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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Football War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Post civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crackdown_on_gangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crackdown_on_gangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Crackdown on gangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crackdown_on_gangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armed Forces of El Salvador</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القوات المسلحة السلفادورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القوات المسلحة السلفادورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_Armada_de_El_Salvador" title="Fuerza Armada de El Salvador – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fuerza Armada de El Salvador" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_Armada_de_El_Salvador" title="Fuerza Armada de El Salvador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fuerza Armada de El Salvador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیروهای مسلح السالوادور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروهای مسلح السالوادور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_du_Salvador" title="Forces armées du Salvador – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forces armées du Salvador" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_El_Salvador" title="Angkatan Bersenjata El Salvador – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Angkatan Bersenjata El Salvador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoro_ginkluotosios_paj%C4%97gos" title="Salvadoro ginkluotosios pajėgos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Salvadoro ginkluotosios pajėgos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_hadereje" title="Salvador hadereje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Salvador hadereje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E8%BB%8D" title="エルサルバドル軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルサルバドル軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_Armada_de_El_Salvador" title="Força Armada de El Salvador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força Armada de El Salvador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вооружённые силы Сальвадора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вооружённые силы Сальвадора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcat_e_Armatosura_t%C3%AB_El_Salvadorit" title="Forcat e Armatosura të El Salvadorit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Forcat e Armatosura të El Salvadorit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorin_asevoimat" title="El Salvadorin asevoimat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="El Salvadorin asevoimat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combined military forces of El Salvador</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Armed Forces of El Salvador</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Fuerza Armada de El Salvador</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Fuerza_Armada_El_Salvador.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Logo_Fuerza_Armada_El_Salvador.png/220px-Logo_Fuerza_Armada_El_Salvador.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Logo_Fuerza_Armada_El_Salvador.png/330px-Logo_Fuerza_Armada_El_Salvador.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Logo_Fuerza_Armada_El_Salvador.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="412" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Armed Forces of El Salvador</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1824<span class="noprint">; 200 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1824-05-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Service branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Army" title="Salvadoran Army">Salvadoran Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Navy_of_El_Salvador" title="Navy of El Salvador">Navy of El Salvador</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Air_Force" title="Salvadoran Air Force">Salvadoran Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Headquarters#Military" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Km 5 1/2 Carretera a Santa Tecla, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_leadership" title="Category:Military leadership">Leadership</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">Commander-in-Chief</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador"> President</a> <a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele" title="Nayib Bukele">Nayib Bukele</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Defense of El Salvador">Minister of National Defense</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Merino_Monroy" title="René Merino Monroy">René Francis Merino Monroy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_(El_Salvador)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief of Joint Chiefs of Staff (El Salvador) (page does not exist)">Chief of Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Carlos Alberto Tejada Murcía</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Personnel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military age</th><td class="infobox-data">16 (voluntary)<br /> 18 (conscription)<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available for<br />military service</th><td class="infobox-data">1,634,816 males, age 16–49<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <br />1,775,474 (2008 est.) females, age 16–49<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fit for<br />military service</th><td class="infobox-data">1,201,290 males, age 16–49<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <br />1,547,278 (2009 est.) females, age 16–49<sup id="cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reaching military<br />age annually</th><td class="infobox-data">77,473 males, <br />74,655 (2009 est.) females</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active personnel</th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<sup id="cite_ref-IISSp413_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISSp413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Expenditure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_budget" title="Military budget">Budget</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$157,000,000 (2008 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-nationmaster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationmaster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Percent of GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.62%<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_acquisition" title="Military acquisition">Industry</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign suppliers</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" 