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id="toc-Challenges_and_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Implementation challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_cost_overruns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_cost_overruns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cloud cost overruns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_cost_overruns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_Level_Agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_Level_Agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Service Level Agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_Level_Agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_privacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_privacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Security and privacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_privacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Service models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_as_a_service_(IaaS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_as_a_service_(IaaS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_as_a_service_(IaaS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platform_as_a_service_(PaaS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platform_as_a_service_(PaaS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Platform as a service (PaaS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platform_as_a_service_(PaaS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_as_a_service_(SaaS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_as_a_service_(SaaS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Software as a service (SaaS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_as_a_service_(SaaS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Backend"_as_a_service_(BaaS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Backend"_as_a_service_(BaaS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>"Backend" as a service (BaaS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Backend"_as_a_service_(BaaS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serverless_computing_and_Function-as-a-Service_(FaaS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serverless_computing_and_Function-as-a-Service_(FaaS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Serverless computing and Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serverless_computing_and_Function-as-a-Service_(FaaS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Deployment models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deployment_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deployment models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deployment_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Private</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hybrid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Distributed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Multi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span> <span>Poly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.5</span> <span>Big data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HPC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HPC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.6</span> <span>HPC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HPC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloud_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cloud engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_public_clouds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_public_clouds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of public clouds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_public_clouds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Similar concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloud computing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolkverwerking" title="Wolkverwerking – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wolkverwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حوسبة سحابية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوسبة سحابية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulud_texnologiyalar%C4%B1" title="Bulud texnologiyaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bulud texnologiyaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="ক্লাউড কম্পিউটিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লাউড কম্পিউটিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi_lamuk" title="Komputasi lamuk – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Komputasi lamuk" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Воблачныя вылічэнні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Воблачныя вылічэнні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्लाउड कंप्यूटिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Изчисления в облак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изчисления в облак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo_u_oblaku" title="Računarstvo u oblaku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Računarstvo u oblaku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A0tica_al_n%C3%BAvol" title="Informàtica al núvol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Informàtica al núvol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudcomputing" title="Cloudcomputing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cloudcomputing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Computing" title="Cloud Computing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cloud Computing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilvet%C3%B6%C3%B6tlus" title="Pilvetöötlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pilvetöötlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υπολογιστικό νέφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπολογιστικό νέφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computaci%C3%B3n_en_la_nube" title="Computación en la nube – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Computación en la nube" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuba_komputado" title="Nuba komputado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuba komputado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodei_konputazio" title="Hodei konputazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hodei konputazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="رایانش ابری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایانش ابری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompj%C3%BBterkloft" title="Kompjûterkloft – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kompjûterkloft" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9alr%C3%ADomhaireacht" title="Néalríomhaireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néalríomhaireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9n-t%C3%B4n_yun-son" title="Yùn-tôn yun-son – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yùn-tôn yun-son" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C_%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85" title="클라우드 컴퓨팅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라우드 컴퓨팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लाउड कम्प्यूटिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo_u_oblaku" title="Računarstvo u oblaku – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računarstvo u oblaku" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasi_awan" title="Komputasi awan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komputasi awan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvusk%C3%BD" title="Tölvuský – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvuský" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="מחשוב ענן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחשוב ענן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಲೌಡ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಲೌಡ್ ಕಂಪ್ಯೂಟಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ღრუბლოვანი გამოთვლები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ღრუბლოვანი გამოთვლები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Бұлттық есептеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұлттық есептеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingu_(mtandao)" title="Wingu (mtandao) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wingu (mtandao)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computatio_in_nube_datorum" title="Computatio in nube datorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Computatio in nube datorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ko%C5%86skait%C4%BCo%C5%A1ana" title="Mākoņskaitļošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mākoņskaitļošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debes%C5%B3_kompiuterija" title="Debesų kompiuterija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Debesų kompiuterija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felh%C5%91alap%C3%BA_sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%A1stechnika" title="Felhőalapú számítástechnika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felhőalapú számítástechnika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Обработка во облак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обработка во облак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലൗഡ് കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിങ്ങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലൗഡ് കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിങ്ങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="क्लाउड कॉम्प्युटिंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लाउड कॉम्प्युटिंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkomputeran_awan" title="Pengkomputeran awan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengkomputeran awan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Үүлэн тооцоолол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үүлэн тооцоолол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="တိမ်တိုက် ကွန်ပျူတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိမ်တိုက် ကွန်ပျူတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudcomputing" title="Cloudcomputing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cloudcomputing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="クラウドコンピューティング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラウドコンピューティング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettskyen" title="Nettskyen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nettskyen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF" title="କ୍ଲାଉଡ଼ ଟେକ୍ନୋଲୋଜି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଲାଉଡ଼ ଟେକ୍ନୋଲୋଜି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulutli_hisoblash" title="Bulutli hisoblash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bulutli hisoblash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%88_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کلاؤڈ کمپیوٹنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلاؤڈ کمپیوٹنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chmura_obliczeniowa" title="Chmura obliczeniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chmura obliczeniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_nuvem" title="Computação em nuvem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Computação em nuvem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuyu_anta%C3%B1iqichay" title="Phuyu antañiqichay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phuyu antañiqichay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Облачные вычисления – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Облачные вычисления" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%DA%88_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کلاؤڈ کمپیوٹنگ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کلاؤڈ کمپیوٹنگ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompjuterat_n%C3%AB_Re" title="Kompjuterat në Re – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kompjuterat në Re" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වලාකුළු පරිගණනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වලාකුළු පරිගණනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cloud computing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1tvo_v_oblaku" title="Računalništvo v oblaku – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Računalništvo v oblaku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo_u_oblaku" title="Računarstvo u oblaku – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Računarstvo u oblaku" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarstvo_u_oblaku" title="Računarstvo u oblaku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Računarstvo u oblaku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilvipalvelu" title="Pilvipalvelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pilvipalvelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datormoln" title="Datormoln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datormoln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="மேகக் கணிமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேகக் கணிமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="క్లౌడ్ కంప్యూటింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్లౌడ్ కంప్యూటింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%86" title="การประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประมวลผลแบบกลุ่มเมฆ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Роёниши абрӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роёниши абрӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulut_bili%C5%9Fim" title="Bulut bilişim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D9%84%DB%87%D8%AA_%DA%BE%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="بۇلۇت ھېسابلاش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇلۇت ھېسابلاش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_to%C3%A1n_%C4%91%C3%A1m_m%C3%A2y" title="Điện toán đám mây – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện toán đám mây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputasyon_ha_dampog" title="Komputasyon ha dampog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komputasyon ha dampog" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of shared internet-based computing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cloud Computing" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Computing_(horse)" title="Cloud Computing (horse)">Cloud Computing (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_computing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cloud_computing.svg/220px-Cloud_computing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cloud_computing.svg/330px-Cloud_computing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cloud_computing.svg/440px-Cloud_computing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Cloud computing metaphor: the group of networked elements providing services does not need to be addressed or managed individually by users; instead, the entire provider-managed suite of hardware and software can be thought of as an amorphous cloud.