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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Traditional use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Popularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nicotiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicotiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Nicotiana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicotiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Curing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Global production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Major producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems_in_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems_in_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Problems in production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems_in_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Child labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Genetic modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Field trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Enema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nasal administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smoked" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smoked"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Smoked</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smoked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_mouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_mouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In the mouth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_mouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Topical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Demographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Radioactivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tobacco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tabak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tabak" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%88%86" title="ትምባሆ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትምባሆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81" title="तंबाकु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तंबाकु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABpw%C4%93od" title="Pīpwēod – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pīpwēod" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%BA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="تبغ شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبغ شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tabaco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutumi" title="Tutumi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Tutumi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ধঁপাত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধঁপাত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabacu" title="Tabacu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tabacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="सुर्ती – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सुर्ती" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%E1%BB%B9ngue" title="Petỹngue – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Petỹngue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="توتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temako" title="Temako – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Temako" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="তামাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaku" title="Timbaku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Timbaku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta-b%C3%A1-koh" title="Ta-bá-koh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ta-bá-koh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Тәмәке (сеймал) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәмәке (сеймал)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Тытунь (сыравіна) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тытунь (сыравіна)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Тытунь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тытунь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD" title="Тютюн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тютюн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhan_(proizvod)" title="Duhan (proizvod) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Duhan (proizvod)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butun" title="Butun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Butun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тамхи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тамхи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabac" title="Tabac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tabac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodya" title="Fodya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Fodya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tybaco" title="Tybaco – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tybaco" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaksvare" title="Tobaksvare – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tobaksvare" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwack" title="Duwack – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Duwack" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tabak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="सुर्ती – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सुर्ती" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubakas_(aine)" title="Tubakas (aine) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tubakas (aine)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CF%86%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C)" title="Καπνός (φυτό) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καπνός (φυτό)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A2ch" title="Tabâch – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Tabâch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tabako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تنباکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنباکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaakuu" title="Tamaakuu – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamaakuu" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubbak" title="Tubbak – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tubbak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabac" title="Tabac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tabac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tabak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobac" title="Tobac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tobac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco_(planta)" title="Tabaco (planta) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tabaco (planta)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82" title="तंबाकू – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तंबाकू" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82" title="तम्बाकू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तम्बाकू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhan_(proizvod)" title="Duhan (proizvod) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duhan (proizvod)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tabako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tabako" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembakau" title="Tembakau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembakau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tabaco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugwayi" title="Ugwayi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ugwayi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3bak" title="Tóbak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tóbak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabacco" title="Tabacco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tabacco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A7_(%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%9D)" title="טבק (חומר גלם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבק (חומר גלם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bako" title="Bako – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bako" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taba" title="Taba – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Taba" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ತಂಬಾಕು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಂಬಾಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8E%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%BE" title="تَموکھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تَموکھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Темекі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темекі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaku" title="Tumbaku – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tumbaku" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Тамеки – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тамеки" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabacum" title="Tabacum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tabacum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaka" title="Tabaka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tabaka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakas" title="Tabakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tabakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toebak" title="Toebak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toebak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tabaco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabach" title="Tabach – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tabach" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny" title="Dohány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dohány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="सुर्ती – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुर्ती" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Тутун (производ) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тутун (производ)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraky" title="Paraky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paraky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="പുകയില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുകയില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%82" title="तंबाखू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तंबाखू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="თუთუმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თუთუმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembakau" title="Tembakau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembakau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbakau" title="Timbakau – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Timbakau" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tabaco" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тамхи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамхи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဆေးလိပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆေးလိပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak" title="Tabak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tabak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="सुर्ती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुर्ती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सुर्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सुर्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%9F%E3%81%B0%E3%81%93" title="たばこ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="たばこ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobakk" title="Tobakk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tobakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobakk" title="Tobakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tobakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27tun" title="P'tun – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="P'tun" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabat" title="Tabat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tabat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC" title="ତମାଖୁର ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ପ୍ରଭାବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତମାଖୁର ସ୍ଵାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ପ୍ରଭାବ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaki" title="Tamaki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamaki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82" title="ਤਮਾਕੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਾਕੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamako%5E" title="Tamako^ – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tamako^" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%88" title="تماکھو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تماکھو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تمباکو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تمباکو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabach" title="Tabach – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tabach" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobak" title="Tobak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tobak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyto%C5%84_(produkt)" title="Tytoń (produkt) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tytoń (produkt)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutun" title="Tutun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tutun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%91)" title="Табак (сырьё) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Табак (сырьё)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Табах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Табах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhani" title="Duhani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Duhani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%85" title="දුම්කොළ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දුම්කොළ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tobacco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AA" title="تماڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تماڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak_(produkt)" title="Tabak (produkt) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tabak (produkt)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobak" title="Tobak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tobak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buuri" title="Buuri – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Buuri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86" title="تووتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تووتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Дуван (производ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дуван (производ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhan_(proizvod)" title="Duhan (proizvod) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duhan (proizvod)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupakka" title="Tupakka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tupakka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobak" title="Tobak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tobak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabako" title="Tabako – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tabako" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="புகையிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புகையிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%B5_(%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Тәмәке (чимал) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәмәке (чимал)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/tbaku%27" title="tbaku' – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="tbaku'" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A" title="ยาสูบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยาสูบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಪುಗೆರೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪುಗೆರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCt%C3%BCn" title="Tütün – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tütün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Тютюн (сировина) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тютюн (сировина)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88" title="تمباکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمباکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toebak" title="Toebak – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Toebak" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabak%C3%B2" title="Tabakò – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tabakò" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="烟草" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tabacco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tabacco (disambiguation)">Tabacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabaco" title="Tabaco">Tabaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the plant genus, see <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tobacco (disambiguation)">Tobacco (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="float: right; width: 25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Tobacco</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DunhillLightFlake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DunhillLightFlake.jpg/220px-DunhillLightFlake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DunhillLightFlake.jpg/330px-DunhillLightFlake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/DunhillLightFlake.jpg/440px-DunhillLightFlake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tobacco flakes, sliced from pressed plugs</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source plant(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part(s) of plant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">The Americas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Active_ingredients" class="mw-redirect" title="Active ingredients">Active ingredients</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmine" title="Harmine">harmine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uses</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational</a>, Sacred, Medical, Religious, Traditional, Peacemaking</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_E" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class E</a> (Controlled plants)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr></small>: Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/General_sales_list" class="mw-redirect" title="General sales list">General sales list</a> (GSL, OTC)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small>  Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>:</small> Unscheduled</li> <li>In general, legal and regulated as a controlled substance for recreational use in most countries, tobacco smuggling or homemade tobacco making or growing is illegal. 