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id="toc-Mesosoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metasoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metasoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Metasoma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metasoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Polymorphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Genome size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Life cycle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life cycle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reproduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nests,_colonies,_and_supercolonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nests,_colonies,_and_supercolonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Nests, colonies, and supercolonies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nests,_colonies,_and_supercolonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Behaviour and ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nest_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nest_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Nest construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nest_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_of_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_of_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Cultivation of food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_of_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Navigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Locomotion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperation_and_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_and_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Cooperation and competition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_and_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Relationships with other organisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 As food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 As pests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 In science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 As pets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cited texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ant</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 201 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-201" aria-hidden="true" > 201 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier" title="Mier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameisen" title="Ameisen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ameisen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ጉንዳን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉንዳን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पिपरी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पिपरी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A2mette" title="Ǣmette – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ǣmette" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84" title="نمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae" title="Formicidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Formicidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܫܘܫܡܢܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܫܡܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մրջիւններ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մրջիւններ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnic%C3%A2" title="Furnicâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Furnicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="পৰুৱা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰুৱা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Formiga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erikoc" title="Erikoc – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Erikoc" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tah%C3%BDi" title="Tahýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tahýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27isimira" title="K'isimira – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="K'isimira" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qar%C4%B1%C5%9Fqalar" title="Qarışqalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarışqalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7" title="قاریشقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاریشقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semut" title="Semut – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Semut" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntigi%C9%B2%C9%9B" title="Ntigiɲɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ntigiɲɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পিঁপড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিঁপড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samut" title="Samut – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Samut" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1u-hi%C4%81" title="Káu-hiā – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Káu-hiā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semut" title="Semut – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Semut" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%AB%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡырмыҫҡалар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡырмыҫҡалар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Мурашкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мурашкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96_(%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Мурашкі (вусякі) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мурашкі (вусякі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga" title="Tanga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мравки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мравки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="འབུ་གྲོག་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབུ་གྲོག་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mravi" title="Mravi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mravi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merien" title="Merien – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Merien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Шоргоолзон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шоргоолзон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formigues" title="Formigues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Formigues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%91%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кӑткӑсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кӑткӑсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murag-sulom" title="Murag-sulom – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Murag-sulom" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mravencovit%C3%AD" title="Mravencovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mravencovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svosve" title="Svosve – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Svosve" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgrugyn" title="Morgrugyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Morgrugyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulu%C5%8Bgua" title="Guluŋgua – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Guluŋgua" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrer" title="Myrer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Myrer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameisen" title="Ameisen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ameisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/(*w%C3%A1l%C3%A1-)" title="(*wálá-) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="(*wálá-)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipelglased" title="Sipelglased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sipelglased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Μυρμήγκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυρμήγκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furm%C3%AEga" title="Furmîga – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Furmîga" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae" title="Formicidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Formicidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formikedoj" title="Formikedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formikedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inurri" title="Inurri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inurri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87" title="مورچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مورچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuunti" title="Chuunti – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chuunti" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourmi" title="Fourmi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fourmi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seang%C3%A1n" title="Seangán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seangán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seangan" title="Seangan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seangan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Formiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Зунгаташ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Зунгаташ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%9E%E8%9E%BE%E5%AD%90" title="螞螾子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="螞螾子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="કીડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કીડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngie-k%C3%BBng" title="Ngie-kûng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngie-kûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%BB%D0%BB%D2%97%D0%BD" title="Шорһлҗн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шорһлҗн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%AF%B8" title="개미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tururuwa" title="Tururuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tururuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մրջյուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մրջյուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="चींटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चींटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mravi" title="Mravi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mravi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiko" title="Formiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Formiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuton" title="Kuton – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kuton" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semut" title="Semut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Semut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae" title="Formicidae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Formicidae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Мæлдзыг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæлдзыг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurar" title="Maurar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maurar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicidae" title="Formicidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formicidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נמליים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נמליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semut" title="Semut – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Semut" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%9B%C9%9Bma%C9%A3" title="Kɛɛmaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɛɛmaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಇರುವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರುವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panas" title="Panas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Panas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჭიანჭველასებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჭიანჭველასებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A0%DB%92" title="رؠے – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رؠے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құмырсқалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құмырсқалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muryonen" title="Muryonen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Muryonen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisimizi" title="Sisimizi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sisimizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Кодзувкот – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кодзувкот" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinyonya" title="Kinyonya – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kinyonya" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foumi" title="Foumi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Foumi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%AE" title="Morî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Morî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кумурска – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кумурска" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Кыткы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кыткы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmia" title="Furmia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Furmia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%83" title="МитӀикьукьу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="МитӀикьукьу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formica" title="Formica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Formica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skudru_dzimta" title="Skudru dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skudru dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seechomessen" title="Seechomessen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Seechomessen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Цегвер – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Цегвер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skruzd%C4%97l%C4%97s" title="Skruzdėlės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skruzdėlės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh%C3%B6" title="Sikhö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Sikhö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomezeike" title="Aomezeike – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aomezeike" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kud%C5%BEoi" title="Kudžoi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kudžoi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Formiga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangy%C3%A1k" title="Hangyák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangyák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мравка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мравка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitsika" title="Vitsika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vitsika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉറുമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉറുമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="मुंगी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुंगी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბუტუტიაშობურეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბუტუტიაშობურეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%84" title="نمل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نمل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%87" title="ملیجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ملیجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semut" title="Semut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯀꯥꯛꯆꯦꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯛꯆꯦꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81-ngi%C3%AA" title="Mā-ngiê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mā-ngiê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6" title="Шоргоолж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шоргоолж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ပုရွက်ဆိတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုရွက်ဆိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasikalolo" title="Qasikalolo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qasikalolo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieren" title="Mieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miegamp" title="Miegamp – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Miegamp" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कमिला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कमिला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80)" title="इमू (प्राणी) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इमू (प्राणी)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA" title="アリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Зингат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Зингат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miiren" title="Miiren – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Miiren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur" title="Maur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maur" title="Maur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Formiga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Кутко – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кутко" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF" title="ପିମ୍ପୁଡି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପିମ୍ପୁଡି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumolilar" title="Chumolilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chumolilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੀੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੀੜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameisen" title="Ameisen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Ameisen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakonah" title="Kakonah – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kakonah" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%8C" title="کیڑی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیڑی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%DA%96%DB%8C" title="مېږی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېږی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кӧдзыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧдзыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furm%C3%ACa" title="Furmìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Furmìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/sasiq" title="sasiq – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="sasiq" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miegeems" title="Miegeems – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Miegeems" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr%C3%B3wkowate" title="Mrówkowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mrówkowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Formiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%B6seck" title="Omöseck – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Omöseck" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formicide" title="Formicide – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Formicide" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmiclas" title="Furmiclas – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Furmiclas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi" title="Sisi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sisi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Мурянкы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мурянкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="Муравьи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Муравьи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кымырдаҕас – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кымырдаҕас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/puduh" title="puduh – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="puduh" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1" title="ᱢᱩᱡ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱡ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiga" title="Formiga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Formiga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eemock" title="Eemock – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eemock" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milingona" title="Milingona – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Milingona" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furm%C3%ACcula" title="Furmìcula – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Furmìcula" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B9%E0%B7%92" title="කුහුඹි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුහුඹි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant" title="Ant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84" title="ڪول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mravcovit%C3%A9" title="Mravcovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mravcovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mravlje" title="Mravlje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mravlje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrowcowate" title="Mrowcowate – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mrowcowate" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraansho" title="Quraansho – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Quraansho" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95" title="مێروولە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێروولە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Мрави – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мрави" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrav" title="Mrav – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mrav" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sireum" title="Sireum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sireum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muurahaiset" title="Muurahaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muurahaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myror" title="Myror – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myror" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langgam" title="Langgam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Langgam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="எறும்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எறும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%E1%B8%8Dfit" title="Tuḍfit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tuḍfit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADuf" title="Ageṭṭuf – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ageṭṭuf" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кырмыскалар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кырмыскалар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AE" title="చీమ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చీమ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94" title="มด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuk" title="Acuk – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Acuk" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Мӯрча – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мӯрча" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B5" title="ᏙᏒᏓᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏙᏒᏓᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಿಜಿನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಿಜಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C4%B1nca" title="Karınca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karınca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garynja" title="Garynja – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Garynja" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ga%CC%B1swan" title="A̱ga̱swan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ga̱swan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кузьыли – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кузьыли" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Мурашки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мурашки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="چیونٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیونٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%88%D9%85%DB%88%D9%84%DB%95" title="چۈمۈلە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چۈمۈلە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moed" title="Moed – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moed" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murahai%C5%BEed" title="Murahaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Murahaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Kiến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copixhe" title="Copixhe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Copixhe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeyuu" title="Jeyuu – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jeyuu" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9E%9E%E8%9F%BB" title="螞蟻 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="螞蟻" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miern" title="Miern – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Miern" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tub%C3%A1k" title="Tubák – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tubák" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melentaan" title="Melentaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Melentaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9A%82%E8%9A%81" title="蚂蚁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蚂蚁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="מוראשקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוראשקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%BB" title="蟻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蟻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcela" title="Morcela – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Morcela" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrozd%C4%97s" title="Skrozdės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skrozdės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9A%82%E8%9A%81" title="蚂蚁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蚂蚁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atat" title="Atat – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Atat" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porhis" title="Porhis – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Porhis" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilau" title="Kilau – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kilau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorom" title="Sorom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sorom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuri" title="Kuri – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Kuri" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%96" title="ᥛᥨᥖ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥨᥖ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7386#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Ants <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 100–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a><a href="#cite_note-phyl2006-1">[1]</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:172.61538461538px; width:47.384615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:186.15384615385px; width:33.846153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:187.15384615385px; width:31.846153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div> Late <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_ants_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fire_ants_01.jpg/250px-Fire_ants_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fire_ants_01.jpg/330px-Fire_ants_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fire_ants_01.jpg/500px-Fire_ants_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1890" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">Fire ants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Formicidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aculeata" title="Aculeata">Aculeata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formicoidea</a> Latreille, 1809<a href="#cite_note-Boudinot2020-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formicidae</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1809 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Formica_rufa" title="Formica rufa">Formica rufa</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">1761</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ant_subfamilies" title="List of ant subfamilies">Subfamilies</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecomyrmecinae" title="Agroecomyrmecinae">Agroecomyrmecinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblyoponinae" title="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</a> (incl. "<a href="/wiki/Apomyrminae" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomyrminae">Apomyrminae</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuretinae" title="Aneuretinae">Aneuretinae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Brownimeciinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownimeciinae">Brownimeciinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichoderinae" title="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylinae" title="Dorylinae">Dorylinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectatomminae" title="Ectatomminae">Ectatomminae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Formiciinae" title="Formiciinae">Formiciinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formicinae" title="Formicinae">Formicinae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Haidomyrmecinae" title="Haidomyrmecinae">Haidomyrmecinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroponerinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteroponerinae">Heteroponerinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptanillinae" title="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martialinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Martialinae">Martialinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmeciinae" title="Myrmeciinae">Myrmeciinae</a> (incl. "<a href="/wiki/Nothomyrmeciinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothomyrmeciinae">Nothomyrmeciinae</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmicinae" title="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraponerinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraponerinae">Paraponerinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponerinae" title="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceratiinae" title="Proceratiinae">Proceratiinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyrmecinae" title="Pseudomyrmecinae">Pseudomyrmecinae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sphecomyrminae" title="Sphecomyrminae">Sphecomyrminae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Zigrasimeciinae" title="Zigrasimeciinae">Zigrasimeciinae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg/250px-Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg/330px-Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg/500px-Red_Ant_-_March_2025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Bright red ant, likely part of the <a href="/wiki/Formica_pallidefulva" title="Formica pallidefulva">Formica pallidefulva</a> species group, on a flower</figcaption></figure> Ants are <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Formicidae and, along with the related <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, belong to the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>. Ants evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vespoidea" title="Vespoidea">vespoid wasp</a> ancestors in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of 22,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> have been classified. They are easily identified by their geniculate (elbowed) <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists. Ants form <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony" title="Ant colony">colonies</a> that range in size from a few dozen individuals often living in small <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural</a> cavities to highly organised colonies that may occupy large territories with sizeable nest that consist of millions of individuals or into the hundreds of millions in <a href="/wiki/Ant_supercolony" title="Ant supercolony">super colonies</a>. Typical colonies consist of various castes of sterile, wingless females, most of which are workers (ergates), as well as soldiers (dinergates) and other specialised groups. Nearly all ant colonies also have some fertile males called "drones" and one or more fertile females called "<a href="/wiki/Queen_ant" title="Queen ant">queens</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Gyne" title="Gyne">gynes</a>). The colonies are described as <a href="/wiki/Superorganism" title="Superorganism">superorganisms</a> because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony. Ants have colonised almost every landmass on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The only places lacking <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> ants are <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and a few remote or inhospitable islands. Ants thrive in moist tropical ecosystems and may exceed the combined <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of wild birds and mammals. Their success in so many environments has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats, tap resources, and defend themselves. Their long <a href="/wiki/Co-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-evolution">co-evolution</a> with other species has led to <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> relationships. Ant societies have <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>, communication between individuals, and an ability to <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">solve complex problems</a>. These parallels with <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">human societies</a> have long been an inspiration and subject of study. Many human cultures make use of ants in cuisine, medication, and rites. Some species are valued in their role as <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a> agents. Their ability to exploit resources may bring ants into conflict with humans, however, as they can damage crops and invade buildings. Some species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">red imported fire ant</a> (Solenopsis invicta) of South America, are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> in other parts of the world, establishing themselves in areas where they have been introduced accidentally. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word ant and the archaic word emmet<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> are derived from ante, emete of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, which come from ǣmette of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>; these are all related to <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low Saxon</a> e(e)mt, empe and varieties (<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> emeta) and to <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Ameise (<a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> āmeiza). All of these words come from West Germanic *ǣmaitjōn, and the original meaning of the word was "the biter" (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *ai-, "off, away" + *mait- "cut").<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The family name Formicidae is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> formīca ("ant")<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> from which the words in other <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, such as the Portuguese formiga, Italian formica, Spanish hormiga, Romanian furnică, and French fourmi are derived. The study of ants is called <a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">myrmecology</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> μύρμηξ mýrmēx ("ant"). It has been hypothesised that a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> word *morwi- was the root for <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> vamrah, Greek μύρμηξ mýrmēx, Latin formīca, <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> mraviji, <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> moirb, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> maurr, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> mier, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> myra, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> myre, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> miere, and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a> miera.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2></div> The family Formicidae belongs to the order <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Sawfly" title="Sawfly">sawflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>. Ants evolved from a lineage within the <a href="/wiki/Aculeata" title="Aculeata">stinging wasps</a>, and a 2013 study suggests that they are a sister group of the <a href="/wiki/Apoidea" title="Apoidea">Apoidea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phylo-9">[9]</a> However, since Apoidea is a superfamily, ants must be upgraded to the same rank.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández2021-10">[10]</a> A more detailed basic taxonomy was proposed in 2020. Three species of the extinct mid-<a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> genera <a href="/wiki/Camelomecia" title="Camelomecia">Camelomecia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camelosphecia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camelosphecia (page does not exist)">Camelosphecia</a> were placed outside of the Formicidae, in a separate <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> within the general superfamily <a href="/wiki/Formicoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Formicoidea">Formicoidea</a>, which, together with Apoidea, forms the higher-ranking group <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formicapoidina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formicapoidina (page does not exist)">Formicapoidina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boudinot2020-2">[2]</a> Fernández et al. (2021) suggest that the common ancestors of ants and apoids within the Formicapoidina probably existed as early as in the end of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period, before divergence in the Cretaceous.<a href="#cite_note-Fernández2021-10">[10]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216315873">.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery{display:table;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery>div{line-height:1.5em;padding:0.2em 0.4em;border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-footer{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.main-content{display:table}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element{float:left!important;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.gallery-element{float:left;border:1px none;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;margin:1px;border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery .no-border{border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element.vertical{float:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element caption.caption{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element th.header{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.cladogram{padding:10px;margin:-1px 0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery table.gallery-element td.footer{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.header.shading{background-color:#eaecf0}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.cladogram.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output div.clade-gallery div.footer.shading{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><div class="clade-gallery"><div class="main-content no-border"><table class="gallery-element" style="width:350px;height:500px;"><caption class="caption">Relationship of ants with aculeate wasp families</caption><tbody><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:500px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Aculeata" title="Aculeata">Aculeata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chrysidoidea" title="Chrysidoidea">Chrysidoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Rhopalosomatidae" title="Rhopalosomatidae">Rhopalosomatidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Pompilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompilidae">Pompilidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Mutillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutillidae">Mutillidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Tiphiidae" title="Tiphiidae">Tiphiidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Chyphotidae" title="Chyphotidae">Chyphotidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Scolioidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scolioidea">Scolioidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Apoidea" title="Apoidea">Apoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Formicidae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="footer">Phylogenetic position of the Formicidae as seen in Johnson et al. (2013)<a href="#cite_note-phylo-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernández2021-10">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-element" style="width:350px;height:500px;"><caption class="caption">Relationships of ant subfamilies</caption><tbody><tr><td class="cladogram" style="height:500px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Formicidae </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Formicoid </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Myrmicinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Ectatomminae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Heteroponerinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Formicinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Dolichoderinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Aneuretinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Pseudomyrmecinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Myrmeciinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Dorylinae‡ </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Poneroid </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Ponerinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Agroecomyrmecinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Paraponerinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Proceratiinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Amblyoponinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Apomyrminae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Leptanillinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> Martialinae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="footer">A <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of the extant ant <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamilies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-martialis-13">[13]</a> *Cerapachyinae is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> ‡ The previous dorylomorph subfamilies – Ecitoninae, Aenictinae, Aenictogitoninae, Cerapachyinae, Leptanilloidinae – were synonymized under <a href="/wiki/Dorylinae" title="Dorylinae">Dorylinae</a> by Brady et al. in 2014<a href="#cite_note-Brady_et_al_2014-14">[14]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_in_amber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ants_in_amber.jpg/250px-Ants_in_amber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ants_in_amber.jpg/330px-Ants_in_amber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ants_in_amber.jpg/500px-Ants_in_amber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>Ants fossilised in <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a></figcaption></figure> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> and his colleagues identified the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> remains of an ant (<a href="/wiki/Sphecomyrma" title="Sphecomyrma">Sphecomyrma</a>) that lived in the Cretaceous period. The specimen, trapped in amber <a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">dating</a> back to around 92 million years ago, has features found in some wasps, but not found in modern ants.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The oldest fossils of ants date to the mid-Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago, which belong to extinct <a href="/wiki/Stem-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-group">stem-groups</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Haidomyrmecinae" title="Haidomyrmecinae">Haidomyrmecinae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphecomyrminae" title="Sphecomyrminae">Sphecomyrminae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zigrasimeciinae" title="Zigrasimeciinae">Zigrasimeciinae</a>, with modern ant subfamilies appearing towards the end of the Cretaceous around 80–70 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Ants diversified extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_Terrestrial_Revolution" title="Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution">Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and assumed ecological dominance around 60 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-grimaldi2001-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-phyl2006-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-riseofants-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Some groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Leptanillinae" title="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martialinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Martialinae">Martialinae</a>, are suggested to have diversified from early primitive ants that were likely to have been predators underneath the surface of the soil.