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Cloud computing is a paradigm for enabling network access to a scalable and elastic pool of shareable physical or virtual resources with self-service provisioning and administration on-demand." according to <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essential_Characteristics">Essential Characteristics</h2></div> <p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST) identified five "essential characteristics" for cloud systems.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are the exact definitions according to NIST: <sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>On-demand self-service:</b> "A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider."</li> <li><b>Broad network access:</b> "Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, and workstations)."</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pooling_(resource_management)" title="Pooling (resource management)">Resource pooling</a>:</b> " The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand."</li> <li><b>Rapid elasticity:</b> "Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity at any time."</li> <li><b>Measured service:</b> "Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.</li></ul> <p>By 2023, the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) had expanded and refined the list. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cloud_computing" title="History of cloud computing">History of cloud computing</a></div> <p>The history of cloud computing extends back to the 1960s, with the initial concepts of time-sharing becoming popularized via <a href="/wiki/Remote_job_entry" title="Remote job entry">remote job entry</a> (RJE). The "data center" model, where users submitted jobs to operators to run on mainframes, was predominantly used during this era. This was a time of exploration and experimentation with ways to make large-scale computing power available to more users through <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a>, optimizing the infrastructure, platform, and applications, and increasing efficiency for end users.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc105_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc105-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "cloud" metaphor for virtualized services dates to 1994, when it was used by <a href="/wiki/General_Magic" title="General Magic">General Magic</a> for the universe of "places" that mobile agents in the <a href="/wiki/Telescript_(programming_language)" title="Telescript (programming language)">Telescript</a> environment could "go". The metaphor is credited to David Hoffman, a General Magic communications specialist, based on its long-standing use in networking and telecom.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression <i>cloud computing</i> became more widely known in 1996 when <a href="/wiki/Compaq_Computer_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compaq Computer Corporation">Compaq Computer Corporation</a> drew up a <a href="/wiki/Business_plan" title="Business plan">business plan</a> for future computing and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The company's ambition was to supercharge <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sales</a> with "cloud computing-enabled applications". The business plan foresaw that online consumer file storage would likely be commercially successful. As a result, Compaq decided to sell <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> hardware to <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2000s, the application of cloud computing began to take shape with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> (AWS) in 2002, which allowed developers to build applications independently. In 2006 Amazon Simple Storage Service, known as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2) were released. In 2008 <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s development of the first <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> for deploying private and hybrid clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following decade saw the launch of various cloud services. In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Technology" title="Rackspace Technology">Rackspace Hosting</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> initiated an open-source cloud-software project, <a href="/wiki/OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM SmartCloud</a> framework in 2011, and <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a> in 2012. In December 2019, Amazon launched AWS Outposts, a service that extends AWS infrastructure, services, <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a>, and tools to customer data centers, co-location spaces, or on-premises facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Azure_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azure-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value_proposition">Value proposition</h2></div> <p>Advocates of public and hybrid clouds claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid or minimize up-front <a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a> costs. Proponents also claim that cloud computing allows <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">enterprises</a> to get their <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> up and running faster, with improved manageability and less maintenance, and that it enables IT teams to more rapidly adjust resources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable demand,<sup id="cite_ref-aws.amazon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aws.amazon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing <b>burst computing</b> capability: high computing power at certain periods of peak demand.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional value propositions of cloud computing include: </p> <table class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Topic </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cost reductions </td> <td>A public-cloud delivery model converts <a href="/wiki/Capital_expenditure" title="Capital expenditure">capital expenditures</a> (e.g., buying servers) to <a href="/wiki/Operational_expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational expenditure">operational expenditure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This purportedly lowers <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>, as infrastructure is typically provided by a third party and need not be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is "fine-grained", with usage-based billing options.<sup id="cite_ref-idc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The e-FISCAL project's state-of-the-art repository<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail, most of them concluding that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Device independence </td> <td>Device and location independence<sup id="cite_ref-yarmis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarmis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect to it from anywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-idc_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maintenance </td> <td>Maintenance of cloud environment is easier because the data is hosted on an outside server maintained by a provider without the need to invest in data center hardware. IT maintenance of cloud computing is managed and updated by the cloud provider's IT maintenance team which reduces cloud computing costs compared with on-premises data centers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multitenancy </td> <td>Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for: <ul><li>centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)</li> <li>peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer and pay for the resources and equipment to meet their highest possible load-levels)</li> <li>utilization and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-amazon_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Performance </td> <td>Performance is monitored by IT experts from the service provider, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using <a href="/wiki/Web_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Web services">web services</a> as the system interface.<sup id="cite_ref-idc_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Productivity </td> <td>Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously, rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed. Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their computer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Availability </td> <td>Availability improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for <a href="/wiki/Business_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Business continuity">business continuity</a> and <a href="/wiki/IT_disaster_recovery" title="IT disaster recovery">disaster recovery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scalability and elasticity </td> <td>Scalability and elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time,<sup id="cite_ref-vmstartuptime2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> without users having to engineer for peak loads.<sup id="cite_ref-DQ_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DQ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He_15–22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He_15–22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives the ability to scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time-efficient benefit of cloud scalability also means faster time to market, more business flexibility, and adaptability, as adding new resources does not take as much time as it used to.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging approaches for managing elasticity include the use of machine learning techniques to propose efficient elasticity models.<sup id="cite_ref-ElsevierElasticity_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElsevierElasticity-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a> </td> <td>Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernels</a>. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because service providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford to tackle or which they lack the technical skills to address.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices, as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users. In addition, user access to security <a href="/wiki/Audit_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Audit log">audit logs</a> may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_and_limitations">Challenges and limitations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_issues" title="Cloud computing issues">Cloud computing issues</a></div> <p>One of the main challenges of cloud computing, in comparison to more traditional on-premises computing, is data security and privacy. Cloud users entrust their sensitive data to third-party providers, who may not have adequate measures to protect it from unauthorized access, breaches, or leaks. Cloud users also face compliance risks if they have to adhere to certain regulations or standards regarding data protection, such as <a href="/wiki/GDPR" class="mw-redirect" title="GDPR">GDPR</a> or <a href="/wiki/HIPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="HIPAA">HIPAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ttarget_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttarget-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another challenge of cloud computing is reduced visibility and control. Cloud users may not have full insight into how their cloud resources are managed, configured, or optimized by their providers. They may also have limited ability to customize or modify their cloud services according to their specific needs or preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-ttarget_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ttarget-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complete understanding of all technology may be impossible, especially given the scale, complexity, and deliberate opacity of contemporary systems; however, there is a need for understanding complex technologies and their interconnections to have power and agency within them.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> of the cloud can be seen as problematic as cloud computing retains the aura of something <a href="/wiki/Noumenon" title="Noumenon">noumenal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a>; it is something experienced without precisely understanding what it is or how it works.