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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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(newspaper)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(1831%E2%80%931866)" title="The Liberator (1831–1866) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Liberator (1831–1866)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لیبریتور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبریتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(journal)" title="The Liberator (journal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="The Liberator (journal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94_%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_(%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8)" title="더 리버레이터 (신문) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="더 리버레이터 (신문)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(surat_kabar)" title="The Liberator (surat kabar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="The Liberator (surat kabar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Liberator_(periodico_1831)" title="The Liberator (periodico 1831) – 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American abolitionist newspaper (1831–1865)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the abolitionist newspaper. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liberator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Liberator (disambiguation)">Liberator (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250428316">.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-newspaper"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Liberator</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1831_Liberator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1831_Liberator.jpg/220px-1831_Liberator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1831_Liberator.jpg/330px-1831_Liberator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1831_Liberator.jpg/440px-1831_Liberator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="799" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Liberator</i> v.1, No.1, 1831</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_newspaper" title="Weekly newspaper">Weekly newspaper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1831<span class="noprint">; 193 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">January 1, 1831</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political alignment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">Feminism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ceased publication</span></th><td class="infobox-data">December 29, 1865<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">December 29, 1865</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1728160">1728160 </a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.4em; border-top: 1px solid #aaa"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United States">Media of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States" title="List of newspapers in the United States">List of newspapers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Liberator</b></i> (1831–1865) was a weekly <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> newspaper, printed and published in Boston by <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> and, through 1839, by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a>. Religious rather than political, it appealed to the moral conscience of its readers, urging them to demand immediate freeing of the slaves ("immediatism"). It also promoted women's rights, an issue that split the American abolitionist movement. Despite its modest circulation of 3,000, it had prominent and influential readers, including all the abolitionist leaders, among them <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Green" title="Beriah Green">Beriah Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tappan" title="Arthur Tappan">Arthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Tappan" title="Lewis Tappan">Lewis Tappan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Niger" title="Alfred Niger">Alfred Niger</a>. It frequently printed or reprinted letters, reports, sermons, and news stories relating to American slavery, becoming a sort of <a href="/wiki/Community_bulletin_board" title="Community bulletin board">community bulletin board</a> for the new abolitionist movement that Garrison helped foster. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Liberator issue. Depicting African Americans next to a lynching tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png/220px-1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png/330px-1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png/440px-1837_Liberator_Cornhill_Boston.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>An issue of <i>The Liberator</i> depicting African Americans next to a lynching tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Garrison co-published weekly issues of <i>The Liberator</i> from <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a> continuously for 35 years, from January 1, 1831, to the final issue of December 29, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its circulation was only about 3,000, and three-quarters of subscribers (in 1834) were <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the newspaper earned nationwide notoriety for its uncompromising advocacy of "immediate and complete emancipation of all <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Garrison set the tone for the paper in his famous open letter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2928t.html">"To the Public"</a> in the first issue: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg/220px-Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg/330px-Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg/440px-Appeal_by_William_Garrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Fundraising appeal of William Garrison, 1834</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Assenting to the "self-evident truth" maintained in the American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, "that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights—among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," I shall strenuously contend for the immediate enfranchisement of our slave population. In Park-street Church, on the Fourth of July, 1829, in an address on slavery, I unreflectingly assented to the popular but pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition. I seize this opportunity to make a full and unequivocal recantation, and thus publicly to ask pardon of my God, of my country, and of my brethren the poor slaves, for having uttered a sentiment so full of timidity, injustice and absurdity. A similar recantation, from my pen, was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Genius_of_Universal_Emancipation" title="Genius of Universal Emancipation">Genius of Universal Emancipation</a></i> at Baltimore, in September, 1829. My conscience is now satisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I am aware, that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen;—but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—<b>AND I WILL BE HEARD.</b> <span class="nowrap"> </span>...