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tobacco" title="Category:Tobacco">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunhill Early Morning Pipe Tobacco"><img alt="Dunhill Early Morning Pipe Tobacco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/150px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/225px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/300px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tobacco" title="History of tobacco">History of tobacco</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Chemistry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke"> Smoke</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" title="Nicotiana tabacum">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tobacco_diseases" title="List of tobacco diseases">Tobacco diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco" title="Types of tobacco"> Types</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Personal and social effects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevalence of tobacco consumption">Prevalence of consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing"> Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_art" title="Tobacco and art"> Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_and_other_drugs" title="Tobacco and other drugs">Tobacco and other drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control"> Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics"> Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacconist" title="Tobacconist">Tobacconist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Production</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco"> Cultivation </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco" title="Curing of tobacco"> Curing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry"> Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco products"> Products</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tobacco" title="Template:Tobacco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tobacco" title="Template talk:Tobacco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tobacco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tobacco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford,_Victoria,_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia.jpg/220px-A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia.jpg/330px-A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia.jpg/440px-A_traditional_tobacco_drying_kiln_in_Myrtleford%2C_Victoria%2C_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco drying kiln in <a href="/wiki/Myrtleford" title="Myrtleford">Myrtleford, Victoria, Australia</a>, 2018. This kiln was built in 1957, and moved to Rotary Park in 2000. Kilns of this design were built from the early 1930s through to the late 1960s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg/220px-Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg/330px-Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg/440px-Basma-tobacco-drying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="3366" /></a><figcaption>Basma tobacco leaves drying in the sun at <a href="/wiki/Pomak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomak">Pomak</a> village in <a href="/wiki/Xanthi,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthi, Greece">Xanthi, Greece</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tobacco</b> is the common name of several plants in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></i> of the family <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, and the general term for any product prepared from the <a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco" title="Curing of tobacco">cured</a> leaves of these plants. <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana#Species" title="Nicotiana">More than 70 species</a> of tobacco are known, but the chief commercial crop is <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" title="Nicotiana tabacum"><i>N. tabacum</i></a>. The more potent variant <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica" title="Nicotiana rustica"><i>N. rustica</i></a> is also used in some countries. </p><p>Dried tobacco leaves are mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">smoking</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pipe_smoking" title="Pipe smoking">pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mu%27assel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'assel">shishas</a>. They can also be consumed as <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">snuff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipping_tobacco" title="Dipping tobacco">dipping tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snus" title="Snus">snus</a>. </p><p>Tobacco contains the highly addictive <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid" title="Harmala alkaloid">harmala alkaloids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco use is a cause or risk factor for many deadly diseases, especially those affecting the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco#Cancer" title="Health effects of tobacco">many cancers</a>. In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> named tobacco use as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_2008_mpower-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg/220px-Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg/330px-Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg/440px-Fumo_Mercado_Minas_Gerais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>In Minas Gerais, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word 'tobacco' originates from the Spanish word <i>tabaco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The precise origin of this word is disputed, but it is generally thought to have derived, at least in part, from <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language" title="Taíno language">Taíno</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. In Taíno, it was said to mean either a roll of tobacco leaves (according to <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, 1552), or to <i>tabago</i>, a kind of L-shaped pipe used for sniffing tobacco smoke (according to Oviedo, with the leaves themselves being referred to as <i>cohiba</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernst_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, perhaps coincidentally, similar words in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian were used from 1410 for certain medicinal <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>. These probably derived from the Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طُبّاق</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭubbāq</i></span> (also <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">طُباق</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭubāq</i></span>), a word reportedly dating to the ninth century, referring to various herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_tobacco" title="History of tobacco">History of tobacco</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="History of commercial tobacco in the United States">History of commercial tobacco in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Michael_Harnett_(American,_1848-1892)._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco,_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Michael_Harnett_%28American%2C_1848-1892%29._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco%2C_1880.jpg/220px-William_Michael_Harnett_%28American%2C_1848-1892%29._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco%2C_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Michael_Harnett_%28American%2C_1848-1892%29._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco%2C_1880.jpg/330px-William_Michael_Harnett_%28American%2C_1848-1892%29._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco%2C_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/William_Michael_Harnett_%28American%2C_1848-1892%29._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco%2C_1880.jpg/440px-William_Michael_Harnett_%28American%2C_1848-1892%29._Still_Life_with_Three_Castles_Tobacco%2C_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Harnett" class="mw-redirect" title="William Michael Harnett">William Michael Harnett</a> (American, 1848–1892), <i>Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco</i>, 1880, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois mythology</a>, tobacco <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">first grew</a> out of Earth Woman's head after she <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">died giving birth</a> to her <a href="/wiki/Twin" title="Twin">twin sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hahgwehdiyu" title="Hahgwehdiyu">Sapling and Flint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_use">Traditional use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chute_tobacco.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chute_tobacco.JPG/220px-Chute_tobacco.