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<label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Structural coloration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloraci%C3%B3_estructural" title="Coloració estructural – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coloració estructural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurne_v%C3%A4rvus" title="Struktuurne värvus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurne värvus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloraci%C3%B3n_estructural" title="Coloración estructural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coloración estructural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رنگ‌آمیزی ساختاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ‌آمیزی ساختاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur_structurelle" title="Couleur structurelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couleur structurelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloraci%C3%B3n_estrutural" title="Coloración estrutural – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coloración estrutural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EC%83%89" title="구조색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구조색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="צבעוניות מבנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבעוניות מבנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna_struktur" title="Warna struktur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Warna struktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structurele_kleur" title="Structurele kleur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Structurele kleur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E8%89%B2" title="構造色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="構造色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Структурная окраска – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Структурная окраска" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_color" title="Structural color – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structural color" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakenteellinen_v%C3%A4ri" title="Rakenteellinen väri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rakenteellinen väri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="โครงสร้างที่ทำให้เกิดสี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงสร้างที่ทำให้เกิดสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E8%89%B2" title="结构色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="结构色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colour in living creatures caused by interference effects</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg/250px-Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg/375px-Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg/500px-Peacock_feathers_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption> The brilliant iridescent colors of the peacock's tail feathers are created by structural coloration, as first noted by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Structural coloration</b> in animals, and a few plants, is the production of colour by microscopically structured surfaces fine enough to interfere with <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">pigments</a>, although some structural coloration occurs in combination with pigments. For example, <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> tail <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> are pigmented brown, but their microscopic structure makes them also reflect blue, turquoise, and green light, and they are often <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a>. </p><p>Structural coloration was first described by English scientists <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, and its principle—<a href="/wiki/Wave_interference" title="Wave interference">wave interference</a>—explained by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> a century later. Young described iridescence as the result of interference between reflections from two or more surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Thin_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin films">thin films</a>, combined with refraction as light enters and leaves such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces interferes constructively, while at other angles, the light interferes destructively. Different colours therefore appear at different angles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">In animals</a> such as on the feathers of birds and the scales of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>, interference is created by a range of <a href="/wiki/Photonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photonic">photonic</a> mechanisms, including <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction gratings</a>, selective mirrors, <a href="/wiki/Photonic_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Photonic crystals">photonic crystals</a>, crystal fibres, matrices of nanochannels and proteins that can vary their configuration. Some <a href="/wiki/Cuts_of_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuts of meat">cuts of meat</a> also show structural coloration due to the exposure of the periodic arrangement of the muscular fibres. Many of these photonic mechanisms correspond to elaborate structures visible by <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>. In the few plants that exploit structural coloration, brilliant colours are produced by structures within cells. The most brilliant blue coloration known in any living tissue is found in the marble berries of <i><a href="/wiki/Pollia_condensata" title="Pollia condensata">Pollia condensata</a></i>, where a spiral structure of cellulose fibrils produces <a href="/wiki/Bragg%27s_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg's law</a> scattering of light. The bright gloss of <a href="/wiki/Buttercup" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttercup">buttercups</a> is produced by thin-film reflection by the epidermis supplemented by yellow pigmentation, and strong diffuse scattering by a layer of starch cells immediately beneath. </p><p>Structural coloration has potential for industrial, commercial and military applications, with <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">biomimetic</a> surfaces that could provide brilliant colours, adaptive <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, efficient optical switches and low-reflectance glass. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrographia_title_page.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Micrographia_title_page.gif/170px-Micrographia_title_page.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Micrographia_title_page.gif/255px-Micrographia_title_page.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Micrographia_title_page.gif/340px-Micrographia_title_page.gif 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>'s 1665 <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i> contains the first observations of structural colours.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 1665 book <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> described the "fantastical" colours of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a>'s feathers:<sup id="cite_ref-HookeOnPeacockIridescence_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HookeOnPeacockIridescence-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The parts of the Feathers of this glorious Bird appear, through the Microscope, no less gaudy then do the whole Feathers; for, as to the naked eye 'tis evident that the stem or quill of each Feather in the tail sends out multitudes of Lateral branches, … so each of those threads in the Microscope appears a large long body, consisting of a multitude of bright reflecting parts. <br />… their upper sides seem to me to consist of a multitude of thin plated bodies, which are exceeding thin, and lie very close together, and thereby, like <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother of Pearl</a> shells, do not onely reflect a very brisk light, but tinge that light in a most curious manner; and by means of various positions, in respect of the light, they reflect back now one colour, and then another, and those most vividly. Now, that these colours are onely fantastical ones, that is, such as arise immediately from the refractions of the light, I found by this, that water wetting these colour'd parts, destroy'd their colours, which seem'd to proceed from the alteration of the reflection and refraction.<sup id="cite_ref-HookeOnPeacockIridescence_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HookeOnPeacockIridescence-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his 1704 book <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> described the mechanism of the colours other than the brown pigment of peacock tail feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-ExeterIridescence_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExeterIridescence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton noted that<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The finely colour'd Feathers of some Birds, and particularly those of Peacocks Tails, do, in the very same part of the Feather, appear of several Colours in several Positions of the Eye, after the very same manner that thin Plates were found to do in the 7th and 19th Observations, and therefore their Colours arise from the thinness of the transparent parts of the Feathers; that is, from the slenderness of the very fine Hairs, or Capillamenta, which grow out of the sides of the grosser lateral Branches or Fibres of those Feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> (1773–1829) extended Newton's <a href="/wiki/Particle_theory_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle theory of light">particle theory of light</a> by showing that light could also behave as a wave. He showed in 1803 that light could diffract from sharp edges or slits, creating <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1892 book <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(1892_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Coloration (1892 book)">Animal Coloration</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Evers_Beddard" title="Frank Evers Beddard">Frank Evers Beddard</a> (1858–1925) acknowledged the existence of structural colours: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-NHM_Chrysospalax_trevelyani_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2129" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Evers_Beddard" title="Frank Evers Beddard">Frank Evers Beddard</a> noted that <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysospalax" title="Chrysospalax">Chrysospalax</a></i> golden moles' thick fur was structurally coloured.