</p></blockquote><p> Rather than looking to politics to create change, Garrison utilized nonviolent means, such as <a href="/wiki/Moral_suasion" title="Moral suasion">moral suasion</a>, as his message throughout the newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrison felt that slavery was a moral issue and used his way of writing to appeal to the morality of his readers as an attempt to influence them into changing their morally questionable ways. For example, "No Union with Slave-Holders" was a slogan utilized for weeks at a time throughout the newspaper's publication, advocating that the North should leave the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Final_%22Liberator,%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Final_%22Liberator%2C%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png/240px-The_Final_%22Liberator%2C%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Final_%22Liberator%2C%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png/360px-The_Final_%22Liberator%2C%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/The_Final_%22Liberator%2C%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png/480px-The_Final_%22Liberator%2C%22_known_to_the_world_as_%22Valedictory%22.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Garrison celebrates 13th amendment.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>The Liberator</i> continued for three decades from its founding through the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It had black columnists and reporters.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garrison ended the newspaper's run with a valedictory column at the end of 1865, when the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> abolished slavery throughout the United States. It was succeeded by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rights_advocacy"><span id="Women.27s_rights_advocacy"></span>Women's rights advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women's rights advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between January 7, 1832 and May 4, 1833, the <i>Liberator</i> published six articles by <a href="/wiki/Maria_W._Stewart" title="Maria W. Stewart">Maria W. Stewart</a>, an abolitionist and one of the first American women to lecture before mixed-race and mixed-gender audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Liberator</i> also became an avowed women's rights newspaper when the prospectus for its 1838 issue declared that as the paper's objective was "to redeem woman as well as man from a servile to an equal condition," it would support "the rights of woman to their utmost extent."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January and February 1838, the <i>Liberator</i> published <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a>'s "Letters on the Province of Woman", and later that year published them as a book, to another of Garrison and Knapp's projects <a href="/wiki/Boston_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following decades, the <i>Liberator</i> promoted women's rights by publishing editorials, petitions, convention calls and proceedings, speeches, legislative action, and other material advocating women's suffrage, equal property rights, and women's educational and professional equality. The <i>Liberator</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s printers, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a>, James Brown Yerrinton (1800–1866) and James Manning Winchell Yerrinton (1825–1893), and Robert Folger Wallcut (1797–1884), printed many of the women's rights tracts of the 1850s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspiration_among_abolitionists">Inspiration among abolitionists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inspiration among abolitionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png/220px-1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png/330px-1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png/440px-1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>1850 <i>Liberator</i> masthead, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hammatt_Billings" title="Hammatt Billings">Hammatt Billings</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Liberator</i> inspired abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké</a> to publicly join the abolitionist movement. She sent a letter to William Lloyd Garrison recalling her experiences as a member of an upper class, white, slaveholding family. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/copyoflettertoes00garr2#page/n0/mode/2up">Angelina Grimké's letter to William Lloyd Garrison</a> was soon after published in <i>The Liberator</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frederick Douglass was at first inspired by <i>The Liberator.</i> As he commented upon in his first issue of <i>The North Star,</i> Douglass felt that it was necessary for African Americans, such as himself, to speak out about their own experiences with injustice. He claimed that those that experienced injustice were the ones that must demand justice.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, Douglass began writing his own abolitionist newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">The North Star</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1851 Douglass broke bitterly with Garrison and now worked for abolition and equality through the U.S. Constitution and political system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>in 1836, five years after he agreed to be <i>The Liberator</i>'s agent in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Niger" title="Alfred Niger">Alfred Niger</a> helped to found the Rhode Island Anti-Slavery Society, one of only two Black men in the entire organization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance">Resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What changed <i>The Liberator</i> from a small abolitionist organ to a national one was the attention paid to it in the South. Southern papers reprinted and editorialized its articles and announcements, thus bringing them further to the attention of Northern readers and editors.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Liberator</i> faced harsh resistance from several state legislatures and local groups: for example, North Carolina indicted Garrison for felonious acts, and the <a href="/wiki/Vigilance_committee" title="Vigilance committee">Vigilance Association</a> of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>, offered a reward of $1,500 (equivalent to $45,780 in 2023) to those who identified distributors of the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garrison also faced resistance, even to the point of violence. In 1835, a Boston mob formed with support from local newspapers in resistance to the announcement that <a href="/wiki/George_Thompson_(abolitionist)" title="George Thompson (abolitionist)">George Thompson</a> would speak at the first anniversary meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</a>. The mob, unable to find Thompson, redirected their aggression towards Garrison who was in the society's meeting hall. Eventually escalation of the situation led to destruction of the society's antislavery sign, and even calls to <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> Garrison, around whose neck a piece of rope made into a noose was put. Garrison eventually managed a narrow escape; the mayor put him in the city jail for his protection.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_online">Contents online</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contents online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/"><i>The Liberator</i> full online archives</a> at Fair Use Repository, including archives of full-page scans of all issues from 1831–1865 (Vols. I–XXXV).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/collections/commonwealth:9w032b61n">The Liberator Complete Archives</a> at the Digital Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Original copy owned by Garrison and served as the copy of reference at <i>The Liberator</i> offices<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/"><i>The Liberator Files</i></a> searchable (basic search only) collection maintained by Horace Seldon, which says on its home page that it contains "only a tiny portion of what appeared in the 1,803 editions of the paper".