<a href="#cite_note-martialis-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barden2012-21">[21]</a> During the Cretaceous period, a few species of primitive ants ranged widely on the <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasian</a> supercontinent (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>). Their representation in the fossil record is poor, in comparison to the populations of other insects, representing only about 1% of fossil evidence of insects in the era. Ants became dominant after <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogene period">Paleogene period</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>, ants had come to represent 20–40% of all insects found in major fossil deposits. Of the species that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> epoch, around one in 10 genera survive to the present. Genera surviving today comprise 56% of the genera in <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a> fossils (early Oligocene), and 92% of the genera in <a href="/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Dominican amber</a> fossils (apparently early Miocene).<a href="#cite_note-grimaldi2001-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-TheAntEvo-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Termites</a> live in colonies and are sometimes called "white ants", but termites are only distantly related to ants. They are the sub-order <a href="/wiki/Isoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoptera">Isoptera</a>, and together with <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroaches</a>, they form the order <a href="/wiki/Blattodea" title="Blattodea">Blattodea</a>. Blattodeans are related to <a href="/wiki/Mantid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantid">mantids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Crickets">crickets</a>, and other winged insects that do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Holometabolism" title="Holometabolism">complete metamorphosis</a>. Like ants, termites are <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a>, with sterile workers, but they differ greatly in the genetics of reproduction. The similarity of their social structure to that of ants is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutillidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutillidae">Velvet ants</a> look like large ants, but are wingless female <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_diversity">Distribution and diversity</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th> <th>Number of species <a href="#cite_note-HolldoblerWilsonAnts-26">[26]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropics</a></td> <td align="right">2,162 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nearctic_realm" title="Nearctic realm">Nearctic</a></td> <td align="right">580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td> <td align="right">180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></td> <td align="right">2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></td> <td align="right">2,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a></td> <td align="right">275 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td align="right">985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></td> <td align="right">42 </td></tr></tbody></table> Ants have a <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan distribution</a>. They are found on all continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, and only a few large islands, such as <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian Islands</a> lack native ant species.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Ants occupy a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niches</a> and exploit many different food resources as direct or indirect herbivores, predators and scavengers. Most ant species are omnivorous <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalists</a>, but a few are specialist feeders. There is considerable variation in ant abundance across habitats, peaking in the moist tropics to nearly six times that found in less suitable habitats.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Their ecological dominance has been examined primarily using estimates of their <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>: myrmecologist <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> had estimated in 2009 that at any one time the total number of ants was between one and ten <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000,000,000" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000,000,000">quadrillion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Short_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Short scale">short scale</a>) (i.e., between 1015 and 1016) and using this estimate he had suggested that the total <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of all the ants in the world was approximately equal to the total biomass of the entire <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> race.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> More careful estimates made in 2022 which take into account regional variations puts the global ant contribution at 12 megatons of dry carbon, which is about 20% of the total human contribution, but greater than that of the wild birds and mammals combined. This study also puts a conservative estimate of the ants at about 20 × 1015 (20 quadrillion).<a href="#cite_note-schultz-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Ants range in size from 0.75 to 52 millimetres (0.030–2.0 in),<a href="#cite_note-AntsDorylusWilverthaiQueen-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-OligomyrmexMinor-35">[35]</a> the largest species being the fossil <a href="/wiki/Titanomyrma" title="Titanomyrma">Titanomyrma giganteum</a>, the queen of which was <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 cm (2+1⁄2 in) long with a wingspan of 15 cm (6 in).<a href="#cite_note-Messel-36">[36]</a> Ants vary in colour; most ants are yellow to red or brown to black, but a few species are green and some tropical species have a metallic <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a>. More than 13,800 species are currently known<a href="#cite_note-AntWeb-37">[37]</a> (with upper estimates of the potential existence of about 22,000; see the article <a href="/wiki/List_of_ant_genera_(alphabetical)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ant genera (alphabetical)">List of ant genera</a>), with the greatest diversity in the tropics. Taxonomic studies continue to resolve the classification and systematics of ants. Online databases of ant species, including AntWeb and the Hymenoptera Name Server, help to keep track of the known and newly described species.<a href="#cite_note-AntWeb-37">[37]</a> The relative ease with which ants may be sampled and studied in <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> has made them useful as <a href="/wiki/Indicator_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicator species">indicator species</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> studies.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg/500px-Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg/675px-Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg/900px-Scheme_ant_worker_anatomy-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a worker ant (<a href="/wiki/Neoponera_verenae" title="Neoponera verenae">Neoponera verenae</a>)</figcaption></figure> Ants are distinct in their <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> from other insects in having geniculate (elbowed) <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metapleural_gland" title="Metapleural gland">metapleural glands</a>, and a strong constriction of their second <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal</a> segment into a node-like <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(insect_anatomy)" title="Petiole (insect anatomy)">petiole</a>. The body is divided into three distinct sections (formally known as <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(biology)" title="Tagma (biology)">tagmata</a>): the head, <a href="/wiki/Mesosoma" title="Mesosoma">mesosoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metasoma" title="Metasoma">metasoma</a>. The petiole forms a narrow waist between their mesosoma (<a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a> plus the first abdominal segment, which is fused to it) and <a href="/wiki/Gaster_(insect_anatomy)" title="Gaster (insect anatomy)">gaster</a> (abdomen less the abdominal segments in the petiole). The <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(insect_anatomy)" title="Petiole (insect anatomy)">petiole</a> may be formed by one or two nodes (the second alone, or the second and third abdominal segments).<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Tergosternal fusion, when the tergite and sternite of a segment fuse together, can occur partly or fully on the second, third and fourth abdominal segment and is used in identification. Fourth abdominal tergosternal fusion was formerly used as character that defined the poneromorph subfamilies, Ponerinae and relatives within their clade, but this is no longer considered a <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphic">synapomorphic</a> character.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Like other arthropods, ants have an <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a>, an external covering that provides a protective casing around the body and a point of attachment for muscles, in contrast to the internal skeletons of humans and other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. Insects do not have <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and other gases, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, pass through their exoskeleton via tiny valves called <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>. Insects also lack closed <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>; instead, they have a long, thin, perforated tube along the top of the body (called the "dorsal aorta") that functions like a heart, and pumps <a href="/wiki/Haemolymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemolymph">haemolymph</a> toward the head, thus driving the circulation of the internal fluids. The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral nerve cord</a> that runs the length of the body, with several <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> and branches along the way reaching into the extremities of the appendages.<a href="#cite_note-insectmorph-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullant_head_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bullant_head_detail.jpg/220px-Bullant_head_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bullant_head_detail.jpg/330px-Bullant_head_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bullant_head_detail.jpg/440px-Bullant_head_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bull_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull ant">Bull ant</a> showing the powerful <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (insect mouthpart)">mandibles</a> and the relatively large <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> that provide excellent vision</figcaption></figure> An ant's head contains many <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organs">sensory organs</a>. Like most insects, ants have <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> made from numerous tiny lenses attached together. Ant eyes are good for acute movement detection, but do not offer a high <a href="/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">resolution</a> image. They also have three small <a href="/wiki/Ocellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocellus">ocelli</a> (simple eyes) on the top of the head that detect light levels and <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Compared to <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, ants tend to have blurrier eyesight, particularly in smaller species,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranean</a> taxa are completely <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ward-12">[12]</a> However, some ants, such as Australia's <a href="/wiki/Myrmecia_(ant)" title="Myrmecia (ant)">bulldog ant</a>, have excellent vision and are capable of discriminating the distance and size of objects moving nearly a <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">meter</a> away.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Based on experiments conducted to test their ability to differentiate between selected wavelengths of light, some ant species such as Camponotus blandus, Solenopsis invicta, and Formica cunicularia are thought to possess a degree of colour vision.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> ("feelers") are attached to the head; these organs detect chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Air_current" title="Air current">air currents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibrations</a>; they also are used to transmit and receive signals through touch. The head has two strong jaws, the <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandible (insect)">mandibles</a>, used to carry food, manipulate objects, construct nests, and for defence.<a href="#cite_note-insectmorph-42">[42]</a> In some species, a small pocket (infrabuccal chamber) inside the mouth stores food, so it may be passed to other ants or their larvae.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesosoma">Mesosoma</h3></div> Both the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">legs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">wings</a> of the ant are attached to the <a href="/wiki/Mesosoma" title="Mesosoma">mesosoma</a> ("thorax"). The legs terminate in a hooked <a href="/wiki/Chelae" title="Chelae">claw</a> which allows them to hook on and climb surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Only reproductive ants (<a href="/wiki/Queen_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen (insect)">queens</a> and males) have wings. Queens shed their wings after the <a href="/wiki/Nuptial_flight" title="Nuptial flight">nuptial flight</a>, leaving visible stubs, a distinguishing feature of queens. In a few species, wingless queens (<a href="/wiki/Ergatoid" title="Ergatoid">ergatoids</a>) and males occur.<a href="#cite_note-insectmorph-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metasoma">Metasoma</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Metasoma" title="Metasoma">metasoma</a> (the "abdomen") of the ant houses important internal organs, including those of the reproductive, respiratory (tracheae), and excretory systems. Workers of many species have their <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">egg-laying structures</a> modified into <a href="/wiki/Stinger_(organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stinger (organ)">stings</a> that are used for subduing <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a> and defending their nests.<a href="#cite_note-insectmorph-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymorphism">Polymorphism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg/250px-Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg/330px-Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg/500px-Atta.cephalotes.gamut.selection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Seven <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">leafcutter ant</a> workers of various castes (left) and two queens (right)</figcaption></figure> In the colonies of a few ant species, there are physical castes—workers in distinct size-classes, called minor (micrergates), median, and major ergates (macrergates). Often, the larger ants have disproportionately larger heads, and correspondingly stronger <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandible (insect)">mandibles</a>. Although formally known as dinergates, such individuals are sometimes called "soldier" ants because their stronger mandibles make them more effective in fighting, although they still are workers and their "duties" typically do not vary greatly from the minor or median workers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[49]</a> In a few species, the median workers are absent, creating a sharp divide between the minors and majors.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">Weaver ants</a>, for example, have a distinct <a href="/wiki/Bimodal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimodal">bimodal</a> size distribution.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Some other species show continuous variation in the size of workers. The smallest and largest workers in <a href="/wiki/Carebara_diversa" title="Carebara diversa">Carebara diversa</a> show nearly a 500-fold difference in their dry weights.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Workers cannot mate; however, because of the <a href="/wiki/Haplodiploid_sex-determination_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplodiploid sex-determination system">haplodiploid sex-determination system</a> in ants, workers of a number of species can lay unfertilised eggs that become fully fertile, haploid males. The role of workers may change with their age and in some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Honeypot_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeypot ants">honeypot ants</a>, young workers are fed until their gasters are distended, and act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called repletes.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> For instance, these replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant <a href="/wiki/Myrmecocystus_mexicanus" title="Myrmecocystus mexicanus">Myrmecocystus mexicanus</a>. Usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes, demonstrating the flexibility of this particular <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> This polymorphism in morphology and behaviour of workers initially was thought to be determined by environmental factors such as nutrition and hormones that led to different <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">developmental paths</a>; however, genetic differences between worker castes have been noted in Acromyrmex sp.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> These polymorphisms are caused by relatively small genetic changes; differences in a single gene of <a href="/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">Solenopsis invicta</a> can decide whether the colony will have single or multiple queens.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Australian <a href="/wiki/Jack_jumper_ant" title="Jack jumper ant">jack jumper ant</a> (Myrmecia pilosula) has only a single pair of chromosomes (with the males having just one chromosome as they are <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a>), the lowest number known for any animal, making it an interesting subject for studies in the genetics and developmental biology of social insects.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome_size">Genome size</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Genome_size" title="Genome size">Genome size</a> is a fundamental characteristic of an organism. Ants have been found to have tiny genomes, with the evolution of genome size suggested to occur through loss and accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Non-coding_DNA" title="Non-coding DNA">non-coding</a> regions, mainly <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable elements</a>, and occasionally by whole genome duplication.<a href="#cite_note-moura-60">[60]</a> This may be related to <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">colonisation</a> processes, but further studies are needed to verify this.<a href="#cite_note-moura-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg/220px-Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg/330px-Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg/440px-Meat_eater_ant_nest_swarming02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meat_eater_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat eater ant">Meat eater ant</a> nest during swarming</figcaption></figure> The life of an ant starts from an <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a>; if the egg is fertilised, the progeny will be female <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a>, if not, it will be male <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a>. Ants develop by <a href="/wiki/Complete_metamorphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete metamorphosis">complete metamorphosis</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> stages passing through a <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupal</a> stage before emerging as an adult. The larva is largely immobile and is fed and cared for by workers. Food is given to the larvae by <a href="/wiki/Trophallaxis" title="Trophallaxis">trophallaxis</a>, a process in which an ant <a href="/wiki/Regurgitation_(digestion)" title="Regurgitation (digestion)">regurgitates</a> liquid food held in its <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a>. This is also how adults share food, stored in the "social stomach". Larvae, especially in the later stages, may also be provided solid food, such as <a href="/wiki/Trophic_egg" title="Trophic egg">trophic eggs</a>, pieces of prey, and seeds brought by workers.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The larvae grow through a series of four or five <a href="/wiki/Moult" class="mw-redirect" title="Moult">moults</a> and enter the pupal stage. The pupa has the appendages free and not fused to the body as in a <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">butterfly pupa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The differentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different <a href="/wiki/Caste_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste (biology)">castes</a> of workers, is influenced in some species by the nutrition the larvae obtain. Genetic influences and the <a href="/wiki/Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">control of gene expression</a> by the developmental environment are complex and the determination of caste continues to be a subject of research.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Winged male ants, called drones (termed "aner" in old literature<a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[49]</a>), emerge from pupae along with the usually winged breeding females. Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">army ants</a>, have wingless queens. Larvae and pupae need to be kept at fairly constant temperatures to ensure proper development, and so often are moved around among the various brood chambers within the colony.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A new ergate spends the first few days of its adult life caring for the queen and young. She then graduates to digging and other nest work, and later to defending the nest and foraging. These changes are sometimes fairly sudden, and define what are called temporal castes. Such age-based task-specialization or <a href="/wiki/Polyethism" title="Polyethism">polyethism</a> has been suggested as having evolved due to the high casualties involved in foraging and defence, making it an acceptable risk only for ants who are older and likely to die sooner from natural causes.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In the Brazilian ant <a href="/wiki/Forelius_pusillus" title="Forelius pusillus">Forelius pusillus</a>, the nest entrance is closed from the outside to protect the colony from predatory ant species at sunset each day. About one to eight workers seal the nest entrance from the outside and they have no chance of returning to the nest and are in effect sacrificed.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Whether these seemingly suicidal workers are older workers has not been determined.