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Korea">South Korea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" class="mw-redirect" title="2022–23 Salvadoran gang crackdown">2022–23 gang crackdown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_El_Salvador" title="Military ranks of El Salvador">Military ranks of El Salvador</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Armed Forces of El Salvador</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Fuerza Armada de El Salvador</i>) are the official governmental military forces of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. The Forces have three branches: the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Army" title="Salvadoran Army">Salvadoran Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Air_Force" title="Salvadoran Air Force">Salvadoran Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_El_Salvador" title="Navy of El Salvador">Navy of El Salvador</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_colonial_rule">Spanish colonial rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spanish colonial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, soldiers in El Salvador may have been nominally employed by the governing body. However, if not given their pay, the soldiers would supplement their income as mercenaries and militia for local politicians and landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-Ching_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ching-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffee_barons_and_militia">Coffee barons and militia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coffee barons and militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century, El Salvador went through a period of internal discord. In 1871, Santiago Gonzales seized power by military coup. General Carlos Ezeta did the same in 1890 and General Rafael Gutierrez in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these changes in power were fought between networks of rival landowners (coffee barons) and politicians under their patronage rather than between official military and government forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Ching_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ching-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Matanza">La Matanza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: La Matanza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a></div> <p>Military operations in El Salvador continued in a similar way until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, coffee prices fell, the wages of indigenous Salvadoran workers were cut and unemployment was widespread. For three days in 1932, the indigenous workers rebelled.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling general, <a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Maximiliano Hernández Martínez</a> (1882 – 1966), responded with force. Under his command, the national army proper, slaughtered up to 40,000 peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palm_Sunday_coup">Palm Sunday coup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palm Sunday coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_Coup" title="Palm Sunday Coup">Palm Sunday Coup</a></div> <p>Twelve years of autocratic rule followed. Martínez withheld democratic and civil rights. On 2 March 1944, a <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, the landowners, intellectuals, students and also some sections of the Salvadoran armed forces rebelled. The First Infantry Regiment and the Second Artillery Regiment of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> joined the rebels as did the Garrison of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_El_Salvador" title="Santa Ana, El Salvador">Santa Ana</a>. Santa Ana was bombed from the air.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was put down by the remaining loyal sections of the military. Reprisals of torture and execution of those who had joined the rebellion followed. Martial law was put in place. However, in May 1944, non-violent protest leading to a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> caused Martinez to fall from power.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_of_1948">Rebellion of 1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rebellion of 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the years that followed, young military officers became increasingly dissatisfied with their situation. They saw the generals clinging to senior posts for which they had little training and without making way for the younger officers. They saw the generals failing to prepare for the social and economic changes coming to Central America. They objected to unfair disciplinary measures and unfair surveillance. In 1948, fighting broke out between the younger officers and troops under their command and the senior generals and the police force under their command. The president, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Castaneda_Castro" title="Salvador Castaneda Castro">Salvador Castaneda Castro</a> (1888 – 1965) was imprisoned. Senior officers and politicians were dismissed. The new government promoted the formation of a truly national, apolitical and professional army in El Salvador.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_influence_and_the_Cold_War">American influence and the Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American influence and the Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1947 to 1953, El Salvador held an agreement with the US whereby an American military aviation mission would be sent to El Salvador; El Salvador would seek advice from the US preferentially and purchase arms from the US.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Salvadoran military officers were trained in North America and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>. Nevertheless, the amount of American military aid purchased by El Salvador in the 1950s was small; just enough in <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munitions</a> and light arms to suppress internal conflict such as <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, Salvadoran men underwent one year of national service before being discharged to a reserve army. They then underwent further training on a regular basis and could be called to join active provincial patrols (<i>patrullas cantonalles</i>). Regular meetings of the men were held reinforcing loyalty to the nation and opposition to communism. Men from disadvantaged circumstances were offered monetary and practical assistance and education for their children. The number of reservists grew to approximately 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, a <a href="/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)" title="Junta (governing body)">junta</a> of conservative military officers and landowners took power in a coup and then organised elections. In 1961, the junta's candidate Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Julio_Adalberto_Rivera" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio Adalberto Rivera">Julio Adalberto Rivera</a> was elected president. In 1967, Colonel Fidel Sanchez Hernandez became president.