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<span>Toggle El Salvador before the conquest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador_before_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_weaponry_and_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_weaponry_and_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Native weaponry and tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_weaponry_and_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background_to_the_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_to_the_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background to the conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_to_the_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquistadors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_Old_World_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact of Old World diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_Old_World_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_discovery_of_El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_discovery_of_El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spanish discovery of El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_discovery_of_El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conquest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Cinacantan,_1528" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Cinacantan,_1528"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Battle of Cinacantan, 1528</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Cinacantan,_1528-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-Spanish_rivalry,_1529–1530" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-Spanish_rivalry,_1529–1530"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Inter-Spanish rivalry, 1529–1530</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-Spanish_rivalry,_1529–1530-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_El_Salvador,_1530–1538" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_El_Salvador,_1530–1538"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Eastern El Salvador, 1530–1538</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_El_Salvador,_1530–1538-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Colonial organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Spanish conquest of El Salvador</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg/220px-Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg/330px-Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg/440px-Pueblos_Indigenas_antes_de_la_conquista_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="1888" /></a></span><br />Indigenous ethnic groups of El Salvador, prior to Spanish conquest</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1524 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1539</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">El Salvador, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Spanish victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Incorporation of El Salvador into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of El Salvador">Indigenous peoples of El Salvador</a>, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%27orti%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'orti' people">Ch'orti' Maya people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenca people">Lenca people</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangue_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangue people (page does not exist)">Mangue people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagalpa people">Matagalpa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam Maya people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca people</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Alvarado" title="Gonzalo de Alvarado">Gonzalo de Alvarado</a></li></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1catl" title="Atlácatl">Atlácatl</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Spanish_colonial_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><span class="wrap">Spanish colonial campaigns</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>15th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands (1402–96)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Mar_Peque%C3%B1a" title="Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña">Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Guinea (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1497)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1497)">Algeria (1497)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Melilla" title="Conquest of Melilla"> Melilla (1497)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>16th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1505)" title="Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)">Algeria (1505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1507)" title="Battle of Mers-el-Kébir (1507)">Algeria (1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_(1508)" title="Conquest of the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508)">Morocco (1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">Algeria (1509)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1510)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1510)">Algeria (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Tripoli" title="Spanish conquest of Tripoli">Tripoli (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1510)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1510)">Tunisia (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Ta%C3%ADno_War_of_San_Juan%E2%80%93Borik%C3%A9n" title="Spanish–Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén">Puerto Rico (1511–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1516)" title="Algiers expedition (1516)">Algeria (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Algeria (1517–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Indian Wars">Mexico (1519–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Mexico (1519–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1519)" title="Algiers expedition (1519)">Algeria (1519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_Djerba_(1520)" title="Spanish assault on Djerba (1520)">Tunisia (1520)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas (1523–1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala (1524–1697)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">El Salvador (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras (1524–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1525)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1525)">Morocco (1525)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán (1527–1697)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Algeria (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Cherchell_(1531)" title="Campaign of Cherchell (1531)">Algeria (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Peru (1532–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Tunisia (1534)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War"> Brazil (1534-36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Tlemcen_(1535)" title="Spanish expedition to Tlemcen (1535)">Algeria (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunisia (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia (1537–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algeria (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1543)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1543)">Algeria (1543)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Jailolo" title="Attack on Jailolo">Halmahera (1545)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Chile (1546–1662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1547)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1547)">Algeria (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Tunisia (1550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Libya (1551)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_(1555)" title="Capture of Béjaïa (1555)">Algeria (1555)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Algeria (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Algeria (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Tunisia (1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Wars" title="Calchaquí Wars">Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Algeria (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera_expedition_(1563)" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera expedition (1563)">Morocco (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Morocco (1564)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Philippines (1565–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Florida (1565)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippines (1567–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Tunisia (1573)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunisia (1574)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Brunei (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1582)" title="Ternate expedition (1582)">Insulindia (1582)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1585)" title="Ternate expedition (1585)">Insulindia (1585)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodia (1593–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Puerto Rico (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_expedition" title="Mindanao expedition">Philippines (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Cuba (1596)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">Puerto Rico (1598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Visayas_(1599-1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid of Visayas (1599-1600)">Philippines (1599-1600)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>17th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1602)" title="Jolo expedition (1602)">Philippines (1602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_expedition_(1603)" title="Ternate expedition (1603)">Insulindia (1603)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hammamet" title="Battle of Hammamet">Tunisia (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Moluccas (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco#Spanish_occupation_(1614–81)" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Morocco (1614)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén (1618–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Brazil (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Formosa" title="Spanish expedition to Formosa">Taiwan (1626)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Kitts_(1629)" title="Battle of St. Kitts (1629)">St. Kitts <b>·</b> Nevis (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolo_expedition_(1630)" title="Jolo expedition (1630)">Philippines (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Brazil (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Brazil (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Jolo_(1638)" title="Spanish occupation of Jolo (1638)">Philippines (1638-46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Brazil (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chiloé <b>·</b> Valdivia (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">Tortuga (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1655)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1655)">Hispaniola (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Jamaica" title="Invasion of Jamaica">Jamaica (1655)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocho_Rios" title="Battle of Ocho Rios">Jamaica (1657)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo" title="Battle of Rio Nuevo">Jamaica (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Porto_Bello" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello">Porto Bello (1668)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_raid_on_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo (1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan%27s_Panama_expedition" title="Henry Morgan's Panama expedition">Panama (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">New Mexico (1680–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Larache_(1689)" title="Siege of Larache (1689)">Morocco (1689)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>18th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">North America (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1712" title="Huilliche uprising of 1712">Chiloé (1712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau_(1720)" title="Raid on Nassau (1720)">Bahamas (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">Chile (1723–1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Oran (1732)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1735%E2%80%931737)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)">Banda Oriental (1735–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">Caribbean and North America (1739–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Cuba (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Nicaragua (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Philippines (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">Chile (1766–1767)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Algiers (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Portuguese_War_(1776%E2%80%931777)" title="Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)">Banda Oriental (1776–1777)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">North America (1779–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Peru (1780–82)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">New Granada (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Algiers (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Algiers (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_uprising_of_1792" title="Huilliche uprising of 1792">Chile (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Caribbean (1796–1802)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>19th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish America (1808–33)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivia (1809–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_War_of_Independence" title="Argentine War of Independence">Argentina (1810–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida_Controversy" title="West Florida Controversy">Florida (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_campaign" title="Paraguay campaign">Paraguay (1810–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico (1810–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peru (1811–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">El Salvador (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Piedras_(1811)" title="Battle of Las Piedras (1811)">Uruguay (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">Venezuela (1811–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chile (1812–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_New_Granada" title="Spanish reconquest of New Granada">Colombia (1815–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar%27s_campaign_to_liberate_New_Granada" title="Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada">Colombia (1819–20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_War_of_Independence" title="Ecuadorian War of Independence">Ecuador (1820–22)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Mexico (1821–29)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Morocco (1859–1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Republic (1863–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Peru and Chile (1864–66)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Puerto Rico (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuba (1868–78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_War_(Cuba)" title="Little War (Cuba)">Cuba (1879–80)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">Morocco (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">Cuba (1895–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippines (1896–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rico (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam (1898)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Morocco (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kert_campaign" title="Kert campaign">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Morocco (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Morocco (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_insurgency" title="Sahrawi insurgency">Western Sahara (1973–76)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Western Sahara (1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:History of El Salvador">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">History of <span class="fn org label">El Salvador</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of El Salvador"><img alt="Coat of Arms of El Salvador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuzcatlan" title="Cuzcatlan">Kingdom of Cuzcatlan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1200–1528)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest (1524–1539)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador" title="Intendancy of San Salvador">Intendancy of San Salvador (1785–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">1811 Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America"><span class="nowrap">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Greater Republic of Central America"><span class="nowrap">Greater Republic of Central America (1895–1898)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">Military dictatorship (1931–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/16px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/24px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/32px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">El Salvador portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Template:History of El Salvador"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Template talk:History of El Salvador"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_El_Salvador" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of El Salvador"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish conquest of El Salvador</b> was the campaign undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a></i> against the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Late Postclassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> polities in the territory that is now incorporated into the modern <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> country of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>. El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America, and is dominated by two mountain ranges running east–west. Its climate is tropical, and the year is divided into wet and dry seasons. Before the conquest the country formed a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> cultural region, and was inhabited by a number of indigenous peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lenca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenca people">Lenca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>. Native weaponry consisted of spears, bows and arrows, and wooden swords with inset stone blades; they wore padded cotton armour. </p><p>The Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a></i> were largely volunteers, receiving the spoils of victory instead of a salary; many were experienced soldiers who had already campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The Spanish expeditions to Central America were launched from three different Spanish jurisdictions, resulting in rival conquests by mutually hostile Spanish captains. Spanish weaponry included swords, firearms, crossbows and light artillery. Metal armour was impractical in the hot, humid climate of Central America and the Spanish were quick to adopt the quilted cotton armour of the natives. The conquistadors were supported by a large number of <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a> drawn from previously encountered <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> groups. </p><p>The first campaign against the native inhabitants was undertaken in 1524 by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>. Alvarado launched his expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Cuscatlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuscatlan">Cuzcatlan</a>, also known as Nequepio,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands" title="Guatemalan Highlands">Guatemalan Highlands</a>, but by July 1524 he had retreated back to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Alvarado" title="Gonzalo de Alvarado">Gonzalo de Alvarado</a> founded <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> the following year, but it was eradicated by a native attack in 1526, during a general uprising that spread across the region. Pedro de Alvarado returned to campaign in El Salvador in 1526 and 1528, and in the latter year, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Alvarado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Alvarado (page does not exist)">Diego de Alvarado</a> reestablished San Salvador and issued <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomiendas</a></i> to his supporters. In 1528, the uprising finally ended when the Spanish stormed the native stronghold at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C3%B1ol_de_Cinacantan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peñol de Cinacantan (page does not exist)">Peñol de Cinacantan</a>. </p><p>In 1529, El Salvador became embroiled in a jurisdictional dispute with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> sent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Estete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martín de Estete (page does not exist)">Martín de Estete</a> at the head of an expedition to annex the territory to Nicaragua. Estete captured the leader of a rival Spanish expedition in eastern El Salvador, and marched on <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, before being repulsed by a relief force sent from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. In 1530, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> ordered the establishment of a new settlement at <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_El_Salvador" title="San Miguel, El Salvador">San Miguel</a>, in the east of the country, to protect against further incursions from Nicaragua and to assist in the conquest of the surrounding area. Indigenous uprisings against the invaders continued, spreading from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. The general uprising across the two provinces was put down by the end of 1538, and by 1539 the province was considered pacified. The <i>conquistadores</i> discovered that there was little gold or silver to be found in El Salvador, and it became a colonial backwater with a small Spanish population, within the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez2016p5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez2016p5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="El_Salvador_before_the_conquest">El Salvador before the conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: El Salvador before the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the conquest, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> formed a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> cultural region.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson1997p25_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson1997p25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central and western portions of the territory were inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pérez2016p5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérez2016p5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua people</a> culturally related to the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson1997p25_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson1997p25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pipil were divided into three main provinces in El Salvador; the two largest were <a href="/wiki/Cuscatlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuscatlan">Cuscatlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izalco" title="Izalco">Izalco</a>, while Nonualco was the smallest of the three.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuscatlan extended from the <a href="/wiki/Paz_River" title="Paz River">Paz River</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Lempa_River" title="Lempa River">Lempa River</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izalco lay to the southwest of Cuscatlan and was subservient to it on the eve of the Spanish conquest;<sup id="cite_ref-Boland2001p13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boland2001p13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its territory is now incorporated into the modern departments of <a href="/wiki/Ahuachapan_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuachapan Department">Ahuachapan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonsonate_Department" title="Sonsonate Department">Sonsonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p182_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p182-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nonualco area is in the region of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(El_Salvador)" title="La Paz Department (El Salvador)">La Paz</a> centered around the city of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecoluca,_La_Paz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecoluca, La Paz">Zacatecoluca</a>. Other indigenous groups with territories in El Salvador were the <a href="/wiki/Ch%27orti%27_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'orti' people">Ch'orti'</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a> (both of these were <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya peoples</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Lenca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenca people">Lenca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xinca_people" title="Xinca people">Xinca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cacaopera_people" title="Cacaopera people">Kakawira</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mangue_language" title="Mangue language">Mangue</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Matagalpa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matagalpa people">Matagalpa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Postclassic Maya</a> and Pipil cities were relatively small by Mesoamerican standards, especially when compared with the great <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">Maya cities</a> of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Classic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic period">Classic period</a> (c. 250–950 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lenca occupied territory to the east of the Lempa River,<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where their principal kingdom was Chaparrastique.