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The colours of animals are due either solely to the presence of definite pigments in the skin, or … beneath the skin; or they are partly caused by optical effects due to the scattering, diffraction or unequal refraction of the light rays. Colours of the latter kind are often spoken of as structural colours; they are caused by the structure of the coloured surfaces. The metallic lustre of the feathers of many birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">humming birds</a>, is due to the presence of excessively fine striae upon the surface of the feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Beddard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>But Beddard then largely dismissed structural coloration, firstly as subservient to pigments: "in every case the [structural] colour needs for its display a background of dark pigment;"<sup id="cite_ref-Beddard_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> and then by asserting its rarity: "By far the commonest source of colour in invertebrate animals is the presence in the skin of definite pigments",<sup id="cite_ref-Beddard_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> though he does later admit that the <a href="/wiki/Cape_golden_mole" title="Cape golden mole">Cape golden mole</a> has "structural peculiarities" in its hair that "give rise to brilliant colours".<sup id="cite_ref-Beddard_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beddard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_not_pigment">Structure not pigment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure not pigment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thin_film_interference.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thin_film_interference.svg/220px-Thin_film_interference.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thin_film_interference.svg/330px-Thin_film_interference.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Thin_film_interference.svg/440px-Thin_film_interference.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>When light falls on a <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_optics" title="Thin-film optics">thin film</a>, the waves reflected from the upper and lower surfaces travel different distances depending on the angle, so they <a href="/wiki/Interference_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (optics)">interfere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></div> <p>Structural coloration is caused by interference effects rather than by pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mouchet2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mouchet2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">Colours</a> are produced when a material is scored with fine parallel lines, or formed of one or more parallel <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_optics" title="Thin-film optics">thin layers</a>, or otherwise composed of microstructures on the scale of the colour's <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structural coloration is responsible for the blues and greens of the feathers of many birds (the <a href="/wiki/Bee-eater" title="Bee-eater">bee-eater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coraciidae" title="Coraciidae">roller</a>, for example), as well as many <a href="/wiki/Butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterflies">butterfly</a> wings, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> wing-cases (<a href="/wiki/Elytra" class="mw-redirect" title="Elytra">elytra</a>) and (while rare among <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a>) the gloss of <a href="/wiki/Buttercup" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttercup">buttercup</a> petals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kooi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> feathers and <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacreous</a> shells such as of <a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oysters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pteriidae" title="Pteriidae">Pteriidae</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">Nautilus</a></i>. This is because the reflected colour depends on the viewing angle, which in turn governs the apparent spacing of the structures responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-Wallin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wallin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structural colours can be combined with pigment colours: peacock feathers are pigmented brown with <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HookeOnPeacockIridescence_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HookeOnPeacockIridescence-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while buttercup petals have both <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> pigments for yellowness and thin films for reflectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Kooi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principle_of_iridescence">Principle of iridescence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Principle of iridescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/220px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/330px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/440px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron micrograph</a> of a fractured surface of <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a> showing multiple thin layers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif/220px-Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif/330px-Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif/440px-Reversal_of_handedness_of_circularly_polarized_light_reflected_by_mirror_2s.gif 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>A 3-slide series of pictures taken with and without a pair of MasterImage 3D circularly polarized movie glasses of some dead European rose chafers (Cetonia aurata) whose shiny green colour comes from left-polarized light. Note that, without glasses, both the beetles and their mirror images have shiny colour. The right-polarizer removes the colour of the beetles but leaves the color of the mirror images. The left-polarizer does the opposite, showing reversal of handedness of the reflected light.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iridescence, as explained by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a> in 1803, is created when extremely <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin films</a> reflect part of the light falling on them from their top surfaces. The rest of the light goes through the films, and a further part of it is reflected from their bottom surfaces. The two sets of reflected waves travel back upwards in the same direction. But since the bottom-reflected waves travelled a little farther – controlled by the thickness and <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the film, and the angle at which the light fell – the two sets of waves are <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">out of phase</a>. When the waves are one or more whole wavelengths apart – in other words, at certain specific angles, they add (interfere constructively), giving a strong reflection. At other angles and phase differences, they can subtract, giving weak reflections. The thin film therefore selectively reflects just one wavelength – a pure colour – at any given angle, but other wavelengths – different colours – at different angles. So, as a thin-film structure such as a butterfly's wing or bird's feather moves, it seems to change colour.<sup id="cite_ref-ExeterIridescence_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExeterIridescence-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed_structures">Fixed structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fixed structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg/220px-Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg/330px-Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg/440px-Butterfly_magnification_series_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Butterfly wing at different magnifications reveals microstructured chitin acting as a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of fixed structures can create structural colours, by mechanisms including diffraction gratings, selective mirrors, photonic crystals, crystal fibres and deformed matrices.