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_War">Football War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Football War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a></div> <p>In 1969, tensions between El Salvador and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> increased. There was dispute concerning the border between the two countries. Approximately 300,000 Salvadorans had moved to Honduras due to population and land pressures in their homeland but Honduras had not renewed the El Salvador – Honduras Bilateral Treaty on Immigration. Honduras and El Salvador were competitors in the Central American Common Market. Honduras' economy was struggling and the Honduran Government started to deport the Salvadorans who they saw as illegal immigrants. Many Salvadorans fled after their Vice Consul was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fouskas_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouskas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1969, El Salvador played three games against Honduras in the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification" title="1970 FIFA World Cup qualification">qualifying rounds of the World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Then, on 26 June 1969, El Salvador won a play-off game 3 goals to 2 against <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, taking a place in the cup finals.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 July 1969, armed hostilities began between El Salvador and Honduras. Due to the war's proximity to the World Cup qualifying games, it was called the "<a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a>" or the "<a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> War". </p><p>At this time, the Salvadoran forces included approximately 8,000 infantrymen with rifles, machine guns, mortars and bazookas, 105 mm cannons and a few armoured personnel carriers. Very few arms were manufactured in El Salvador. Most arms were supplied by the US. Honduras' infantry was smaller and less well equipped.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzoska_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzoska-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Salvadoran Air Force, flying <a href="/wiki/P-51_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustangs</a>, attacked Honduran targets and vice versa, but each air force had only a few working aeroplanes and was hampered by a lack of spare parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 64">: 64 </span></sup> El Salvador's infantry forces invaded Honduras and took <a href="/wiki/Ocotepeque" title="Ocotepeque">Ocotepeque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fouskas_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fouskas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brzoska_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzoska-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Salvadoran troops approached <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, their supply lines failed, they became exhausted and were slowed by heavy rainfall, and their morale fell. On July 18, 1969, the Organization of American States (OAS) organised a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>. Then as economic sanctions and an arms <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> took effect, both sides. The war lasted for four days and therefore is also called the "one hundred hour war".<sup id="cite_ref-Brzoska_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzoska-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a> was fought between 1979 and 1992. The Salvadoran armed forces fought the <i>Frente Farabundo Marti para la Liberacion Nacional</i> (<a href="/wiki/FMLN" class="mw-redirect" title="FMLN">FMLN</a>), a coalition of insurgent <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> groups. The war began when a reformist government was suppressed by hard line military elements and by landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1980 and 1983, the Salvadoran armed forces were driven out of territory controlled by large FMLN groups in rural areas. The FMLN membership later increased to over 12,000 when the organisation was able to provide local governance and services.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> The government responded with counter-insurgency actions including the assassination of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Romero" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Romero">Oscar Romero</a> (1917 – 1980).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1981, soldiers of the national armed forces' <a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1catl_Battalion" title="Atlácatl Battalion">Atlácatl Battalion</a>, a rapid response troop, killed 900 civilians at <a href="/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre" title="El Mozote massacre">El Mozote</a>. This was one of a number of actions including rapes, bashings, torture and killings. Men of this battalion were graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Institute_for_Security_Cooperation" title="Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation">US School of the Americas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus, Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another atrocity occurred on <a href="/wiki/1989_murders_of_Jesuits_in_El_Salvador" title="1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador">16 November 1989</a>. Army soldiers murdered six <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priests, their housekeeper and her daughter at the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_University_(San_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American University (San Salvador)">Central American University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the armed forces of El Salvador had raised 56,000 fighting men with 63 aeroplanes and 72 helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Between 1983 and 1987, El Salvador's military forces received over 100 million dollars per year from the US.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the US restricted funding to the Salvadoran military. The US found its rigorous measures against left wing groups were no longer needed. This and the lack of advantage on either side led to the end of the war in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the terms of the Chapultepec Peace Accords which had been signed on 16 January 1992 in <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the Salvadoran Armed Forces was to be subordinated and removed from the political arena.