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, cloud migration is a significant challenge. This process involves transferring data, applications, or workloads from one cloud environment to another, or from on-premises infrastructure to the cloud. Cloud migration can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, particularly when there are compatibility issues between different cloud platforms or architectures. If not carefully planned and executed, cloud migration can lead to downtime, reduced performance, or even data loss.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_challenges">Implementation challenges</h3></div> <p>Applications hosted in the cloud are susceptible to the <a href="/wiki/Fallacies_of_distributed_computing" title="Fallacies of distributed computing">fallacies of distributed computing</a>, a series of misconceptions that can lead to significant issues in software development and deployment. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_cost_overruns">Cloud cost overruns</h3></div> <p>In a report by <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a>, a survey of 200 IT leaders revealed that 69% experienced budget overruns in their organizations' cloud expenditures during 2023. Conversely, 31% of IT leaders whose organizations stayed within budget attributed their success to accurate forecasting and budgeting, proactive monitoring of spending, and effective optimization. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_Level_Agreements">Service Level Agreements</h3></div> <p>Typically, cloud providers' <a href="/wiki/Service-level_agreement" title="Service-level agreement">Service Level Agreements</a> (SLAs) do not encompass all forms of service interruptions. Exclusions typically include planned maintenance, downtime resulting from external factors such as network issues, <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human errors</a>, like misconfigurations, <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force_majeure" title="Force majeure">force majeure</a> events, or <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">security breaches</a>. Typically, customers bear the responsibility of monitoring SLA compliance and must file claims for any unmet SLAs within a designated timeframe. Customers should be aware of how deviations from SLAs are calculated, as these parameters may vary by service. These requirements can place a considerable burden on customers. Additionally, SLA percentages and conditions can differ across various services within the same provider, with some services lacking any SLA altogether. In cases of service interruptions due to hardware failures in the cloud provider, the company typically does not offer monetary compensation. Instead, eligible users may receive credits as outlined in the corresponding SLA. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_and_privacy">Security and privacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png/325px-Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png/488px-Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png/650px-Supply_and_demand-stacked5-law.png 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Cloud suppliers security and privacy agreements must be aligned to the demand(s) requirements and requlations.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Cloud computing security</a></div> <p>Cloud computing poses privacy concerns because the service provider can access the data that is in the cloud at any time. It could accidentally or deliberately alter or delete information.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cloud providers can share information with third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order without a warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies, which users must agree to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy and legislation as well as end-users' choices for how data is stored.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users can encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Identity_management_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity management systems">Identity management systems</a> can also provide practical solutions to privacy concerns in cloud computing. These systems distinguish between authorized and unauthorized users and determine the amount of data that is accessible to each entity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The systems work by creating and describing identities, recording activities, and getting rid of unused identities. </p><p>According to the Cloud Security Alliance, the top three threats in the cloud are <i>Insecure Interfaces and APIs</i>, <i>Data Loss & Leakage</i>, and <i>Hardware Failure</i>—which accounted for 29%, 25% and 10% of all cloud security outages respectively. Together, these form shared technology vulnerabilities. In a cloud provider platform being shared by different users, there may be a possibility that information belonging to different customers resides on the same data server. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schultz" title="Eugene Schultz">Eugene Schultz</a>, chief technology officer at Emagined Security, said that hackers are spending substantial time and effort looking for ways to penetrate the cloud. "There are some real Achilles' heels in the cloud infrastructure that are making big holes for the bad guys to get into". Because data from hundreds or thousands of companies can be stored on large cloud servers, hackers can theoretically gain control of huge stores of information through a single attack—a process he called "hyperjacking". Some examples of this include the Dropbox security breach, and iCloud 2014 leak.<sup id="cite_ref-psg.hitachi-solutions.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psg.hitachi-solutions.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dropbox had been breached in October 2014, having over seven million of its users passwords stolen by hackers in an effort to get monetary value from it by Bitcoins (BTC). By having these passwords, they are able to read <a href="/wiki/Information_privacy" title="Information privacy">private data</a> as well as have this data be indexed by search engines (making the information public).<sup id="cite_ref-psg.hitachi-solutions.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psg.hitachi-solutions.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is the problem of legal ownership of the data (If a user stores some data in the cloud, can the cloud provider profit from it?). Many Terms of Service agreements are silent on the question of ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical control of the computer equipment (private cloud) is more secure than having the equipment off-site and under someone else's control (public cloud). This delivers great incentive to public cloud computing service providers to prioritize building and maintaining strong management of secure services.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some small businesses that do not have expertise in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> security could find that it is more secure for them to use a public cloud. There is the risk that end users do not understand the issues involved when signing on to a cloud service (persons sometimes do not read the many pages of the terms of service agreement, and just click "Accept" without reading). This is important now that cloud computing is common and required for some services to work, for example for an <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_personal_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent personal assistant">intelligent personal assistant</a> (Apple's <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a> or <a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Google Assistant</a>). Fundamentally, private cloud is seen as more secure with higher levels of control for the owner, however public cloud is seen to be more flexible and requires less time and money investment from the user.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attacks that can be made on cloud computing systems include <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the middle</a> attacks, <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks, authentication attacks, and <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> attacks. One of the largest threats is considered to be malware attacks, such as <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horses</a>. Recent research conducted in 2022 has revealed that the Trojan horse injection method is a serious problem with harmful impacts on cloud computing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_models">Service models</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_on-premise,_IaaS,_PaaS,_and_SaaS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png/530px-Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png" decoding="async" width="530" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png/795px-Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png/1060px-Comparison_of_on-premise%2C_IaaS%2C_PaaS%2C_and_SaaS.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of on-premise, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_computing_service_models_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cloud_computing_service_models_%281%29.png/300px-Cloud_computing_service_models_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cloud_computing_service_models_%281%29.png/450px-Cloud_computing_service_models_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cloud_computing_service_models_%281%29.png/600px-Cloud_computing_service_models_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1677" /></a><figcaption>Cloud computing service models arranged as layers in a stack</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> recognized three cloud service models in 2011: <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a Service</a> (IaaS), <a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a Service</a> (PaaS), and <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a Service</a> (SaaS). <sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) later identified additional models in 2023, including <a href="/wiki/Network_as_a_service" title="Network as a service">"Network as a Service"</a>, "Communications as a Service", "Compute as a Service", and "<a href="/wiki/Data_as_a_service" title="Data as a service">Data Storage as a Service"</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure_as_a_service_(IaaS)"><span id="Infrastructure_as_a_service_.28IaaS.29"></span>Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></div> <p>Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) refers to online services that provide high-level <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> used to <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">abstract</a> various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like physical computing resources, location, data partitioning, scaling, security, backup, etc. A <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machines</a> and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements. Linux <a href="/wiki/Container_(virtualization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container (virtualization)">containers</a> run in isolated partitions of a single <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> running directly on the physical hardware. Linux <a href="/wiki/Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a> are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. The use of containers offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">disk-image</a> library, raw <a href="/wiki/Block_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Block storage">block storage</a>, file or <a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">object storage</a>, firewalls, <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/VLAN" title="VLAN">virtual local area networks</a> (VLANs), and software bundles.<sup id="cite_ref-DHAC_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHAC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CloudBioLinux" title="CloudBioLinux">CloudBioLinux</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>'s definition of cloud computing describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications; and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls)."<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in <a href="/wiki/Data_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Data centers">data centers</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">wide-area</a> connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or <a href="/wiki/Carrier_cloud" title="Carrier cloud">carrier clouds</a> (dedicated <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">virtual private networks</a>). To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis: cost reflects the number of resources allocated and consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_as_a_service_(PaaS)"><span id="Platform_as_a_service_.28PaaS.29"></span>Platform as a service (PaaS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>'s definition of cloud computing defines Platform as a Service as:<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.</p></blockquote> <p>PaaS vendors offer a development environment to application developers. The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribution and payment. In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a>, typically including an operating system, programming-language execution environment, database, and the web server. Application developers develop and run their software on a cloud platform instead of directly buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS, the underlying computer and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some integration and data management providers also use specialized applications of PaaS as delivery models for data. Examples include <b>iPaaS (Integration Platform as a Service)</b> and <b>dPaaS (Data Platform as a Service)</b>. iPaaS enables customers to develop, execute and govern integration flows.