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Ant colonies can be long-lived. The queens can live for up to 30 years, and workers live from 1 to 3 years. Males, however, are more transitory, being quite short-lived and surviving for only a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Ant queens are estimated to live 100 times as long as solitary insects of a similar size.<a href="#cite_note-insencyc-70">[70]</a> Ants are active all year long in the tropics; however, in cooler regions, they survive the winter in a state of dormancy known as <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a>. The forms of inactivity are varied and some temperate species have larvae going into the inactive state (<a href="/wiki/Diapause" title="Diapause">diapause</a>), while in others, the adults alone pass the winter in a state of reduced activity.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlyingAnts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FlyingAnts.jpg/250px-FlyingAnts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FlyingAnts.jpg/330px-FlyingAnts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FlyingAnts.jpg/500px-FlyingAnts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Honey ant (<a href="/wiki/Prenolepis_imparis" title="Prenolepis imparis">Prenolepis imparis</a>) mating, the drone is much smaller than the queen</figcaption></figure> A wide range of reproductive strategies have been noted in ant species. Females of many species are known to be capable of reproducing asexually through <a href="/wiki/Thelytoky" title="Thelytoky">thelytokous parthenogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Secretions from the male accessory glands in some species can plug the female genital opening and prevent females from re-mating.<a href="#cite_note-Mikheyev,_a._S._2003._pp.401-73">[73]</a> Most ant species have a system in which only the queen and breeding females have the ability to mate. Contrary to popular belief, some ant nests have multiple queens, while others may exist without queens. Workers with the ability to reproduce are called "<a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(ant)" title="Gamergate (ant)">gamergates</a>" and colonies that lack queens are then called gamergate colonies; colonies with queens are said to be queen-right.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Drones can also mate with existing queens by entering a foreign colony, such as in <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">army ants</a>. When the drone is initially attacked by the workers, it releases a mating <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a>. If recognized as a mate, it will be carried to the queen to mate.<a href="#cite_note-Franks_N._2008-75">[75]</a> Males may also patrol the nest and fight others by grabbing them with their mandibles, piercing their <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> and then marking them with a pheromone. The marked male is interpreted as an invader by worker ants and is killed.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Most ants are <a href="/wiki/Univoltine" class="mw-redirect" title="Univoltine">univoltine</a>, producing a new generation each year.<a href="#cite_note-bloodywasp-77">[77]</a> During the species-specific breeding period, winged females and winged males, known to <a href="/wiki/Entomologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologists">entomologists</a> as <a href="/wiki/Alate" title="Alate">alates</a>, leave the colony in what is called a <a href="/wiki/Nuptial_flight" title="Nuptial flight">nuptial flight</a>. The nuptial flight usually takes place in the late spring or early summer when the weather is hot and humid. Heat makes flying easier and freshly fallen rain makes the ground softer for mated queens to dig nests.<a href="#cite_note-nuptial_flight_2-78">[78]</a> Males typically take flight before the females. Males then use visual cues to find a common mating ground, for example, a landmark such as a <a href="/wiki/Pine_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine tree">pine tree</a> to which other males in the area converge. Males secrete a mating pheromone that females follow. Males will mount females in the air, but the actual mating process usually takes place on the ground. Females of some species mate with just one male but in others they may mate with as many as ten or more different males, storing the <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">sperm</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermathecae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HolldoblerWilsonAnts2-79">[79]</a> The genus <a href="/wiki/Cardiocondyla" title="Cardiocondyla">Cardiocondyla</a> have species with both winged and wingless males, where the latter will only mate with females living in the same nest. Some species in the genus have lost winged males completely, and only produce wingless males.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cardiocondyla_elegans" title="Cardiocondyla elegans">C. elegans</a>, workers may transport newly emerged queens to other conspecific nests where the wingless males from unrelated colonies can mate with them, a behavioural adaptation that may reduce the chances of inbreeding.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg/250px-Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg/330px-Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg/500px-Meat_eater_ant_qeen_excavating_hole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Fertilised meat-eater ant queen beginning to dig a new colony</figcaption></figure> Mated females then seek a suitable place to begin a colony. There, they break off their wings using their tibial spurs and begin to lay and care for eggs. The females can selectively fertilise future eggs with the sperm stored to produce diploid workers or lay unfertilized haploid eggs to produce drones. The first workers to hatch, known as nanitics,<a href="#cite_note-SuddFranks2013-82">[82]</a> are weaker and smaller than later workers but they begin to serve the colony immediately. They enlarge the nest, forage for food, and care for the other eggs. Species that have multiple queens may have a queen leaving the nest along with some workers to found a colony at a new site,<a href="#cite_note-HolldoblerWilsonAnts2-79">[79]</a> a process akin to <a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">swarming</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">honeybees</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nests,_colonies,_and_supercolonies">Nests, colonies, and supercolonies</h3></div> The typical ant species has a colony occupying a single nest, housing one or more queens, where the brood is raised. There are however more than 150 species of ants in 49 genera that are known to have colonies consisting of multiple spatially separated nests. These polydomous (as opposed to monodomous) colonies have food and workers moving between the nests.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Membership to a colony is identified by the response of worker ants which identify whether another individual belongs to their own colony or not. A signature cocktail of body surface chemicals (also known as cuticular hydrocarbons or CHCs) forms the so-called colony odor which other members can recognize.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Some ant species appear to be less discriminating and in the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, workers carried from a colony anywhere in the southern US and Mexico are acceptable within other colonies in the same region. Similarly workers from colonies that have established in Europe are accepted by any other colonies within Europe but not by the colonies in the Americas. The interpretation of these observations has been debated and some have been termed these large populations as supercolonies<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> while others have termed the populations as unicolonial.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ant_communication" title="Ant communication">Ant communication</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg/220px-Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg/330px-Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg/440px-Camponotus_sericeus_Senegal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3147" data-file-height="2522" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Camponotus_sericeus" title="Camponotus sericeus">Camponotus sericeus</a> workers communicating through touch and pheromones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/220px-seek%3D320-Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="469" data-mwtitle="Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm/Ants_find_white_cabbage_larvae.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Ants find a dying <a href="/wiki/Pieris_rapae" title="Pieris rapae">white cabbage</a> larvae that <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp" title="Parasitoid wasp">parasitoid wasps</a> larvae exited two days earlier.</figcaption></figure> Ants communicate with each other using <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>, sounds, and touch.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2006-89">[89]</a> Since most ants live on the ground, they use the soil surface to leave pheromone trails that may be followed by other ants. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a trail on the way back to the colony; this trail is followed by other ants, these ants then reinforce the trail when they head back with food to the colony. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates. This behaviour helps ants deal with changes in their environment. For instance, when an established path to a food source is blocked by an obstacle, the foragers leave the path to explore new routes. If an ant is successful, it leaves a new trail marking the shortest route on its return. Successful trails are followed by more ants, reinforcing better routes and gradually identifying the best path.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson2006-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Ants use pheromones for more than just making trails. A crushed ant emits an alarm pheromone that sends nearby ants into an attack frenzy and attracts more ants from farther away. Several ant species even use "<a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> pheromones" to confuse enemy ants and make them fight among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Pheromones are produced by a wide range of structures including <a href="/wiki/Dufour%27s_gland" title="Dufour's gland">Dufour's glands</a>, poison glands and glands on the <a href="/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut">hindgut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygidium" title="Pygidium">pygidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, and hind <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-insencyc-70">[70]</a> Pheromones also are exchanged, mixed with food, and passed by <a href="/wiki/Trophallaxis" title="Trophallaxis">trophallaxis</a>, transferring information within the colony.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> This allows other ants to detect what task group (e.g., foraging or nest maintenance) other colony members belong to.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In ant species with queen <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a>, when the dominant queen stops producing a specific pheromone, workers begin to raise new queens in the colony.<a href="#cite_note-TheAntsPheroCastes-94">[94]</a> Some ants produce sounds by <a href="/wiki/Stridulation" title="Stridulation">stridulation</a>, using the gaster segments and their mandibles. Sounds may be used to communicate with colony members or with other species.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence">Defence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Defense_in_insects" title="Defense in insects">Defense in insects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg/220px-Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg/330px-Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg/440px-Plectroctena_sp_ants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Plectroctena" title="Plectroctena">Plectroctena</a> sp. attacks another of its kind to protect its territory.</figcaption></figure> Ants attack and defend themselves by biting and, in many species, by stinging often injecting or spraying chemicals. <a href="/wiki/Paraponera_clavata" title="Paraponera clavata">Bullet ants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraponera_clavata" title="Paraponera clavata">Paraponera</a>), located in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, are considered to have the most painful sting of any insect, although it is usually not fatal to humans. This sting is given the highest rating on the <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_sting_pain_index" title="Schmidt sting pain index">Schmidt sting pain index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The sting of <a href="/wiki/Jack_jumper_ant" title="Jack jumper ant">jack jumper ants</a> can be lethal for humans,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Antivenom" title="Antivenom">antivenom</a> has been developed for it.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">Fire ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">Solenopsis</a> spp., are unique in having a venom sac containing <a href="/wiki/Piperidine_alkaloids" title="Piperidine alkaloids">piperidine alkaloids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Their stings are painful and can be dangerous to hypersensitive people.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Formicinae" title="Formicinae">Formicine ants</a> secrete a poison from their glands, made mainly of <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeaverAntDefense.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/WeaverAntDefense.JPG/250px-WeaverAntDefense.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/WeaverAntDefense.JPG/330px-WeaverAntDefense.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/WeaverAntDefense.JPG/500px-WeaverAntDefense.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">weaver ant</a> in fighting position, <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandible (insect)">mandibles</a> wide open</figcaption></figure> Trap-jaw ants of the genus <a href="/wiki/Odontomachus" title="Odontomachus">Odontomachus</a> are equipped with mandibles called trap-jaws, which snap shut faster than any other <a href="/wiki/Predatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Predatory">predatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">animal kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TrapJawPatek-103">[103]</a> One study of <a href="/wiki/Odontomachus_bauri" title="Odontomachus bauri">Odontomachus bauri</a> recorded peak speeds of between 126 and 230 km/h (78 and 143 mph), with the jaws closing within 130 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a> on average. The ants were also observed to use their jaws as a <a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">catapult</a> to eject intruders or fling themselves backward to escape a threat.<a href="#cite_note-TrapJawPatek-103">[103]</a> Before striking, the ant opens its mandibles extremely widely and locks them in this position by an internal mechanism. Energy is stored in a thick band of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> and explosively released when triggered by the stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory</a> organs resembling hairs on the inside of the mandibles. The mandibles also permit slow and fine movements for other tasks. Trap-jaws also are seen in other ponerines such as <a href="/wiki/Anochetus" title="Anochetus">Anochetus</a>, as well as some genera in the tribe <a href="/wiki/Attini" class="mw-redirect" title="Attini">Attini</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Daceton" title="Daceton">Daceton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orectognathus" title="Orectognathus">Orectognathus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strumigenys" title="Strumigenys">Strumigenys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TrapJawPatek-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> which are viewed as examples of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Camponotus_saundersi" class="mw-redirect" title="Camponotus saundersi">A Malaysian species of ant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Camponotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Camponotus">Camponotus</a> cylindricus <a href="/wiki/Superspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superspecies">group</a> has enlarged mandibular glands that extend into their gaster. If combat takes a turn for the worse, a worker may perform a final act of <a href="/wiki/Autothysis" title="Autothysis">suicidal altruism</a> by rupturing the membrane of its gaster, causing the content of its mandibular glands to burst from the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> region of its head, spraying a poisonous, corrosive secretion containing <a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">acetophenones</a> and other chemicals that immobilise small insect attackers. The worker subsequently dies.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant_mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ant_mound.jpg/220px-Ant_mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ant_mound.jpg/330px-Ant_mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ant_mound.jpg/440px-Ant_mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Ant mound holes prevent water from entering the nest during rain.</figcaption></figure> In addition to defence against predators, ants need to protect their colonies from <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>. Secretions from the metapleural gland, unique to the ants, produce a complex range of chemicals including several with antibiotic properties.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[106]</a> Some worker ants maintain the hygiene of the colony and their activities include <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/undertaker" class="extiw" title="wikt:undertaker">undertaking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Necrophoresis" title="Necrophoresis">necrophoresis</a>, the disposal of dead nest-mates.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a> has been identified as the compound released from dead ants that triggers necrophoric behaviour in Atta mexicana<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> while workers of Linepithema humile react to the absence of characteristic chemicals (<a href="/wiki/Dolichodial" title="Dolichodial">dolichodial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iridomyrmecin" title="Iridomyrmecin">iridomyrmecin</a>) present on the cuticle of their living nestmates to trigger similar behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Megaponera_analis" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaponera analis">Megaponera analis</a>, injured ants are treated by nestmastes with secretions from their metapleural glands which protect them from infection.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Camponotus ants do not have a metapleural gland<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camponotus_maculatus" title="Camponotus maculatus">Camponotus maculatus</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Camponotus_floridanus" title="Camponotus floridanus">C. floridanus</a> workers have been found to amputate the affected legs of nestmates when the femur is injured. A femur injury carries a greater risk of infection unlike a tibia injury.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Nests may be protected from physical threats such as flooding and overheating by elaborate nest architecture.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Workers of Cataulacus muticus, an arboreal species that lives in plant hollows, respond to flooding by drinking water inside the nest, and excreting it outside.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camponotus_anderseni" class="mw-redirect" title="Camponotus anderseni">Camponotus anderseni</a>, which nests in the cavities of wood in mangrove habitats, deals with submergence under water by switching to <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">anaerobic respiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning">Learning</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg/220px-%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg/330px-%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg/440px-%22Follow_the_leader%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>Two Weaver ants walking in <a href="/wiki/Tandem_running" title="Tandem running">tandem</a></figcaption></figure> Many animals can learn behaviours by imitation, but ants may be the only group apart from <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> where interactive teaching has been observed. A knowledgeable forager of <a href="/wiki/Temnothorax_albipennis" title="Temnothorax albipennis">Temnothorax albipennis</a> can lead a naïve nest-mate to newly discovered food by the process of <a href="/wiki/Tandem_running" title="Tandem running">tandem running</a>. The follower obtains knowledge through its leading tutor. The leader is acutely sensitive to the progress of the follower and slows down when the follower lags and speeds up when the follower gets too close.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Controlled experiments with colonies of <a href="/wiki/Cerapachys_biroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerapachys biroi">Cerapachys biroi</a> suggest that an individual may choose nest roles based on her previous experience. An entire generation of identical workers was divided into two groups whose outcome in food foraging was controlled. One group was continually rewarded with prey, while it was made certain that the other failed. As a result, members of the successful group intensified their foraging attempts while the unsuccessful group ventured out fewer and fewer times. A month later, the successful foragers continued in their role while the others had moved to specialise in brood care.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nest_construction">Nest construction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony" title="Ant colony">Ant colony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeaverAntNest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/WeaverAntNest.JPG/250px-WeaverAntNest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/WeaverAntNest.JPG/330px-WeaverAntNest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/WeaverAntNest.JPG/500px-WeaverAntNest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Leaf nest of <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ants" class="mw-redirect" title="Weaver ants">weaver ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamalican" title="Pamalican">Pamalican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> Complex nests are built by many ant species, but other species are nomadic and do not build permanent structures. Ants may form subterranean nests or build them on trees. These nests may be found in the ground, under stones or logs, inside logs, hollow stems, or even acorns. The materials used for construction include soil and plant matter,<a href="#cite_note-HolldoblerWilsonAnts2-79">[79]</a> and ants carefully select their nest sites; Temnothorax albipennis will avoid sites with dead ants, as these may indicate the presence of pests or disease. They are quick to abandon established nests at the first sign of threats.