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garrison's_articles"><span id="Garrison.27s_articles"></span>Garrison's articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Garrison's articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garrison wrote much of the content. He wrote while typesetting; that is to say, most was not written out on paper first. The following are examples of articles and editorials written by him: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905192141/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h2928t.html">To the Public</a>, Garrison's introductory column, January 1, 1831.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1831/01/08/truisms">Truisms</a>, January 8, 1831.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1831/01/08/walkers-appeal">Walker's Appeal</a>, January 8, 1831.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1831/09/03/the-insurrection">The Insurrection</a>, Garrison's reaction to the news of <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, September 3, 1831.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1832/12/29/the-great-crisis">The Great Crisis!</a>, December 29, 1832, one of Garrison's first explicit condemnations <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1832/12/29/on-the-constitution-and-the-union">of the Constitution and the Union</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1838/09/28/declaration-of-sentiments-adopted-by-the-peace-convention">Declaration of Sentiments</a>, adopted by the Boston Peace Convention September 18, 1838, reprinted in <i>The Liberator</i>, September 28, 1838.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1839/06/28/abolition-at-the-ballot-box">Abolition at the Ballot Box</a>, June 28, 1839.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1845/01/10/the-american-union">The American Union</a>, January 10, 1845.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1847/06/11/american-colorphobia">American Colorphobia</a>, June 11, 1847.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1855/06/15/on-the-dissolution-of-the-union">On the Dissolution of the Union</a>, June 15, 1855.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1859/10/28/the-tragedy-at-harpers-ferry">The Tragedy at Harper's Ferry</a>, Garrison's first public comments on <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s raid on <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry</a>, October 28, 1859.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014204752/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=569">John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance</a>, a speech given at a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Temple" title="Tremont Temple">Tremont Temple</a>, Boston, on December 2, 1859, the day that John Brown was hanged, printed December 16, 1859.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/the-warits-cause-and-cure/">The War – Its Cause and Cure</a>, May 3, 1861.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fair-use.org/the-liberator/1865/12/29/valedictory">Valedictory: The Final Number of <i>The Liberator</i></a>, Garrison's closing column, December 29, 1865.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionist publications</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">North Star</a></i>, an anti-slavery newspaper owned and run by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Women's_suffrage_publications" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Women's suffrage publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Massachusetts" title="List of newspapers in Massachusetts">List of newspapers in Massachusetts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/stimpsonsbostond3132adam#page/4/mode/1up"><i>Boston Directory</i></a>, 1831, <q>Garrison & Knapp, editors and proprietors Liberator, 10 Merchants Hall, Congress Street</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boston+Directory&rft.date=1831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstimpsonsbostond3132adam%23page%2F4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ripley, C. Peter (1991). <i>The Black Abolitionist Papers: Vol. III: The United States, 1830–1846</i>, p. 9. UNC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807819263" title="Special:BookSources/0807819263">0807819263</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031524/">"The Liberator"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303154622/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84031524/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Liberator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn84031524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Liberator-American-newspaper">"The Liberator | American newspaper"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607210330/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Liberator-American-newspaper">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Liberator+%7C+American+newspaper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Liberator-American-newspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=236">"Book Review: All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery, by Henry Mayer"</a>. <i>The Independent Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920145038/http://www.independent.org/publications/tir/article.asp?a=236">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent+Institute&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+All+on+Fire%3A+William+Lloyd+Garrison+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery%2C+by+Henry+Mayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.org%2Fpublications%2Ftir%2Farticle.asp%3Fa%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden1992" class="citation book cs1">Hayden, Robert C. (1992). <i>African-Americans in Boston: More than 350 Years</i>. Trustees of the Boston Public Library. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890730830" title="Special:BookSources/0890730830"><bdi>0890730830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African-Americans+in+Boston%3A+More+than+350+Years&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+Boston+Public+Library&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0890730830&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Anti-Slavery Reporter,</i> August 1, 1865, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, Christina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24570017">"Sympathetic Violence: Maria Stewart's Antebellum Vision of African American Resistance"</a>. <i>MELUS</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 52–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlt051">10.1093/melus/mlt051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-755X">0163-755X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24570017">24570017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MELUS&rft.atitle=Sympathetic+Violence%3A+Maria+Stewart%27s+Antebellum+Vision+of+African+American+Resistance&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=52-75&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0163-755X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24570017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlt051&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24570017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liberator</i>, December 15, 1837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimké1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Grimké, Sarah</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersonequalit00grimrich"><i>Letters on the equality of the sexes, and the condition of woman : addressed to Mary S. Parker, President of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+on+the+equality+of+the+sexes%2C+and+the+condition+of+woman+%3A+addressed+to+Mary+S.