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaparrastique extended across territory now incorporated into the departments of <a href="/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_Department" title="La Unión Department">La Unión</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moraz%C3%A1n_Department" title="Morazán Department">Morazán</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Department_(El_Salvador)" title="San Miguel Department (El Salvador)">San Miguel</a>. The Ch'orti' and Poqomam occupied territories in the west near the present day border of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. The extreme east of El Salvador was occupied by the Mangue, with the Matagalpa in the southeast. The population of the entire territory of El Salvador is variously estimated between 130,000 and 1,000,000 at the time of the conquest;<sup id="cite_ref-Boland2001p13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boland2001p13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the low-mid estimates within this range are more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three principal kingdoms of Cuscatlan, Izalco, and Chaparrastique engaged in regular warfare, and smaller groups occasionally rebelled against their larger neighbours. There was <a href="/wiki/Regional_communications_in_ancient_Mesoamerica" title="Regional communications in ancient Mesoamerica">flourishing trade</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cacao</a> as the principal commodity, although <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balsam" title="Balsam">balsam</a> were also traded.<sup id="cite_ref-Boland2001p13_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boland2001p13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_weaponry_and_tactics">Native weaponry and tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Native weaponry and tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> used wooden weapons with stone blades. Their weapons included long spears, <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatls</a> (spear-throwers), arrows, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Macana" title="Macana">macana</a></i> (a wooden sword with inset <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Obsidian use in Mesoamerica">obsidian</a> blades similar to the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Macahuitl" class="mw-redirect" title="Macahuitl">macahuitl</a></i>). These weapons proved inferior to elements of Spanish warfare such as steel, the horse and firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish described how the natives of El Salvador wore thick cotton armour, described as three fingers thick, that extended down to their feet and significantly encumbered them.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p89-90_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p89-90-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the first two large-scale battles between the Spanish and Pipil armies resulted in decisive victories for the European invaders, the natives preferred to flee their settlements at their approach rather than face the conquistadors on an open battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p92_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p92-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common tactic of the natives was to concentrate themselves in strongly defended mountaintop fortresses.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_to_the_conquest">Background to the conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background to the conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png/330px-16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png/495px-16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png/660px-16th_century_Spanish_expansion_in_the_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Map of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean during the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile_and_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Castile and Leon">Kingdom of Castile and Leon</a> in 1492. Private adventurers thereafter entered into contracts with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish Crown</a> to conquer the newly discovered lands in return for tax revenues and the power to rule.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish founded <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo,_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic">Santo Domingo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> in the 1490s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first decades after the discovery of the new lands, the Spanish colonised the Caribbean and established a centre of operations on the island of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1996,2003p272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first two decades of the 16th century, the Spanish established their domination over the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, and used these as a staging point to launch their campaigns of conquest on the continental mainland of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, the Spanish launched expeditions and campaigns of conquest, reaching <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in 1508, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1509, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in 1511, and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish heard rumours of the rich empire of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a> on the mainland to the west of their Caribbean island settlements and, in 1519, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> set sail to explore the Mexican coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1996,2003p272-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 1521 the Aztec capital of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> had fallen to the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish conquered a large part of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> within three years, extending as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>. The newly conquered territory became <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, headed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">viceroy</a> who answered to the Spanish Crown via the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> that followed was effectively an extension of the campaign that overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquistadors">Conquistadors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquistadors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_de_Alvarado_(Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg/170px-Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg/255px-Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg/340px-Pedro_de_Alvarado_%28Tom%C3%A1s_Povedano%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="3211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> led the initial Spanish incursion into El Salvador.</figcaption></figure> <p>The conquistadors were all volunteers, the majority of whom did not receive a fixed salary but instead a portion of the spoils of victory, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious metals</a>, land grants and provision of native labour.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> were already experienced soldiers who had previously campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PoloSifontes86p62_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoloSifontes86p62-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sizeable portion of the Spanish conquistadors were from the southwestern regions of Spain, with their origins in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>. Up to 1519, according to licenses issued in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, over half were from these two regions. From 1520 to 1539, this fell to just under half of all conquistadors leaving Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p107_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p107-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Isthmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Isthmus">Central American Isthmus</a> was launched from three directions; <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and the Caribbean island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. Relations between rival conquistadors were dominated by mutual distrust, greed, and envy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquistadors were accompanied by a great many <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">indigenous allies</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholutecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco_(pre-Columbian_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xochimilco (pre-Columbian city)">Xochimilcos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcocanos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huejotzingo" title="Huejotzingo">Huejotzincas</a> that accompanied <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> from central <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtecs</a> that joined him as he marched south towards <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikels</a> that joined him in Guatemala.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p107_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p107-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key strategy was the establishment of colonial towns across the territories that underwent the process of conquest and colonisation; they were used to project Spanish power over the surrounding countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish were particularly horrified by the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> religious practice of <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>, prompting them to attempt to eradicate the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">native religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson1997p25_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson1997p25-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_weapons_and_armour">Spanish weapons and armour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish weapons and armour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The steel sword was the greatest Spanish advantage in terms of weaponry.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquistadors employed <a href="/wiki/Broadsword" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadsword">broadswords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapier" title="Rapier">rapiers</a>, firearms (including the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a> and light <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Falconet_(cannon)" title="Falconet (cannon)">falconet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important Spanish advantage was the use of <a href="/wiki/War_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="War horse">war horses</a>; their deployment often terrified the native inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, who had never seen horses until European contact. As important as the physical advantage given to a mounted <i>conquistador</i> was the ability to rapidly move bodies of troops across a battlefield to outmaneuver their opponents, who were exclusively on foot. Repeated mounted charges could have a devastating impact on massed native infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish also employed fierce <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">war dogs</a> in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When laying siege to native fortresses, they would on occasion build wooden <a href="/wiki/Siege_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege engines">siege engines</a> padded with cotton armour, which would act to shield attackers from enemy missiles, and allow them to climb over any fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p77_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p77-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mounted conquistadors were armed with a 3.7-metre (12 ft) <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a>, that also served as a <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pike</a> for infantrymen. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Halberd" title="Halberd">halberds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_(weapon)" title="Bill (weapon)">bills</a> were also employed. As well as the one-handed broadsword, a 1.7-metre (5.5 ft) long two-handed version was also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl&Hook2008p26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows had 0.61-metre (2 ft) arms stiffened with hardwoods, horn, bone and cane, and supplied with a stirrup to facilitate drawing the string with a crank and pulley.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crossbows were easier to maintain than matchlocks, especially in a humid tropical climate.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metal armour was of limited use in the hot, wet tropical climate. It was heavy and had to be constantly cleaned to prevent rusting; in direct sunlight, metal armour became unbearably hot. <i>Conquistadores</i> often went without metal armour, or only donned it immediately prior to battle.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were quick to adopt quilted cotton armour based upon that used by their native opponents, and commonly combined this with the use of a simple metal <a href="/wiki/War_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="War hat">war hat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">Shields</a> were considered essential by both infantry and cavalry; generally this was a circular target shield, convex in form and fashioned from iron or wood. Rings secured it to the arm and hand.