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">army ants</a> of South America, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eciton_burchellii" title="Eciton burchellii">Eciton burchellii</a> species, and the <a href="/wiki/Driver_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Driver ant">driver ants</a> of Africa do not build permanent nests, but instead, alternate between nomadism and stages where the workers form a temporary nest (<a href="/wiki/Bivouac_(ants)" title="Bivouac (ants)">bivouac</a>) from their own bodies, by holding each other together.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">Weaver ant</a> (Oecophylla spp.) workers build nests in trees by attaching leaves together, first pulling them together with bridges of workers and then inducing their larvae to produce silk as they are moved along the leaf edges. Similar forms of nest construction are seen in some species of <a href="/wiki/Polyrhachis" title="Polyrhachis">Polyrhachis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg/250px-AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg/330px-AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg/500px-AntBridge_Crossing_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ant bridge</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Formica_polyctena" title="Formica polyctena">Formica polyctena</a>, among other ant species, constructs nests that maintain a relatively constant interior temperature that aids in the development of larvae. The ants maintain the nest temperature by choosing the location, nest materials, controlling ventilation and maintaining the heat from solar radiation, worker activity and metabolism, and in some moist nests, microbial activity in the nest materials.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Some ant species, such as those that use natural cavities, can be opportunistic and make use of the controlled micro-climate provided inside human dwellings and other artificial structures to house their colonies and nest structures.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation_of_food">Cultivation of food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ant%E2%80%93fungus_mutualism" title="Ant–fungus mutualism">Ant–fungus mutualism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoneyAnt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HoneyAnt.jpg/250px-HoneyAnt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HoneyAnt.jpg/330px-HoneyAnt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/HoneyAnt.jpg/500px-HoneyAnt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myrmecocystus" title="Myrmecocystus">Myrmecocystus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeypot_ant" title="Honeypot ant">honeypot ants</a>, store food to prevent colony famine.</figcaption></figure> Most ants are generalist predators, <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>, and indirect <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>,<a href="#cite_note-riseofants-19">[19]</a> but a few have evolved specialised ways of obtaining nutrition. It is believed that many ant species that engage in indirect herbivory rely on specialized symbiosis with their gut microbes<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> to upgrade the nutritional value of the food they collect<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and allow them to survive in nitrogen poor regions, such as rainforest canopies.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">Leafcutter ants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atta_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atta (genus)">Atta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acromyrmex" title="Acromyrmex">Acromyrmex</a>) feed exclusively on a <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> that grows only within their colonies. They continually collect leaves which are taken to the colony, cut into tiny pieces and placed in fungal gardens. Ergates specialise in related tasks according to their sizes. The largest ants cut stalks, smaller workers chew the leaves and the smallest tend the fungus. Leafcutter ants are sensitive enough to recognise the reaction of the fungus to different plant material, apparently detecting chemical signals from the fungus. If a particular type of leaf is found to be toxic to the fungus, the colony will no longer collect it. The ants feed on structures produced by the fungi called <a href="/wiki/Gongylidia" title="Gongylidia">gongylidia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiotic</a> bacteria on the exterior surface of the ants produce antibiotics that kill bacteria introduced into the nest that may harm the fungi.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant_trail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ant_trail.jpg/250px-Ant_trail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ant_trail.jpg/330px-Ant_trail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ant_trail.jpg/500px-Ant_trail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An ant <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trail</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Foraging</a> ants travel distances of up to 200 metres (700 ft) from their nest<a href="#cite_note-foraging-129">[129]</a> and scent trails allow them to find their way back even in the dark. In hot and arid regions, day-foraging ants face death by <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, so the ability to find the shortest route back to the nest reduces that risk. Diurnal desert ants of the genus <a href="/wiki/Cataglyphis" title="Cataglyphis">Cataglyphis</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert ant">Sahara desert ant</a> navigate by keeping track of direction as well as distance travelled. Distances travelled are measured using an internal <a href="/wiki/Pedometer" title="Pedometer">pedometer</a> that keeps count of the steps taken<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and also by evaluating the movement of objects in their visual field (<a href="/wiki/Optical_flow" title="Optical flow">optical flow</a>).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Directions are measured using the position of the sun.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> They <a href="/wiki/Path_integration" title="Path integration">integrate</a> this information to find the shortest route back to their nest.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Like all ants, they can also make use of visual landmarks when available<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> as well as olfactory and tactile cues to navigate.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Some species of ant are able to use the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> for navigation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> The compound eyes of ants have specialised cells that detect polarised light from the Sun, which is used to determine direction.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> These polarization detectors are sensitive in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> region of the light spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In some army ant species, a group of foragers who become separated from the main column may sometimes turn back on themselves and form a circular <a href="/wiki/Ant_mill" title="Ant mill">ant mill</a>. The workers may then run around continuously until they die of exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3></div> The female worker ants do not have wings and reproductive females lose their wings after their mating flights in order to begin their colonies. Therefore, unlike their wasp ancestors, most ants travel by walking. Some species are capable of leaping. For example, Jerdon's jumping ant (<a href="/wiki/Harpegnathos_saltator" title="Harpegnathos saltator">Harpegnathos saltator</a>) is able to jump by synchronising the action of its mid and hind pairs of legs.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> There are several species of <a href="/wiki/Gliding_ant" title="Gliding ant">gliding ant</a> including Cephalotes atratus; this may be a common trait among arboreal ants with small colonies. Ants with this ability are able to control their horizontal movement so as to catch tree trunks when they fall from atop the forest canopy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Other species of ants can form chains to bridge gaps over water, underground, or through spaces in vegetation. Some species also form floating rafts that help them survive floods.<a href="#cite_note-Mlot-144">[144]</a> These rafts may also have a role in allowing ants to colonise islands.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyrhachis_sokolova" title="Polyrhachis sokolova">Polyrhachis sokolova</a>, a species of ant found in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> swamps, can swim and live in underwater nests. Since they lack <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>, they go to trapped pockets of air in the submerged nests to breathe.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_and_competition">Cooperation and competition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_eating_cicada,_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg/250px-Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg/330px-Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg/500px-Ants_eating_cicada%2C_jjron_22.11.2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meat_ant" title="Meat ant">Meat-eater ants</a> feeding on a <a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">cicada</a>: social ants cooperate and collectively gather food</figcaption></figure> Not all ants have the same kind of societies. The Australian <a href="/wiki/Bulldog_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulldog ant">bulldog ants</a> are among the biggest and most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> of ants. Like virtually all ants, they are <a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">eusocial</a>, but their social behaviour is poorly developed compared to other species. Each individual hunts alone, using her large eyes instead of chemical senses to find prey.<a href="#cite_note-Crosland1988-147">[147]</a> Some species attack and take over neighbouring ant colonies. Extreme specialists among these <a href="/wiki/Slave-raiding_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave-raiding ant">slave-raiding ants</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polyergus" title="Polyergus">Amazon ants</a>, are incapable of feeding themselves and need captured workers to survive.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Captured workers of enslaved <a href="/wiki/Temnothorax" title="Temnothorax">Temnothorax</a> species have evolved a counter-strategy, destroying just the female pupae of the slave-making <a href="/wiki/Temnothorax_americanus" title="Temnothorax americanus">Temnothorax americanus</a>, but sparing the males (who do not take part in slave-raiding as adults).<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg/250px-Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg/330px-Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg/500px-Harpegnathos_saltator_fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>A worker <a href="/wiki/Harpegnathos_saltator" title="Harpegnathos saltator">Harpegnathos saltator</a> (a jumping ant) engaged in battle with a rival colony's queen (on top)</figcaption></figure> Ants identify kin and nestmates through their scent, which comes from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a>-laced secretions that coat their exoskeletons. If an ant is separated from its original colony, it will eventually lose the colony scent. Any ant that enters a colony without a matching scent will be attacked.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Parasitic ant species enter the colonies of host ants and establish themselves as social parasites; species such as <a href="/wiki/Strumigenys_xenos" title="Strumigenys xenos">Strumigenys xenos</a> are entirely parasitic and do not have workers, but instead, rely on the food gathered by their Strumigenys perplexa hosts.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This form of parasitism is seen across many ant genera, but the parasitic ant is usually a species that is closely related to its host. A variety of methods are employed to enter the nest of the host ant. A parasitic queen may enter the host nest before the first brood has hatched, establishing herself prior to development of a colony scent. Other species use pheromones to confuse the host ants or to trick them into carrying the parasitic queen into the nest. Some simply fight their way into the nest.<a href="#cite_note-TheAntParasites-153">[153]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sexual_conflict" title="Sexual conflict">conflict between the sexes</a> of a species is seen in some species of ants with these reproducers apparently competing to produce offspring that are as closely related to them as possible. The most extreme form involves the production of clonal offspring. An extreme of sexual conflict is seen in <a href="/wiki/Wasmannia_auropunctata" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannia auropunctata">Wasmannia auropunctata</a>, where the queens produce diploid daughters by thelytokous parthenogenesis and males produce clones by a process whereby a diploid egg loses its maternal contribution to produce haploid males who are clones of the father.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_other_organisms">Relationships with other organisms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myrmarachne_plataleoides_female_thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Myrmarachne_plataleoides_female_thailand.jpg/220px-Myrmarachne_plataleoides_female_thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Myrmarachne_plataleoides_female_thailand.jpg/330px-Myrmarachne_plataleoides_female_thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Myrmarachne_plataleoides_female_thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>The spider <a href="/wiki/Myrmarachne_plataleoides" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmarachne plataleoides">Myrmarachne plataleoides</a> (female shown) mimics <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">weaver ants</a> to avoid predators.</figcaption></figure> Ants form <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> associations with a range of species, including other ant species, other insects, plants, and fungi. They also are preyed on by many animals and even certain fungi. Some arthropod species spend part of their lives within ant nests, either preying on ants, their larvae, and eggs, consuming the food stores of the ants, or avoiding predators. These <a href="/wiki/Inquiline" title="Inquiline">inquilines</a> may bear a close resemblance to ants. The nature of this <a href="/wiki/Ant_mimicry" title="Ant mimicry">ant mimicry</a> (myrmecomorphy) varies, with some cases involving <a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian mimicry</a>, where the mimic reduces the risk of predation. Others show <a href="/wiki/Wasmannian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannian mimicry">Wasmannian mimicry</a>, a form of mimicry seen only in inquilines.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg/220px-Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg/330px-Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg/440px-Ant_Receives_Honeydew_from_Aphid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>An ant collects <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/220px-seek%3D32-Calico_scale.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="129" data-mwtitle="Calico_scale.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Calico_scale.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1280" data-height="960" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/Calico_scale.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/Calico_scale.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/Calico_scale.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/Calico_scale.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/Calico_scale.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Calico_scale.webm/Calico_scale.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Formicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Formicidae">Ants</a> collecting <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> from Calico scales (<a href="/wiki/Eulecanium_cerasorum" title="Eulecanium cerasorum">Eulecanium cerasorum</a>) then played at 30 times speed to show the pumping action of the scale.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphids</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipteran</a> insects secrete a sweet liquid called <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a>, when they feed on <a href="/wiki/Plant_sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sap">plant sap</a>. The sugars in honeydew are a high-energy food source, which many ant species collect.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In some cases, the aphids secrete the honeydew in response to ants tapping them with their antennae. The ants in turn keep predators away from the aphids and will move them from one feeding location to another. When migrating to a new area, many colonies will take the aphids with them, to ensure a continued supply of honeydew. Ants also tend <a href="/wiki/Mealybug" title="Mealybug">mealybugs</a> to harvest their honeydew. Mealybugs may become a serious pest of <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a> if ants are present to protect mealybugs from their natural enemies.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myrmecophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmecophile">Myrmecophilous</a> (ant-loving) <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> of the butterfly family <a href="/wiki/Lycaenidae" title="Lycaenidae">Lycaenidae</a> (e.g., blues, coppers, or hairstreaks) are herded by the ants, led to feeding areas in the daytime, and brought inside the ants' nest at night. The caterpillars have a gland which secretes honeydew when the ants massage them. The chemicals in the secretions of Narathura japonica alter the behavior of attendant Pristomyrmex punctatus workers, making them less aggressive and stationary. The relationship, formerly characterized as "mutualistic", is now considered as possibly a case of the ants being parasitically manipulated by the caterpillars.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Some caterpillars produce vibrations and sounds that are perceived by the ants.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> A similar adaptation can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Grizzled_skipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Grizzled skipper">Grizzled skipper</a> butterflies that emit vibrations by expanding their wings in order to communicate with ants, which are natural predators of these butterflies.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Other caterpillars have evolved from ant-loving to ant-eating: these myrmecophagous caterpillars secrete a pheromone that makes the ants act as if the caterpillar is one of their own larvae. The caterpillar is then taken into the ant nest where it feeds on the ant larvae.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> A number of specialized bacteria have been found as <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiont" title="Endosymbiont">endosymbionts</a> in ant guts. Some of the dominant bacteria belong to the order <a href="/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales" title="Hyphomicrobiales">Hyphomicrobiales</a> whose members are known for being <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbiont" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiont">symbionts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> but the species found in ant lack the ability to fix nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus-growing_ants" title="Fungus-growing ants">Fungus-growing ants</a> that make up the tribe <a href="/wiki/Attini" class="mw-redirect" title="Attini">Attini</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Leafcutter_ant" title="Leafcutter ant">leafcutter ants</a>, cultivate certain species of fungus in the genera <a href="/wiki/Leucoagaricus" title="Leucoagaricus">Leucoagaricus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leucocoprinus" title="Leucocoprinus">Leucocoprinus</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Agaricaceae" title="Agaricaceae">Agaricaceae</a>. In this <a href="/wiki/Ant-fungus_mutualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant-fungus mutualism">ant-fungus mutualism</a>, both species depend on each other for survival. The ant <a href="/wiki/Allomerus_decemarticulatus" title="Allomerus decemarticulatus">Allomerus decemarticulatus</a> has evolved a three-way association with the host plant, <a href="/wiki/Hirtella_physophora" title="Hirtella physophora">Hirtella physophora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a>), and a sticky fungus which is used to trap their insect prey.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg/220px-Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg/330px-Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg/440px-Ants_on_a_dandelion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ants, like this group of <a href="/wiki/Crematogaster" title="Crematogaster">Crematogaster</a> workers, may obtain nectar from flowers such as the <a href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, but are only rarely known to pollinate flowers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/220px-seek%3D35-Aphids_and_ants.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="141" data-mwtitle="Aphids_and_ants.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Aphids_and_ants.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Aphids_and_ants.webm/Aphids_and_ants.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Ants tending <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> and collecting <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a> secreted. A <a href="/wiki/Podabrus_rugosulus" title="Podabrus rugosulus">wrinkled solder beetle</a> flies in and eats an aphid before being chased away by the ants.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Myrmelachista_schumanni" title="Myrmelachista schumanni">Lemon ants</a> make <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_garden" title="Devil's garden">devil's gardens</a> by killing surrounding plants with their stings and leaving a pure patch of lemon ant trees, (<a href="/wiki/Duroia_hirsuta" title="Duroia hirsuta">Duroia hirsuta</a>). This modification of the forest provides the ants with more nesting sites inside the stems of the <a href="/wiki/Duroia" title="Duroia">Duroia</a> trees.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Although some ants obtain nectar from flowers, pollination by ants is somewhat rare, one example being of the pollination of the orchid <a href="/wiki/Leporella_fimbriata" class="mw-redirect" title="Leporella fimbriata">Leporella fimbriata</a> which induces male Myrmecia urens to <a href="/wiki/Pseudocopulation" title="Pseudocopulation">pseudocopulate</a> with the flowers, transferring pollen in the process.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> One theory that has been proposed for the rarity of pollination is that the secretions of the metapleural gland inactivate and reduce the viability of pollen.