Amaryllidaceae%29+in+Korea+and+north-eastern+China&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-211&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2011.01166.x&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hyeok+JAE&rft.au=Oh%2C+Byoung+UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259483667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanfi_et_al.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Banfi, Enrico; Galasso, Gabriele; Soldano, Adriano (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sisn.pagepress.org/nhs/article/download/nhs.2011.85/36">"Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 2"</a>. Natural History Sciences (Milan). 152 (2): 85–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fnhs.2011.85">10.4081/nhs.2011.85</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History+Sciences+%28Milan%29&rft.atitle=Notes+on+systematics+and+taxonomy+for+the+Italian+vascular+flora.+2.&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-106&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fnhs.2011.85&rft.aulast=Banfi&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft.au=Galasso%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Soldano%2C+Adriano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsisn.pagepress.org%2Fnhs%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fnhs.2011.85%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeniz_et_al.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Deniz, İsmail Gökhan; 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Pak. J. Bot. 36 (3): 487–501. Retrieved 28 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pak.+J.+Bot.&rft.atitle=Can+complexity+of+the+genus+Allium+L.%2C+be+resolved+through+some+numerical+techniques%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=487-501&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Zubaida+Yousaf&rft.au=Zabta+Khan+Shinwari&rft.au=Rizwana+ALEEM+Qureshi&rft.au=Mir+Ajab+Khan&rft.au=Syed+Shahinshah+Gilani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakbs.org%2Fpjbot%2FPDFs%2F36%283%29%2FPJB36%283%29487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Berg_et_al.1996" class="citation journal cs1">von Berg, Gerlinde Linne; Samoylov, Alexander; Klaas, Manfred; Hanelt, Peter (September 1996). 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Hugo (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbarium.usask.ca/research/articles/Choi_Cota-Sanchez_AlliumPrairieProv_Botany_2010.pdf">"A taxonomic revision of Allium (Alliaceae) in the Canadian prairie provinces"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Botany_(journal)" title="Botany (journal)">Botany</a>. 88 (9): 787–809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FB10-056">10.1139/B10-056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botany&rft.atitle=A+taxonomic+revision+of+Allium+%28Alliaceae%29+in+the+Canadian+prairie+provinces&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=787-809&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FB10-056&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hyeok+Jae&rft.au=Cota-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+J.+Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herbarium.usask.ca%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2FChoi_Cota-Sanchez_AlliumPrairieProv_Botany_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_et_al.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Hyeok Jae; Davis, Arthur R.; Cota-Sánchez, J. 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Allium</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschegger_et_al.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschegger, Pablo; Jaške, Jernej; Trontelj, Peter; Bohanec, Borut (2010). 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Codonoprasum</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielTanTzanoudakis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Biel, Burkhard; Tan, Kit; Tzanoudakis, Dimitrios (27 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/sites/default/files/documents/wi36-1Biel%2Bal.pdf">"A new autumn-flowering species of Allium from the island of Sifnos (Cyclades, Greece)"</a> (PDF). 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Willdenowia. 46 (1): 113–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.46.46109">10.3372/wi.46.46109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88440208">88440208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Willdenowia&rft.atitle=Allium+dumanii+%28A.+sect.+Codonoprasum%2C+Amaryllidaceae%29%2C+a+new+species+from+E+Turkey&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-119&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3372%2Fwi.46.46109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88440208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ko%C3%A7yi%C4%9F%C4%B1t&rft.aufirst=Mine&rft.au=Ye%C5%9F%C4%B1l%2C+Yeter&rft.au=Koyuncu%2C+Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3372%252Fwi.46.46109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmeri_et_al.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Salmeri, Cristina; Brullo, Cristian; Brullo, Salvatore; Galdo, Giampietro Giusso Del; Moysiyenko, Ivan I. (March 2016). "What is Allium paniculatum? Establishing taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic relationships within A. sect. Codonoprasum". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (2): 123–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12170">10.1111/jse.12170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83671442">83671442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=What+is+Allium+paniculatum%3F+Establishing+taxonomic+and+molecular+phylogenetic+relationships+within+A.+sect.+Codonoprasum&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-135&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83671442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salmeri&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Brullo%2C+Cristian&rft.au=Brullo%2C+Salvatore&rft.au=Galdo%2C+Giampietro+Giusso+Del&rft.au=Moysiyenko%2C+Ivan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeregin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Seregin, Alexey (17–23 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267463023">"Allium L. sect. Codonoprasum Reichenb. (Alliaceae), a taxonomic and chorological study: what is a taxonomic value of narrow endemics?"</a>. Proceedings of the XVII International Botanical Congress. Vienna, Austria, Europe. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2F2.1.2555.9047">10.13140/2.1.2555.9047</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+XVII+International+Botanical+Congress.+Vienna%2C+Austria%2C+Europe&rft.atitle=Allium+L.+sect.+Codonoprasum+Reichenb.+%28Alliaceae%29%2C+a+taxonomic+and+chorological+study%3A+what+is+a+taxonomic+value+of+narrow+endemics%3F&rft.date=2005-07-17%2F2005-07-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2F2.1.2555.9047&rft.aulast=Seregin&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267463023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrigasGregorisTzanoudakis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Trigas, Panayiotis; Gregoris, Iatrou; Tzanoudakis, Dimitris (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267863458">"Allium apergii sp. nov. (Alliaceae, A. sect. Codonoprasum) from Evvia Island, Greece"</a>. Journal of Biological Research. 14: 225–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Research&rft.atitle=Allium+apergii+sp.