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Defense handed the role of internal security to a new body, the National Police Force. The number of soldiers in the Armed Forces was reduced by half. Counter-insurgency forces were demobilised. Military intelligence units reported directly to the president. The constitutional mission, doctrine and recruitment and educational systems of the Armed Forces were redefined.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the civil war, military and right wing paramilitary death squads used exemplary violence with murder and mutilation, massacre and forced displacement to gain control of the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, a General Amnesty Law was passed by the Salvadoran government. Victims of human rights violations had no redress. International human rights entities such as the <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> made formal objections to the law. Spain found jurisdiction in the matter and indicted twenty retired soldiers who were officers at the time of the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many reasons, the armed forces resisted the application of the requirement of the Peace Accord. Junior officers who had volunteered to work in security units did not want to be treated as raw army recruits when their units disbanded. Senior officers feared the autonomy of the military's core activities, such as training, would be lost. Military leaders feared that the loss of military units in rural areas would lead to social and political unrest. The civilian population feared that officers purged from military ranks for human rights violations would join right wing paramilitary organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 159">: 159 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_civil_war">Post civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah,_Iraq,_April_14,_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah%2C_Iraq%2C_April_14%2C_2005.jpg/220px-An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah%2C_Iraq%2C_April_14%2C_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah%2C_Iraq%2C_April_14%2C_2005.jpg/330px-An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah%2C_Iraq%2C_April_14%2C_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah%2C_Iraq%2C_April_14%2C_2005.jpg/440px-An_unidentified_El_Salvadoran_special_forces_Soldier_keeps_a_close_eye_on_the_borders_of_Camp_Charlie_in_Al_Hillah%2C_Iraq%2C_April_14%2C_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>An unidentified Salvadoran special forces soldier in Camp Charlie in Al Hillah, Iraq, April 14, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>From 2003 to January 2009, the Salvadoran armed forces were part of the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force – Iraq</a>. El Salvador deployed more than 500 troops, mostly paratroopers and special forces. During the conflict, five Salvadoran soldiers were killed in action and more than 50 were wounded. Salvadoran forces operated next to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Spanish Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>. They were well regarded by both Spanish and U.S. forces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the Salvadoran forces withdrew from Iraq in 2009. They were the last Central Americans allies to withdraw from the conflict. </p><p>In 2016, a new armed force was raised in El Salvador with the remit of stopping criminal gangs (especially <a href="/wiki/MS-13" title="MS-13">MS-13</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drugs_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drugs trade">narcotrafficking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the strength of the Salvadoran armed forces was estimated to be 24,500 active presonnel.<sup id="cite_ref-IISSp413_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IISSp413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crackdown_on_gangs">Crackdown on gangs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crackdown on gangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2022_Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Salvadoran gang crackdown">2022 Salvadoran gang crackdown</a></div> <p>Beginning on 25 March 2022, three days of gang-related violence occurred that left 87 people dead.<sup id="cite_ref-france24.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france24.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, President Bukele asked the Salvadoran parliament to ratify a state of emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 March, Bukele also ordered the police and army to initiate mass-arrests against those responsible for the violence. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg/240px-Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg/360px-Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg/480px-Elementos_de_seguridad_en_CECOT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3640" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers and police officers</figcaption></figure> <p>A day later, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Congress</a> approved a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> that gives legal coverage to arrest any citizen suspected to be a gang member even with no proof. In addition, Congress also approved reforms to increase the maximum sentence for gang member from nine to 45 years in prison and punish the dissemination of gang messages, including independent journalism talking about the gang crisis, with up to 15 years in prison. </p><p>The law was directed against those who "mark" their territories with acronyms of the gangs, a practice that gang members use to intimidate, and threaten with death those who denounce them to the authorities. The Directorate of Penal Centers began to erase the graffiti that the gangs use to mark the territory in which they operate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MS-13" title="MS-13">Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13)</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_Street_gang" title="18th Street gang">Barrio 18 gangs</a>, among others, were estimated in 2022 to have around some 70,000 members, and as of August 2023, around 72,000 people have been sent to prison as a part of the government crackdown on the gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Army" title="Salvadoran Army">Salvadoran Army</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Air_Force" title="Salvadoran Air Force">Salvadoran Air Force</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_El_Salvador" title="Navy of El Salvador">Navy of El Salvador</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_El_Salvador" title="Military ranks of El Salvador">Military ranks of El Salvador</a></div> <p>The