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Some plants, mostly angiosperms but also some ferns,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> have special nectar exuding structures, <a href="/wiki/Extrafloral_nectary" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrafloral nectary">extrafloral nectaries</a>, that provide food for ants, which in turn <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">protect</a> the plant from more damaging <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> insects.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Species such as the bullhorn acacia (<a href="/wiki/Acacia_cornigera" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia cornigera">Acacia cornigera</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> have hollow thorns that house colonies of stinging ants (<a href="/wiki/Pseudomyrmex_ferruginea" title="Pseudomyrmex ferruginea">Pseudomyrmex ferruginea</a>) who defend the tree against insects, browsing mammals, and <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytic</a> vines. <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic labelling">Isotopic labelling</a> studies suggest that plants also obtain nitrogen from the ants.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In return, the ants obtain food from protein- and lipid-rich <a href="/wiki/Beltian_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltian bodies">Beltian bodies</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> <a href="/wiki/Philidris_nagasau" title="Philidris nagasau">Philidris nagasau</a> (Dolichoderinae) are known to selectively grow species of epiphytic <a href="/wiki/Squamellaria" title="Squamellaria">Squamellaria</a> (Rubiaceae) which produce large domatia inside which the ant colonies nest. The ants plant the seeds and the domatia of young seedling are immediately occupied and the ant faeces in them contribute to rapid growth.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Similar dispersal associations are found with other dolichoderines in the region as well.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Another example of this type of <a href="/wiki/Ectosymbiosis" title="Ectosymbiosis">ectosymbiosis</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Macaranga" title="Macaranga">Macaranga</a> tree, which has stems adapted to house colonies of <a href="/wiki/Crematogaster" title="Crematogaster">Crematogaster</a> ants.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Many plant species have seeds that are adapted for dispersal by ants.<a href="#cite_note-Aaron_D_2009-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed#Seed_dispersal" title="Seed">Seed dispersal</a> by ants or <a href="/wiki/Myrmecochory" title="Myrmecochory">myrmecochory</a> is widespread, and new estimates suggest that nearly 9% of all plant species may have such ant associations.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aaron_D_2009-176">[176]</a> Often, seed-dispersing ants perform directed dispersal, depositing the seeds in locations that increase the likelihood of seed survival to reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Some plants in arid, fire-prone systems are particularly dependent on ants for their survival and dispersal as the seeds are transported to safety below the ground.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Many ant-dispersed seeds have special external structures, <a href="/wiki/Elaiosome" title="Elaiosome">elaiosomes</a>, that are sought after by ants as food.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Ants can substantially alter rate of decomposition and nutrient cycling in their nest.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> By myrmecochory and modification of soil conditions they substantially alter vegetation and nutrient cycling in surrounding ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergence</a>, possibly a form of <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, is seen in the eggs of <a href="/wiki/Stick_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick insect">stick insects</a>. They have an edible elaiosome-like structure and are taken into the ant nest where the young hatch.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg/220px-Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg/330px-Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg/440px-Common_jassid_nymph_and_ant02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Meat_ant" title="Meat ant">meat ant</a> tending a common <a href="/wiki/Leafhopper" title="Leafhopper">leafhopper</a> nymph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/220px-seek%3D1-PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="446" data-mwtitle="PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm/PhidippusWithCutwormAnts.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Bold Jumping Spider (<a href="/wiki/Phidippus_audax" title="Phidippus audax">Phidippus audax</a>) with a cutworm (tribe <a href="/wiki/Noctuini" title="Noctuini">Noctuini</a>) and then lost to ants (Family Formicidae)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_9" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/220px-seek%3D2-Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="372" data-mwtitle="Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/62/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm/Long_jawed_spider_ants.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Formicidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Formicidae">Ants</a> from different colonies <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">steal</a> the <a href="/wiki/Cranefly" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranefly">cranefly</a> that a pair of <a href="/wiki/Tetragnathidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetragnathidae">Long-jawed orb weaver spiders</a> were consuming.</figcaption></figure> Most ants are predatory and some prey on and obtain food from other social insects including other ants. Some species specialise in preying on termites (<a href="/wiki/Megaponera" title="Megaponera">Megaponera</a> and Termitopone) while a few Cerapachyinae prey on other ants.<a href="#cite_note-foraging-129">[129]</a> Some termites, including <a href="/wiki/Nasutitermes_corniger" title="Nasutitermes corniger">Nasutitermes corniger</a>, form associations with certain ant species to keep away predatory ant species.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The tropical wasp <a href="/wiki/Mischocyttarus_drewseni" title="Mischocyttarus drewseni">Mischocyttarus drewseni</a> coats the pedicel of its nest with an ant-repellent chemical.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> It is suggested that many tropical wasps may build their nests in trees and cover them to protect themselves from ants. Other wasps, such as <a href="/wiki/Agelaia_multipicta" title="Agelaia multipicta">A. multipicta</a>, defend against ants by blasting them off the nest with bursts of wing buzzing.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Stingless bees (<a href="/wiki/Trigona" title="Trigona">Trigona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melipona" title="Melipona">Melipona</a>) use chemical defences against ants.<a href="#cite_note-foraging-129">[129]</a> Flies in the Old World genus <a href="/wiki/Bengalia" title="Bengalia">Bengalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">Calliphoridae</a>) <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">prey</a> on ants and are <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptoparasite">kleptoparasites</a>, snatching prey or brood from the mandibles of adult ants.<a href="#cite_note-sivinski-188">[188]</a> Wingless and legless females of the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoridae" title="Phoridae">phorid</a> fly (Vestigipoda myrmolarvoidea) live in the nests of ants of the genus <a href="/wiki/Aenictus" title="Aenictus">Aenictus</a> and are cared for by the ants.<a href="#cite_note-sivinski-188">[188]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oecophylla_fungus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oecophylla_fungus.jpg/250px-Oecophylla_fungus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oecophylla_fungus.jpg/330px-Oecophylla_fungus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Oecophylla_fungus.jpg/500px-Oecophylla_fungus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Oecophylla smaragdina killed by a fungus</figcaption></figure> Fungi in the genera <a href="/wiki/Cordyceps" title="Cordyceps">Cordyceps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ophiocordyceps" title="Ophiocordyceps">Ophiocordyceps</a> infect ants. Ants react to their infection by climbing up plants and sinking their mandibles into plant tissue. The fungus kills the ants, grows on their remains, and produces a <a href="/wiki/Fruiting_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruiting body">fruiting body</a>. It appears that the fungus alters the behaviour of the ant to help disperse its spores<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> in a microhabitat that best suits the fungus.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strepsiptera" title="Strepsiptera">Strepsipteran</a> parasites also manipulate their ant host to climb grass stems, to help the parasite find mates.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> (Myrmeconema neotropicum) that infects canopy ants (<a href="/wiki/Cephalotes_atratus" title="Cephalotes atratus">Cephalotes atratus</a>) causes the black-coloured gasters of workers to turn red. The parasite also alters the behaviour of the ant, causing them to carry their gasters high. The conspicuous red gasters are mistaken by birds for ripe fruits, such as Hyeronima alchorneoides, and eaten. The droppings of the bird are collected by other ants and fed to their young, leading to further spread of the nematode.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg/250px-Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg/330px-Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg/500px-Jumping_spider_with_prey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Spiders (Like this <a href="/wiki/Menemerus_bivittatus" title="Menemerus bivittatus">Menemerus</a> jumping spider) sometimes feed on ants</figcaption></figure> A study of <a href="/wiki/Temnothorax_nylanderi" title="Temnothorax nylanderi">Temnothorax nylanderi</a> colonies in Germany found that workers parasitized by the tapeworm <a href="/wiki/Anomotaenia_brevis" title="Anomotaenia brevis">Anomotaenia brevis</a> (ants are intermediate hosts, the <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">definitive hosts</a> are <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>) lived much longer than unparasitized workers and had a reduced mortality rate, comparable to that of the queens of the same species, which live for as long as two decades.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> South American <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frogs</a> in the genus <a href="/wiki/Dendrobates" title="Dendrobates">Dendrobates</a> feed mainly on ants, and the toxins in the skin of some species come from the ants.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Formicine ants in the genera <a href="/wiki/Brachymyrmex" title="Brachymyrmex">Brachymyrmex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paratrechina" title="Paratrechina">Paratrechina</a> have been found to contain <a href="/wiki/Pumiliotoxin" title="Pumiliotoxin">pumiliotoxin</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Dendrobates_pumilio" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrobates pumilio">Dendrobates pumilio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The West African frog <a href="/wiki/Phrynomantis_microps" title="Phrynomantis microps">Phrynomantis microps</a> is able to move within the nests of <a href="/wiki/Paltothyreus_tarsatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paltothyreus tarsatus">Paltothyreus tarsatus</a> ants, producing peptides on its skin that prevent the ants from stinging them.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">Army ants</a> which is the toxin found in forage in a wide roving column, attacking any animals in that path that are unable to escape. In Central and South America, <a href="/wiki/Eciton_burchellii" title="Eciton burchellii">Eciton burchellii</a> is the swarming ant most commonly attended by "<a href="/wiki/Ant-follower" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant-follower">ant-following</a>" birds such as <a href="/wiki/Antbird" title="Antbird">antbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodcreeper" title="Woodcreeper">woodcreepers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Willis-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> This behaviour was once considered <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a>, but later studies found the birds to be <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a>. Direct <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasitism" title="Kleptoparasitism">kleptoparasitism</a> (birds stealing food from the ants' grasp) is rare and has been noted in <a href="/wiki/Inca_dove" title="Inca dove">Inca doves</a> which pick seeds at nest entrances as they are being transported by species of <a href="/wiki/Pogonomyrmex" title="Pogonomyrmex">Pogonomyrmex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Birds that follow ants eat many prey insects and thus decrease the foraging success of ants.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Birds indulge in a peculiar behaviour called <a href="/wiki/Anting_(bird_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anting (bird activity)">anting</a> that, as yet, is not fully understood. Here birds rest on ant nests, or pick and drop ants onto their wings and feathers; this may be a means to remove <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a> from the birds. <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">Anteaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">aardvarks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidnas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numbat" title="Numbat">numbats</a> have special <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a> for living on a diet of ants. These adaptations include long, sticky tongues to capture ants and strong claws to break into ant nests. <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bears</a> (Ursus arctos) have been found to feed on ants. About 12%, 16%, and 4% of their faecal volume in spring, summer and autumn, respectively, is composed of ants.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntsStitchingLeave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AntsStitchingLeave.jpg/250px-AntsStitchingLeave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AntsStitchingLeave.jpg/330px-AntsStitchingLeave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/AntsStitchingLeave.jpg/500px-AntsStitchingLeave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">Weaver ants</a> are used as a <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a> for citrus cultivation in southern China.</figcaption></figure> Ants perform many ecological roles that are beneficial to humans, including the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> populations and aeration of the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. The use of <a href="/wiki/Weaver_ant" title="Weaver ant">weaver ants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> cultivation in southern China is considered one of the oldest known applications of <a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">biological control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HolldoblerWilsonAnts3-203">[203]</a> On the other hand, ants may become nuisances when they invade buildings or cause economic losses. In some parts of the world (mainly Africa and South America), large ants, especially <a href="/wiki/Army_ant" title="Army ant">army ants</a>, are used as <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">surgical sutures</a>. The wound is pressed together and ants are applied along it. The ant seizes the edges of the wound in its mandibles and locks in place. The body is then cut off and the head and mandibles remain in place to close the wound.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The large heads of the dinergates (soldiers) of the leafcutting ant <a href="/wiki/Atta_cephalotes" title="Atta cephalotes">Atta cephalotes</a> are also used by native surgeons in closing wounds.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Some ants have <a href="/wiki/Ant_venom" title="Ant venom">toxic venom</a> and are of <a href="/wiki/Ants_of_medical_importance" title="Ants of medical importance">medical importance</a>. The species include <a href="/wiki/Paraponera_clavata" title="Paraponera clavata">Paraponera clavata</a> (tocandira) and <a href="/wiki/Dinoponera" title="Dinoponera">Dinoponera</a> spp. (false tocandiras) of South America<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and the Myrmecia ants of Australia.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, ants are used to help harvest the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Rooibos" title="Rooibos">rooibos</a> (Aspalathus linearis), a plant used to make a herbal tea. The plant disperses its seeds widely, making manual collection difficult. Black ants collect and store these and other seeds in their nest, where humans can gather them en masse. Up to half a pound (200 g) of seeds may be collected from one ant-heap.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Although most ants survive attempts by humans to eradicate them, a few are highly endangered. These tend to be island species that have evolved specialized traits and risk being displaced by introduced ant species. Examples include the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_relict_ant" title="Sri Lankan relict ant">Sri Lankan relict ant</a> (Aneuretus simoni) and <a href="/wiki/Adetomyrma_venatrix" title="Adetomyrma venatrix">Adetomyrma venatrix</a> of Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Entomophagy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg/250px-Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg/330px-Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg/500px-Ants_For_Food_SG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Roasted ants in Colombia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg/250px-Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg/330px-Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg/500px-Ants_Eggs_Market_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ant larvae for sale in <a href="/wiki/Isaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaan">Isaan</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> Ants and their larvae are eaten in different parts of the world. The eggs of two species of ants are used in Mexican <a href="/wiki/Escamoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Escamoles">escamoles</a>. They are considered a form of insect <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a> and can sell for as much as US$50 per kg going up to US$200 per kg (as of 2006) because they are seasonal and hard to find.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> department of <a href="/wiki/Santander_Department" title="Santander Department">Santander</a>, hormigas culonas (roughly interpreted as "large-bottomed ants") <a href="/wiki/Atta_laevigata" title="Atta laevigata">Atta laevigata</a> are toasted alive and eaten.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In areas of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and throughout <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, a paste of the green weaver ant (<a href="/wiki/Oecophylla_smaragdina" title="Oecophylla smaragdina">Oecophylla smaragdina</a>) is served as a condiment with curry.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oecophylla" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecophylla">Weaver ant</a> eggs and larvae, as well as the ants, may be used in a <a href="/wiki/Thai_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai salad">Thai salad</a>, yam (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ยำ), in a dish called yam khai mot daeng (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: ยำไข่มดแดง) or red <a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">ant egg</a> salad, a dish that comes from the <a href="/wiki/Issan" class="mw-redirect" title="Issan">Issan</a> or north-eastern region of Thailand. <a href="/wiki/William_Saville-Kent" title="William Saville-Kent">Saville-Kent</a>, in the Naturalist in Australia wrote "Beauty, in the case of the green ant, is more than skin-deep. Their attractive, almost sweetmeat-like translucency possibly invited the first essays at their consumption by the human species". Mashed up in water, after the manner of lemon squash, "these ants form a pleasant acid drink which is held in high favor by the natives of North Queensland, and is even appreciated by many European palates".<a href="#cite_note-beq-216">[216]</a> Ants or their pupae are used as starters for yogurt making in parts of Bulgaria and Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> In his First Summer in the Sierra, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> notes that the <a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Digger Indians</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> ate the tickling, acid gasters of the large jet-black <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_ant" title="Carpenter ant">carpenter ants</a>. The Mexican Indians eat the <a href="/wiki/Honeypot_ant" title="Honeypot ant">repletes</a>, or living honey-pots, of the <a href="/wiki/Honey_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey ant">honey ant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myrmecocystus" title="Myrmecocystus">Myrmecocystus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-beq-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pests">As pests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ants_of_medical_importance" title="Ants of medical importance">Ants of medical importance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg/250px-Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg/330px-Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg/500px-Monomorium_pharaonis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>The tiny <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_ant" title="Pharaoh ant">pharaoh ant</a> is a major pest in hospitals and office blocks; it can make nests between sheets of paper.</figcaption></figure> Some ant species are considered as pests, primarily those that occur in human habitations, where their presence is often problematic. For example, the presence of ants would be undesirable in sterile places such as hospitals or kitchens. Some species or genera commonly categorized as pests include the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_ant" title="Argentine ant">Argentine ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetramorium_immigrans" title="Tetramorium immigrans">immigrant pavement ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_crazy_ant" title="Yellow crazy ant">yellow crazy ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banded_sugar_ant" title="Banded sugar ant">banded sugar ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh_ant" title="Pharaoh ant">pharaoh ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formica_rufa" title="Formica rufa">red wood ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_carpenter_ant" title="Black carpenter ant">black carpenter ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapinoma_sessile" title="Tapinoma sessile">odorous house ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant" title="Red imported fire ant">red imported fire ant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myrmica_rubra" title="Myrmica rubra">European fire ant</a>. Some ants will raid stored food, some will seek water sources, others may damage indoor structures, some may damage agricultural crops directly or by aiding sucking pests. Some will sting or bite.