<sup id="cite_ref-Mouchet2021_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mouchet2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structures can be far more elaborate than a single thin film: films can be stacked up to give strong iridescence, to combine two colours, or to balance out the inevitable change of colour with angle to give a more diffuse, less iridescent effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each mechanism offers a specific solution to the problem of creating a bright colour or combination of colours visible from different directions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg/110px-Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg/165px-Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg/220px-Morpho_butterfly_scale_christmas_tree_multilayer_structures_drawing_from_electron_micrograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of 'firtree' micro-structures in <i><a href="/wiki/Morpho_(genus)" title="Morpho (genus)">Morpho</a></i> butterfly wing scale</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a></b> constructed of layers of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and air gives rise to the iridescent colours of various butterfly wing scales as well as to the tail feathers of birds such as the peacock. Hooke and Newton were correct in their claim that the peacock's colours are created by interference, but the structures responsible, being close to the wavelength of light in scale (see micrographs), were smaller than the striated structures they could see with their <a href="/wiki/Light_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Light microscope">light microscopes</a>. Another way to produce a diffraction grating is with tree-shaped arrays of chitin, as in the wing scales of some of the brilliantly coloured tropical <i><a href="/wiki/Morpho_(genus)" title="Morpho (genus)">Morpho</a></i> butterflies (see drawing). Yet another variant exists in <i>Parotia lawesii</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lawes%27s_parotia" title="Lawes's parotia">Lawes's parotia</a>, a bird of paradise. The barbules of the feathers of its brightly coloured breast patch are V-shaped, creating thin-film microstructures that strongly reflect two different colours, bright blue-green and orange-yellow. When the bird moves the colour switches sharply between these two colours, rather than drifting iridescently. During courtship, the male bird systematically makes small movements to attract females, so the structures must have evolved through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DoekeleBirdofParadise_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoekeleBirdofParadise-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Photonic_crystal" title="Photonic crystal">Photonic crystals</a></b> can be formed in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Parides_sesostris" title="Parides sesostris">Parides sesostris</a></i>, the emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> photonic crystals are formed of arrays of nano-sized holes in the chitin of the wing scales. The holes have a diameter of about 150 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nanometres</a> and are about the same distance apart. The holes are arranged regularly in small patches; neighbouring patches contain arrays with differing orientations. The result is that these emerald-patched cattleheart scales reflect green light evenly at different angles instead of being iridescent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VukusicPhotonics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VukusicPhotonics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Lamprocyphus_augustus" title="Lamprocyphus augustus">Lamprocyphus augustus</a></i>, a weevil from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the chitin exoskeleton is covered in iridescent green oval scales. These contain diamond-based crystal lattices oriented in all directions to give a brilliant green coloration that hardly varies with angle. The scales are effectively divided into <a href="/wiki/Pixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixels</a> about a micrometre wide. Each such pixel is a single crystal and reflects light in a direction different from its neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg/220px-Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg/330px-Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg/440px-Emerald_Swallowtail_Papilio_palinurus_scale_structure_diagrams.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Structural coloration through selective mirrors in the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerald swallowtail">emerald swallowtail</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Selective mirrors</b> to create interference effects are formed of micron-sized bowl-shaped pits lined with multiple layers of chitin in the wing scales of <i>Papilio palinurus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Emerald_swallowtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerald swallowtail">emerald swallowtail</a> butterfly. These act as highly selective <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a> for two wavelengths of light. Yellow light is reflected directly from the centres of the pits; blue light is reflected twice by the sides of the pits. The combination appears green, but can be seen as an array of yellow spots surrounded by blue circles under a microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Crystal fibres</b>, formed of hexagonal arrays of hollow nanofibres, create the bright iridescent colours of the <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">bristles</a> of <i>Aphrodita</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea mouse">sea mouse</a>, a non-wormlike genus of marine annelids.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colours are <a href="/wiki/Aposematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aposematic">aposematic</a>, warning predators not to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chitin walls of the hollow bristles form a hexagonal honeycomb-shaped photonic crystal; the hexagonal holes are 0.51 μm apart. The structure behaves optically as if it consisted of a stack of 88 diffraction gratings, making <i>Aphrodita</i> one of the most iridescent of marine organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg/440px-Ara_ararauna_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>Magnificent non-iridescent colours of <a href="/wiki/Blue-and-yellow_macaw" title="Blue-and-yellow macaw">blue-and-yellow macaw</a> created by random nanochannels</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Deformed matrices</b>, consisting of randomly oriented nanochannels in a spongelike <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> matrix, create the diffuse non-iridescent blue colour of <i>Ara ararauna</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue-and-yellow_macaw" title="Blue-and-yellow macaw">blue-and-yellow macaw</a>. Since the reflections are not all arranged in the same direction, the colours, while still magnificent, do not vary much with angle, so they are not iridescent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VukusicNature_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VukusicNature-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pollia.jpg/220px-Pollia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pollia.jpg/330px-Pollia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pollia.jpg/440px-Pollia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>The most intense blue known in nature: <i><a href="/wiki/Pollia_condensata" title="Pollia condensata">Pollia condensata</a></i> berries</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spiral coils</b>, formed of <a href="/wiki/Helicoid" title="Helicoid">helicoidally</a> stacked <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfibrils">microfibrils</a>, create <a href="/wiki/Bragg_reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bragg reflection">Bragg reflection</a> in the "marble berries" of the African herb <i><a href="/wiki/Pollia_condensata" title="Pollia condensata">Pollia condensata</a></i>, resulting in the most intense blue coloration known in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Vignolini_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vignolini-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The berry's surface has four layers of cells with thick walls, containing spirals of transparent cellulose spaced so as to allow <a href="/wiki/Constructive_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive interference">constructive interference</a> with blue light. Below these cells is a layer two or three cells thick containing dark brown <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>. <i>Pollia</i> produces a stronger colour than the wings of <i><a href="/wiki/Morpho_(genus)" title="Morpho (genus)">Morpho</a></i> butterflies, and is one of the first instances of structural coloration known from any plant. Each cell has its own thickness of stacked fibres, making it reflect a different colour from its neighbours, and producing a <a href="/wiki/Pixellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixellated">pixellated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">pointillist</a> effect with different blues speckled with brilliant green, purple, and red dots. The fibres in any one cell are either left-handed or right-handed, so each cell <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circularly polarizes</a> the light it reflects in one direction or the other. <i>Pollia</i> is the first organism known to show such random polarization of light, which, nevertheless does not have a visual function, as the seed-eating birds who visit this plant species are not able to perceive polarised light.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiral microstructures are also found in <a href="/wiki/Scarabaeidae" title="Scarabaeidae">scarab beetles</a> where they produce iridescent colours. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg/370px-Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg/555px-Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg/740px-Buttercup_petal_structural_and_pigment_coloration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buttercup" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttercup">Buttercup</a> petals exploit both yellow pigment and structural coloration.