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl&Hook2008p26-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_Old_World_diseases">Impact of Old World diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact of Old World diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diseases introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> by the conquistadors had a great impact upon indigenous populations. As the Spanish were occupied with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">conquest of Mexico</a>, these diseases ran ahead of them from 1519 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p32_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/History_of_smallpox#Epidemics_in_the_Americas" title="History of smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic swept through <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in 1520–1521, and is also likely to have spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> region of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p185_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p185-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Spanish arrived in the area in 1524, it is estimated that up to 50% of the native population of El Salvador had already been eliminated by the new diseases, against which they had no immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p32_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that disease had significantly weakened the Pipil by the time they fielded large armies against the Spanish at <a href="/wiki/Acajutla" title="Acajutla">Acajutla</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacuzcalco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacuzcalco (page does not exist)">Tacuzcalco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p185_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p185-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further waves of epidemic diseases spread across <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> in 1545–1548, and again in 1576–1581, reducing indigenous populations to just 10% of their pre-contact levels,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making successful resistance against the European colonisers extremely difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p32_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadliest of the newly introduced diseases were smallpox, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p33_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their introduction was catastrophic in the Americas; it is estimated that 90% of the indigenous population had been eliminated by disease within the first century of European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_discovery_of_El_Salvador">Spanish discovery of El Salvador</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish discovery of El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif/220px-El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif/330px-El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif/440px-El_Salvador_principal_Spanish_invasion_routes.gif 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Principal expedition routes of the Spanish conquest of El Salvador</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Andrés Niño">Andrés Niño</a> first explored the coast of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> in 1522 as they sailed northwest along the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> from <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and briefly landed in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fonseca" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Fonseca">Bay of Fonseca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Salvador fell in a frontier region between rival conquests launched southward from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and his trusted lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>, and northward from Panama under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pedrarias_D%C3%A1vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedrarias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p32_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p32-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest">Conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territory now incorporated into <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> was not politically unified at the time of <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> contact. As with neighbouring regions, this hindered the progress of incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, as each small kingdom had to be overcome in turn; this contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> where a large empire had been rapidly overcome with the fall of its capital, <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>. As Spanish authority gradually spread out from Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, this left El Salvador in an intermediate region temporarily beyond Spanish control.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p33_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish colonial towns were founded according to the whim of individual conquistadors, with no formal planning of their location or of communication routes between them, often leaving them isolated. In 1548, El Salvador was formally placed within the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala"><i>Audiencia Real</i> of Guatemala</a>, which extended along the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Isthmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Isthmus">Central American isthmus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, now in southern Mexico, to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_expeditions,_1524–1528"><span id="First_expeditions.2C_1524.E2.80.931528"></span>First expeditions, 1524–1528</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First expeditions, 1524–1528"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> entered <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in the rain season of 1524, leading an army of 250 Spaniards, 100 of which were mounted, and 5,000 Guatemalan allies. The invaders overcame the natives in pitched battles and fought off guerrilla attacks on their forces.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p33_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvarado crossed the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Paz" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Paz">Río Paz</a> from Guatemala on 6 June 1524,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arrived at Mopicalco, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvador" title="Departments of El Salvador">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahuachap%C3%A1n_Department" title="Ahuachapán Department">Ahuachapán</a>, to find it abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to Acatepeque, where the inhabitants had also fled the approaching Spanish expedition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Acajutla,_1524"><span id="Battle_of_Acajutla.2C_1524"></span>Battle of Acajutla, 1524</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Acajutla, 1524"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acajutla,_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Acajutla%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/220px-Acajutla%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Acajutla%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/330px-Acajutla%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Acajutla%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg/440px-Acajutla%2C_El_Salvador_-_panoramio_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Acajutla is located on El Salvador's coastal plain.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Acajutla" title="Battle of Acajutla">Battle of Acajutla</a></div> <p>From Acatepeque, the Spanish expedition proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Acajutla" title="Acajutla">Acajutla</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast. On 8 June 1524,<sup id="cite_ref-Boland_2001,_p._14_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boland_2001,_p._14-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they met with a massed native force, arrayed for battle half a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">league</a> (approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)) beyond the settlement. Alvarado's army initially approached close to the waiting warriors, before feigning a retreat towards a nearby hill. The native forces pursued for a quarter of a league, arriving within bow-shot of the invaders, at which point Alvarado ordered both cavalry and infantry to charge. In the battle that followed, the defending natives were killed to a man.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p89_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p89-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvarado described how the natives were so encumbered by their thick cotton armour and their weapons, that when they fell they were unable to stand back up to defend themselves. Many Spaniards were wounded in the battle, and Alvarado was seriously injured by an arrow that passed through his leg, he needed much time to recover and was left with a permanent limp.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p89-90_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p89-90-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish rested in Acajutla for five days after the battle, in order to rest and recover from their wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p90_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p90-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Tacuzcalco,_1524"><span id="Battle_of_Tacuzcalco.2C_1524"></span>Battle of Tacuzcalco, 1524</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Tacuzcalco, 1524"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tacuzcalco" title="Battle of Tacuzcalco">Battle of Tacuzcalco</a></div> <p>Six days after the battle, Alvarado marched northeast searching for the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacuzcalco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacuzcalco (page does not exist)">Tacuzcalco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Acajutla" title="Acajutla">Acajutla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p184_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p184-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the modern department of <a href="/wiki/Sonsonate_Department" title="Sonsonate Department">Sonsonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a> led a group of mounted scouts that managed to capture two native lookouts, from whom they learned that a large native army had gathered near the city, with forces gathered from the surrounding area. The Spanish scouts advanced until they found the enemy, then waited for the vanguard of forty cavalry led by <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Alvarado" title="Gonzalo de Alvarado">Gonzalo de Alvarado</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> was travelling in the rearguard, slowed by his wounds. Alvarado watched the battle unfold from a nearby viewpoint, and left command in the hands of his brothers. He sent <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3mez_de_Alvarado" title="Gómez de Alvarado">Gómez de Alvarado</a> with twenty cavalry to attack the left flank, and Gonzalo de Alvarado with thirty cavalry against the right flank. He sent <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Alvarado" title="Jorge de Alvarado">Jorge de Alvarado</a> with the rest of his men against a mass of warriors that was still distant but they stood off for a time, believing that the two forces were separated by a swamp. As soon as the Spanish discovered that the apparent swamp was in fact solid ground, they charged the enemy and routed them, killing a great many.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p91_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p91-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this battle, the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> refused to confront the Spanish upon an open battlefield, and resorted to guerilla tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p184_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p184-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retreat_to_Guatemala,_1524"><span id="Retreat_to_Guatemala.2C_1524"></span>Retreat to Guatemala, 1524</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retreat to Guatemala, 1524"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alvarado rested two days at Tazuzcalco, before proceeding to Miahuaclan, which had been abandoned by its inhabitants, then on to Atehuan (modern <a href="/wiki/Ateos,_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateos, El Salvador">Ateos</a>, near the Pipil city of <a href="/wiki/Cuzcatlan" title="Cuzcatlan">Cuzcatlan</a>, capital of the province of the same name). Messengers from the lords of Cuzcatlan brought promises of submission to the King of Spain, but when Pedro de Alvarado's army arrived at the city, he found that the majority of the inhabitants had fled.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p92_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p92-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvarado sent messengers to them, ordering them to return and submit, but they refused.