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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Cartwright</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ماري كارترايت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري كارترايت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مری کارترایت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مری کارترایت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="মেরি কার্টরাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরি কার্টরাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwrightov%C3%A1" title="Mary Cartwrightová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mary Cartwrightová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%84" title="Μαίρη Κάρτραιτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαίρη Κάρτραιτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="مری کارترایت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری کارترایت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="메리 카트라이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 카트라이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="מרי קרטרייט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי קרטרייט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მერი ქართრაიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერი ქართრაიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82" title="Мери Картрајт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мери Картрајт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مارى كارترايت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى كارترايت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Картрайт, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картрайт, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lucy_Cartwright" title="Mary Lucy Cartwright – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mary Lucy Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="மேரி கார்ட்ரைட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேரி கார்ட்ரைட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mary Cartwright" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Мері Картрайт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мері Картрайт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q452158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mary_Cartwright" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British mathematician (1900–1998)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a></div><div class="fn">Mary Cartwright</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire">DBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_cartwright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Mary_cartwright.jpg/220px-Mary_cartwright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Mary_cartwright.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-12-17</span>)</span>17 December 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Aynho" title="Aynho">Aynho</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 April 1998<span style="display:none">(1998-04-03)</span> (aged 97)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford">St Hugh's College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartwright%27s_Theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartwright's Theorem (page does not exist)">Cartwright's Theorem</a></li> <li>Research about the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Medal" title="Sylvester Medal">Sylvester Medal</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hayman" title="Walter Hayman">Walter Hayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McHarg" title="Elizabeth McHarg">Elizabeth McHarg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Scott_Macintyre" title="Sheila Scott Macintyre">Sheila Scott Macintyre</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire">DBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span> (17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a British mathematician. She was one of the pioneers of what would later become known as <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/J._E._Littlewood" class="mw-redirect" title="J. E. Littlewood">J. E. Littlewood</a>, Cartwright saw many solutions to a problem which would later be seen as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">butterfly effect</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Young_Skewes_Schieldrop_Tricomi_Cartwright_Zurich1932.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Mary Cartwright (far right) at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary Cartwright was born on 17 December 1900, in <a href="/wiki/Aynho" title="Aynho">Aynho</a>, Northamptonshire, where her father William Digby was <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a>. Through her grandmother Jane Holbech, she descended from poet <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Mompesson" title="William Mompesson">William Mompesson</a>, Vicar of Eyam.<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had four siblings, two older and two younger: John (born 1896), Nigel (born 1898), Jane (born 1905), and William (born 1907).<sup id="cite_ref-mcs-andrews_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcs-andrews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her early education was at Leamington High School (1912–1915), and then at Gravely Manor School in <a href="/wiki/Boscombe" title="Boscombe">Boscombe</a> (1915–1916) before completion in <a href="/wiki/Godolphin_School" title="Godolphin School">Godolphin School</a> in Salisbury (1916–1919).<sup id="cite_ref-royalsoced1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royalsoced1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartwright studied mathematics at <a href="/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St Hugh's College, Oxford">St Hugh's College, Oxford</a>, graduating in 1923 with a first class degree. She was the first woman to attain the final degree lectures and to obtain a first. She briefly taught at <a href="/wiki/Alice_Ottley_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Ottley School">Alice Ottley School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wycombe_Abbey_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycombe Abbey School">Wycombe Abbey School</a> in Buckinghamshire before returning to Oxford in 1928 to read for her <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">D.Phil</a>. Cartwright was supervised by <a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> in her doctoral studies. During the academic year 1928–9 Hardy was at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a>, so it was <a href="/wiki/E._C._Titchmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="E. C. Titchmarsh">E. C. Titchmarsh</a> who took over the duties as a supervisor. Her thesis "The Zeros of Integral Functions of Special Types" was examined by <a href="/wiki/J._E._Littlewood" class="mw-redirect" title="J. E. Littlewood">J. E. Littlewood</a>, whom she met for the first time as an external examiner in her oral examination for that 1930 D.Phil.