Salvadoran armed forces are a combat force composed of army, navy and air force each led by their <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chief of the General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a>. The support units are a military education and doctrine command, a logistics support command, a military health command, a military special security brigade and a directorate general of recruitment and reserves. </p><p>The duties of the Salvadoran Armed Force is described in articles 211 and 212 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">Constitution of 1983</a>. It is the duty of the armed forces to defend national territory and sovereignty; maintain public peace, tranquillity, and security; and to support democracy. Article 212 describes the armed forces as a 'fundamental institution for national security, of a permanent character, apolitical, obedient to established civilian authority, and non-deliberative". It also charges the military with enforcing the no-reelection provision of the country's president; with guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>;and with working with the executive branch of government in promoting national development<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief">Commander in Chief</a> of the Armed Forces is the president. Reporting to the president is the Ministry of Defence. Members of the ministry advise the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The military provides a panel composed of the Chiefs of the General Staff and military experts who provide the ministry with technical advice for policy making and strategic planning. Oversight of the military is provided by the Assistant Inspector General of the Armed Forces. </p><p>Within the military leadership are operating units, tactical units and advisory bodies. The operating units build on operational plans. The tactical units include detachments, training centers and forces of the army at the battalion level. The combat recognition and transport groups make up the Air Force tactical unit. The Navy uses transport and <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographic</a> tactical units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medals">Medals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the highest military decorations in the Salvadoran Armed Forces are the Gold Cross of War Heroism in Action; the Silver Cross of Heroism; the gold medal for Courage in Action; and the Silver Medal of Valor. for such actions, there may be a monetary payment in addition to the armed forces pension. There are other honours for field service, distinguished service, and merit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/32px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/48px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ciafactbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciafactbook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/">"CIA – The World Factbook – El Salvador"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 24 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+El+Salvador&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fel-salvador%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IISSp413-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IISSp413_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IISSp413_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (25 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2021"><i>The Military Balance 2021</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032012278" title="Special:BookSources/9781032012278"><bdi>9781032012278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2021&rft.place=London&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft.isbn=9781032012278&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiss.org%2Fpublications%2Fthe-military-balance%2Fthe-military-balance-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationmaster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationmaster_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/red/country/es-el-salvador/mil-military&all=1">"El Salvador Military Facts & Stats"</a>. <i>Nationmaster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationmaster.com&rft.atitle=El+Salvador+Military+Facts+%26+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fred%2Fcountry%2Fes-el-salvador%2Fmil-military%26all%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ching-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ching_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ching_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ching E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYQFDgAAQBAJ&dq=el+salvador+1890&pg=PT326"><i>Authoritarian El Salvador: Politics and the Origins of the Military Regimes</i></a> University of Notre Dame Press, 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268076995" title="Special:BookSources/0268076995">0268076995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perez O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTSHDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22el+salvador%22+%2219th+century%22+history+military&pg=PA7"><i>Historical Dictionary of El Salvador</i></a> Rowman & Littlefield, 2016 p7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810880202" title="Special:BookSources/0810880202">0810880202</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equalexchange.coop/history-of-coffee-in-el-salvador">History of Coffee in El Salvador</a> Equal Exchange website. Accessed 26 February 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindo-Fuentes H. et al <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AubqWtPHt1kC&q=1932+massacre+salvador"><i>Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932</i></a> UNM Press, 2007 p23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826336043" title="Special:BookSources/0826336043">0826336043</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerman P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMe2CgAAQBAJ&dq=palm+sunday+coup+salvador+1944&pg=PA252"><i>A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict</i></a> St. Martin's Press, 2015 p252 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/125010520X" title="Special:BookSources/125010520X">125010520X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zunes S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/el-salvador-1944/">El Salvador: 1944</a> International Center on Non-violent Conflict website. Accessed 27 February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams P. and Walter K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MVBjywM-DcC&dq=el+salvador+1950&pg=PA206"><i>Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador’s Transition to Democracy</i></a> University of Pittsburgh Pre, 1997 