<sup id="cite_ref-GartnerGlossary_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GartnerGlossary-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the iPaaS integration model, customers drive the development and deployment of integrations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware.<sup id="cite_ref-GartnerReferenceModel_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GartnerReferenceModel-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dPaaS delivers integration—and data-management—products as a fully managed service.<sup id="cite_ref-ITBusinessEdge_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITBusinessEdge-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the dPaaS model, the PaaS provider, not the customer, manages the development and execution of programs by building data applications for the customer. dPaaS users access data through <a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">data-visualization</a> tools.<sup id="cite_ref-EnterpriseCIOForum_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnterpriseCIOForum-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_as_a_service_(SaaS)"><span id="Software_as_a_service_.28SaaS.29"></span>Software as a service (SaaS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>'s definition of cloud computing defines Software as a Service as:<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud infrastructure">cloud infrastructure</a>. The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.</p></blockquote> <p>In the software as a service (SaaS) model, users gain access to application software and <a href="/wiki/Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Databases">databases</a>. Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications. SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers, which simplifies maintenance and support. Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet changing work demand.<sup id="cite_ref-hamdaqa_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamdaqa-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Load_balancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Load balancer">Load balancers</a> distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be <i><a href="/wiki/Multitenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitenant">multitenant</a></i>, meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization. </p><p>The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user,<sup id="cite_ref-Chou_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chou-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. It may also be free.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents claim that SaaS gives a <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> the potential to reduce IT operational costs by <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourcing</a> hardware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider. This enables the business to reallocate IT operations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses, towards meeting other goals. In addition, with applications hosted centrally, updates can be released without the need for users to install new software. One drawback of <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">SaaS</a> comes with storing the users' data on the cloud provider's server. As a result,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> there could be unauthorized access to the data.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of applications offered as SaaS are <a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">games</a> and productivity software like Google Docs and Office Online. SaaS applications may be integrated with <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> or <a href="/wiki/File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">File hosting services</a>, which is the case with <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> being integrated with <a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Google Drive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Office_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Online">Office Online</a> being integrated with <a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Backend"_as_a_service_(BaaS)"><span id=".22Backend.22_as_a_service_.28BaaS.29"></span>"Backend" as a service (BaaS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Backend_as_a_service" title="Backend as a service">Backend as a service</a></div> <p>In the "backend" as a service (m) model, also known as "mobile backend as a service" (MBaaS), <a href="/wiki/Web_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Web app">web app</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> developers are provided with a way to link their applications to <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> and cloud computing services with <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) exposed to their applications and custom <a href="/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">software development kits</a> (SDKs). Services include <a href="/wiki/User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">user</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Push_technology" title="Push technology">push notifications</a>, integration with <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a><sup id="cite_ref-PandoDailyAP_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PandoDailyAP-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more. This is a relatively recent model in cloud computing,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most BaaS <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a> dating from 2011 or later<sup id="cite_ref-Tan12_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan12-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowinski11_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowinski11-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mishra_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but trends indicate that these services are gaining significant mainstream traction with enterprise consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-built.io_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-built.io-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serverless_computing_and_Function-as-a-Service_(FaaS)"><span id="Serverless_computing_and_Function-as-a-Service_.28FaaS.29"></span>Serverless computing and Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">Serverless computing</a></div> <p>"Serverless computing is a cloud service category in which the customer can use different cloud capabilities types without the customer having to provision, deploy and manage either hardware or software resources, other than providing customer application code or providing customer data. Serverless computing represents a form of virtualized computing." according to <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Function_as_a_service" title="Function as a service">Function as a service</a> is a form of serverless computing. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployment_models">Deployment models</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_computing_types.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cloud_computing_types.svg/395px-Cloud_computing_types.svg.png" decoding="async" width="395" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cloud_computing_types.svg/593px-Cloud_computing_types.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cloud_computing_types.svg/790px-Cloud_computing_types.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Cloud computing types</figcaption></figure> <p>The deployment of services to the cloud is referred to as cloud migration. </p><p>Reverse cloud migration, also known as cloud repatriation, refers to moving cloud-based workloads back to on-premises infrastructures including enterprise data centers, colocation providers, and managed service providers. Cloud repatriation occurs due to security concerns, costs, performance issues, compatibility problems, and uptime concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private">Private<span class="anchor" id="Private_cloud"></span><span class="anchor" id="Private_Cloud"></span></h3></div> <p>Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed internally or by a third party, and hosted either internally or externally.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undertaking a private cloud project requires significant engagement to virtualize the business environment, and requires the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources. It can improve business, but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent serious vulnerabilities. Self-run <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are generally capital intensive. They have a significant physical footprint, requiring allocations of space, hardware, and environmental controls. These assets have to be refreshed periodically, resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management,<sup id="cite_ref-iwpc_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwpc-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For a comparison of cloud-computing software and providers, see <a href="/wiki/Cloud-computing_comparison" title="Cloud-computing comparison">Cloud-computing comparison</a></div> <p>Cloud services are considered "public" when they are delivered over the public Internet, and they may be offered as a paid subscription, or free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architecturally, there are few differences between public- and private-cloud services, but security concerns increase substantially when services (applications, storage, and other resources) are shared by multiple customers. Most public-cloud providers offer direct-connection services that allow customers to securely link their legacy data centers to their cloud-resident applications.<sup id="cite_ref-idc_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several factors like the functionality of the solutions, <a href="/wiki/Costing" class="mw-redirect" title="Costing">cost</a>, integrational and <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizational</a> aspects as well as <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">safety & security</a> are influencing the decision of enterprises and organizations to choose a public cloud or <a href="/wiki/On-premises_software" title="On-premises software">on-premises</a> solution.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid">Hybrid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_cloud_storage" title="Hybrid cloud storage">Hybrid cloud storage</a></div> <p><b>Hybrid</b> cloud is a composition of a public cloud and a private environment, such as a private cloud or on-premises resources,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that remain distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect collocation, managed and/or dedicated services with cloud resources.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combination of private, public and community cloud services, from different service providers.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hybrid cloud service crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it cannot be simply put in one category of private, public, or community cloud service. It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service, by aggregation, integration or customization with another cloud service. </p><p>Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist. For example, an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application, but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application provided on a public cloud as a software service.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This example of hybrid cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements, level of control needed over data, and the applications an organization uses.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example of hybrid cloud is one where <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> organizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the private cloud.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloud_bursting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloud bursting (page does not exist)">Cloud bursting</a> is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and "bursts" to a public cloud when the demand for computing capacity increases. A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organization pays for extra compute resources only when they are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloud bursting enables data centers to create an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads, and use cloud resources from public or private clouds, during spikes in processing demands.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community">Community</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Community_cloud" title="Community cloud">Community cloud</a> shares infrastructure between several organizations from a specific community with common concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether it is managed internally or by a third-party, and hosted internally or externally, the costs are distributed among fewer users compared to a public cloud (but more than a private cloud). As a result, only a portion of the potential cost savings of cloud computing is achieved. <sup id="cite_ref-nist_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distributed">Distributed</h4></div> <p>A cloud computing platform can be assembled from a distributed set of machines in different locations, connected to a single network or hub service. It is possible to distinguish between two types of distributed clouds: public-resource computing and volunteer cloud. </p> <ul><li><b>Public-resource computing</b> – This type of distributed cloud results from an expansive definition of cloud computing, because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud computing. Nonetheless, it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing.</li> <li><b>Volunteer cloud</b> – Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of public-resource computing and cloud computing, where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources. Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure, because of the volatility of the resources used to build it and the dynamic environment it operates in. It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds, or ad-hoc clouds. An interesting effort in such direction is Cloud@Home, it aims to implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize contributions through financial restitution.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi">Multi</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multicloud" title="Multicloud">Multicloud</a></div> <p>Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services in a single heterogeneous architecture to reduce reliance on single vendors, increase flexibility through choice, mitigate against disasters, etc. It differs from hybrid cloud in that it refers to multiple cloud services, rather than multiple deployment modes (public, private, legacy).<sup id="cite_ref-rouse_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rouse-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-king_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poly">Poly</h4></div> <p>Poly cloud refers to the use of multiple public clouds for the purpose of leveraging specific services that each provider offers. It differs from Multi cloud in that it is not designed to increase flexibility or mitigate against failures but is rather used to allow an organization to achieve more than could be done with a single provider.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Big_data">Big data</h4></div> <p>The issues of transferring large amounts of data to the cloud as well as data security once the data is in the cloud initially hampered adoption of cloud for <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>, but now that much data originates in the cloud and with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Bare-metal_server" title="Bare-metal server">bare-metal servers</a>, the cloud has become<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a solution for use cases including business <a href="/wiki/Analytics" title="Analytics">analytics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial analysis">geospatial analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YANG_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YANG-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HPC">HPC</h4></div> <p>HPC cloud refers to the use of cloud computing services and infrastructure to execute <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a> (HPC) applications.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These applications consume a considerable amount of computing power and memory and are traditionally executed on <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> of computers. In 2016 a handful of companies, including R-HPC, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Univa" title="Univa">Univa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_International" title="Silicon Graphics International">Silicon Graphics International</a>, Sabalcore, Gomput, and Penguin Computing offered a high-performance computing cloud. The Penguin On Demand (POD) cloud was one of the first non-virtualized remote HPC services offered on a <a href="/wiki/Prepayment_for_service" title="Prepayment for service">pay-as-you-go</a> basis.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penguin Computing launched its HPC cloud in 2016 as an alternative to Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute Cloud, which uses virtualized computing nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg/325px-CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg/488px-CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg/650px-CloudComputingSampleArchitecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Cloud computing sample architecture</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_architecture" title="Cloud computing architecture">Cloud architecture</a></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">systems architecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Software_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Software systems">software systems</a> involved in the delivery of cloud computing, typically involves multiple <i>cloud components</i> communicating with each other over a loose coupling mechanism such as a messaging queue. Elastic provision implies intelligence in the use of tight or loose coupling as applied to mechanisms such as these and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_engineering">Cloud engineering</h3></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cloud_engineering" title="Cloud engineering">Cloud engineering</a></b> is the application of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> disciplines of cloud computing. It brings a systematic approach to the high-level concerns of commercialization, standardization and governance in conceiving, developing, operating and maintaining cloud computing systems. It is a multidisciplinary method encompassing contributions from diverse areas such as <a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">web</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">performance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technology engineering">information technology engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platform_engineering" title="Platform engineering">platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risk_analysis_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk analysis (engineering)">risk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality</a> engineering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market">Market</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">International Data Corporation</a> (IDC), global spending on cloud computing services has reached $706 billion and is expected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gartner" title="Gartner">Gartner</a> estimated that global public cloud services end-user spending would reach $600 billion by 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a> report, cloud cost-optimization levers and value-oriented business use cases foresee more than $1 trillion in run-rate EBITDA across <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies as up for grabs in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, more than $1.3 trillion in enterprise IT spending was at stake from the shift to the cloud, growing to almost $1.8 trillion in 2025, according to Gartner.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Commission's 2012 <i>Communication</i> identified several issues which were impeding the development of the cloud computing market:<sup id="cite_ref-ec529_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec529-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Section 3">: Section 3 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_single_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital single market">digital single market</a> across the EU</li> <li>concerns about <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> including reservations about data access and ownership, <a href="/wiki/Data_portability" title="Data portability">data portability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Change_control" title="Change control">change control</a></li> <li>variations in standards applicable to cloud computing</li></ul> <p>The <i>Communication</i> set out a series of "digital agenda actions" which the Commission proposed to undertake in order to support the development of a fair and effective market for cloud computing services.<sup id="cite_ref-ec529_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec529-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Pages 6-14">: Pages 6-14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_public_clouds">List of public clouds</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Creative_Cloud" title="Adobe Creative Cloud">Adobe Creative Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Cloud">Google Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama9" title="Panorama9">Panorama9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_concepts">Similar concepts</h2></div> <p>The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies, without the need for deep knowledge about or expertise with each one of them. The cloud aims to cut costs and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-HAM2012_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAM2012-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main enabling technology for cloud computing is <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualization</a>. Virtualization software separates a physical computing device into one or more "virtual" devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to perform computing tasks. With <a href="/wiki/Operating_system%E2%80%93level_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system–level virtualization">operating system–level virtualization</a> essentially creating a scalable system of multiple independent computing devices, idle computing resources can be allocated and used more efficiently. Virtualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure <a href="/wiki/Rental_utilization" title="Rental utilization">utilization</a>. Autonomic computing automates the process through which the user can provision resources <a href="/wiki/Code_on_demand" title="Code on demand">on-demand</a>. By minimizing user involvement, automation speeds up the process, reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors.<sup id="cite_ref-HAM2012_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAM2012-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloud computing uses concepts from utility computing to provide <a href="/wiki/Performance_metric" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance metric">metrics</a> for the services used. Cloud computing attempts to address QoS (quality of service) and <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(computer_networking)" title="Reliability (computer networking)">reliability</a> problems of other <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> models.<sup id="cite_ref-HAM2012_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAM2012-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloud computing shares characteristics with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">Client–server model</a> – <i>Client–server computing</i> refers broadly to any <a href="/wiki/Distributed_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed application">distributed application</a> that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requestors (clients).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_bureau" title="Computer bureau">Computer bureau</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Service_bureau" title="Service bureau">service bureau</a> providing computer services, particularly from the 1960s to 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computing</a> – A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (computing)">cluster</a> of networked, <a href="/wiki/Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">loosely coupled</a> computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a> – Distributed computing paradigm that provides data, compute, storage and application services closer to the client or near-user edge devices, such as network routers. Furthermore, fog computing handles data at the network level, on smart devices and on the end-user client-side (e.g. mobile devices), instead of sending data to a remote location for processing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_computing" title="Utility computing">Utility computing</a> – The "packaging of <a href="/wiki/Computational_resource" title="Computational resource">computing resources</a>, such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity."<sup id="cite_ref-It's_you've_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-It's_you've-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a> – A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination. Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client-server model).