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvarado tried them in their absence, and condemned them to death; he branded all the Pipil prisoners as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p93_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p93-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Spanish had won decisive victories at <a href="/wiki/Sonsonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonsonate">Sonsonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acajutla" title="Acajutla">Acajutla</a>, they failed to take the fortified Pipil cities of <a href="/wiki/Cuzcatlan" title="Cuzcatlan">Cuzcatlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izalco" title="Izalco">Izalco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p33_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alvarado was informed that extensive lands lay ahead, with difficult terrain, many cities, and large populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p93_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p93-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frustrated by the lack of progress, Alvarado withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> to regroup, with the intention of returning in the dry season;<sup id="cite_ref-White2009p33_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2009p33-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been in the province of Cuzcatlan for seventeen days,<sup id="cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p93_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p93-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left it at the end of June 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_of_San_Salvador">Founding of San Salvador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Founding of San Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg/220px-CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg/330px-CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg/440px-CIUDAD_VIEJA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Vieja,_El_Salvador" title="Ciudad Vieja, El Salvador">San Salvador (Ciudad Vieja)</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Alvarado" title="Gonzalo de Alvarado">Gonzalo de Alvarado</a> founded the settlement of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">Villa de San Salvador</a> in early 1525,<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before May of that year,<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew2012p84_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew2012p84-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was attacked and destroyed by natives in 1526,<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during a general <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> uprising that engulfed the province of <a href="/wiki/Cuzcatlan" title="Cuzcatlan">Cuzcatlan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Alvarado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Alvarado (page does not exist)">Diego de Alvarado</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>'s cousin, was sent to reconquer Cuzcatlan in the same year;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was accompanied by 300 Indian auxiliaries from <a href="/wiki/Soconusco" title="Soconusco">Soconusco</a>, 160 of whom died in the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was joined by Pedro de Alvarado after the latter returned from an <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas#Pedro_de_Alvarado,_1525" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">expedition to Chiapas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matthew2012p84_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthew2012p84-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1526, the territory of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> was racked by indigenous wars against the Spanish invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p109_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p109-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Izalco" title="Izalco">Izalco</a> did not join the general uprising, having been militarily exhausted by the battles of <a href="/wiki/Acajutla" title="Acajutla">Acajutla</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacuzcalco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacuzcalco (page does not exist)">Tacuzcalco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p184_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p184-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign that followed lasted two years, during which the Spanish battled continually against indigenous resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the natives defended themselves from fortified mountain strongholds.<sup id="cite_ref-Amaroli1991p62_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amaroli1991p62-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro de Alvarado undertook further expeditions to El Salvador in 1526 and 1528.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1528, the conquest of Cuzcatlan was completed,<sup id="cite_ref-Amaroli1991p62_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amaroli1991p62-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the aid of a significant body of <a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a> allies from central and southern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1528,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p106_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p106-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diego de Alvarado reestablished <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, and distributed <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> rights among his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site is now known as <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Vieja,_El_Salvador" title="Ciudad Vieja, El Salvador">Ciudad Vieja</a>, and is situated 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Suchitoto" title="Suchitoto">Suchitoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p106_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p106-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location may have been chosen because it occupied a no-man's-land between the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Lenca" title="Lenca">Lenca</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCorti%CA%BC_people" title="Chʼortiʼ people">Ch'orti'</a> to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first few years, San Salvador was a frontier town under the constant threat of indigenous attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p109_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p109-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the town was re-founded, a Spaniard and some indigenous auxiliaries were killed when visiting a nearby settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p110_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p110-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Cinacantan,_1528"><span id="Battle_of_Cinacantan.2C_1528"></span>Battle of Cinacantan, 1528</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Cinacantan, 1528"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_El_Salvador.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16th_century_El_Salvador.gif/220px-16th_century_El_Salvador.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16th_century_El_Salvador.gif/330px-16th_century_El_Salvador.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/16th_century_El_Salvador.gif/440px-16th_century_El_Salvador.gif 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Map of the principal settlements and battles of the conquest of El Salvador</figcaption></figure> <p>The uprising around <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> was put down about a month later, when the Spanish stormed the mountaintop stronghold at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinacantan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinacantan (page does not exist)">Cinacantan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p110_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p110-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Tamanique" title="Tamanique">Tamanique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostile natives had retreated to their stronghold after their earlier attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising was considered the first native rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Cuzcatlan" title="Cuzcatlan">Cuzcatlan</a>, since the initial invasion had already taken place, and San Salvador founded as a Spanish town. A Spanish column was despatched from San Salvador, led by Diego de Alvarado and supported by indigenous auxiliaries.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found three or four allied native groups had set up a defensive position upon the strongly fortified Peñol de Cinacantan ("Rock of Cinacantan", now known as Cerro Redondo);<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least one of the groups was <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a>, and possibly all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p77_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p77-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sides of the fortress were shear, except for a single approach that was strongly defended.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Spanish party attempted to storm the fortress, the natives threw rocks down upon them, and showered them with arrows and spears.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76-77_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-77-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the first day, Spanish assaults were twice beaten back.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing that the fortress could not easily be taken, the Spanish built a wooden <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engine</a>, which greatly impressed the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76-77_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-77-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the native lords called a truce and asked the Spanish to return to <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, and promised that the rebellious Indians would arrive to swear loyalty to the King of Spain. The attackers believed this to be a trick, and launched a new attack using their newly built <a href="/wiki/Siege_tower" title="Siege tower">siege tower</a>. They breached the fortifications and killed many of the defenders, while many others fled in terror.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2014p77_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2014p77-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the fortress had fallen, the defeated <a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a> defenders were given in <i>encomienda</i> to the inhabitants of San Salvador; the inhabitants were probably <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">reduced</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tamanique" title="Tamanique">Tamanique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-Spanish_rivalry,_1529–1530"><span id="Inter-Spanish_rivalry.2C_1529.E2.80.931530"></span>Inter-Spanish rivalry, 1529–1530</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inter-Spanish rivalry, 1529–1530"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1529, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedrarias Dávila</a> sent an expedition led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Estete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martín de Estete (page does not exist)">Martín de Estete</a> to annex the territory of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> to his domains in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> going so far as to distribute the unconquered natives of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a> in <i>encomienda</i> to his followers. At the time, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Roxas" title="Diego de Roxas">Diego de Rojas</a> was in command of the Spanish forces attempting to pacify indigenous resistance centred on Popocatepet. In January or February 1530, Martín de Estete captured Rojas, and marched on <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, but was unable to gain the support of the residents there, and set up camp at Perulapan (modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Mart%C3%ADn_Perulap%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Martín Perulapán (page does not exist)">San Martín Perulapán</a>), just to the south, which he called Ciudad de los Caballeros ("City of the Knights").<sup id="cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acting governor of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Ordu%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Orduña (page does not exist)">Francisco de Orduña</a>, sent his captain Francisco López at the head of an expedition to drive out the interlopers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> López left <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_de_Guatemala" title="Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala</a> in March 1530 with thirty cavalry, and an unspecified body of infantry. The residents of San Salvador rose up in arms to join the relief force; Estete abandoned his camp and retreated towards <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, taking with him 2,000 enslaved Cuzcatlecos. López pursued Estete and caught up with his forces after crossing the <a href="/wiki/Lempa_River" title="Lempa River">Lempa River</a>. Estete and his second-in-command fled for Nicaragua, and his soldiers surrendered to López. Diego de Rojas was freed, and the slaves recovered. This intervention put an end to Pedrarias Dávila's hopes of securing El Salvador as part of Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_El_Salvador,_1530–1538"><span id="Eastern_El_Salvador.2C_1530.E2.80.931538"></span>Eastern El Salvador, 1530–1538</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eastern El Salvador, 1530–1538"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to defend against further rival Spanish incursions from the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> established the Spanish town of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_El_Salvador" title="San Miguel, El Salvador">San Miguel</a>, which he also used as a base of operations for attacks against the <a href="/wiki/Lenca" title="Lenca">Lenca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Spanish force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Moscoso_Alvarado" title="Luis de Moscoso Alvarado">Luis de Moscoso Alvarado</a>, consisting of about 120 Spanish cavalry, accompanied by infantry and <a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Lempa_River" title="Lempa River">Lempa River</a> and founded San Miguel on 21 November 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Spanish colonists, the settlement included <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcalan</a> allies, among other Indian auxiliaries.