+Parker%2C+President+of+the+Boston+Female+Anti-Slavery+Society&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Isaac+Knapp&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Grimk%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersonequalit00grimrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkin" class="citation web cs1">Berkin, Carol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204222914/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/essays/angelina-and-sarah-grimke-abolitionist-sisters">"Angelina and Sarah Grimke: Abolitionist Sisters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/essays/angelina-and-sarah-grimke-abolitionist-sisters">the original</a> on 2017-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angelina+and+Sarah+Grimke%3A+Abolitionist+Sisters&rft.aulast=Berkin&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Fslavery-and-anti-slavery%2Fessays%2Fangelina-and-sarah-grimke-abolitionist-sisters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-North-Star-American-newspaper">"The North Star | American newspaper"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911213119/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-North-Star-American-newspaper">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+North+Star+%7C+American+newspaper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-North-Star-American-newspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/abolitionist-movement">"Abolitionist Movement | HistoryNet"</a>. <i>www.historynet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231064656/http://www.historynet.com/abolitionist-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historynet.com&rft.atitle=Abolitionist+Movement+%7C+HistoryNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fabolitionist-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Blight, <i>Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom</i> (2018) pp. 216–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2019" class="citation web cs1">Martin, CJ (August 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallstatebighistory.com/the-mustard-seed-providences-alfred-niger-antebellum-black-voting-rights-activist/">"The "Mustard Seed": Providence's Alfred Niger, Antebellum Black Voting Rights Activist"</a>. <i>SmallStateBigHistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810144555/http://smallstatebighistory.com/the-mustard-seed-providences-alfred-niger-antebellum-black-voting-rights-activist/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SmallStateBigHistory.com&rft.atitle=The+%22Mustard+Seed%22%3A+Providence%27s+Alfred+Niger%2C+Antebellum+Black+Voting+Rights+Activist&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallstatebighistory.com%2Fthe-mustard-seed-providences-alfred-niger-antebellum-black-voting-rights-activist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1963" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John L. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberatorwilliam017641mbp"><i>The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison</i></a>. Little, Brwon And Company. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberator%3A+William+Lloyd+Garrison&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brwon+And+Company&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberatorwilliam017641mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natturnerproject.org/baltimore-niles-register-oct-29">"Baltimore Niles Register, Oct. 29"</a>. <i>nat-turner</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824180105/https://www.natturnerproject.org/baltimore-niles-register-oct-29">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nat-turner&rft.atitle=Baltimore+Niles+Register%2C+Oct.+29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natturnerproject.org%2Fbaltimore-niles-register-oct-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1998" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Henry (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allonfirewilliam00maye/page/200"><i>All on fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the abolition of slavery</i></a></span> (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allonfirewilliam00maye/page/200">200–205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312187408" title="Special:BookSources/0312187408"><bdi>0312187408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+on+fire+%3A+William+Lloyd+Garrison+and+the+abolition+of+slavery&rft.pages=200-205&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0312187408&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallonfirewilliam00maye%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/collections/commonwealth:9w032b61n">"The Liberator (Boston, Mass. : 1831–1865) – Digital Commonwealth"</a>. <i>www.digitalcommonwealth.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124090452/https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/collections/commonwealth:9w032b61n">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digitalcommonwealth.org&rft.atitle=The+Liberator+%28Boston%2C+Mass.+%3A+1831%E2%80%931865%29+%E2%80%93+Digital+Commonwealth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalcommonwealth.org%2Fcollections%2Fcommonwealth%3A9w032b61n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fanuzzi, Robert A. " 'The Organ of an Individual': William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator." <i>Prospects</i> 23 (1998): 107-127.</li> <li>Jacobs, Donald M. "William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator and Boston's Blacks, 1830-1865." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1971): 259-277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364529">online</a></li> <li>Nord, David Paul. "Tocqueville, Garrison and the perfection of journalism." <i>Journalism History</i> 13.2 (1986): 56-63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED229772.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Rohrbach, Augusta. " 'Truth Stranger and Stronger than Fiction': Reexamining William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator." in <i>Truth Stranger Than Fiction: Race, Realism, and the US Literary Market Place</i> (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2002) pp. 1-27.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreitmatter2001" class="citation book cs1">Streitmatter, Rodger (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesrevolution00stre"><i>Voices of Revolution</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesrevolution00stre/page/n35">21</a>–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231122497" title="Special:BookSources/0231122497"><bdi>0231122497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21-35&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0231122497&rft.aulast=Streitmatter&rft.aufirst=Rodger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicesrevolution00stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Williams, Cecil B. "Whittier's Relation to Garrison and the 'Liberator'." <i>New England Quarterly</i> (1952): 248-255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/362166">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cain, William E. ed. <i>William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery: Selections from The Liberator</i> (Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1992)</li> <li>Garrison, William Lloyd. <i>Documents of Upheaval: Selections from William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator, 1831-1965</i> (Hill and Wang, 1966).</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(newspaper)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/collections/commonwealth:9w032b61n"><i>The Liberator</i></a>. Issues digitized by Boston Public Library.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeldon,_Horace" class="citation web cs1">Seldon, Horace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/">"The Liberator Files"</a>. <i>Horace Seldon's collection and summary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horace+Seldon%27s+collection+and+summary&rft.atitle=The+Liberator+Files&rft.au=Seldon%2C+Horace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theliberatorfiles.