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Cartwright was awarded a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yarrow_Research_Fellowship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yarrow Research Fellowship (page does not exist)">Yarrow Research Fellowship</a> and went to <a href="/wiki/Girton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Girton College">Girton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> to continue working on the topic of her doctoral thesis. Attending Littlewood's lectures, she solved one of the open problems which he posed. Her mathematical theorem, now known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartwright%27s_Theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartwright's Theorem (page does not exist)">Cartwright's Theorem</a>, gives an estimate for the maximum modulus of an <a href="/wiki/Analytic_function" title="Analytic function">analytic function</a> that takes the same value no more than <i>p</i> times in the <a href="/wiki/Unit_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit disc">unit disc</a>. To prove the theorem she used a new approach, applying a technique introduced by <a href="/wiki/Lars_Ahlfors" title="Lars Ahlfors">Lars Ahlfors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Conformal_geometry" title="Conformal geometry">conformal mappings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright_obituary_ams.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright_obituary_ams.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout her career, Cartwright wrote over ninety articles on several different mathematical concepts. Her contributions extended to topics such as the Dirichlet series, Abel summation, directions of Borel spreads, analytic functions regular on the unit disk, the zeros of integral functions, maximum and minimum moduli, and functions of finite order in an angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright_obituary_ams.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright_obituary_ams.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1936, Cartwright became director of studies in mathematics at Girton College. In 1938, she began work on a new project which had a major impact on the direction of her research. The Radio Research Board of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> produced a memorandum regarding <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Pol_oscillator" title="Van der Pol oscillator">certain differential equations</a> which came out of modelling radio and radar work.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They asked the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a> if they could help find a mathematician who could work on these problems and she became interested. The dynamics lying behind the problems were unfamiliar to Cartwright, so she approached Littlewood for help with this aspect. They began to collaborate studying the equations, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Pol_oscillator" title="Van der Pol oscillator">Van der Pol oscillator</a>, which greatly surprised the two:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For something to do we went on and on at the thing with no earthly prospect of "results"; suddenly the whole vista of the dramatic fine structure of solutions stared us in the face.<sup id="cite_ref-Littlewood_Miscellany_Bollobás_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littlewood_Miscellany_Bollobás-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The fine structure described here is today seen to be a typical instance of the <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">butterfly effect</a>. The collaboration led to important results which have greatly influenced the direction that the modern theory of <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamical systems">dynamical systems</a> has taken.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hayman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the duo did not supply the answer in time, they succeeded in directing the engineers' attention away from faulty equipment towards practical ways of compensating for the electrical "noise"—or erratic fluctuations—being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Cartwright simplified <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hermite" title="Charles Hermite">Hermite</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proof_that_%CF%80_is_irrational#Cartwright.27s_proof" title="Proof that π is irrational">elementary proof of the irrationality of <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">π</span></a>. She set her version of the proof as a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Tripos" title="Mathematical Tripos">Tripos</a> question, later published in an appendix to Sir <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a>' book <i>Scientific Inference</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffreys_Inference_1973_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffreys_Inference_1973-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, she was elected to be a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-frs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although she was not the first woman to be elected to that Society, she was the first female mathematician.<sup id="cite_ref-obituary_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obituary-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hayman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hayman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cartwright was appointed Mistress of Girton in 1948 and a Reader in the Theory of Functions in Cambridge in 1959 until 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1957 to 1960, she was president of the Cambridge Association of University Women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring from Girton, she was a visiting professor at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> from 1968 to 1969 and at <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate School</a> from 1969 to 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cartwright died in Cambridge, on 3 April 1998 at the age of 97.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartwright_obituary_ams.org_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartwright_obituary_ams.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartwright was the first woman: </p> <ul><li>to serve on the Council of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to be President of the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association" title="Mathematical Association">Mathematical Association</a> (in 1951)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to be President of the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a> (in 1961–62)<sup id="cite_ref-mcs-andrews_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcs-andrews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to receive the <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Medal" title="Sylvester Medal">Sylvester Medal</a> (in 1964)<sup id="cite_ref-mcs-andrews_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcs-andrews-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to receive the <a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a>, the highest award of the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a> (in 1968)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1968, Cartwright became the first woman to receive the <a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a>, the highest award of the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was elected an Honorary Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, she received the distinction of being honoured by the Queen, becoming Dame Mary Cartwright, <a href="/wiki/Dame_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cartwright died in Midfield Lodge Nursing Home in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-royalsoced1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royalsoced1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCartwrightLittlewood1945" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cartwright, M. L.; <a href="/wiki/J._E._Littlewood" class="mw-redirect" title="J. E. Littlewood">Littlewood, J. E.