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thin film with diffuse reflector</b>, based on the top two layers of a buttercup's petals. The brilliant yellow gloss derives from a combination, rare among plants, of yellow pigment and structural coloration. The very smooth upper epidermis acts as a reflective and iridescent thin film; for example, in <i><a href="/wiki/Ranunculus_acris" title="Ranunculus acris">Ranunculus acris</a></i>, the layer is 2.7 micrometres thick. The unusual starch cells form a diffuse but strong reflector, enhancing the flower's brilliance. The curved petals form a paraboloidal dish which directs the sun's heat to the reproductive parts at the centre of the flower, keeping it some degrees Celsius above the ambient temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Kooi_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kooi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Surface gratings</b>, consisting of ordered surface features due to exposure of ordered muscle cells on <a href="/wiki/Cuts_of_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuts of meat">cuts of meat</a>. The structural coloration on meat cuts appears only after the ordered pattern of muscle <a href="/wiki/Myofibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Myofibrils">fibrils</a> is exposed and light is diffracted by the proteins in the fibrils. The coloration or wavelength of the diffracted light depends on the angle of observation and can be enhanced by covering the meat with translucent foils. Roughening the surface or removing water content by drying causes the structure to collapse, thus, the structural coloration to disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-foods_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foods-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Interference from multiple total internal reflections</b> can occur in microscale structures, such as sessile water droplets and biphasic oil-in-water droplets<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as polymer microstructured surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this structural coloration mechanism, light rays that travel by different paths of <a href="/wiki/Total_internal_reflection" title="Total internal reflection">total internal reflection</a> along an interface interfere to generate iridescent colour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_structures">Variable structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variable structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png/400px-Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png/600px-Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png/800px-Variable_ring_patterns_on_mantles_of_the_blue-ringed_octopus_Hapalochlaena_lunulata.png 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Variable ring patterns on mantles of <i><a href="/wiki/Hapalochlaena_lunulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapalochlaena lunulata">Hapalochlaena lunulata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Some animals including <a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">cephalopods</a> such as squid are able to vary their colours rapidly for both <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> and signalling. The mechanisms include reversible <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> which can be switched between two configurations. The configuration of <a href="/wiki/Reflectin" title="Reflectin">reflectin</a> proteins in <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophore</a> cells in the skin of the <i><a href="/wiki/Doryteuthis_pealeii" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryteuthis pealeii">Doryteuthis pealeii</a></i> squid is controlled by electric charge. When charge is absent, the proteins stack together tightly, forming a thin, more reflective layer; when charge is present, the molecules stack more loosely, forming a thicker layer. Since chromatophores contain multiple reflectin layers, the switch changes the layer spacing and hence the colour of light that is reflected.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blue-ringed octopuses spend much of their time hiding in crevices whilst displaying effective camouflage patterns with their dermal <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">chromatophore</a> cells. If they are provoked, they quickly change colour, becoming bright yellow with each of the 50-60 rings flashing bright iridescent blue within a third of a second. In the <a href="/wiki/Greater_blue-ringed_octopus" title="Greater blue-ringed octopus">greater blue-ringed octopus</a> (<i>Hapalochlaena lunulata</i>), the rings contain multi-layer <a href="/wiki/Chromatophore#Iridophores_and_leucophores" title="Chromatophore">iridophores</a>. These are arranged to reflect blue–green light in a wide viewing direction. The fast flashes of the blue rings are achieved using muscles under neural control. Under normal circumstances, each ring is hidden by contraction of muscles above the iridophores. When these relax and muscles outside the ring contract, the bright blue rings are exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathger2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathger2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_bee_eater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European bee-eaters owe their brilliant colours partly to diffraction grating microstructures in their feathers"><img alt="European bee-eaters owe their brilliant colours partly to diffraction grating microstructures in their feathers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/European_bee_eater.jpg/119px-European_bee_eater.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/European_bee_eater.jpg/179px-European_bee_eater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/European_bee_eater.jpg/239px-European_bee_eater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_bee-eater" title="European bee-eater">European bee-eaters</a> owe their brilliant colours partly to diffraction grating microstructures in their feathers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_(M)_KL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In Morpho butterflies such as Morpho helena the brilliant colours are produced by intricate firtree-shaped microstructures too small for optical microscopes."><img alt="In Morpho butterflies such as Morpho helena the brilliant colours are produced by intricate firtree-shaped microstructures too small for optical microscopes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_%28M%29_KL.jpg/255px-Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_%28M%29_KL.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_%28M%29_KL.jpg/383px-Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_%28M%29_KL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_%28M%29_KL.jpg/511px-Butterfly_Morpho_rhetenor_helena_%28M%29_KL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In <i><a href="/wiki/Morpho_(genus)" title="Morpho (genus)">Morpho</a></i> butterflies such as <i>Morpho helena</i> the brilliant colours are produced by intricate firtree-shaped microstructures too small for optical microscopes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The male Parotia lawesii bird of paradise signals to the female with his breast feathers that switch from blue to yellow."><img alt="The male Parotia lawesii bird of paradise signals to the female with his breast feathers that switch from blue to yellow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg/157px-Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg/236px-Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg/315px-Parotia_lawesii_by_Bowdler_Sharpe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The male <i><a href="/wiki/Parotia_lawesii" class="mw-redirect" title="Parotia lawesii">Parotia lawesii</a></i> bird of paradise signals to the female with his breast feathers that switch from blue to yellow.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Swallotail_(Papilio_palinurus)_-_Relic38.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brilliant green of emerald swallowtail, Papilio palinurus, is created by arrays of microscopic bowls that reflect yellow directly and blue from the sides."><img alt="Brilliant green of emerald swallowtail, Papilio palinurus, is created by arrays of microscopic bowls that reflect yellow directly and blue from the sides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Green_Swallotail_%28Papilio_palinurus%29_-_Relic38.jpg/284px-Green_Swallotail_%28Papilio_palinurus%29_-_Relic38.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Green_Swallotail_%28Papilio_palinurus%29_-_Relic38.jpg/425px-Green_Swallotail_%28Papilio_palinurus%29_-_Relic38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Green_Swallotail_%28Papilio_palinurus%29_-_Relic38.jpg/567px-Green_Swallotail_%28Papilio_palinurus%29_-_Relic38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1788" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brilliant green of emerald swallowtail, <i><a href="/wiki/Papilio_palinurus" title="Papilio palinurus">Papilio palinurus</a></i>, is created by arrays of microscopic bowls that reflect yellow directly and blue from the sides.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly, Parides sesostris, creates its brilliant green using photonic crystals."><img alt="Emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly, Parides sesostris, creates its brilliant green using photonic crystals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg/246px-Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg/368px-Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg/491px-Parides_sesostris_MHNT_dos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="3384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly, <i><a href="/wiki/Parides_sesostris" title="Parides sesostris">Parides sesostris</a></i>, creates its brilliant green using photonic crystals.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Iridescent scales of Lamprocyphus augustus weevil contain diamond-based crystal lattices oriented in all directions to give almost uniform green."><img alt="Iridescent scales of Lamprocyphus augustus weevil contain diamond-based crystal lattices oriented in all directions to give almost uniform green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG/142px-Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG/213px-Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG/284px-Curculionidae_-_Lamprocyphus_augustus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iridescent scales of <i><a href="/wiki/Lamprocyphus_augustus" title="Lamprocyphus augustus">Lamprocyphus augustus</a></i> weevil contain diamond-based crystal lattices oriented in all directions to give almost uniform green.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iridescent scales on Entimus imperialis weevil"><img alt="Iridescent scales on Entimus imperialis weevil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg/240px-Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg/360px-Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg/480px-Scales_covering_Entimus_imperialis%27_elytra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iridescent scales on <i><a href="/wiki/Entimus_imperialis" title="Entimus imperialis">Entimus imperialis</a></i> weevil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Electron micrograph of the three-dimensional photonic crystals within the scales on Entimus imperialis weevil"><img alt="Electron micrograph of the three-dimensional photonic crystals within the scales on Entimus imperialis weevil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg/225px-Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg/338px-Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg/450px-Entimus_imperialis%27_photonic_crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Electron micrograph of the three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Photonic_crystal" title="Photonic crystal">photonic crystals</a> within the scales on <i><a href="/wiki/Entimus_imperialis" title="Entimus imperialis">Entimus imperialis</a></i> weevil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodita_aculeata_(Sea_mouse).