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span> non-searchable <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDFs</a> of every issue.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librivox.org/author/8180">"The Liberator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LibriVox+%28public+domain+audiobooks%29&rft.atitle=The+Liberator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrivox.org%2Fauthor%2F8180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Liberator%2C%20The%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22The%20Liberator%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Liberator%2C%20The%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22The%20Liberator%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Liberator%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22The%20Liberator%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Liberator%2C%20The%22%20OR%20description%3A%22The%20Liberator%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about The Liberator</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/title_898/the_liberator/">"The Liberator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=The+Liberator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Ftitle_898%2Fthe_liberator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span> (searchable; subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/essays/angelina-and-sarah-grimke-abolitionist-sisters">"Angelina and Sarah Grimke: Abolitionist Sisters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angelina+and+Sarah+Grimke%3A+Abolitionist+Sisters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fhistory-by-era%2Fslavery-and-anti-slavery%2Fessays%2Fangelina-and-sarah-grimke-abolitionist-sisters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Liberator+%28newspaper%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>The story of <i>The Liberator</i> is retold in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a>'s radio drama "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DestinationFreedom/DF_50-03-26_ep085-The_Liberators_Part_I.mp3">The Liberators (Part I)</a>", a presentation from <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underground_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underground_Railroad" title="Template talk:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underground_Railroad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underground Railroad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underground_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_people" title="Category:Underground Railroad people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Brinkley_(Underground_Railroad)" title="William Brinkley (Underground Railroad)">William Brinkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Burris" title="Samuel Burris">Samuel Burris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dillingham" title="Richard Dillingham">Richard Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Fairbank" title="Calvin Fairbank">Calvin Fairbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Flint" title="Isaac S. Flint">Isaac S. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrett" title="Thomas Garrett">Thomas Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Harper">Frances Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hudson_(pioneer)" title="David Hudson (pioneer)">David Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hughes_(underground_railroad)" title="Daniel Hughes (underground railroad)">Daniel Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Leg_Joe" title="Peg Leg Joe">Peg Leg Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Forten_Purvis" title="Harriet Forten Purvis">Harriet Forten Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rankin_(abolitionist)" title="John Rankin (abolitionist)">John Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Reckless" title="Hetty Reckless">Hetty Reckless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ellis_Stowe" title="Calvin Ellis Stowe">Calvin Ellis Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Torrey" title="Charles Turner Torrey">Charles Turner Torrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Webster" title="Delia Webster">Delia Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursa_major_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/110px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/165px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ursa_major_icon.svg/220px-Ursa_major_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Underground_Railroad_locations" title="Category:Underground Railroad locations">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Underground_Railroad_sites" title="List of Underground Railroad sites">List of Underground Railroad sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad">houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Churches_on_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad">churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad in Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Methodist_Episcopal_Church,_Salem_Chapel" title="British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel">British Methodist Episcopal Church, Salem Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeline_and_Samuel_Hawkins" title="Emeline and Samuel Hawkins">Emeline and Samuel Hawkins</a> flight (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_incident" title="Pearl incident"><i>Pearl</i> incident</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_raid_in_Cass_County_(1847)" title="Kentucky raid in Cass County (1847)">Kentucky raid in Cass County</a> (1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Modlin#The_South_Bend_Fugitive_Slave_Case" title="Wright Modlin">The South Bend Fugitive Slave Case</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Riot" title="Christiana Riot">Christiana Riot</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rescue" title="Jerry Rescue">Jerry Rescue</a> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Glover" title="Joshua Glover">Joshua Glover rescue</a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Eight" title="Dover Eight">Dover Eight</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilly_Escape" title="Tilly Escape">Tilly Escape</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Maria_Jackson" title="Ann Maria Jackson">Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">opponents of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_abolitionists" title="List of African-American abolitionists">African-American opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">publications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">1850</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilts_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Quilts of the Underground Railroad">Quilts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Underground_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Underground Railroad">Reverse Underground Railroad</a></li> <li>Signals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_jockey" title="Lawn jockey">lawn jockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)"><i>The Underground Railroad Records</i></a> (1872 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Underground_Railroad_Freedom_Center" title="National Underground Railroad Freedom Center">National Underground Railroad Freedom Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Memorial_(Boston)" title="Harriet Tubman Memorial (Boston)"><i>Harriet Tubman Memorial</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Historical_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_State_Park" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_Visitor_Center" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center">visitor