</a> (1945). "On Non-Linear Differential Equations of the Second Order: I. the Equation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ddot {y}}-k(1-y^{2}){\dot {y}}+y=b\lambda k\cos(\lambda t+\alpha ),}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>y</mi> <mo>¨</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>y</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>cos</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ddot {y}}-k(1-y^{2}){\dot {y}}+y=b\lambda k\cos(\lambda t+\alpha ),}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02787aec1ee46daa341efb51a63db90e27878627" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.819ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ddot {y}}-k(1-y^{2}){\dot {y}}+y=b\lambda k\cos(\lambda t+\alpha ),}"></span> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span> Large". <i>Journal of the London Mathematical Society</i>. s1-20 (3). Wiley: 180–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-20.3.180">10.1112/jlms/s1-20.3.180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6107">0024-6107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=On+Non-Linear+Differential+Equations+of+the+Second+Order%3A+I.+the+Equation+MATH+RENDER+ERROR+MATH+RENDER+ERROR+Large&rft.volume=s1-20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180-189&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-20.3.180&rft.issn=0024-6107&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft.au=Littlewood%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1962" class="citation book cs1">Cartwright, M. L. (1962). <i>Integral functions</i>. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics and Mathematical Physics. University Press, Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8697638">8697638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integral+functions&rft.series=Cambridge+Tracts+in+Mathematics+and+Mathematical+Physics&rft.pub=University+Press%2C+Cambridge&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8697638&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright1964" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cartwright, M. L. (1964). "From Non-Linear Oscillations to Topological Dynamics". <i>Journal of the London Mathematical Society</i>. s1-39 (1). Wiley: 193–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-39.1.193">10.1112/jlms/s1-39.1.193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6107">0024-6107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=From+Non-Linear+Oscillations+to+Topological+Dynamics&rft.volume=s1-39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-201&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fjlms%2Fs1-39.1.193&rft.issn=0024-6107&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Obituaries/Cartwright/">"Obituary: Mary Cartwright"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Mary+Cartwright&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FObituaries%2FCartwright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman J. Dyson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQeKFG01s-oC&pg=PA169"><i>Mary Lucy Cartwright (1900–1998): Chaos theory</i></a>, pp. 169–177, in <i>Out of the Shadows: Contributions of Twentieth-Century Women to Physics</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Nina_Byers" title="Nina Byers">Nina Byers</a> and Gary Williams, 498 p. (Cambridge University Press, 2006); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82197-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82197-5">0-521-82197-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=18533">Mary Cartwright</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cartwright.html">"Mary Cartwright"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Cartwright&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCartwright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcs-andrews-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcs-andrews_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcs-andrews_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcs-andrews_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cartwright.html">"Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright"</a>. School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dame+Mary+Lucy+Cartwright&rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics%2C+University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCartwright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royalsoced1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royalsoced1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royalsoced1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">"Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Obituaries+Electronic+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mistress+of+Girton+whose+mathematical+work+formed+the+basis+of+chaos+theory&rft.date=1998-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwp.library.ucla.edu%2Farticles%2Febcart11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hayman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hayman_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hayman_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Hayman2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hayman" title="Walter Hayman">Walter Hayman</a> (1 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/46/19">"Dame Mary (Lucy) Cartwright, D.B.E. 17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>46</b>: 19–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0070">10.1098/rsbm.1999.0070</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0070">"Dame Mary (Lucy) Cartwright, D.B.E. 17 December 1900 – 3 April 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1947"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>46</b>: 19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0070">10.1098/rsbm.1999.0070</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Dame+Mary+%28Lucy%29+Cartwright%2C+D.B.E.+17+December+1900+%E2%80%93+3+April+1998%3A+Elected+F.R.S.