<a href="#cite_note-pests-218">[218]</a> The adaptive nature of ant colonies make it nearly impossible to eliminate entire colonies and most pest management practices aim to control local populations and tend to be temporary solutions. Ant populations are managed by a combination of approaches that make use of chemical, biological, and physical methods. Chemical methods include the use of insecticidal bait which is gathered by ants as food and brought back to the nest where the poison is inadvertently spread to other colony members through <a href="/wiki/Trophallaxis" title="Trophallaxis">trophallaxis</a>. Management is based on the species and techniques may vary according to the location and circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-pests-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_science_and_technology">In science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">Myrmecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithms" title="Ant colony optimization algorithms">Ant colony optimization algorithms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formicariums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Formicariums.jpg/220px-Formicariums.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Formicariums.jpg/330px-Formicariums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Formicariums.jpg/440px-Formicariums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camponotus_nearcticus" title="Camponotus nearcticus">Camponotus nearcticus</a> workers travelling between two formicaria through connector tubing</figcaption></figure> Observed by humans since the dawn of history, the behaviour of ants has been documented and the subject of early writings and fables passed from one century to another. Those using scientific methods, <a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">myrmecologists</a>, study ants in the laboratory and in their natural conditions. Their complex and variable social structures have made ants ideal <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet vision">Ultraviolet vision</a> was first discovered in ants by <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Sir John Lubbock</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Studies on ants have tested hypotheses in <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a>, and have been particularly important in examining the predictions of theories of <a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">kin selection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">evolutionarily stable strategies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Ant colonies may be studied by rearing or temporarily maintaining them in <a href="/wiki/Formicarium" title="Formicarium">formicaria</a>, specially constructed glass framed enclosures.<a href="#cite_note-myrmtech-221">[221]</a> Individuals may be tracked for study by marking them with dots of colours.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The successful techniques used by ant colonies have been studied in computer science and robotics to produce distributed and fault-tolerant systems for solving problems, for example <a href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ant colony optimization">Ant colony optimization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</a>. This area of <a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">biomimetics</a> has led to studies of ant locomotion, search engines that make use of "foraging trails", fault-tolerant storage, and networking algorithms.<a href="#cite_note-SANdisk-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_pets">As pets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ant-keeping" title="Ant-keeping">Ant-keeping</a></div> From the late 1950s through the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Formicarium" title="Formicarium">ant farms</a> were popular educational children's toys in the United States. Some later commercial versions use transparent gel instead of soil, allowing greater visibility at the cost of stressing the ants with unnatural light.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg/220px-The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg/330px-The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_19994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a>'s ants</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphised</a> ants have often been used in fables, children's stories, and religious texts to represent industriousness and cooperative effort, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a> fable <a href="/wiki/The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper" title="The Ant and the Grasshopper">The Ant and the Grasshopper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Sulayman</a> is said to have heard and understood an ant warning other ants to return home to avoid being accidentally crushed by Sulayman and his marching army.[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27?startingVerse=18">27:18</a>],<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In parts of Africa, ants are considered to be the messengers of the deities. Some <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American mythology</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi mythology</a>, considers ants as the first animals. Ant bites are often said to have curative properties. The sting of some species of <a href="/wiki/Pseudomyrmex" title="Pseudomyrmex">Pseudomyrmex</a> is claimed to give fever relief.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Ant bites are used in the <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a> ceremonies of some Amazon Indian cultures as a test of endurance.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> turned the maiden <a href="/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)" title="Myrmex (Attic woman)">Myrmex</a> into an ant when the latter claimed to have invented the plough, when in fact it was Athena's own invention.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multia_vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Multia_vaakuna.svg/250px-Multia_vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Multia_vaakuna.svg/330px-Multia_vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Multia_vaakuna.svg/500px-Multia_vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>An ant pictured in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Multia,_Finland" title="Multia, Finland">Multia</a>, a town in Finland</figcaption></figure> Ant society has always fascinated humans and has been written about both humorously and seriously. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> wrote about ants in his 1880 book <a href="/wiki/A_Tramp_Abroad" title="A Tramp Abroad">A Tramp Abroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Some modern authors have used the example of the ants to comment on the relationship between society and the individual. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> in his poem "Departmental" and <a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a> in his fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_King" title="The Once and Future King">The Once and Future King</a>. The plot in French entomologist and writer <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Werber" title="Bernard Werber">Bernard Werber</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Les_Fourmis" title="Les Fourmis">Les Fourmis</a> science-fiction trilogy is divided between the worlds of ants and humans; ants and their behaviour are described using contemporary scientific knowledge. <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> wrote about intelligent ants destroying human settlements in Brazil and threatening human civilization in his 1905 science-fiction short story, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Ants" title="Empire of the Ants">The Empire of the Ants</a>. A similar German story involving army ants, <a href="/wiki/Leiningen_Versus_the_Ants" title="Leiningen Versus the Ants">Leiningen Versus the Ants</a>, was written in 1937 and recreated in movie form as <a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Jungle" title="The Naked Jungle">The Naked Jungle</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> In more recent times, animated cartoons and 3-D animated films featuring ants have been produced including <a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life" title="A Bug's Life">A Bug's Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ant_Bully_(film)" title="The Ant Bully (film)">The Ant Bully</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ant_and_the_Aardvark" title="The Ant and the Aardvark">The Ant and the Aardvark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdy_the_Ant_(TV_series)" title="Ferdy the Ant (TV series)">Ferdy the Ant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atom_Ant" title="Atom Ant">Atom Ant</a>. Renowned <a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">myrmecologist</a> <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> wrote a short story, "Trailhead" in 2010 for <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> magazine, which describes the life and death of an ant-queen and the rise and fall of her colony, from an ants' point of view.<a href="#cite_note-Trailhead-235">[235]</a> Ants also are quite popular inspiration for many <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">insectoids</a>, such as the Formics of <a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game" title="Ender's Game">Ender's Game</a>, the Bugs of <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a>, the giant ants in the films <a href="/wiki/Them!" title="Them!">Them!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Ants_(film)" title="Empire of the Ants (film)">Empire of the Ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a>' super hero <a href="/wiki/Ant-Man" title="Ant-Man">Ant-Man</a>, and ants mutated into super-intelligence in <a href="/wiki/Phase_IV_(1974_film)" title="Phase IV (1974 film)">Phase IV</a>. In computer <a href="/wiki/Strategy_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategy games">strategy games</a>, ant-based species often benefit from increased production rates due to their single-minded focus, such as the Klackons in the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Orion" title="Master of Orion">Master of Orion</a> series of games or the ChCht in <a href="/wiki/Deadlock_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadlock II">Deadlock II</a>. These characters are often credited with a <a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">hive mind</a>, a common misconception about ant colonies.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> In the early 1990s, the video game <a href="/wiki/SimAnt" title="SimAnt">SimAnt</a>, which simulated an ant colony, won the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Software_and_Information_Industry_Association#CODiE_Awards" title="Software and Information Industry Association">Codie award</a> for "Best Simulation Program".<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ants" title="Outline of ants">Outline of ants</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ant_terms" title="Glossary of ant terms">Glossary of ant terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_the_Study_of_Social_Insects" title="International Union for the Study of Social Insects">International Union for the Study of Social Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmecological_News" title="Myrmecological News">Myrmecological News</a> (journal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_allocation_and_partitioning_in_social_insects" title="Task allocation and partitioning in social insects">Task allocation and partitioning in social insects</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-phyl2006-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phyl2006_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phyl2006_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoreauBellVilaArchibald2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moreau CS, Bell CD, Vila R, Archibald SB, Pierce NE (April 2006). 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International Journal of Dermatology. 24 (4): 204–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4362.1985.tb05760.x">10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05760.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3891647">3891647</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73875767">73875767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=The+super-nettles.+A+dermatologist%27s+guide+to+ants+in+the+plants&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1985-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73875767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3891647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-4362.1985.tb05760.x&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanical-dermatology-database.info%2FBotDermReviews%2FMyrmecophytes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/548#4.402">4.402</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith</a> 1873, s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D32%3Aentry%3Dmyrmex-bio-1">Myrmex</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTwain1880" class="citation book cs1">Twain M (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/119/">"22 The Black Forest and Its Treasures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trampabroad0000twai_z6u7">A Tramp Abroad</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510137-9"><bdi>978-0-19-510137-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22+The+Black+Forest+and+Its+Treasures&rft.btitle=A+Tramp+Abroad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1880&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510137-9&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F119%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinthrop-Young2021" class="citation journal cs1">Winthrop-Young, Geoffrey (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00168890.2021.1977228">"A Green Hell Makes Better Germans: Carl Stephenson's "Leiningen" and the Almost Aryan Countertextual Army Ants"</a>. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory. 96 (4): 339–356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00168890.2021.1977228">10.1080/00168890.2021.1977228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-8890">0016-8890</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245125375">245125375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Germanic+Review%3A+Literature%2C+Culture%2C+Theory&rft.atitle=A+Green+Hell+Makes+Better+Germans%3A+Carl+Stephenson%27s+%22Leiningen%22+and+the+Almost+Aryan+Countertextual+Army+Ants&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245125375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0016-8890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00168890.2021.1977228&rft.aulast=Winthrop-Young&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00168890.2021.1977228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trailhead-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Trailhead_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_EO2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Wilson, EO (25 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/fiction/features/2010/01/25/100125fi_fiction_wilson?currentPage=all">"Trailhead"</a>. The New Yorker. pp. 56–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Trailhead&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2010-01-25&rft.au=Wilson%2C+EO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ffiction%2Ffeatures%2F2010%2F01%2F25%2F100125fi_fiction_wilson%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharkey_AJC2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sharkey AJC (2006). "Robots, insects and swarm intelligence". Artificial Intelligence Review. 26 (4): 255–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10462-007-9057-y">10.1007/s10462-007-9057-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:321326">321326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Review&rft.atitle=Robots%2C+insects+and+swarm+intelligence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10462-007-9057-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A321326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Sharkey+AJC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611002722/http://www.siia.net/codies/2009/pw_1992.asp">"1992 Excellence in Software Awards Winners"</a>. Software & Information Industry Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siia.net/codies/2009/pw_1992.asp">the original</a> on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1992+Excellence+in+Software+Awards+Winners&rft.pub=Software+%26+Information+Industry+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siia.net%2Fcodies%2F2009%2Fpw_1992.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Borror DJ, Triplehorn CA, Delong DM (1989). Introduction to the Study of Insects (6th ed.). Saunders College Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-025397-3"><bdi>978-0-03-025397-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Study+of+Insects&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-03-025397-3&rft.aulast=Borror&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Triplehorn%2C+CA&rft.au=Delong%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1990). <a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04075-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ants&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04075-5&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lldobler&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Wilson%2C+EO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Barry (1995). A New General Catalogue of the Ants of the World. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61514-4"><bdi>978-0-674-61514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+General+Catalogue+of+the+Ants+of+the+World&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61514-4&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeytoants00holl">Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration</a>. Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-48526-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-48526-6"><bdi>978-0-674-48526-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+Ants%3A+A+Story+of+Scientific+Exploration&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-48526-6&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lldobler&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Wilson%2C+EO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneytoants00holl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hölldobler B, Wilson EO (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superorganismbea0000hlld">The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance and Strangeness of Insect Societies</a>. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06704-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Superorganism%3A+The+Beauty%2C+Elegance+and+Strangeness+of+Insect+Societies&rft.pub=Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06704-0&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lldobler&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Wilson%2C+EO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuperorganismbea0000hlld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Ant">"Ant" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. II (9th ed.). pp. 94–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ant&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antweb.org/">AntWeb from The California Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/ants/">Ant Species Fact Sheets</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Pest_Management_Association" title="National Pest Management Association">National Pest Management Association</a> on Argentine, Carpenter, Pharaoh, Odorous, and other ant species</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Category:Genus_Distribution_Map">Ant Genera of the World – distribution maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermReviews/Myrmecophytes.html">The super-nettles. 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenthredinoidea" title="Tenthredinoidea">Tenthredinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argidae" title="Argidae">Argidae (argid sawflies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasticotomidae" title="Blasticotomidae">Blasticotomidae (fern sawflies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbicidae" title="Cimbicidae">Cimbicidae (cimbicid sawflies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprionidae" title="Diprionidae">Diprionidae (conifer sawflies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergidae" title="Pergidae">Pergidae (pergid sawflies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenthredinidae" title="Tenthredinidae">Tenthredinidae (common sawflies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xyelidae" title="Xyelidae">Xyeloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Xyelidae" title="Xyelidae">Xyelidae</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamphilioidea" title="Pamphilioidea">Pamphilioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalodontesidae" title="Megalodontesidae">Megalodontesidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphiliidae" title="Pamphiliidae">Pamphiliidae (web-spinning sawflies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siricoidea" title="Siricoidea">Siricoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxyelidae" title="Anaxyelidae">Anaxyelidae (cedar wood wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horntail" title="Horntail">Siricidae (horntails)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiphydriidae" title="Xiphydriidae">Xiphydrioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiphydriidae" title="Xiphydriidae">Xiphydriidae (wood wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephoidea" title="Cephoidea">Cephoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephidae" title="Cephidae">Cephidae (stem sawflies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orussidae" title="Orussidae">Orussoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orussidae" title="Orussidae">Orussidae (parasitic wood wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Apocrita" title="Apocrita">A p o c r i t a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Parasitica" title="Parasitica">P a r a s i t i c a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Ichneumonoidea" title="Ichneumonoidea">Ichneumonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braconidae" title="Braconidae">Braconidae (braconids)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichneumonidae" title="Ichneumonidae">Ichneumonidae (ichneumon wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Ceraphronoidea" title="Ceraphronoidea">Ceraphronoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceraphronidae" title="Ceraphronidae">Ceraphronidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaspilidae" title="Megaspilidae">Megaspilidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Proctotrupomorpha" title="Proctotrupomorpha">Proctotrupomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platygastroidea" title="Platygastroidea">Platygastroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoscelionidae" title="Geoscelionidae">Geoscelionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janzenellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Janzenellidae">Janzenellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscelionidae" title="Neuroscelionidae">Neuroscelionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixoniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixoniidae">Nixoniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platygastridae" title="Platygastridae">Platygastridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scelionidae" title="Scelionidae">Scelionidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparasionidae" title="Sparasionidae">Sparasionidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynipoidea" title="Cynipoidea">Cynipoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrocynipidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrocynipidae (page does not exist)">Austrocynipidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">Cynipidae (gall wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplolepididae" title="Diplolepididae">Diplolepididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figitidae" title="Figitidae">Figitidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaliidae" title="Ibaliidae">Ibaliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liopteridae" title="Liopteridae">Liopteridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proctotrupoidea" title="Proctotrupoidea">Proctotrupoidea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sensu" title="Sensu">s.str.