+nov.+%28Alliaceae%2C+A.+sect.+Codonoprasum%29+from+Evvia+Island%2C+Greece&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=225-229&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Trigas&rft.aufirst=Panayiotis&rft.au=Gregoris%2C+Iatrou&rft.au=Tzanoudakis%2C+Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267863458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTzanoudakisTrigas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tzanoudakis, Dimitris; Trigas, Panayiotis (12 March 2015). "Allium occultum, a new species of A. sect. Codonoprasum (Amaryllidaceae) from Skiros Island (W Aegean, Greece)". Phytotaxa. 202 (2): 135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.202.2.5">10.11646/phytotaxa.202.2.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=Allium+occultum%2C+a+new+species+of+A.+sect.+Codonoprasum+%28Amaryllidaceae%29+from+Skiros+Island+%28W+Aegean%2C+Greece%29&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.202.2.5&rft.aulast=Tzanoudakis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rft.au=Trigas%2C+Panayiotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFNA2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1">"Flora of North America"</a>. 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflora_page.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus_Sexual_System2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronklab.wikidot.com/linnaeus-sexual-system">"Linnaeus Sexual System"</a>. CronkLab. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CronkLab&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+Sexual+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcronklab.wikidot.com%2Flinnaeus-sexual-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Allium">Pacific Bulb Society: Allium</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/RhizomatousAlliums">Pacific Bulb Society: Rhizomatous Alliums</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Databases">Databases</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Databases">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGRIN2015" class="citation web cs1">GRIN (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/abouttaxonomy.aspx">"GRIN Taxonomy for Plants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRIN+Taxonomy+for+Plants&rft.pub=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.date=2015&rft.au=GRIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxon%2Fabouttaxonomy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaxonomy+of+Allium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allium">Allium</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Allium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Allium">Allium</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy_of_..." title="Template:Taxonomy of ..."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxonomy_of_..." title="Template talk:Taxonomy of ..."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxonomy_of_..." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxonomy of ..."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taxonomy_of_..." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a> of ...</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">Monophyletic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_taxonomy" title="Bacterial taxonomy">Bacteria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plantae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Liliaceae" title="Taxonomy of Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Tulipa" title="Taxonomy of Tulipa">Tulipa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Narcissus" title="Taxonomy of Narcissus">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Orchidaceae" title="Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Triticum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Adenanthos" title="Taxonomy of Adenanthos">Adenanthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Banksia" title="Taxonomy of Banksia">Banksia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Banksia_integrifolia" title="Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia">B. integrifolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Cactaceae" title="Taxonomy of the Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Drosera" title="Taxonomy of Drosera">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Pachypodium" title="Taxonomy of Pachypodium">Pachypodium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_animals_(Hutchins_et_al.,_2003)" title="Taxonomy of the animals (Hutchins et al., 2003)">Animalia</a></li> <li>Gastropoda <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_et_al.,_2017)" title="Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet et al., 2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Bouchet_%26_Rocroi,_2005)" title="Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Gastropoda_(Ponder_%26_Lindberg,_1997)" title="Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)">1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Conoidea_(Tucker_%26_Tenorio,_2009)" title="Taxonomy of the Conoidea (Tucker & Tenorio, 2009)">Conoidea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Bivalvia_taxonomy" title="2010 Bivalvia taxonomy">Bivalvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy of the Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_taxonomy" title="Spider taxonomy">Araneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_scorpions" title="Taxonomy of scorpions">Scorpiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Dermaptera" title="Taxonomy of the Dermaptera">Dermaptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Anopheles" title="Taxonomy of Anopheles">Anopheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Lepidoptera" title="Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Lucanidae" title="Taxonomy of Lucanidae">Lucanidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_vertebrates_(Young,_1962)" title="Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)">Vertebrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_lemurs" title="Taxonomy of lemurs">Lemuridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Homo sapiens</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">Polyphyletic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protists" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protista_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista taxonomy">Protista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_diatoms" title="Taxonomy of diatoms">Diatomea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_invertebrates_(Brusca_%26_Brusca,_2003)" title="Taxonomy of invertebrates (Brusca & Brusca, 2003)">Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_commonly_fossilised_invertebrates" title="Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates">Commonly fossilised invertebrates</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Viruses</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&oldid=1248435061">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxonomy_of_Allium&oldid=1248435061</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allium" title="Category:Allium">Allium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_taxonomies" title="Category:Plant taxonomies">Plant taxonomies</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a 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