center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Underground_Railroad_Heritage_Center" title="Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center">Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_Bicycle_Route" title="Underground Railroad Bicycle Route">Underground Railroad Bicycle Route</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Railroad_to_Freedom:_A_Story_of_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War">The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War</a></i> (1932 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Woman_Called_Moses" title="A Woman Called Moses">A Woman Called Moses</a></i> (1978 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Resistance:_The_Story_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad">Roots of Resistance</a></i> (1989 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_for_Freedom" title="The Quest for Freedom">The Quest for Freedom</a></i> (1992 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom:_The_Underground_Railroad" title="Freedom: The Underground Railroad">Freedom: The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2013 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(2016_film)" title="The North Star (2016 film)">The North Star</a></i> (2016 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(TV_series)" title="Underground (TV series)">Underground</a></i> (2016 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harriet_(film)" title="Harriet (film)">Harriet</a></i> (2019 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(miniseries)" title="The Underground Railroad (miniseries)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2021 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery in Canada</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Veney" title="Bethany Veney">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hong Kong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_American_press" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_press" title="Template:African American press"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_press" title="Template talk:African American press"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_press" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American press"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_American_press" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African American press</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay_State_Banner" title="Bay State Banner">Bay State Banner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Criterion" title="Buffalo Criterion">Buffalo Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Pittsburgh_Courier" title="New Pittsburgh Courier">New Pittsburgh Courier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Age#The_1974_Reawakening_of_the_Black_weekly" title="The New York Age">The New York Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Amsterdam_News" title="New York Amsterdam News">New York Amsterdam News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Time_Press" title="Our Time Press">Our Time Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Tribune" title="The Philadelphia Tribune">The Philadelphia Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Afro-American" title="The Washington Afro-American">The Washington Afro-American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Informer" title="The Washington Informer">The Washington Informer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/African-American_News_and_Issues" title="African-American News and Issues">African-American News and Issues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Black_Star" title="Atlanta Black Star">Atlanta Black Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Daily_World" title="Atlanta Daily World">Atlanta Daily World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Inquirer" title="Atlanta Inquirer">Atlanta Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Voice" title="Atlanta Voice">Atlanta Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American" title="Baltimore Afro-American">Baltimore Afro-American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Times" title="Baltimore Times">Baltimore Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptist_Vanguard" title="The Baptist Vanguard">The Baptist Vanguard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Times" title="Birmingham Times">Birmingham Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Chronicle" title="Black Chronicle">Black Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Spear_Newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burning Spear Newspaper">The Burning Spear Newspaper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Peacemaker" title="Carolina Peacemaker">Carolina Peacemaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Carolinian_(newspaper)" title="The Carolinian (newspaper)">The Carolinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charleston_Chronicle" title="The Charleston Chronicle">The Charleston Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charlotte_Post" title="The Charlotte Post">The Charlotte Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Recorder" title="The Christian Recorder">The Christian Recorder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Weekly" title="The Dallas Weekly">The Dallas Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Sentinel_Bulletin" title="Florida Sentinel Bulletin">Florida Sentinel Bulletin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Star" title="The Florida Star">The Florida Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Defender" title="Houston Defender">Houston Defender</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Forward_Times" title="Houston Forward Times">Houston Forward Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Advocate" title="Jackson Advocate">Jackson Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacksonville_Advocate" title="The Jacksonville Advocate">The Jacksonville Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Free_Press" title="Jacksonville Free Press">Jacksonville Free Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Louisiana_Weekly" title="The Louisiana Weekly">The Louisiana Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Defender" title="Louisville Defender">Louisville Defender</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Times" title="The Miami Times">The Miami Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Journal_and_Guide" title="New Journal and Guide">New Journal and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Orleans_Tribune" title="The New Orleans Tribune">The New Orleans Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Eagle">Oklahoma Eagle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orlando_Times" title="The Orlando Times">The Orlando Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Free_Press" title="Richmond Free Press">Richmond Free Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Tribune" title="Roanoke Tribune">Roanoke Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Tribune" title="Savannah Tribune">Savannah Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Tribune" title="Tennessee Tribune">Tennessee Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triangle_Tribune" title="The Triangle Tribune">The Triangle Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Defender" title="Tri-State Defender">Tri-State Defender</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Beat" title="The Village Beat">The Village Beat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem_Chronicle" title="Winston-Salem Chronicle">Winston-Salem Chronicle</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Call_(Kansas_City)" title="The Call (Kansas City)"><i>The