+1947&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0070&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Walter+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1999.0070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Cartwright, Dame Mary Lucy (1900–1998), mathematician | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=Dame+Mary+Lucy+Cartwright+Hon+FRSE&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rse.org.uk%2Ffellow%2Fmary-lucy-cartwright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Cartwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Cartwright&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/cartwght.htm">Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright</a> at Biographies of Women Mathematicians, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Scott_College" title="Agnes Scott College">Agnes Scott College</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Teresa_Blake_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathleen Teresa Blake Butler">Kathleen Teresa Blake Butler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mistresses_of_Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="List of Mistresses of Girton College, Cambridge">Mistress of</a> <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1949–1968 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/M._C._Bradbrook" title="M. C. Bradbrook">Muriel Clara Bradbrook</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chaos_theory" title="Template:Chaos theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chaos_theory" title="Template talk:Chaos theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chaos_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chaos theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chaos_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">Chaos theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Core" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="margin: 10px 0px">Core</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attractor" title="Attractor">Attractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_theory" title="Bifurcation theory">Bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_set" title="Limit set">Limit set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapunov_exponent" title="Lyapunov exponent">Lyapunov exponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_(dynamics)" title="Orbit (dynamics)">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_point" title="Periodic point">Periodic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_space" title="Phase space">Phase space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anosov_diffeomorphism" title="Anosov diffeomorphism">Anosov diffeomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_tongue" title="Arnold tongue">Arnold tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_A" title="Axiom A">axiom A dynamical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_diagram" title="Bifurcation diagram">Bifurcation diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box-counting_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Box-counting dimension">Box-counting dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correlation_dimension" title="Correlation dimension">Correlation dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_system" title="Conservative system">Conservative system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodicity" title="Ergodicity">Ergodicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_nearest_neighbors" class="mw-redirect" title="False nearest neighbors">False nearest neighbors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausdorff_dimension" title="Hausdorff dimension">Hausdorff dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariant_measure" title="Invariant measure">Invariant measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyapunov_stability" title="Lyapunov stability">Lyapunov stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure-preserving_dynamical_system" title="Measure-preserving dynamical system">Measure-preserving dynamical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_(mathematics)" title="Mixing (mathematics)">Mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Poincaré section">Poincaré section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrence_plot" title="Recurrence plot">Recurrence plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRB_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="SRB measure">SRB measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_manifold" title="Stable manifold">Stable manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topological_conjugacy" title="Topological conjugacy">Topological conjugacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="margin: 10px 0px">Theorems</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_theory#Ergodic_theorems" title="Ergodic theory">Ergodic theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liouville%27s_theorem_(Hamiltonian)" title="Liouville's theorem (Hamiltonian)">Liouville's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krylov%E2%80%93Bogolyubov_theorem" title="Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem">Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%E2%80%93Bendixson_theorem" title="Poincaré–Bendixson theorem">Poincaré–Bendixson theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_recurrence_theorem" title="Poincaré recurrence theorem">Poincaré recurrence theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_manifold_theorem" title="Stable manifold theorem">Stable manifold theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takens%27s_theorem" title="Takens's theorem">Takens's theorem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Conus textile shell"><img alt="Conus textile shell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png/100px-C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png/150px-C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png/200px-C%C3%B4ne_textileII.png 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="4211" /></a></span> <p><br /> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Circle map with black Arnold tongues"><img alt="Circle map with black Arnold tongues" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg/100px-Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg/150px-Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg/200px-Circle_map_poincare_recurrence.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bifurcation_theory" title="Bifurcation theory">Bifurcation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_chaos" title="Control of chaos">Control of chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">Dynamical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_theory" title="Ergodic theory">Ergodic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chaos" title="Quantum chaos">Quantum chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_theory" title="Stability theory">Stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_of_chaos" title="Synchronization of chaos">Synchronization of chaos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaotic<br />maps (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chaotic_maps" title="List of chaotic maps">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="margin: 10px 0px">Discrete</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold%27s_cat_map" title="Arnold's cat map">Arnold's cat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker%27s_map" title="Baker's map">Baker's map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_quadratic_polynomial" title="Complex