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hollow nanofibre bristles of Aphrodita aculeata (a species of sea mouse) reflect light in yellows, reds and greens to warn off predators."><img alt="Hollow nanofibre bristles of Aphrodita aculeata (a species of sea mouse) reflect light in yellows, reds and greens to warn off predators." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Aphrodita_aculeata_%28Sea_mouse%29.jpg/325px-Aphrodita_aculeata_%28Sea_mouse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Aphrodita_aculeata_%28Sea_mouse%29.jpg/487px-Aphrodita_aculeata_%28Sea_mouse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Aphrodita_aculeata_%28Sea_mouse%29.jpg/649px-Aphrodita_aculeata_%28Sea_mouse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hollow nanofibre bristles of <i><a href="/wiki/Aphrodita_aculeata" title="Aphrodita aculeata">Aphrodita aculeata</a></i> (a species of sea mouse) reflect light in yellows, reds and greens to warn off predators.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loligo_pealeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Longfin inshore squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, has been studied for its ability to change colour."><img alt="Longfin inshore squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, has been studied for its ability to change colour." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Loligo_pealeii.jpg/240px-Loligo_pealeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Loligo_pealeii.jpg/360px-Loligo_pealeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Loligo_pealeii.jpg/480px-Loligo_pealeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Longfin inshore squid, <i><a href="/wiki/Doryteuthis_pealeii" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryteuthis pealeii">Doryteuthis pealeii</a></i>, has been studied for its ability to change colour.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thinfilmbubble.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thin-film interference in a soap bubble. Colour varies with film thickness."><img alt="Thin-film interference in a soap bubble. Colour varies with film thickness." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thinfilmbubble.jpg/270px-Thinfilmbubble.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thinfilmbubble.jpg/404px-Thinfilmbubble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thinfilmbubble.jpg/539px-Thinfilmbubble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">Thin-film interference</a> in a soap bubble. Colour varies with film thickness.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepsis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wasps of the Pepsis and Hemipepsis genera often produce a bluish tint from the sculpturing of their otherwise black chitin."><img alt="Wasps of the Pepsis and Hemipepsis genera often produce a bluish tint from the sculpturing of their otherwise black chitin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pepsis.jpg/180px-Pepsis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pepsis.jpg/270px-Pepsis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pepsis.jpg/360px-Pepsis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wasps of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pepsis" title="Pepsis">Pepsis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hemipepsis" title="Hemipepsis">Hemipepsis</a></i> genera often produce a bluish tint from the <a href="/wiki/Sculpturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpturing">sculpturing</a> of their otherwise black chitin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eupholus_weevil,_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two photographs of the same Eupholus weevil exhibit the unique expression of structural color."><img alt="Two photographs of the same Eupholus weevil exhibit the unique expression of structural color." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eupholus_weevil%2C_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg/180px-Eupholus_weevil%2C_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eupholus_weevil%2C_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg/270px-Eupholus_weevil%2C_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eupholus_weevil%2C_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg/360px-Eupholus_weevil%2C_from_two_slightly_different_angles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two photographs of the same Eupholus weevil exhibit the unique expression of structural color.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_technology">In technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg/220px-Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg/330px-Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg/440px-Gabriel_Lippmann_Le_Cervin_1891-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>One of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>'s colour photographs, "Le Cervin", 1899, made using a monochrome photographic process (a single emulsion). The colours are structural, created by interference with light reflected from the back of the glass plate.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908 for his work on a structural coloration method of colour photography, the <a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a>. This used a photosensitive emulsion fine enough for the interference caused by light waves reflecting off the back of the glass plate to be recorded in the thickness of the emulsion layer, in a monochrome (black and white) photographic process. Shining white light through the plate effectively reconstructs the colours of the photographed scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder668,670-672_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder668,670-672-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Morphotex"></span> In 2010, the dressmaker Donna Sgro made a dress from <a href="/wiki/Teijin" title="Teijin">Teijin</a> Fibers' Morphotex, an undyed fabric woven from structurally coloured fibres, mimicking the microstructure of <i>Morpho</i> butterfly wing scales.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fibres are composed of 61 flat alternating layers, between 70 and 100 nanometres thick, of two plastics with different refractive indices, <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, in a transparent nylon sheath with an oval cross-section. The materials are arranged so that the colour does not vary with angle.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fibres have been produced in red, green, blue, and violet.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several countries and regions, including the U.S., European Union, and Brazil, use <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">banknotes</a> that include <a href="/wiki/Optically_variable_ink" title="Optically variable ink">optically variable ink</a>, which is structurally coloured, as a security feature. These <a href="/wiki/Pearlescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearlescence">pearlescent</a> inks appear as different colours depending on the angle the banknote is viewed from. Because the ink is hard to obtain, and because a photocopier or scanner (which works from only one angle) cannot reproduce or even perceive the color-shifting effect, the ink serves to make counterfeiting more difficult. </p><p>Structural coloration could be further exploited industrially and commercially, and research that could lead to such applications is under way. A direct parallel would be to create <a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">active or adaptive</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">military camouflage</a> fabrics that vary their colours and <a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">patterns</a> to match their environments, just as <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> do. The ability to vary reflectivity to different wavelengths of light could also lead to efficient optical switches that could function like <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, enabling engineers to make fast optical computers and routers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surface of the <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eye</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">housefly</a> is densely packed with microscopic projections that have the effect of reducing reflection and hence increasing transmission of incident light.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the eyes of some moths have antireflective surfaces, again using arrays of pillars smaller than the wavelength of light. "Moth-eye" nanostructures could be used to create low-reflectance glass for windows, solar cells, display devices, and military stealth technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-BodenBagnall_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BodenBagnall-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antireflective biomimetic surfaces using the "moth-eye" principle can be manufactured by first creating a mask by lithography with gold <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>, and then performing <a href="/wiki/Reactive-ion_etching" title="Reactive-ion etching">reactive-ion etching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morhard_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morhard-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HookeOnPeacockIridescence-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HookeOnPeacockIridescence_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HookeOnPeacockIridescence_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HookeOnPeacockIridescence_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. Chapter 36 ('Observ. XXXVI. <i>Of Peacoks, Ducks, and Other Feathers of Changeable Colours</i>.')