p38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822971860" title="Special:BookSources/0822971860">0822971860</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0USAyAqhPEEC&dq=us+el+salvador+military+agreement+1953&pg=PA416"><i>United States Treaties and Other International Agreements, Volume 5</i></a> Department of State, 1955 p419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holden R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TH88DwAAQBAJ&dq=us+el+salvador+military+agreement+1953&pg=PA285"><i>Armies Without Nations: Public Violence and State Formation in Central America</i></a> Oxford University Press, 2006 p285 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195310209" title="Special:BookSources/0195310209">0195310209</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch24salvador.htm">Civil War in El Salvador</a> Macro history and world timeline website. Accessed 1 March 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Piazza F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un6kGui8z4QC&dq=cacm+el+salvador&pg=PA28"><i>El Salvador in Pictures</i></a> Twenty-First Century Books, 2007 p29. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822571455" title="Special:BookSources/0822571455">0822571455</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moodie E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4uOS0AcIA4C&dq=%22football+war%22+el+salvador&pg=PA222"><i>El Salvador in the aftermath of peace</i></a> University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011 p30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812205979" title="Special:BookSources/0812205979">0812205979</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fouskas-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fouskas_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fouskas_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fouskas V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZomsAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22football+war%22+el+salvador&pg=PA37"><i>Politics of Conflict</i></a> Routledge, 2010 p37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1136833579" title="Special:BookSources/1136833579">1136833579</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunmore T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4uJdBgAAQBAJ&dq=qualifying+finals+world+cup+1970&pg=PA204"><i>Encyclopedia of the FIFA World Cup</i></a> Scarecrow Press, 2015 p204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810887436" title="Special:BookSources/0810887436">0810887436</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brzoska-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brzoska_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brzoska_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brzoska_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brzoska M. and Pearson F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to7hS3Wlro4C&dq=%22football+war%22+honduras&pg=PA61"><i>Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-escalation, and Negotiation</i></a> Univ of South Carolina Press, 1994 p64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872499820" title="Special:BookSources/0872499820">0872499820</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner" class="citation news cs1">Lerner, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/last-piston-engine-dogfights-180956250/">"The Last Piston-Engine Dogfights"</a>. <i>Air and Space Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+and+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Last+Piston-Engine+Dogfights&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fhistory-of-flight%2Flast-piston-engine-dogfights-180956250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBAAN3ABKmIC&q=el+salvador+civil+war"><i>Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador</i></a> Cambridge University Press, 2003 p2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521010500" title="Special:BookSources/0521010500">0521010500</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemoine F. and Strickland J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&dq=%22oscar+arnulfo+romero%22&pg=PA157"><i>Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists</i></a> Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001 p157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573561533" title="Special:BookSources/1573561533">1573561533</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitfield T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qv9o4qoOnFEC&dq=atlacatl+battalion&pg=PA169"><i>Paying the Price: Ignacio Ellacuría and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador</i></a> Temple University Press, 1994 p169. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1566392535" title="Special:BookSources/1566392535">1566392535</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1lOzcKvAbIC&dq=jesuit+killings+el+salvador&pg=PA30542">Congressional Record, V. 145, Pt. 21, November 17, 1999 to December 3, 1999</a> Government Printing Office p30524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Negroponte D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HdTIAAAAQBAJ&dq=1989+us+military+aid+to+el+salvador&pg=PA191"><i>Seeking Peace in El Salvador</i></a> Springer, 2012 p191 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1137012080" title="Special:BookSources/1137012080">1137012080</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gomez M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1yTAgAAQBAJ&dq=military+accountability+el+salvador&pg=PA121"><i>Human Rights in Cuba, El Salvador and Nicaragua</i></a> Routledge, 2004 p121 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135940541" title="Special:BookSources/1135940541">1135940541</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmTiCgAAQBAJ&dq=justice+military+post+civil+war+El+Salvador&pg=PA149"><i>Post-transitional Justice: Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador</i></a> Penn State Press, 2010 p154. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271075708" title="Special:BookSources/0271075708">0271075708</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lessa F. and Payne L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pB98ePahtH8C&dq=military+accountability+el+salvador&pg=PA204"><i>Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability</i></a> Cambridge University Press, 2012 p204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107025001" title="Special:BookSources/1107025001">1107025001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-salvador-usa-iraq/u-s-military-chief-thanks-el-salvador-for-iraq-help-idUSN1833087820080119">U.S. military chief thanks El Salvador for Iraq help</a> Reuters 19 January 2008. Accessed 10 March 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/may/3/20040503-115511-7092r/">"Salvadoran soldiers praised for Iraq role"</a>. <i>washingtontimes.com</i>. May 3, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtontimes.com&rft.atitle=Salvadoran+soldiers+praised+for+Iraq+role&rft.date=2004-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Fmay%2F3%2F20040503-115511-7092r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422022210/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36098486">|El Salvador unveils new military force to fight gangs</a> BBC News Latin America. 