Call</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Call_and_Post" title="Call and Post">Call and Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Crusader" title="The Chicago Crusader">The Chicago Crusader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender" title="The Chicago Defender">The Chicago Defender</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Herald" title="The Cincinnati Herald">The Cincinnati Herald</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbus_Post" title="The Columbus Post">The Columbus Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Ink_Spot" title="Fort Wayne Ink Spot">Fort Wayne Ink Spot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gary_Crusader" title="Gary Crusader">Gary Crusader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Recorder" title="Indianapolis Recorder">Indianapolis Recorder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Chronicle" title="Michigan Chronicle">Michigan Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_FrontPage" title="The Michigan FrontPage">The Michigan FrontPage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Spokesman-Recorder" title="Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder">Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Star" title="Omaha Star">Omaha Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_St._Louis_American" title="The St. Louis American">The St. Louis American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Argus" title="St. Louis Argus">St. Louis Argus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Sentinel" title="St. Louis Sentinel">St. Louis Sentinel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Informant" title="Arizona Informant">Arizona Informant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Lens_News" title="Black Lens News">Black Lens News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Facts_(Seattle)" title="The Facts (Seattle)">The Facts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sentinel" title="Los Angeles Sentinel">Los Angeles Sentinel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Wave" title="Los Angeles Wave">Los Angeles Wave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oakland_Post_(California)" title="Oakland Post (California)">Oakland Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portland_Observer_(Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Observer (Oregon)">Portland Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Post" title="Richmond Post">Richmond Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacramento_Observer" title="The Sacramento Observer">The Sacramento Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_View" title="San Francisco Bay View">San Francisco Bay View</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Medium" title="Seattle Medium">Seattle Medium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skanner" title="The Skanner">The Skanner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun-Reporter" title="Sun-Reporter">Sun-Reporter</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Call_(newspaper)" title="The Final Call (newspaper)">The Final Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="The Advocate (Portland, Oregon)">The Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alaska_Spotlight" title="The Alaska Spotlight">The Alaska Spotlight</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aliened_American" title="The Aliened American">The Aliened American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_Press" title="Arkansas State Press">Arkansas State Press</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athens_Blade" title="Athens Blade">Athens Blade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athens_Republique" title="Athens Republique">Athens Republique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athens_Voice_(newspaper)" title="Athens Voice (newspaper)">Athens Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Independent" title="Atlanta Independent">Atlanta Independent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Dispatch" title="The Black Dispatch">The Black Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Panther_(newspaper)" title="The Black Panther (newspaper)">The Black Panther</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Times:_Voices_of_the_National_Community" title="Black Times: Voices of the National Community"><i>Black Times</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Guardian" title="Boston Guardian">Boston Guardian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Broad_Ax" title="The Broad Ax">The Broad Ax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Eagle" title="California Eagle">California Eagle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Carolina_Times" title="The Carolina Times">The Carolina Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlottesville-Albemarle_Tribune" title="Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune">Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bee" title="Chicago Bee">Chicago Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Conservator" title="The Chicago Conservator">The Chicago Conservator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Whip" title="Chicago Whip">Chicago Whip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Circuit_(newspaper)" title="The Circuit (newspaper)">The Circuit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_Sun" title="The City Sun">The City Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cleveland_Gazette" title="The Cleveland Gazette">The Cleveland Gazette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_(Augusta,_Georgia)" title="The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)">The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_(New_York_City)" title="The Colored American (New York City)">The Colored American (New York City)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)">The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Negro_Times" title="Daily Negro Times">Daily Negro Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Express" title="Dallas Express">Dallas Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Star" title="The Denver Star">The Denver Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Plaindealer" title="Detroit Plaindealer">Detroit Plaindealer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Tribune" title="Detroit Tribune">Detroit Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elevator_(newspaper)" title="The Elevator (newspaper)">The Elevator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Equator_(newspaper)" title="The Equator (newspaper)">The Equator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(American_newspaper)" title="Freedom (American newspaper)">Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Journal" title="Freedom's Journal">Freedom's Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frost_Illustrated" title="Frost Illustrated">Frost Illustrated</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gary_American" title="Gary American">Gary American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harambee_(African_American_newspaper)" title="Harambee (African American newspaper)">Harambee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Freeman" title="Indianapolis Freeman">Indianapolis Freeman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Leader" title="Indianapolis Leader">Indianapolis Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ink_(newspaper)" title="Ink (newspaper)">Ink</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Bystander" title="Iowa Bystander">Iowa Bystander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Eagle_Eye" title="Jackson Eagle Eye">Jackson Eagle Eye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisianian_(newspaper)" title="Louisianian (newspaper)">Louisianian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_Leader" title="Louisville