</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExeterIridescence-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ExeterIridescence_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ExeterIridescence_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082122/http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/physics-astronomy/research/emag/themes/natural-photonics/iridescenceinlepidoptera/">"Iridescence in Lepidoptera"</a>. <i>Natural Photonics (originally in Physics Review Magazine)</i>. University of Exeter. September 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emps.exeter.ac.uk/physics-astronomy/research/emag/themes/natural-photonics/iridescenceinlepidoptera/">the original</a> on April 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natural+Photonics+%28originally+in+Physics+Review+Magazine%29&rft.atitle=Iridescence+in+Lepidoptera&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femps.exeter.ac.uk%2Fphysics-astronomy%2Fresearch%2Femag%2Fthemes%2Fnatural-photonics%2Firidescenceinlepidoptera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newton_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1730" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Isaac (1730) [1704]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/33504/33504-h/33504-h.htm"><i>Opticks</i></a> (4th ed.). William Innys at the West-End of St. Paul's, London. pp. Prop. V., page 251<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opticks&rft.pages=Prop.+V.%2C+page+251&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=William+Innys+at+the+West-End+of+St.+Paul%27s%2C+London&rft.date=1730&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F33504%2F33504-h%2F33504-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1804" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Thomas (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432310">"Experimental Demonstration of the General Law of the Interference of Light"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>94</b>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1804RSPT...94....1Y">1804RSPT...94....1Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0001">10.1098/rstl.1804.0001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110408369">110408369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Experimental+Demonstration+of+the+General+Law+of+the+Interference+of+Light&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=1804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110408369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1804RSPT...94....1Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShamos1959" class="citation book cs1">Shamos, Morris (1959). <i>Great Experiments in Physics</i>. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. pp. 96–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Experiments+in+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96-101&rft.pub=Holt+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Shamos&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beddard-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beddard_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beddard_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beddard_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beddard_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeddard1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Evers_Beddard" title="Frank Evers Beddard">Beddard, Frank Evers</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-nT8GIn5AC"><i>Animal Coloration: an account of the principal facts and theories relating to the colours and markings of animals</i></a>. Swan Sonnenschein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-91406-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-91406-4"><bdi>978-0-543-91406-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Coloration%3A+an+account+of+the+principal+facts+and+theories+relating+to+the+colours+and+markings+of+animals&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=978-0-543-91406-4&rft.aulast=Beddard&rft.aufirst=Frank+Evers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5K-nT8GIn5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8DGA9eT16ec">Structural colour under the microscope! Feathers, beetles and butterflie!!</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mouchet2021-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mouchet2021_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mouchet2021_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMouchetDeparis2021" class="citation cs2">Mouchet, Sébastien R; Deparis, Olivier (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.artechhouse.com/Natural-Photonics-and-Bioinspiration-P2221.aspx"><i>Natural Photonics and Bioinspiration</i></a> (1st ed.), Artech House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-163-081-797-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-163-081-797-8"><bdi>978-163-081-797-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Photonics+and+Bioinspiration&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-163-081-797-8&rft.aulast=Mouchet&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien+R&rft.au=Deparis%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.artechhouse.com%2FNatural-Photonics-and-Bioinspiration-P2221.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker,_A.R.,_Martini,_N.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, A.R., Martini, N. 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"Tailored antireflective biomimetic nanostructures for UV applications". <i>Nanotechnology</i>. <b>21</b> (42): 425301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Nanot..21P5301M">2010Nanot..21P5301M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-4484%2F21%2F42%2F425301">10.1088/0957-4484/21/42/425301</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20858934">20858934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29902805">29902805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Tailored+antireflective+biomimetic+nanostructures+for+UV+applications&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=425301&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0957-4484%2F21%2F42%2F425301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29902805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20858934&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Nanot..21P5301M&rft.au=Morhard%2C+C.%2C+Pacholski%2C+C.%2C+Lehr%2C+D.%2C+Brunner%2C+R.%2C+Helgert%2C+M.%2C+Sundermann%2C+M.%2C+Spatz%2C+J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneering_books">Pioneering books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pioneering books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Evers_Beddard" title="Frank Evers Beddard">Beddard, Frank Evers</a> (1892). <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Coloration_(1892_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Coloration (1892 book)">Animal Coloration, An Account of the Principal Facts and Theories Relating to the Colours and Markings of Animals</a></i>. Swan Sonnenschein, London.</li></ul> <dl><dd>--- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Coloration-Account-Principal-Theories-Relating/dp/0543914062/ref=sr_1_11?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1335557196&sr=1-11">2nd Edition, 1895</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke, Robert</a> (1665). <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>, John Martyn and James Allestry, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton, Isaac</a> (1704). <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i>, William Innys, London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fox, D.L. (1992). <i>Animal Biochromes and Animal Structural Colours</i>. University of California Press.</li> <li>Johnsen, S. (2011). <i>The Optics of Life: A Biologist's Guide to Light in Nature</i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Kolle, M. (2011). <i>Photonic Structures Inspired by Nature </i>. Springer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_books">General books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brebbia, C.A. (2011). <i>Colour in Art, Design and Nature</i>. WIT Press.</li> <li>Lee, D.W. (2008). <i>Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color</i>. University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Kinoshita, S. (2008). "Structural Color in the Realm of Nature". World Scientific Publishing</li> <li>Mouchet, S. R., Deparis, O. (2021). "Natural Photonics and Bioinspiration". Artech House</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_coloration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031023010046/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1016_031017_peacockcolors.html">National Geographic News: Peacock Plumage Secrets Uncovered</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoucetShawkeyHillMontgomerie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Doucet, S. M.; Shawkey, M. D.; Hill, G. E.; Montgomerie, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01988">"Iridescent plumage in satin bowerbirds: Structure, mechanisms and nanostructural predictors of individual variation in colour"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>209</b> (2): 380–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.01988">10.1242/jeb.01988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16391360">16391360</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14595674">14595674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Iridescent+plumage+in+satin+bowerbirds%3A+Structure%2C+mechanisms+and+nanostructural+predictors+of+individual+variation+in+colour&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=380-390&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14595674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16391360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.01988&rft.aulast=Doucet&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Shawkey%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Hill%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Montgomerie%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.01988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStructural+coloration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15C.html">Causes