21 April 2016. Accessed 10 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-france24.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-france24.com_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220410-m%C3%A1s-de-9-000-pandilleros-detenidos-en-el-salvador-en-15-d%C3%ADas-dice-bukele">"Más de 9.000 pandilleros detenidos en El Salvador en 15 días, dice Bukele"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 10 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421024739/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220410-m%C3%A1s-de-9-000-pandilleros-detenidos-en-el-salvador-en-15-d%C3%ADas-dice-bukele">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=M%C3%A1s+de+9.000+pandilleros+detenidos+en+El+Salvador+en+15+d%C3%ADas%2C+dice+Bukele&rft.date=2022-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fes%2Fminuto-a-minuto%2F20220410-m%25C3%25A1s-de-9-000-pandilleros-detenidos-en-el-salvador-en-15-d%25C3%25ADas-dice-bukele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/28/el-salvador-invokes-state-of-emergency-after-62-killings-in-a-day">"El Salvador declares state of emergency after gang killings"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405234029/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/28/el-salvador-invokes-state-of-emergency-after-62-killings-in-a-day">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=El+Salvador+declares+state+of+emergency+after+gang+killings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F3%2F28%2Fel-salvador-invokes-state-of-emergency-after-62-killings-in-a-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmán2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guzmán, Jessica (25 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diario.elmundo.sv/politica/asi-procesaran-a-los-71976-detenidos-en-el-regimen-de-excepcion">"Así Procesarán a los 71,976 Detenidos en el Régimen de Excepción"</a> [This Is How They Will Process the 71,976 Detained in the State of Exception]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(El_Salvador)" title="El Mundo (El Salvador)">El Mundo</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725195654/https://diario.elmundo.sv/politica/asi-procesaran-a-los-71976-detenidos-en-el-regimen-de-excepcion">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=As%C3%AD+Procesar%C3%A1n+a+los+71%2C976+Detenidos+en+el+R%C3%A9gimen+de+Excepci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiario.elmundo.sv%2Fpolitica%2Fasi-procesaran-a-los-71976-detenidos-en-el-regimen-de-excepcion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4304.html">"El Salvador – the Armed Forces"</a>. <i>www.country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.country-data.com&rft.atitle=El+Salvador+%E2%80%93+the+Armed+Forces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-4304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haggerty R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnYsAAAAYAAJ&q=el+salvador+constitution+1983+armed+forces"><i>El Salvador: A Country Study</i></a> Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1990. p208.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/svtoc.html">"El Salvador"</a>. <i>Country-data.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country-data.com&rft.atitle=El+Salvador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fsvtoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070111091842/http://www.fuerzaarmada.gob.sv/">"En construcción"</a>. 11 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fuerzaarmada.gob.sv/">the original</a> on 11 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+construcci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fuerzaarmada.gob.sv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichner2006" class="citation news cs1">Eichner, Itamar (20 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3229882,00.html">"El Salvador seeks to copy IDF model"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=El+Salvador+seeks+to+copy+IDF+model&rft.date=2006-03-20&rft.aulast=Eichner&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3229882%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130706141055/http://www.presidencia.gob.sv/index.php/novedades/noticias/item/3486-secretaria-pignato-participa-en-bienvenida-a-la-flota-de-la-amistad-de-china-taiw%C3%A1n.html">"Presidencia de la República de El Salvador"</a>. <i>Archive.is</i>. 6 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencia.gob.sv/index.php/novedades/noticias/item/3486-secretaria-pignato-participa-en-bienvenida-a-la-flota-de-la-amistad-de-china-taiw%C3%A1n.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.is&rft.atitle=Presidencia+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+de+El+Salvador&rft.date=2013-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidencia.gob.sv%2Findex.php%2Fnovedades%2Fnoticias%2Fitem%2F3486-secretaria-pignato-participa-en-bienvenida-a-la-flota-de-la-amistad-de-china-taiw%25C3%25A1n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sadefensejournal.com/wp/?p=952">"El Salvador: Standing Tall"</a>. <i>Small Arms Defense Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Arms+Defense+Journal&rft.atitle=El+Salvador%3A+Standing+Tall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsadefensejournal.com%2Fwp%2F%3Fp%3D952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmed+Forces+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General <span style="font-size:85%;">(Guatemalan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador" title="Intendancy of San Salvador">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">1811 Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Greater Republic of Central America">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador" title="Geography of El Salvador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Biota of El Salvador">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_El_Salvador" title="List of cities in El Salvador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of earthquakes in El Salvador">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_El_Salvador" title="List of islands of El Salvador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_El_Salvador" title="List of national parks of El Salvador">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_El_Salvador" title="List of rivers of El Salvador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of volcanoes in El Salvador">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_El_Salvador" title="Water resources management