Leader">Louisville Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_McDowell_Times" title="The McDowell Times">The McDowell Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Free_Speech" title="Memphis Free Speech">Memphis Free Speech</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Post" title="Memphis Post">Memphis Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Herald_(Virginia)" title="Metro Herald (Virginia)">Metro Herald (Virginia)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Michigan_Citizen" title="The Michigan Citizen">The Michigan Citizen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_of_the_Times" title="Mirror of the Times">Mirror of the Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mississippi_Enterprise" title="The Mississippi Enterprise">The Mississippi Enterprise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(newspaper)" title="Mojo (newspaper)">Mojo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Speaks" title="Muhammad Speaks">Muhammad Speaks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Globe" title="Nashville Globe">Nashville Globe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Star" title="The Negro Star">The Negro Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negro_World" title="Negro World">Negro World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_National_Era" title="New National Era">New National Era</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_North_Star_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" title="The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)">The North Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Appeal" title="Pacific Appeal">Pacific Appeal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_People%27s_Voice_(newspaper)" title="The People's Voice (newspaper)">The People's Voice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Independent_(1931%E2%80%931971)" title="The Philadelphia Independent (1931–1971)"><i>The Philadelphia Independent</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Courier" title="Pittsburgh Courier">Pittsburgh Courier</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portland_New_Age" title="Portland New Age">Portland New Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive_Era" title="The Progressive Era">The Progressive Era</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenswood_Post_(Menlo_Park,_California)" title="Ravenswood Post (Menlo Park, California)"><i>Ravenswood Post</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reflector_(Virginia_newspaper)" title="The Reflector (Virginia newspaper)">The Reflector</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Planet" title="Richmond Planet">Richmond Planet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_All" title="The Rights of All">The Rights of All</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Republican" title="The Seattle Republican">The Seattle Republican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shining_Star_(Anderson)" title="The Shining Star (Anderson)">The Shining Star</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Christian_Advocate" title="Southwestern Christian Advocate">Southwestern Christian Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bee" title="Washington Bee">The Washington Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Sun" title="The Washington Sun">The Washington Sun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Appeal_(newspaper)" title="The Appeal (newspaper)">The Appeal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Winter_Park_Advocate" title="The Winter Park Advocate">The Winter Park Advocate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Era" title="The Woman's Era">The Woman's Era</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Monitor" title="Omaha Monitor">Omaha Monitor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Post" title="Western Post">Western Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_Sentinel" title="Afro-American Sentinel">Afro-American Sentinel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(Omaha)" title="Enterprise (Omaha)">The Enterprise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Guide" title="Omaha Guide">Omaha Guide</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Enterprise" title="Black Enterprise">Black Enterprise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Issues_Book_Review" title="Black Issues Book Review">Black Issues Book Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BLK_(magazine)" title="BLK (magazine)">BLK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clutch_(women%27s_magazine)" title="Clutch (women's magazine)">Clutch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colored_American_Magazine" title="The Colored American Magazine">The Colored American Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerge_(magazine)" title="Emerge (magazine)">Emerge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essence_(magazine)" title="Essence (magazine)">Essence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fader" title="The Fader">The Fader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire!!" title="Fire!!">Fire!!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TheGrio" title="TheGrio">theGrio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horizon:_A_Journal_of_the_Color_Line" title="The Horizon: A Journal of the Color Line">The Horizon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_(magazine)" title="King (magazine)">King</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negro_Digest" title="Negro Digest">Negro Digest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Women_and_Children" title="Our Women and Children">Our Women and Children</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_On!_(magazine)" title="Right On! (magazine)">Right On!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_(magazine)" title="The Root (magazine)">The Root</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sister_2_Sister" title="Sister 2 Sister">Sister 2 Sister</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_(publication)" title="Soul (publication)">Soul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tint_(magazine)" title="Tint (magazine)">Tint</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transition_Magazine" title="Transition Magazine">Transition Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visions_Metro_Weekly" title="Visions Metro Weekly">Visions Metro Weekly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YSB_(magazine)" title="YSB (magazine)">YSB</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Negro_Press" title="Associated Negro Press">Associated Negro Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists" title="National Association of Black Journalists">National Association of Black Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Black_Journalists_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame">National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Newspaper_Publishers_Association" title="National Newspaper Publishers Association">National Newspaper Publishers Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Publishing_and_Broadcasting" title="Perry Publishing and Broadcasting">Perry Publishing and Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Times" title="Real Times">Real Times</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionist_publications" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionist publications</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Slavery_Bugle" title="The Anti-Slavery Bugle">The Anti-Slavery Bugle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_of_Universal_Emancipation" title="Genius of Universal Emancipation">Genius of Universal Emancipation</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Liberator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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