of Color: Peacock feathers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFRrzzb1dvU">Butterflies and 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isaac_Newton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isaac Newton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sir_Isaac_Newton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Method_of_Fluxions" title="Method of Fluxions">Fluxions</a></i> (1671)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum" title="De motu corporum in gyrum">De Motu</a></i> (1684)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i> (1687)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queries">Queries</a></i> (1704)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arithmetica_Universalis" title="Arithmetica Universalis">Arithmetica</a></i> (1707)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analysi_per_aequationes_numero_terminorum_infinitas" title="De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas">De Analysi</a></i> (1711)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_quaedam_philosophicae" title="Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae">Quaestiones</a></i> (1661–1665)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants" title="Standing on the shoulders of giants">standing on the shoulders of giants</a>" (1675)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Notes on the Jewish Temple">Notes on the Jewish Temple</a></i> (c. 1680)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/General_Scholium" title="General Scholium">General Scholium</a>" (1713; <i>"<a href="/wiki/Hypotheses_non_fingo" title="Hypotheses non fingo">hypotheses non fingo</a>"</i> )</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronology_of_Ancient_Kingdoms_Amended" title="The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended">Ancient Kingdoms Amended</a></i> (1728)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Historical_Account_of_Two_Notable_Corruptions_of_Scripture" title="An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture">Corruptions of Scripture</a></i> (1754)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Calculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluxion" title="Fluxion">fluxion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_depth" title="Impact depth">Impact depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_disc" title="Newton disc">Newton disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_polygon" title="Newton polygon">Newton polygon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Okounkov_body" title="Newton–Okounkov body">Newton–Okounkov body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_reflector" title="Newton's reflector">Newton's reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_telescope" title="Newtonian telescope">Newtonian telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_scale" title="Newton scale">Newton scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_metal" title="Newton's metal">Newton's metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">Spectrum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Structural coloration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_argument" title="Bucket argument">Bucket argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_inequalities" title="Newton's inequalities">Newton's inequalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_cooling" title="Newton's law of cooling">Newton's law of cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law of universal gravitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Newtonian_expansion" title="Post-Newtonian expansion">post-Newtonian expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">parameterized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_constant" title="Gravitational constant">gravitational constant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Newton–Cartan theory">Newton–Cartan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93Newton_equation" title="Schrödinger–Newton equation">Schrödinger–Newton equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion" title="Kepler's laws of planetary motion">Kepler's laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_dynamics" title="Newtonian dynamics">Newtonian dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_method_in_optimization" title="Newton's method in optimization">Newton's method in optimization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Apollonius" title="Problem of Apollonius">Apollonius's problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncated_Newton_method" title="Truncated Newton method">truncated Newton method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_algorithm" title="Gauss–Newton algorithm">Gauss–Newton algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_rings" title="Newton's rings">Newton's rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_about_ovals" title="Newton's theorem about ovals">Newton's theorem about ovals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Pepys_problem" title="Newton–Pepys problem">Newton–Pepys problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_potential" title="Newtonian potential">Newtonian potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonian_fluid" title="Newtonian fluid">Newtonian fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpuscular_theory_of_light" title="Corpuscular theory of light">Corpuscular theory of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy" title="Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy">Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's notation">Newton's notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_spheres" title="Rotating spheres">Rotating spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cannonball" title="Newton's cannonball">Newton's cannonball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Cotes_formulas" title="Newton–Cotes formulas">Newton–Cotes formulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_method" title="Newton's method">Newton's method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_Gauss%E2%80%93Newton_method" title="Generalized Gauss–Newton method">generalized Gauss–Newton method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_fractal" title="Newton fractal">Newton fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_identities" title="Newton's identities">Newton's identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_polynomial" title="Newton polynomial">Newton polynomial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_theorem_of_revolving_orbits" title="Newton's theorem of revolving orbits">Newton's theorem of revolving orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Euler_equations" title="Newton–Euler equations">Newton–Euler equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_number" title="Power number">Newton number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_number" title="Kissing number">kissing number problem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_quotient" title="Difference quotient">Newton's quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallelogram_of_force" title="Parallelogram of force">Parallelogram of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puiseux_series" title="Puiseux series">Newton–Puiseux theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time#Newton" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">Luminiferous aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_difference" title="Finite difference">Newtonian series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Newtonian_series" title="Table of Newtonian series">table</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woolsthorpe_Manor" title="Woolsthorpe Manor">Woolsthorpe Manor</a> (birthplace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranbury_Park" title="Cranbury Park">Cranbury Park</a> (home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Early life of Isaac Newton">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Later life of Isaac Newton">Later life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_apple_tree" title="Isaac Newton's apple tree">Apple tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Religious views of Isaac Newton">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_occult_studies" title="Isaac Newton's occult studies">Occult studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Barton" title="Catherine Barton">Catherine Barton</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conduitt" title="John Conduitt">John Conduitt</a> (nephew-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a> (professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clarke_(apothecary)" title="William Clarke (apothecary)">William Clarke</a> (mentor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pulleyn" title="Benjamin Pulleyn">Benjamin Pulleyn</a> (tutor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Cotes" title="Roger Cotes">Roger Cotes</a> (student)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> (student)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keill" title="John Keill">John Keill</a> (disciple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> (friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)" title="William Jones (mathematician)">William Jones</a> (friend)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_de_Moivre" title="Abraham de Moivre">Abraham de Moivre</a> (friend)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_in_popular_culture" title="Isaac Newton in popular culture">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Blake)" title="Newton (Blake)"><i>Newton</i> by Blake</a> (monotype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Paolozzi)" title="Newton (Paolozzi)"><i>Newton</i> by Paolozzi</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Gargoyle" title="Isaac Newton Gargoyle">Isaac Newton Gargoyle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Astronomers Monument</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Isaac_Newton" title="List of things named after Isaac Newton">Namesake</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">Newton (unit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_cradle" title="Newton's