in El Salvador">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvador" title="Departments of El Salvador">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Court system of El Salvador">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_El_Salvador" title="Elections in El Salvador">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_El_Salvador" title="Foreign relations of El Salvador">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_El_Salvador" title="Human rights in El Salvador">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in El Salvador">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_El_Salvador" title="International rankings of El Salvador">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Police_(El_Salvador)" title="National Civil Police (El Salvador)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_El_Salvador" title="List of political parties in El Salvador">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador" title="Bitcoin in El Salvador">Bitcoin adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_El_Salvador" title="Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_El_Salvador" title="Coffee production in El Salvador">Coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_col%C3%B3n" title="Salvadoran colón">pre-dollarization currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_El_Salvador" title="Electricity sector in El Salvador">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_El_Salvador" title="Mining in El Salvador">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Stock_Exchange" title="Salvadoran Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_El_Salvador" title="Tourism in El Salvador">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_El_Salvador" title="Transport in El Salvador">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Society of El Salvador">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_El_Salvador" title="Corruption in El Salvador">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_El_Salvador" title="Crime in El Salvador">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_El_Salvador" title="Demographics of El Salvador">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_El_Salvador" title="Gender inequality in El Salvador">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_El_Salvador" title="Languages of El Salvador">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_El_Salvador" title="Prostitution in El Salvador">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Departments_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Departments by HDI">Regions by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_El_Salvador" title="Sex trafficking in El Salvador">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_El_Salvador" title="Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_El_Salvador" title="Culture of El Salvador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_El_Salvador" title="National Anthem of El Salvador">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_literature" title="Salvadoran literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_El_Salvador" title="Public holidays in El Salvador">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in El Salvador">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_stations_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Television stations in El Salvador">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_El_Salvador" title="Outline of El Salvador">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_El_Salvador%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of El Salvador–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:El_Salvador" title="Category:El Salvador">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_North_America" title="Template:Military of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Military of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda_Defence_Force" title="Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Defence_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Defence Force">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Defence_Force" title="Barbados Defence Force">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize_Defence_Force" title="Belize Defence Force">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Force_of_Costa_Rica" title="Public Force of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces" title="Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada#Military" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Guatemala" title="Armed Forces of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Honduras" title="Armed Forces of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Defence_Force" title="Jamaica Defence Force">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_Defence_Force" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis Defence Force">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Military of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Military of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Defence_Force" title="Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Aruba" title="Military of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Military of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Caribbean Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Collectivity of Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Greenland" title="Military of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Montserrat_Defence_Force" title="Royal Montserrat Defence Force">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Military of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Armed_Forces" title="Netherlands Armed Forces">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies of Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) is not listed. The <a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">Federated state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>) is not listed. The <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Colombia</a>) is not listed. The uninhabited islands of <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">France</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States</a>) are not listed. The uninhabited disputed territories of <a href="/wiki/Bajo_Nuevo_Bank" title="Bajo Nuevo Bank">Bajo Nuevo Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serranilla_Bank" title="Serranilla Bank">Serranilla Bank</a> are not listed.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959701#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959701#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150213958">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88660585">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007594797205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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