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(Cloud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbox (Cloud)">Cloud sandbox</a> – A live, isolated computer environment in which a program, code or file can run without affecting the application in which it runs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_a_service" title="As a service">As a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage">Block-level storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser-based_computing" title="Browser-based computing">Browser-based computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing_providers" title="Category:Cloud computing providers">Category:Cloud computing providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cloud_platforms" title="Category:Cloud platforms">Category:Cloud platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_broker" title="Cloud broker">Cloud broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_collaboration" title="Cloud collaboration">Cloud collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-computing_comparison" title="Cloud-computing comparison">Cloud-computing comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Cloud computing security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_management" title="Cloud management">Cloud management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-native_computing" title="Cloud-native computing">Cloud-native computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud research">Cloud research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-to-cloud_integration" title="Cloud-to-cloud integration">Cloud-to-cloud integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudlet" title="Cloudlet">Cloudlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_storage_cloud" title="Cooperative storage cloud">Cooperative storage cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_computing" title="Decentralized computing">Decentralized computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_virtualization" title="Desktop virtualization">Desktop virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_(computing)" title="Directory (computing)">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_data_store" title="Distributed data store">Distributed data store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_networking" title="Distributed networking">Distributed networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science" title="E-Science">e-Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_computing" title="Edge computing">Edge computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_device" title="Edge device">Edge device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">Distributed file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_computing" title="Fog computing">Fog computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_robotics" title="Fog robotics">Fog robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Environmentally_sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally sustainable">environmentally sustainable</a> computing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_processing" title="In-memory processing">In-memory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IoT_security_device" title="IoT security device">IoT security device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_as_a_service" title="Knowledge as a service">Knowledge as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Mobile cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-access_edge_computing" title="Multi-access edge computing">Multi-access edge computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multisite_cloud" title="Multisite cloud">Multisite cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_cloud" title="Personal cloud">Personal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_cloud_computing_infrastructure" title="Private cloud computing infrastructure">Private cloud computing infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_as_a_service" title="Robot as a service">Robot as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_cloud" title="Virtual private cloud">Virtual private cloud</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The European Commission has observed that locations of data and processes "[do] not in principle have to concern the user", but they may have "an important bearing on the applicable <a href="/wiki/Legal_jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal jurisdictions">legal environment</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ec529_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec529-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The VM startup time <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> varies by VM type, location, OS and cloud provider.<sup id="cite_ref-vmstartuptime2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vmstartuptime2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">"ISO/IEC 22123-1:2023(E) - Information technology - Cloud computing - Part 1: Vocabulary". <i>International Organization for Standardization</i>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+22123-1%3A2023%28E%29+-+Information+technology+-+Cloud+computing+-+Part+1%3A+Vocabulary&rft.date=2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMell,_PeterTimothy_Grance2011" class="citation techreport cs1">Mell, Peter; Timothy Grance (September 2011). <i>The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing</i> (Technical report). National Institute of Standards and Technology: U.S. Department of Commerce. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2FNIST.SP.800-145">10.6028/NIST.SP.800-145</a>. Special publication 800-145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+NIST+Definition+of+Cloud+Computing&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology%3A+U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2FNIST.SP.800-145&rft.au=Mell%2C+Peter&rft.au=Timothy+Grance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"ISO/IEC 22123-2:2023(E) - Information technology — Cloud computing — Part 2: Concepts". <i>International Organization for Standardization</i>. September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=ISO%2FIEC+22123-2%3A2023%28E%29+-+Information+technology+%E2%80%94+Cloud+computing+%E2%80%94+Part+2%3A+Concepts&rft.date=2023-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc105-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc105_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_E._White1971" class="citation cs1">James E. White (March 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc105"><i>Network Specifications for Remote Job Entry and Remote Job Output Retrieval at UCSB</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0105">10.17487/RFC0105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc105">105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Specifications+for+Remote+Job+Entry+and+Remote+Job+Output+Retrieval+at+UCSB&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1971-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0105&rft.au=James+E.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Unknown.</i> Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc217">217</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Levy, Steven (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002033751/http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/2.04/general.magic_pr.html">"Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317250388" title="Special:BookSources/9781317250388"><bdi>9781317250388</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Cloud%3A+Big+Data+in+a+Turbulent+World&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317250388&rft.au=Mosco%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwbvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/">"Announcing Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) – beta"</a>. 24 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813195808/http://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2006/08/24/announcing-amazon-elastic-compute-cloud-amazon-ec2---beta/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43314918">"The Cloud, the Crowd, and Public Policy"</a>. <i>Issues in Science and Technology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 71–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43314918">43314918</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910171012/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43314918">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Cloud%2C+the+Crowd%2C+and+Public+Policy&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=71-76&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43314918%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43314918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoniface,_M.2010" class="citation conference cs1">Boniface, M.; et al. (2010). <i>Platform-as-a-Service Architecture for Real-Time Quality of Service Management in Clouds</i>. 5th International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services (ICIW). Barcelona, Spain: IEEE. pp. 155–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICIW.2010.91">10.1109/ICIW.2010.91</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Platform-as-a-Service+Architecture+for+Real-Time+Quality+of+Service+Management+in+Clouds&rft.place=Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.pages=155-160&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICIW.2010.91&rft.au=Boniface%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GartnerGlossary-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GartnerGlossary_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/information-platform-as-a-service-ipaas">"Integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS)"</a>. <i>Gartner IT Glossary</i>. Gartner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729050824/http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/information-platform-as-a-service-ipaas">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gartner+IT+Glossary&rft.atitle=Integration+Platform+as+a+Service+%28iPaaS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fit-glossary%2Finformation-platform-as-a-service-ipaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GartnerReferenceModel-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GartnerReferenceModel_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartnerMassimo_PezziniPaolo_MalinvernoEric_Thoo" class="citation web cs1">Gartner; Massimo Pezzini; Paolo Malinverno; Eric Thoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gartner.com/id=1729256">"Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701033411/http://www.gartner.com/id=1729256">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gartner+Reference+Model+for+Integration+PaaS&rft.au=Gartner&rft.au=Massimo+Pezzini&rft.au=Paolo+Malinverno&rft.au=Eric+Thoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fid%3D1729256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITBusinessEdge-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITBusinessEdge_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoraine_Lawson2015" class="citation web cs1">Loraine Lawson (3 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itbusinessedge.com/blogs/integration/liaisons-data-platform-as-a-service-includes-data-mapping.html">"IT Business Edge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707171204/http://www.itbusinessedge.com/blogs/integration/liaisons-data-platform-as-a-service-includes-data-mapping.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IT+Business+Edge&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.au=Loraine+Lawson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itbusinessedge.com%2Fblogs%2Fintegration%2Fliaisons-data-platform-as-a-service-includes-data-mapping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnterpriseCIOForum-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EnterpriseCIOForum_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnterprise_CIO_ForumGabriel_Lowy" class="citation web cs1">Enterprise CIO Forum; Gabriel Lowy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419045605/http://www.enterprisecioforum.com/en/blogs/gabriellowy/value-data-platform-service-dpaas">"The Value of Data Platform-as-a-Service (dPaaS)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enterprisecioforum.com/en/blogs/gabriellowy/value-data-platform-service-dpaas">the original</a> on 19 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Value+of+Data+Platform-as-a-Service+%28dPaaS%29&rft.au=Enterprise+CIO+Forum&rft.au=Gabriel+Lowy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enterprisecioforum.com%2Fen%2Fblogs%2Fgabriellowy%2Fvalue-data-platform-service-dpaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/56112/saas">"Definition of: SaaS"</a>. <i>PC Magazine Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ziff_Davis" title="Ziff Davis">Ziff Davis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175059/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/56112/saas">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of%3A+SaaS&rft.btitle=PC+Magazine+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Ziff+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fterm%2F56112%2Fsaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamdaqa-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hamdaqa_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdaqa" class="citation book cs1">Hamdaqa, Mohammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stargroup.uwaterloo.ca/~mhamdaqa/publications/A%20REFERENCEMODELFORDEVELOPINGCLOUD%20APPLICATIONS.pdf"><i>A Reference Model for Developing Cloud Applications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002903/http://www.stargroup.uwaterloo.ca/~mhamdaqa/publications/A%20REFERENCEMODELFORDEVELOPINGCLOUD%20APPLICATIONS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Model+for+Developing+Cloud+Applications&rft.aulast=Hamdaqa&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stargroup.uwaterloo.ca%2F~mhamdaqa%2Fpublications%2FA%2520REFERENCEMODELFORDEVELOPINGCLOUD%2520APPLICATIONS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chou-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chou_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChou" class="citation book cs1">Chou, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/64699897/Introduction-to-Cloud-Computing-Business-and-Technology"><i>Introduction to Cloud Computing: Business & Technology</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505045711/https://www.scribd.com/doc/64699897/Introduction-to-Cloud-Computing-Business-and-Technology">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Cloud+Computing%3A+Business+%26+Technology&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F64699897%2FIntroduction-to-Cloud-Computing-Business-and-Technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002231021/http://www.intrinsictechnology.co.uk/FileUploads/HVD_Whitepaper.pdf">"HVD: the cloud's silver lining"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Intrinsic Technology. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HVD%3A+the+cloud%27s+silver+lining&rft.pub=Intrinsic+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intrinsictechnology.co.uk%2FFileUploads%2FHVD_Whitepaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunZhangXiongZhu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sun, Yunchuan; Zhang, Junsheng; Xiong, Yongping; Zhu, Guangyu (2014-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F190903">"Data Security and Privacy in Cloud Computing"</a>. <i>International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks</i>. <b>10</b> (7): 190903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F190903">10.1155/2014/190903</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-1477">1550-1477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13213544">13213544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Distributed+Sensor+Networks&rft.atitle=Data+Security+and+Privacy+in+Cloud+Computing&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=190903&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13213544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1550-1477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F190903&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Yunchuan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Junsheng&rft.au=Xiong%2C+Yongping&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Guangyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2014%252F190903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/use-onedrive-with-office-b1c976de-ef52-4d53-950f-d48f2c6427df">"Use OneDrive with Office"</a>. <i>Microsoft Support</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015223322/https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/use-onedrive-with-office-b1c976de-ef52-4d53-950f-d48f2c6427df">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Support&rft.atitle=Use+OneDrive+with+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Fuse-onedrive-with-office-b1c976de-ef52-4d53-950f-d48f2c6427df&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PandoDailyAP-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PandoDailyAP_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2013" class="citation news cs1">Carney, Michael (2013-06-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627191306/http://pandodaily.com/2013/06/24/anypresence-partners-with-heroku-to-beef-up-its-enterprise-mbaas-offering/">"AnyPresence partners with Heroku to beef up its enterprise mBaaS offering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PandoDaily" title="PandoDaily">PandoDaily</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gartner+Says+More+Than+Half+of+Enterprise+IT+Spending+in+Key+Market+Segments+Will+Shift+to+the+Cloud+by+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fen%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2022-02-09-gartner-says-more-than-half-of-enterprise-it-spending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAM2012-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAM2012_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAM2012_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAM2012_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHAMDAQA2012" class="citation book cs1">HAMDAQA, Mohammad (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stargroup.uwaterloo.ca/~mhamdaqa/publications/Cloud_Computing_Uncovered.pdf"><i>Cloud Computing Uncovered: A Research Landscape</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloud+Computing+Uncovered%3A+A+Research+Landscape&rft.pages=41-85&rft.pub=Elsevier+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-12-396535-6&rft.aulast=HAMDAQA&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stargroup.uwaterloo.ca%2F~mhamdaqa%2Fpublications%2FCloud_Computing_Uncovered.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://java.sun.com/developer/Books/jdbc/ch07.pdf">"Distributed Application Architecture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distributed+Application+Architecture&rft.pub=Sun+Microsystem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjava.sun.com%2Fdeveloper%2FBooks%2Fjdbc%2Fch07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-It's_you've-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-It's_you've_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaqueroRodero-MerinoCaceresLindner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vaquero, Luis M.; Rodero-Merino, Luis; Caceres, Juan; Lindner, Maik (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1496091.1496100">"A break in the clouds: Towards a cloud definition"</a>. <i>ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 50–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1496091.1496100">10.1145/1496091.1496100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207171174">207171174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGCOMM+Computer+Communication+Review&rft.atitle=A+break+in+the+clouds%3A+Towards+a+cloud+definition&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-55&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1496091.1496100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207171174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vaquero&rft.aufirst=Luis+M.&rft.au=Rodero-Merino%2C+Luis&rft.au=Caceres%2C+Juan&rft.au=Lindner%2C+Maik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F1496091.1496100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielson2008" class="citation web cs1">Danielson, Krissi (2008-03-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebizq.net/blogs/saasweek/2008/03/distinguishing_cloud_computing/">"Distinguishing Cloud Computing from Utility Computing"</a>. Ebizq.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110162550/http://www.ebizq.net/blogs/saasweek/2008/03/distinguishing_cloud_computing/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distinguishing+Cloud+Computing+from+Utility+Computing&rft.pub=Ebizq.net&rft.date=2008-03-26&rft.aulast=Danielson&rft.aufirst=Krissi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebizq.net%2Fblogs%2Fsaasweek%2F2008%2F03%2Fdistinguishing_cloud_computing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2013" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/cloud-computing-law-9780198716662?cc=gb&lang=en&"><i>Cloud Computing Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967168-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967168-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967168-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloud+Computing+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967168-7&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fcloud-computing-law-9780198716662%3Fcc%3Dgb%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weisser, Alexander (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:142710">International Taxation of Cloud Computing</a>. Editions Juridiques Libres, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88954-030-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88954-030-3">978-2-88954-030-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghPowlesPasquierBacon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Jatinder; Powles, Julia; Pasquier, Thomas; Bacon, Jean (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/255049">"Data Flow Management and Compliance in Cloud Computing"</a>. <i>IEEE Cloud Computing</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 24–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCC.2015.69">10.1109/MCC.2015.69</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9812531">9812531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Cloud+Computing&rft.atitle=Data+Flow+Management+and+Compliance+in+Cloud+Computing&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24-32&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCC.2015.69&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9812531%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jatinder&rft.au=Powles%2C+Julia&rft.au=Pasquier%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Bacon%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F255049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmbrustStoicaZahariaFox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Armbrust, Michael; Stoica, Ion; Zaharia, Matei; Fox, Armando; Griffith, Rean; Joseph, Anthony D.; Katz, Randy; Konwinski, Andy; Lee, Gunho; Patterson, David; Rabkin, Ariel (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1721654.1721672">"A view of cloud computing"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>53</b> (4): 50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1721654.1721672">10.1145/1721654.1721672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1673644">1673644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=A+view+of+cloud+computing&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=50&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1721654.1721672&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1673644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Armbrust&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stoica%2C+Ion&rft.au=Zaharia%2C+Matei&rft.au=Fox%2C+Armando&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Rean&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Anthony+D.&rft.au=Katz%2C+Randy&rft.au=Konwinski%2C+Andy&rft.au=Lee%2C+Gunho&rft.au=Patterson%2C+David&rft.au=Rabkin%2C+Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F1721654.1721672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2015" class="citation book cs1">Hu, Tung-Hui (2015). <i>A Prehistory of the Cloud</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02951-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02951-3"><bdi>978-0-262-02951-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Prehistory+of+the+Cloud&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02951-3&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Tung-Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACloud+computing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mell, P. (2011, September). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf">The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing</a></i>. 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aria-labelledby="Cloud_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cloud_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cloud computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_as_a_service" title="Content as a service">Content as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_as_a_service" title="Data as a service">Data as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_as_a_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop as a service">Desktop as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_as_a_service" title="Function as a service">Function as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-based_integration" title="Cloud-based integration">Integration platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backend_as_a_service" title="Backend as a service">Backend as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_as_a_service" title="Network as a service">Network as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platform as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_as_a_service" title="Security as a service">Security as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-native_computing" title="Cloud-native computing">Cloud-native computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">Cloud storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage_gateway" title="Cloud storage gateway">Cloud storage gateways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_computing" title="Dew computing">Dew computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system_for_cloud" title="Distributed file system for cloud">Distributed file system for cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Mobile cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cloud_application" title="Native cloud application">Native cloud application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_cloud" title="Personal cloud">Personal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing_security" title="Cloud computing security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing">Serverless computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_structured_storage_software" title="Comparison of structured storage software">Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_appliance" title="Virtual appliance">Virtual appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_API" title="Web API">Web APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_cloud" title="Virtual private cloud">Virtual private cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Cloud" title="HP Cloud">HP Cloud</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Office 365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneDrive" title="OneDrive">OneDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextcloud" title="Nextcloud">Nextcloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owncloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Owncloud">Owncloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Drive" title="Proton Drive">Proton Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Technology" title="Rackspace Technology">Rackspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafile" title="Seafile">Seafile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlateSpin" class="mw-redirect" title="PlateSpin">PlateSpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoho_Corporation" title="Zoho Corporation">Zoho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_service" title="Platform as a service">Platforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppScale" title="AppScale">AppScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudBolt" title="CloudBolt">CloudBolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Foundry" title="Cloud Foundry">Cloud Foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_(PaaS)" title="Cocaine (PaaS)">Cocaine (PaaS)</a></li> <li>Creatio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_Yard" title="Engine Yard">Engine Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPE_Helion" title="HPE Helion">Helion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predix_(software)" title="Predix (software)">GE Predix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inktank_Storage" title="Inktank Storage">Inktank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MindSphere" title="MindSphere">MindSphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OutSystems" title="OutSystems">OutSystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenQRM" title="OpenQRM">openQRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenShift" title="OpenShift">OpenShift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightScale" title="RightScale">RightScale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalr" title="Scalr">Scalr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce#Force.com" title="Salesforce">Force.