cradle">Newton's cradle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Institute" title="Isaac Newton Institute">Isaac Newton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Isaac_Newton_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal">Isaac Newton Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton_Sixth_Form" title="Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form">Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statal_Institute_of_Higher_Education_Isaac_Newton" title="Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton">Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_International_Fellowship" title="Newton International Fellowship">Newton International Fellowship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Isaac_Newton" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Isaac_Newton" title="Category:Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vision_in_animals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vision_in_animals" title="Template:Vision in animals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vision_in_animals" title="Template talk:Vision in animals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vision_in_animals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vision in animals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vision_in_animals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Vision in animals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Vision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameleon_vision" title="Chameleon vision">Chameleons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_vision" title="Dinosaur vision">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fish" title="Vision in fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_vision" title="Mammalian vision">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_vision" title="Equine vision">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy#Vision" title="Dog anatomy">dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_senses#Sight" title="Cat senses">cats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_(aka).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fish surveying its world"><img alt="Fish surveying its world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/140px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/210px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg/280px-Astronotus_ocellatus_-_closeup_%28aka%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eyes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_eye" title="Arthropod eye">Arthropod eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">Compound eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_eye" title="Eagle eye">Eagle eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">Eye shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">Simple eye in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">Mammalian eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusc_eye" title="Mollusc eye">Mollusc eye</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_eye" title="Cephalopod eye">cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropod_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod eye">gastropod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holochroal_eye" title="Holochroal eye">Holochroal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_eye" title="Parietal eye">Parietal eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizochroal_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Schizochroal eye">Schizochroal eye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Evolution of the eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Evolution of color vision in primates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coloration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">coincident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot (mimicry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal senses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness_in_animals" title="Blindness in animals">Blindness in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus" title="Eyespot apparatus">Eyespot apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(nervous_system)" title="Feature detection (nervous system)">Feature detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocular_deprivation" title="Monocular deprivation">Monocular deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ommatidium" title="Ommatidium">Ommatidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpebral_(bone)" title="Palpebral (bone)">Palpebral (bone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopupil" title="Pseudopupil">Pseudopupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhopalium" title="Rhopalium">Rhopalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colour_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colour_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Colour</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Colour science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">Animal colouration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_of_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour of chemicals">Colour of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Colour perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Colour blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_calibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour calibration">Colour calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_constancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour constancy">Colour constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour task">Colour task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour code">Colour code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour temperature">Colour temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_vision_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision test">Colour vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of colour vision">Evolution of colour vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossible colour">Impossible colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour psychology">Colour psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">Colour symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour preferences">Colour preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_colour_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüscher colour test">Lüscher colour test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour reproduction">Colour reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">Colour photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">Colour balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Colour cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour management">Colour management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">Colour printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_colour_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-primary colour display">Multi-primary colour display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour model">Colour model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour space">Colour space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mapping">Colour mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Colour<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour scheme">Colour scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Colour tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colours">Monochromatic colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary colours">Complementary colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous colours">Analogous colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colours (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Web colours">Web colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">Colour theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mixing">Colour mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">Primary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary colour">Secondary colour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour solid">Colour solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour wheel">Colour wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour triangle">Colour triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour analysis">Colour analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_realism_(art_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour realism (art style)">Colour realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_colour_naming_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colour history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour in Chinese culture">Colour in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional colours of Japan">Traditional colours of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">Human skin colour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourfulness">Colourfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Colour Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_A%E2%80%93F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: A–F">List of colours: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_G%E2%80%93M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: G–M">List of colours: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_N%E2%80%93Z" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: N–Z">List of colours: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours (compact)">List of colours (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_by_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours by shade">List of colours by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colour_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colour palettes">List of colour palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crayola crayon colours">List of Crayola crayon colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour chart">Colour chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colours" title="List of RAL colours">List of RAL colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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