quadratic polynomial">Complex quadratic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_map_lattice" title="Coupled map lattice">Coupled map lattice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffing_map" title="Duffing map">Duffing map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyadic_transformation" title="Dyadic transformation">Dyadic transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamical_billiards" title="Dynamical billiards">Dynamical billiards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_billiards" title="Outer billiards">outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_map_(discrete_dynamical_systems)" title="Exponential map (discrete dynamical systems)">Exponential map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_iterated_map" title="Gauss iterated map">Gauss map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbreadman_map" title="Gingerbreadman map">Gingerbreadman map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9non_map" title="Hénon map">Hénon map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_map" title="Horseshoe map">Horseshoe map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikeda_map" title="Ikeda map">Ikeda map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_exchange_transformation" title="Interval exchange transformation">Interval exchange map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_rotation" title="Irrational rotation">Irrational rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Yorke_map" title="Kaplan–Yorke map">Kaplan–Yorke map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langton%27s_ant" title="Langton's ant">Langton's ant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_map" title="Logistic map">Logistic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_map" title="Standard map">Standard map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_map" title="Tent map">Tent map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkerbell_map" title="Tinkerbell map">Tinkerbell map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaslavskii_map" title="Zaslavskii map">Zaslavskii map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="margin: 10px 0px">Continuous</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_scroll_attractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Double scroll attractor">Double scroll attractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffing_equation" title="Duffing equation">Duffing equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_system" title="Lorenz system">Lorenz system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations" title="Lotka–Volterra equations">Lotka–Volterra equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackey%E2%80%93Glass_equations" title="Mackey–Glass equations">Mackey–Glass equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabinovich%E2%80%93Fabrikant_equations" title="Rabinovich–Fabrikant equations">Rabinovich–Fabrikant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ssler_attractor" title="Rössler attractor">Rössler attractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-body_problem" title="Three-body problem">Three-body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Pol_oscillator" title="Van der Pol oscillator">Van der Pol oscillator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chua%27s_circuit" title="Chua's circuit">Chua's circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh%E2%80%93B%C3%A9nard_convection" title="Rayleigh–Bénard convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_pendulum" title="Double pendulum">Double pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_pendulum" title="Elastic pendulum">Elastic pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Pasta%E2%80%93Ulam%E2%80%93Tsingou_problem" title="Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem">FPUT problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9non%E2%80%93Heiles_system" title="Hénon–Heiles system">Hénon–Heiles system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kicked_rotator" title="Kicked rotator">Kicked rotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiscroll_attractor" title="Multiscroll attractor">Multiscroll attractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Atwood%27s_machine" title="Swinging Atwood's machine">Swinging Atwood's machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt-A-Whirl" title="Tilt-A-Whirl">Tilt-A-Whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaos<br />theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Bowen" title="Rufus Bowen">Rufus Bowen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Guanrong" title="Chen Guanrong">Chen Guanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_O._Chua" title="Leon O. Chua">Leon O. Chua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grassberger" title="Peter Grassberger">Peter Grassberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celso_Grebogi" title="Celso Grebogi">Celso Grebogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gutzwiller" title="Martin Gutzwiller">Martin Gutzwiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosl_Hasslacher" title="Brosl Hasslacher">Brosl Hasslacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_H%C3%A9non" title="Michel Hénon">Michel Hénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Jitomirskaya" title="Svetlana Jitomirskaya">Svetlana Jitomirskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryna_Kra" title="Bryna Kra">Bryna Kra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Norton Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Lyapunov" title="Aleksandr Lyapunov">Aleksandr Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hee_Oh" title="Hee Oh">Hee Oh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ott" title="Edward Ott">Edward Ott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Procaccia" title="Itamar Procaccia">Itamar Procaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rees" title="Mary Rees">Mary Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Otto Rössler">Otto Rössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ruelle" title="David Ruelle">David Ruelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Series" title="Caroline Series">Caroline Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sinai" title="Yakov Sinai">Yakov Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Mykolayovych_Sharkovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Mykolayovych Sharkovsky">Oleksandr Mykolayovych Sharkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Snaith" title="Nina Snaith">Nina Snaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floris_Takens" title="Floris Takens">Floris Takens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Terras" title="Audrey Terras">Audrey Terras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tsingou" title="Mary Tsingou">Mary Tsingou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Viana" title="Marcelo Viana">Marcelo Viana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amie_Wilkinson" title="Amie Wilkinson">Amie Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Yorke" title="James A. Yorke">James A. 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