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_Cloud_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP Cloud Platform">SAP Cloud Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splunk" title="Splunk">Splunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCloud_Air" title="VCloud Air">vCloud Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveMaker" title="WaveMaker">WaveMaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud" title="Alibaba Cloud">Alibaba Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiquo_Enterprise_Edition" title="Abiquo Enterprise Edition">Abiquo Enterprise Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrix_Cloud" title="Citrix Cloud">Citrix Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deft_(company)" title="Deft (company)">Deft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalOcean" title="DigitalOcean">DigitalOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMC_Atmos" title="EMC Atmos">EMC Atmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_(software)" title="Eucalyptus (software)">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUJITSU_Cloud_IaaS_Trusted_Public_S5" title="FUJITSU Cloud IaaS Trusted Public S5">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenQloud" title="GreenQloud">GreenQloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iland" title="Iland">iland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linode" title="Linode">Linode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunacloud" title="Lunacloud">Lunacloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirantis" title="Mirantis">Mirantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlify" title="Netlify">Netlify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbula" title="Nimbula">Nimbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_(cloud_computing)" title="Nimbus (cloud computing)">Nimbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenIO" title="OpenIO">OpenIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenNebula" title="OpenNebula">OpenNebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStack" title="OpenStack">OpenStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Cloud" title="Oracle Cloud">Oracle Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrionVM" title="OrionVM">OrionVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rackspace_Cloud" title="Rackspace Cloud">Rackspace Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Swiss_Cloud" title="Safe Swiss Cloud">Safe Swiss Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadara" title="Zadara">Zadara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libvirt" title="Libvirt">libvirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libguestfs" title="Libguestfs">libguestfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVirt" title="OVirt">OVirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virt-manager" title="Virt-manager">Virtual Machine Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakame-vdc" title="Wakame-vdc">Wakame-vdc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vercel" title="Vercel">Vercel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Private_Cloud_OnDemand" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand">Virtual Private Cloud OnDemand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing" title="Category:Cloud computing">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cloud_computing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cloud computing"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parallel_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parallel_computing" title="Template talk:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel_computing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parallel computing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parallel_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit-level_parallelism" title="Bit-level parallelism">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism" title="Instruction-level parallelism">Instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_parallelism" title="Task parallelism">Task</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_parallelism" title="Data parallelism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory-level_parallelism" title="Memory-level parallelism">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop-level_parallelism" title="Loop-level parallelism">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">Pipeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_multithreading" title="Temporal multithreading">Temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous multithreading">Simultaneous</a> (SMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_and_heterogeneous_multithreading" title="Simultaneous and heterogeneous multithreading">Simultaneous and heterogenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_multithreading" title="Speculative multithreading">Speculative</a> (SpMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking#Cooperative_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer_(microarchitecture)#Bulldozer_core" title="Bulldozer (microarchitecture)">Clustered multi-thread</a> (CMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_scout" title="Hardware scout">Hardware scout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_RAM" title="Parallel RAM">PRAM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_external_memory" title="Parallel external memory">PEM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_parallel_algorithms" title="Analysis of parallel algorithms">Analysis of parallel algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl%27s_law" title="Amdahl's law">Amdahl's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustafson%27s_law" title="Gustafson's law">Gustafson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_efficiency" title="Cost efficiency">Cost efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karp%E2%80%93Flatt_metric" title="Karp–Flatt metric">Karp–Flatt metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedup" title="Speedup">Speedup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_(computer_science)" title="Fiber (computer science)">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_window" title="Instruction window">Instruction window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_(data_structure)" title="Array (data structure)">Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coordination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_coherence" title="Memory coherence">Memory coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">Cache coherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_invalidation" title="Cache invalidation">Cache invalidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_(computer_science)" title="Barrier (computer science)">Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)" title="Synchronization (computer science)">Synchronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_checkpointing" title="Application checkpointing">Application checkpointing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_parallelism" title="Implicit parallelism">Implicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_parallelism" title="Explicit parallelism">Explicit parallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_algorithm" title="Non-blocking algorithm">Non-blocking algorithm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Flynn's taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_single_data" title="Single instruction, single data">SISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">Array processing</a> (SIMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Pipelined_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Pipelined processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flynn%27s_taxonomy#Associative_processor" title="Flynn's taxonomy">Associative processing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_single_data" title="Multiple instruction, single data">MISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Multiple instruction, multiple data">MIMD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruction_pipelining" title="Instruction pipelining">Pipelined processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscalar_processor" title="Superscalar processor">Superscalar processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_memory" title="Semiconductor memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shared_memory" title="Shared memory">shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_memory" title="Distributed memory">distributed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory" title="Distributed shared memory">distributed shared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_memory_access" title="Uniform memory access">UMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access" title="Non-uniform memory access">NUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache-only_memory_architecture" title="Cache-only memory architecture">COMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel" title="Massively parallel">Massively parallel</a> computer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">Computer cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_cluster" title="Beowulf cluster">Beowulf cluster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateji_PX" title="Ateji PX">Ateji PX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_(C%2B%2B_libraries)" title="Boost (C++ libraries)">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPX" title="HPX">HPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm%2B%2B" title="Charm++">Charm++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilk" title="Cilk">Cilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarray_Fortran" title="Coarray Fortran">Coarray Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_AMP" title="C++ AMP">C++ AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Arrays" title="Global Arrays">Global Arrays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPUOpen" title="GPUOpen">GPUOpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface" title="Message Passing Interface">MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenHMPP" title="OpenHMPP">OpenHMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenACC" title="OpenACC">OpenACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Extensions" title="Parallel Extensions">Parallel Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_Machine" title="Parallel Virtual Machine">PVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pthreads" title="Pthreads">pthreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaftLib" title="RaftLib">RaftLib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROCm" title="ROCm">ROCm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Parallel_C" title="Unified Parallel C">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_Building_Blocks" title="Threading Building Blocks">TBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZPL_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZPL (programming language)">ZPL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_parallelization" title="Automatic parallelization">Automatic parallelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">Deadlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterministic_algorithm" title="Deterministic algorithm">Deterministic algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">Embarrassingly parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_slowdown" title="Parallel slowdown">Parallel slowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_condition" title="Race condition">Race condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_lockout" title="Software lockout">Software lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(computer_science)" title="Starvation (computer science)">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7623494-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2008004883">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161618972">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161618972">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01155705">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="cloud computing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph579331&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5130063">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000161794&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556949005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Informatique dans les 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