<sup id="cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Spanish population of San Miguel abandoned <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> with Pedro de Alvarado when he set out on his expedition to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cristóbal de la Cueva, under orders from <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Alvarado" title="Jorge de Alvarado">Jorge de Alvarado</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, had entered <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> with about 40 men to establish a new port and road to Guatemala, and to put down a native uprising there. He was challenged by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9s_de_Cerezeda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrés de Cerezeda (page does not exist)">Andrés de Cerezeda</a>, governor of Honduras, and eventually marched south to <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_El_Salvador" title="San Miguel, El Salvador">San Miguel</a> with his men,<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p33_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p33-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bringing an urgently needed influx of new colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Miguel was refounded as San Miguel de la Frontera by Cristóbal de la Cueva on 15 April 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Cueva brought the area back within the jurisdiction of Guatemala, although the governor of Honduras vigorously protested.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p33_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p33-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern El Salvador, centred on the town of San Miguel, became the Province of San Miguel,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included the territory of the pre-Columbian province of Chaparrastique.<sup id="cite_ref-Boland_2001,_p._14_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boland_2001,_p._14-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1537, <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_El_Salvador" title="San Miguel, El Salvador">San Miguel</a> was isolated by a general <a href="/wiki/Lenca" title="Lenca">Lenca</a> uprising that spread south from <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A native army laid siege to San Miguel over the course of three days from 27 March. Their surprise attack caught many of the inhabitants defenceless, and 50–60 Spanish colonists were killed, more than half of the Spaniards then resident in the town. After three days the attackers were repulsed by reinforcements that were passing through from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> en route to <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, with the help of a detachment from <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> under the command of Antonio de Quintanilla.<sup id="cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p381_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p381-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uprising enveloped the territory of <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Lenca" title="Lenca">Lenca</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Lempira_(Lenca_ruler)" title="Lempira (Lenca ruler)">Lempira</a>, and focused upon the <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1ol_de_Cerqu%C3%ADn" title="Peñol de Cerquín">Peñol de Cerquín</a>, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of San Salvador, within Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p110_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p110-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>, then governor of Honduras, urgently appealed to San Salvador for reinforcements and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p83_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p83-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montejo sent twenty Spaniards supported by native auxiliaries south towards the Valley of Xocorro,<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p83_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p83-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the jurisdictional claim of San Miguel, but a scouting party was captured by the Spaniards resident there, and Montejo's column withdrew back to Honduras;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en route to <a href="/wiki/Comayagua_Department" title="Comayagua Department">Comayagua</a> they were attacked by a Lenca force, and killed almost to a man.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a>, alarmed by the uprising engulfing the region, responded by sending a great quantity of weapons, armour, gunpowder, and other supplies to <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. They also sent 100 Indian auxiliaries, with 1,000 native porters.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further supplies were forthcoming from the embattled residents of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_El_Salvador" title="San Miguel, El Salvador">San Miguel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1538, <a href="/wiki/Lempira_(Lenca_ruler)" title="Lempira (Lenca ruler)">Lempira</a>'s stronghold had been taken by the Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Montejo crossed from Honduras to San Miguel to assist in putting down continued indigenous resistance in the district.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_organisation">Colonial organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colonial organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1539, the Spanish advances in <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> were sufficient that <a href="/wiki/Cuscatlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuscatlan">Cuzcatlan</a> was considered fully pacified.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton1989,1997p26_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton1989,1997p26-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the immediate aftermath of the Spanish conquest, the conquistadors sought wealth through slaving and mining, but both of these industries soon faltered, and the colonists instead turned to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler1993p185_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler1993p185-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1545, <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador" title="San Salvador">San Salvador</a> was moved to its current location,<sup id="cite_ref-Gallardo2013p106_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallardo2013p106-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 27 September 1546, it was elevated in status to a city. El Salvador originally formed three administrative divisions, those of <a href="/wiki/Sonsonate_Department" title="Sonsonate Department">Sonsonate</a> (Izalcos), <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Department" title="San Salvador Department">San Salvador</a> (Cuzcatlan), and <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_Department_(El_Salvador)" title="San Miguel Department (El Salvador)">San Miguel</a>. Sonsonate was an <i><a href="/wiki/Alcald%C3%ADa_mayor" title="Alcaldía mayor">alcaldía mayor</a></i>, while San Salvador, San Miguel, and <a href="/wiki/Choluteca_Department" title="Choluteca Department">Choluteca</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>) formed the <i>alcaldía mayor</i> of San Salvador. From 1524, all of these fell within the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_de_Guatemala" title="Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala</a>. In 1542, this jurisdiction was reorganised as the <i><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Real Audiencia de Guatemala</a></i>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a>. Ecclesiastically, all of El Salvador fell within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Guatemala" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Guatemala">Roman Catholic diocese of Guatemala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton1989,1997p26_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton1989,1997p26-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The native inhabitants of the Izalco region of El Salvador, famed for its prodigious production of cacao, were among the most heavily exploited in the whole <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 16th century, this had led to the collapse of cacao production in the province.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a>, an indigenous document from the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Highlands" title="Guatemalan Highlands">Guatemalan Highlands</a>, contains an account of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>'s initial incursion into <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro de Alvarado wrote four letters to <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> describing his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and El Salvador, of which two survive. One of these relates his expedition into El Salvador, with an eye to military detail. It is of particular use in its description of tactics and weaponry, although it is disdainful of the native culture.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/32px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/48px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/64px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">El Salvador portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atl%C3%A1catl" title="Atlácatl">Atlácatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest of Nicaragua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArce2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arce, Escalante (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redicces.org.sv/jspui/bitstream/10972/549/1/57580.pdf">"Crónicas de Cuzcatlán-Nequepio y del Mar del Sur"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>: 112 – via REDICCES.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cr%C3%B3nicas+de+Cuzcatl%C3%A1n-Nequepio+y+del+Mar+del+Sur&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Arce&rft.aufirst=Escalante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redicces.org.sv%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10972%2F549%2F1%2F57580.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+conquest+of+El+Salvador" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 766.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pérez2016p5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez2016p5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pérez2016p5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pérez 2016, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson1997p25-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson1997p25_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson1997p25_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson1997p25_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peterson 1997, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland 2001, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boland2001p13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boland2001p13_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boland2001p13_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boland2001p13_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland 2001, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler1993p182-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p182_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1993, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson&Shadle1991p199-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson&Shadle1991p199_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson and Shadle 1991, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland 2001, p. 13. Rivas 1993, 2000, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland 2001, p. 13. Fowler 1988, pp. 113, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, p. 31. Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p89-90-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p89-90_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p89-90_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p92-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p92_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p92_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman 2000, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nessler 2016, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1996,2003p272-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith1996,2003p272_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1996, 2003, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barahona 1991, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deagan 1988, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith 1996, 2003, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe and Koontz 2002, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barahona 1991, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo Sifontes 1986, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoloSifontes86p62-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PoloSifontes86p62_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polo Sifontes 1986, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2013p107-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p107_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p107_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone 1990, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, pp. 105, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Restall and Fernández Armesto 2012, location 1576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26, 62. Gallardo 2014, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise and McBride 1980, 2008, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson 2009, p. 76. Pohl and Robinson 2005, pp 95–96. Restall and Fernández Armesto 2012, location 1585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2014p77-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p77_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p77_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p77_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pohl&Hook2008p26-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pohl&Hook2008p26_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pohl and Hook 2008, p. 16, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2009p32-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p32_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p32_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p32_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p32_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler1993p185-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p185_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p185_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p185_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1993, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2009p33-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p33_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p33_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p33_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p33_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2009p33_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe 1999, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White 2009, p. 32. Barahona 1991, p. 70. Newson 1986, 2007, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giusto and Iuliano 1989 p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 88–89. Boland 2001, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boland_2001,_p._14-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boland_2001,_p._14_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boland_2001,_p._14_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boland 2001, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p89-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p89_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p90-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p90_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler1993p184-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p184_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p184_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler1993p184_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1993, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tous i Mata 1997, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p91-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p91_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952,1986, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recinos1952,1986p93-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p93_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p93_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Recinos1952,1986p93_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952,1986, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recinos 1952, 1986, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthew2012p84-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew2012p84_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthew2012p84_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2012, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p206_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amaroli 1991, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2012, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2013p109-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p109_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p109_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amaroli 1991, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amaroli1991p62-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amaroli1991p62_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amaroli1991p62_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amaroli 1991, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 2012, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2013p106-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p106_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p106_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p106_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2013p110-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p110_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p110_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2013p110_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014 p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallardo2014p76-77-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76-77_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallardo2014p76-77_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2014, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, pp. 207, 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p380_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p33-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p33_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p33_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, pp. 161, 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p381-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VallejoGarcía-Hevia2008p381_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vallejo García-Hevia 2008, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain1953,1966p83-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p83_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain1953,1966p83_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo 2013, p. 110. Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, pp. 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain 1953, 1966, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalton1989,1997p26-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton1989,1997p26_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalton1989,1997p26_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalton 1989, 1997, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1993, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1993, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1985, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1985, pp. 42-43.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>Amaroli, Paul (1991). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3731266.pdf">Linderos y geografía económica de Cuscatlán, provinica pipil del territorio de El Salvador</a>" (in Spanish). <i>Mesoamérica</i> 21 (June 1991): 41–70. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala and South Woodstock, Vermont: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies.</li> <li>Barahona, Marvin (1991) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBqY4I1Q0QwC">Evolución histórica de la identidad nacional</a></i> (in Spanish). Tegucialpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99926-28-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/99926-28-11-1">99926-28-11-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24399780">24399780</a>.</li> <li>Boland, Roy C. (2001) <i> Culture and Customs of El Salvador</i> Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30620-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30620-6">0-313-30620-6</a>.</li> <li>Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1966) [1953] <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JopnAAAAMAAJ">The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550</a></i>. New York, US: Octagon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/640057454">640057454</a>.</li> <li>Coe, Michael D. (1999). <i>The Maya</i>. Ancient peoples and places series (6th ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28066-5">0-500-28066-5</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59432778">59432778</a>.</li> <li>Coe, Michael D.; with Rex Koontz (2002). <i>Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs</i> (5th ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28346-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28346-X">0-500-28346-X</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50131575">50131575</a>.</li> <li>Dalton, Roque (1997) [1989]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRulAQAACAAJ">El Salvador (monografía)</a></i> (in Spanish). 9th edition. San Salvador, El Salvador: UCA Editores. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53932968">53932968</a>.</li> <li>Deagan, Kathleen (June 1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800541">The Archaeology of the Spanish Contact Period in the Caribbean</a>". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i> Vol. 2, No. 2: 187–233. Springer. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25800541">25800541</a>.</li> <li>Feldman, Lawrence H. (2000). <i>Lost Shores, Forgotten Peoples: Spanish Explorations of the South East Maya Lowlands</i>. Durham, North Carolina, US: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2624-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2624-8">0-8223-2624-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254438823">254438823</a>.</li> <li>Fowler, William R. Jr. (Winter 1985). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482092">Ethnohistoric Sources on the Pipil-Nicarao of Central America: A Critical Analysis</a>". Ethnohistory. Duke University Press. <b>32</b> (1): 37–62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482092">482092</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/478130795">478130795</a>. Retrieved 2017-06-27.</li> <li>Fowler, William R. Jr. (1988). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4007897.pdf">La población nativa de El Salvador al momento de la conquista española</a>" (in Spanish). <i>Mesoamérica</i> 15 (June 1988): 79–116. Antigua Guatemala, Guatemala and South Woodstock, Vermont, US: El Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica (CIRMA) in conjunction with Plumsock Mesoamerican Studies.</li> <li>Fowler, William R. (1993). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4iv9Qt0wbPUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA181">The Living Pay for the Dead: Trade, Exploitation, and Social Change in Early Colonial Izalco, El Salvador</a>". In J. Daniel Rogers, Samual M. Wilson (eds.) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iv9Qt0wbPUC">Ethnohistory and Archaeology: Approaches to Postcontact Change in the Americas</a></i>.</li> <li>Gallardo, Roberto (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamjol.info/index.php/KOOT/article/view/1145">El origen de la identidad salvadoreña. Etnicidad en la antigua Villa de San Salvador</a>" (in Spanish). <i>Revista de Museología "Kóot"</i> 1: 101–116. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2307-3942">2307-3942</a>.</li> <li>Gallardo Mejía, Francisco Roberto (2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.utec.edu.sv:8080/jspui/bitstream/11298/313/1/K%C3%93OT%20MUA%2C%202014_N.5%2061-86.pdf">El sitio arqueológico Cinacantan: Primer levantamiento indígena en Cuscatlán</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>" (in Spanish). <i>Revista de Museología "Kóot"</i> 5: 61–85. San Salvador, El Salvador: Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2307-3942">2307-3942</a>.</li> <li>Giusto, Vicente Jorge; and Rolando Iuliano (1989). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20139691">Aportes Para Una Historia Socio-economica De El Salvador: Desde La Colonia Hasta La Crisis Del Mercado Comun Centroamericano</a>" (in Spanish). <i>Revista de Historia de América</i>, no. 108: 5–71. Mexico City: Pan American Institute of Geography and History. (Full text via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.)</li> <li>Johnson, S. E. (2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/262351">"You Should Give them Blacks to Eat": Waging Inter-American Wars of Torture and Terror.</a>" <i>American Quarterly</i>, vol. 61 no. 1, pp. 65–92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.0.0068">10.1353/aq.0.0068</a>. (Full text via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.)</li> <li>Matthew, Laura E. (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVAFbknbo_EC">Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala</a></i> (hardback). First Peoples. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3537-1">978-0-8078-3537-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752286995">752286995</a>.</li> <li>Nessler, Graham T. (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=q2I3CwAAQBAJ">An Islandwide Struggle for Freedom: Revolution, Emancipation, and Reenslavement in Hispaniola 1789–1809</a></i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, US: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2687-1">978-1-4696-2687-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/945632920">945632920</a>.</li> <li>Newson, Linda (2007) [1986]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCHUN1yXkwEC">El Costo de la Conquista</a></i> (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99926-15-57-5" title="Special:BookSources/99926-15-57-5">99926-15-57-5</a>.</li> <li>Olson, James S.; and Robert Shadle (1991). <i>Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08836-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08836-4">0-415-08836-4</a>.</li> <li>Pérez, Orlando J. (2016) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTSHDAAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of El Salvador</a></i>. Lanham, Maryland and Plymouth, Devon: Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810880191" title="Special:BookSources/9780810880191">9780810880191</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/942611084">942611084</a></li> <li>Peterson, Anna L. (1997) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ieyeKxd8BfoC">Martyrdom and the Politics of Religion: Progressive Catholicism in El Salvador's Civil War</a></i>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3182-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3182-7">0-7914-3182-7</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34150172">34150172</a></li> <li>Pohl, John; and Adam Hook (2008) [2001]. <i>The Conquistador 1492–1550</i>. Warrior. 40. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-175-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-175-6">978-1-84176-175-6</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47726663">47726663</a>.</li> <li>Pohl, John; and Charles M. Robinson III (2005). <i>Aztecs & Conquistadors: The Spanish invasion & the collapse of the Aztec Empire</i>. Oxford, UK and New York, US: Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-934-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-934-7">1-84176-934-7</a>.</li> <li>Polo Sifontes, Francis (1986). <i>Los Cakchiqueles en la Conquista de Guatemala</i> (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: CENALTEX. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/82712257">82712257</a>.</li> <li>Recinos, Adrian (1986) [1952]. <i>Pedro de Alvarado: Conquistador de México y Guatemala</i> (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Guatemala City, Guatemala: CENALTEX Centro Nacional de Libros de Texto y Material Didáctico "José de Pineda Ibarra". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243309954">243309954</a>.</li> <li>Restall, Matthew; and Felipe Fernández Armesto (2012). <i>The Conquistadors: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Kindle edition. New York, US: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539229-6">978-0-19-539229-6</a>.</li> <li>Rivas, Ramón D. (2000) [1993]. <i>Pueblos Indígenas y Garífuna de Honduras: Una caracterización</i> (in Spanish). Tegucigalpha, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras. Colección CÓDICES (Ciencias Sociales). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99926-15-53-2" title="Special:BookSources/99926-15-53-2">99926-15-53-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30659634">30659634</a></li> <li>Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler (2006). <i>The Ancient Maya</i> (6th (fully revised) ed.). Stanford, California, US: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4817-9">0-8047-4817-9</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57577446">57577446</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Michael E. (2003) [1996]. <i>The Aztecs</i> (2nd ed.). Malden, Massachusetts and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23016-8">978-0-631-23016-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59452395">59452395</a></li> <li>Stone, Samuel Z. (1990). <i>The Heritage of the Conquistadors: Ruling Classes in Central America from the Conquest to the Sandinistas</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4207-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4207-7">0-8032-4207-7</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844182512">844182512</a>.</li> <li>Tous i Mata, Meritxell (1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2936973.pdf">El patrimonio arquitectónico histórico-artístico de Santa Ana y Sonsonate, El Salvador</a>" (in Spanish). <i><a href="/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_americanista" title="Boletín americanista">Boletín americanista</a></i> 47: 203–214. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat de Barcelona. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0520-4100">0520-4100</a>.</li> <li>Vallejo García-Hevia (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFNBhxpwxLYC">Juicio a un conquistador: Pedro de Alvarado: su proceso de residencia en Guatemala (1536–1538)</a></i> (in Spanish). Volume 1. Madrid, Spain: Marcial Pons, Ediciones de Historia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-68-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96467-68-2">978-84-96467-68-2</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/745512698">745512698</a>.</li> <li>White, Christopher M. (2009). <i>The History of El Salvador</i>. Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Westport, Connecticut and London: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34928-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34928-7">978-0-313-34928-7</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/428700291">428700291</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1096-2905">1096-2905</a>.</li> <li>Wise, Terence; and Angus McBride (2008) [1980]. <i>The Conquistadores</i>. Men-at-Arms. <b>101</b>. Oxford and New York: Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-357-7">978-0-85045-357-7</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12782941">12782941</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li>Fowler, William R. (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531165105/http://www.famsi.org/reports/02091/02091Fowler01.pdf">The End of Pre-Columbian Pipil Civilization, Ciudad Vieja, El Salvador</a>.</i> Los Angeles, US: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/reports/02091/02091Fowler01.pdf">the original</a> on 2015-05-31.</li> <li>Salgado Zelaya, Róger Antonio (2008). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riul.unanleon.edu.ni:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/520/1/208576.pdf">Defensa territorial y maritima de Nicaragua en el mar Caribe: efectos de la resolución de la Corte Centroamericana de Justicia en el marco del Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana</a>" (in Spanish) pp. 8, 28. Doctoral dissertation. León, Nicaragua: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua – León.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="El_Salvador_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:El_Salvador_topics" title="Template:El Salvador topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:El_Salvador_topics" title="Template talk:El Salvador topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:El_Salvador_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:El Salvador topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="El_Salvador_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_El_Salvador%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of El Salvador–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_El_Salvador" title="History of El Salvador">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Pre-Columbian history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General <span style="font-size:85%;">(Guatemalan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intendancy_of_San_Salvador" title="Intendancy of San Salvador">Intendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_Independence_Movement" title="1811 Independence Movement">1811 Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Greater Republic of Central America">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_El_Salvador" title="Geography of El Salvador">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Biota of El Salvador">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_El_Salvador" title="List of cities in El Salvador">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of earthquakes in El Salvador">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_El_Salvador" title="List of islands of El Salvador">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_El_Salvador" title="List of national parks of El Salvador">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_El_Salvador" title="List of rivers of El Salvador">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_El_Salvador" title="List of volcanoes in El Salvador">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_El_Salvador" title="Water resources management in El Salvador">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_El_Salvador" title="Politics of El Salvador">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_El_Salvador" title="Departments of El Salvador">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_El_Salvador" title="Constitution of El Salvador">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Court system of El Salvador">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_El_Salvador" title="Elections in El Salvador">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_El_Salvador" title="Foreign relations of El Salvador">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_El_Salvador" title="Human rights in El Salvador">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in El Salvador">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_El_Salvador" title="International rankings of El Salvador">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Police_(El_Salvador)" title="National Civil Police (El Salvador)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_El_Salvador" title="Legislative Assembly of El Salvador">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_El_Salvador" title="Armed Forces of El Salvador">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_El_Salvador" title="List of political parties in El Salvador">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador" title="Bitcoin in El Salvador">Bitcoin adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_El_Salvador" title="Central Reserve Bank of El Salvador">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_El_Salvador" title="Coffee production in El Salvador">Coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_col%C3%B3n" title="Salvadoran colón">pre-dollarization currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_El_Salvador" title="Electricity sector in El Salvador">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_El_Salvador" title="Mining in El Salvador">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Stock_Exchange" title="Salvadoran Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_El_Salvador" title="Tourism in El Salvador">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_El_Salvador" title="Transport in El Salvador">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Society of El Salvador">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_El_Salvador" title="Corruption in El Salvador">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_El_Salvador" title="Crime in El Salvador">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_El_Salvador" title="Demographics of El Salvador">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_El_Salvador" title="Gender inequality in El Salvador">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_El_Salvador" title="Languages of El Salvador">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_El_Salvador" title="Prostitution in El Salvador">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Departments_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran Departments by HDI">Regions by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_El_Salvador" title="Sex trafficking in El Salvador">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_El_Salvador" title="Water supply and sanitation in El Salvador">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_El_Salvador" title="Culture of El Salvador">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_El_Salvador" title="National Anthem of El Salvador">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador" title="Coat of arms of El Salvador">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_literature" title="Salvadoran literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_El_Salvador" title="Public holidays in El Salvador">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in El Salvador">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_stations_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Television stations in El Salvador">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_El_Salvador" title="Outline of El Salvador">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_El_Salvador%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of El Salvador–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:El_Salvador" title="Category:El Salvador">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:El_Salvador" title="Portal:El Salvador">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:sky blue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco 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