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proctorenyxidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proctorenyxidae (page does not exist)">Proctorenyxidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roproniidae" title="Roproniidae">Roproniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heloridae" title="Heloridae">Heloridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecinidae" title="Pelecinidae">Pelecinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peradeniidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peradeniidae (page does not exist)">Peradeniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctotrupidae" title="Proctotrupidae">Proctotrupidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanhorniidae" title="Vanhorniidae">Vanhorniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaprioidea" title="Diaprioidea">Diaprioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroniidae">Austroniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapriidae" title="Diapriidae">Diapriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismaridae" title="Ismaridae">Ismaridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maamingidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maamingidae">Maamingidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomachidae" title="Monomachidae">Monomachidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mymarommatoidea" title="Mymarommatoidea">Mymarommatoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mymarommatidae" title="Mymarommatidae">Mymarommatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcid_wasp" title="Chalcid wasp">Chalcidoidea</a> (chalcid wasps)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaonidae" title="Agaonidae">Agaonidae (fig wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphelinidae" title="Aphelinidae">Aphelinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Azotidae">Azotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeomorphidae" title="Baeomorphidae">Baeomorphidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boucekiidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boucekiidae (page does not exist)">Boucekiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calesidae" title="Calesidae">Calesidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceidae" title="Ceidae">Ceidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerocephalidae" title="Cerocephalidae">Cerocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedectidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedectidae">Chalcedectidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcididae" title="Chalcididae">Chalcididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysolampidae" title="Chrysolampidae">Chrysolampidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleonymidae" title="Cleonymidae">Cleonymidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelocybidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelocybidae (page does not exist)">Coelocybidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynipencyrtidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynipencyrtidae (page does not exist)">Cynipencyrtidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diparidae" title="Diparidae">Diparidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyrtidae" title="Encyrtidae">Encyrtidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epichrysomallidae" title="Epichrysomallidae">Epichrysomallidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharitidae" title="Eucharitidae">Eucharitidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulophidae" title="Eulophidae">Eulophidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunotidae" title="Eunotidae">Eunotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupelmidae" title="Eupelmidae">Eupelmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytomidae" title="Eurytomidae">Eurytomidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrichosomatidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutrichosomatidae (page does not exist)">Eutrichosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbertiidae" title="Herbertiidae">Herbertiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetreulophidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hetreulophidae (page does not exist)">Hetreulophidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydeniidae" title="Heydeniidae">Heydeniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioporidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioporidae (page does not exist)">Idioporidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucospidae" title="Leucospidae">Leucospidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyciscidae" title="Lyciscidae">Lyciscidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macromesidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macromesidae (page does not exist)">Macromesidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastigmidae" title="Megastigmidae">Megastigmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanosomellidae" title="Melanosomellidae">Melanosomellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelmatidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelmatidae">Metapelmatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moranilidae" title="Moranilidae">Moranilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairyfly" title="Fairyfly">Mymaridae (fairyflies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanastatidae" title="Neanastatidae">Neanastatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neodiparidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neodiparidae (page does not exist)">Neodiparidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ooderidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ooderidae (page does not exist)">Ooderidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormyridae" title="Ormyridae">Ormyridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecinellidae" title="Pelecinellidae">Pelecinellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilampidae" title="Perilampidae">Perilampidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirenidae" title="Pirenidae">Pirenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteromalidae" title="Pteromalidae">Pteromalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signiphoridae" title="Signiphoridae">Signiphoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalangiidae" title="Spalangiidae">Spalangiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systasidae" title="Systasidae">Systasidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaostigmatidae" title="Tanaostigmatidae">Tanaostigmatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracampidae" title="Tetracampidae">Tetracampidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torymidae" title="Torymidae">Torymidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichogrammatidae" title="Trichogrammatidae">Trichogrammatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Evanioidea" title="Evanioidea">Evanioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulacidae" title="Aulacidae">Aulacidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaniidae" title="Evaniidae">Evaniidae (ensign wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasteruptiidae" title="Gasteruptiidae">Gasteruptiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Stephanidae" title="Stephanidae">Stephanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephanidae" title="Stephanidae">Stephanidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Megalyridae" title="Megalyridae">Megalyroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalyridae" title="Megalyridae">Megalyridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Trigonalidae" title="Trigonalidae">Trigonaloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonalidae" title="Trigonalidae">Trigonalidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aculeata" title="Aculeata">A c u l e a t a</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Chrysidoidea" title="Chrysidoidea">Chrysidoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethylidae" title="Bethylidae">Bethylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_wasp" title="Cuckoo wasp">Chrysididae (cuckoo wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryinidae" title="Dryinidae">Dryinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolemidae" title="Embolemidae">Embolemidae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plumariidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plumariidae (page does not exist)">Plumariidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerogibbidae" title="Sclerogibbidae">Sclerogibbidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scolebythidae" title="Scolebythidae">Scolebythidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Vespoidea" title="Vespoidea">Vespoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalosomatidae" title="Rhopalosomatidae">Rhopalosomatidae (rhopalosomatid wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae (paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Tiphioidea" title="Tiphioidea">Tiphioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradynobaenidae" title="Bradynobaenidae">Bradynobaenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiphiidae" title="Tiphiidae">Tiphiidae (tiphiid wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Thynnoidea" title="Thynnoidea">Thynnoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyphotidae" title="Chyphotidae">Chyphotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thynnidae" title="Thynnidae">Thynnidae (flower wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierolomorphidae" title="Sierolomorphidae">Sierolomorphidae (sierolomorphid wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Pompiloidea" title="Pompiloidea">Pompiloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_ant" title="Velvet ant">Mutillidae (velvet ants)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmosidae" title="Myrmosidae">Myrmosidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_wasp" title="Spider wasp">Pompilidae (spider wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapygidae" title="Sapygidae">Sapygidae (sapygid, or club-horned wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Scoliidae" title="Scoliidae">Scolioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scoliidae" title="Scoliidae">Scoliidae (scoliid wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formicoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formicidae (ants)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Apoidea" title="Apoidea">Apoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Spheciformes(sphecoid_wasps)161" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;background:#fdfdfd"><a href="/wiki/Spheciformes" title="Spheciformes">Spheciformes</a> (sphecoid wasps)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammoplanidae" title="Ammoplanidae">Ammoplanidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampulicidae" title="Ampulicidae">Ampulicidae (cockroach wasps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astatidae" title="Astatidae">Astatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bembicidae" title="Bembicidae">Bembicidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabronidae" title="Crabronidae">Crabronidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellinidae" title="Mellinidae">Mellinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphredonidae" title="Pemphredonidae">Pemphredonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthidae" title="Philanthidae">Philanthidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psenidae" title="Psenidae">Psenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphecidae" title="Sphecidae">Sphecidae (thread-waisted wasps)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;background:#f7f7f7"><a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">Anthophila</a> (bees)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrenidae" title="Andrenidae">Andrenidae (mason bees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_bee" title="Cuckoo bee">cuckoo bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_bee" title="Carpenter bee">carpenter bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchid_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchid bee">orchid bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colletidae" title="Colletidae">Colletidae (plasterer bees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halictidae" title="Halictidae">Halictidae (sweat bees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachilidae" title="Megachilidae">Megachilidae (mason bees, leafcutter bees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittidae" title="Melittidae">Melittidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenotritidae" title="Stenotritidae">Stenotritidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Unicalcarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicalcarida">Unicalcarida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ant_taxonomy202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ant_taxonomy" title="Template:Ant taxonomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ant_taxonomy" title="Template talk:Ant taxonomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ant_taxonomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ant taxonomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ant_taxonomy202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ant</a> taxonomy</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a></li> <li>Family <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Formicidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ant_subfamilies" title="List of ant subfamilies">Subfamilies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecomyrmecinae" title="Agroecomyrmecinae">Agroecomyrmecinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblyoponinae" title="Amblyoponinae">Amblyoponinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuretinae" title="Aneuretinae">Aneuretinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomyrminae" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomyrminae">Apomyrminae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichoderinae" title="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorylinae" title="Dorylinae">Dorylinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectatomminae" title="Ectatomminae">Ectatomminae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formicinae" title="Formicinae">Formicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptanillinae" title="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martialinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Martialinae">Martialinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmeciinae" title="Myrmeciinae">Myrmeciinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmicinae" title="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraponerinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraponerinae">Paraponerinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponerinae" title="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proceratiinae" title="Proceratiinae">Proceratiinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomyrmecinae" title="Pseudomyrmecinae">Pseudomyrmecinae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Armaniinae" title="Armaniinae">Armaniinae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Brownimecia" title="Brownimecia">Brownimeciinae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Formiciinae" title="Formiciinae">Formiciinae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Haidomyrmecinae" title="Haidomyrmecinae">Haidomyrmecinae</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Sphecomyrminae" title="Sphecomyrminae">Sphecomyrminae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ant_genera" title="List of ant genera">Genera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ant_genera" title="List of ant genera">List of ant genera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ant_genera#Incertae_sedis" title="List of ant genera">incertae sedis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eusociality52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eusociality" title="Template:Eusociality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eusociality" title="Template talk:Eusociality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eusociality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eusociality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eusociality52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Evolution of eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presociality" class="mw-redirect" title="Presociality">Presociality</a></li> <li>Social insects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ants" title="Agriculture in ants">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(ant)" title="Gamergate (ant)">Gamergate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_in_social_insects" title="Identity in social insects">Identity in social insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_recognition" title="Kin recognition">Kin recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethism" title="Polyethism">Polyethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_insects" title="Sexual selection in insects">Sexual selection in insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conflict_in_ants" title="Social conflict in ants">Social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelytoky" title="Thelytoky">Thelytoky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_ants" title="War in ants">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_policing" title="Worker policing">Worker policing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ApisDorsataHive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/120px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ApisDorsataHive.jpg/250px-ApisDorsataHive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabronidae" title="Crabronidae">Crabronidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halictidae" title="Halictidae">Halictidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespidae" title="Vespidae">Vespidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blesmol" title="Blesmol">Blesmol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_mongoose" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf mongoose">Dwarf mongoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synalpheus" title="Synalpheus">Synalpheus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">Thysanoptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kladothrips" title="Kladothrips">Kladothrips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphididae" title="Aphididae">Aphididae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Coleoptera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroplatypus_incompertus" title="Austroplatypus incompertus">Austroplatypus incompertus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Isoptera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalescent" title="Coalescent">Coalescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers, works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> <ul><li>The Dancing Bees 1927</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Michener" title="Charles Duncan Michener">Charles Duncan Michener</a> <ul><li>The Bees of the World 2000</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_H%C3%B6lldobler" title="Bert Hölldobler">Bert Hölldobler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a> 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ants" title="The Ants">The Ants</a> 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Ants" title="Journey to the Ants">Journey to the Ants</a> 1994</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3764" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3764" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Formicidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7386" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7386">Q7386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Formicidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Formicidae">Formicidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Formicidae/">Formicidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Formicidae">Formicidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=685">685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/165">165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/623T5">623T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/699">699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1FORMF">1FORMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11356">11356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a9d51445-1393-482b-9ef5-4837fb827590">a9d51445-1393-482b-9ef5-4837fb827590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4342">4342</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47336">47336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101758">101758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154193">154193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000037030">NBNSYS0000037030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=36668">36668</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/cc4a826f-854a-47fa-bb2c-8da6da11ab17">cc4a826f-854a-47fa-bb2c-8da6da11ab17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7376225">7376225</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=70728">70728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E378AE58-D311-FFFF-FF78-FB014CA57281">E378AE58-D311-FFFF-FF78-FB014CA57281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=425369">425369</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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