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chute_tobacco.JPG/330px-Chute_tobacco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chute_tobacco.JPG/440px-Chute_tobacco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>The earliest depiction of a European man smoking, from <i>Tobacco</i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Chute" title="Anthony Chute">Anthony Chute</a>, 1595</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajput_(Jodhpur)_(8411728143).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rajput_%28Jodhpur%29_%288411728143%29.jpg/220px-Rajput_%28Jodhpur%29_%288411728143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rajput_%28Jodhpur%29_%288411728143%29.jpg/330px-Rajput_%28Jodhpur%29_%288411728143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rajput_%28Jodhpur%29_%288411728143%29.jpg/440px-Rajput_%28Jodhpur%29_%288411728143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> man smoking tobacco through a <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthan, India">Rajasthan, India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tobacco has long been used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Native American tribes traditionally grow and use tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-leonard_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leonard-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, people from the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeast Woodlands cultures</a> have carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item. It was smoked both socially and <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">ceremonially</a>, such as to seal a peace treaty or trade agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some Native cultures, tobacco is seen as a gift from the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a>, with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Native Americans consider tobacco to be a medicine and advocate for its respectful usage, rather than a commercial one.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularization">Popularization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Smoking_Club.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Smoking_Club.jpeg/220px-A_Smoking_Club.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Smoking_Club.jpeg/330px-A_Smoking_Club.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_Smoking_Club.jpeg/440px-A_Smoking_Club.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Fairholt" title="Frederick William Fairholt">Frederick William Fairholt</a>'s <i>Tobacco, its History and Association</i>, 1859</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf,_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf%2C_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf%2C_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf%2C_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf%2C_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf%2C_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_-_26868_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Tobacco_plant_and_tobacco_leaf%2C_Deli_-_circa_1905.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf from the <a href="/wiki/Deli_Company" title="Deli Company">Deli plantations</a> in Sumatra, 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Toledo" title="Francisco Hernández de Toledo">Francisco Hernández de Toledo</a>, Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring tobacco seeds to the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> in 1559 following orders of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>. These seeds were planted in the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, more specifically in an area known as "Los Cigarrales" named after the continuous plagues of cicadas (<i>cigarras</i> in Spanish). Before the development of the lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, the smoke was too harsh to be inhaled. Small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the <i><a href="/wiki/Midwakh" title="Midwakh">midwakh</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">kiseru</a>,</i> or newly invented waterpipes such as the <a href="/wiki/Bong" title="Bong">bong</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">hookah</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica#Vietnam" title="Nicotiana rustica">thuốc lào</a> for a modern continuance of this practice). Tobacco became so popular that the English colony of Jamestown used it as currency and began exporting it as a cash crop; tobacco is often credited as being the export that saved Virginia from ruin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a lucrative product, the growing expansion of tobacco demand was intimately tied to the history of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> in the Caribbean. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alleged benefits of tobacco also contributed to its success. The astronomer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harriot" title="Thomas Harriot">Thomas Harriot</a>, who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Grenville">Sir Richard Grenville</a> on his 1585 expedition to <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>, thought that the plant "openeth all the pores and passages of the body" so that the bodies of the natives "are notably preserved in health, and know not many grievous diseases, wherewithal we in England are often times afflicted."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Production of tobacco for smoking, chewing, and snuffing became a major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco has been a major <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. Cuban cigars are world-famous.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular. <a href="/wiki/James_Bonsack" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bonsack">James Bonsack</a> invented a machine to automate cigarette production. This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a> until the health revelations of the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Tobacco in the United States</a></div> <p>Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco was condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became recognized as a cause of cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, this led to the adoption of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a>, which settled the many lawsuits by the U.S. states in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Brown_%26_Williamson" title="Brown & Williamson">Brown & Williamson</a> cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce <a href="/wiki/Y1_(tobacco)" title="Y1 (tobacco)">Y1</a>, a strain containing an unusually high nicotine content, nearly doubling from 3.2 to 3.5%, to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> to allege that <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco companies</a> were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The desire of many addicted smokers to quit has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">tobacco cessation products</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the World Health Organization<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The convention is designed to push for effective legislation and enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2019 and 2021, concerns about increased COVID-19 health risks due to tobacco consumption facilitated smoking reduction and cessation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tobacco" title="Special:EditPage/Tobacco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicotiana"><i>Nicotiana</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nicotiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicotiana" title="Nicotiana">Nicotiana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tobacco_diseases" title="List of tobacco diseases">List of tobacco diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicotine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nicotine.svg/220px-Nicotine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nicotine.svg/330px-Nicotine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Nicotine.svg/440px-Nicotine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> is the compound responsible for the addictive nature of tobacco use.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg/170px-Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg/255px-Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg/340px-Native_American_tobacco_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco (<i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_rustica" title="Nicotiana rustica">Nicotiana rustica</a></i>) flower, leaves, and buds</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of tobacco are in the genus of herbs <i>Nicotiana</i>. It is part of the nightshade <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>) indigenous to North and South America, Australia, south west Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">South Pacific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most nightshades contain varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, a powerful <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>. However, tobaccos tend to contain a much higher concentration of nicotine than the others. Unlike many other Solanaceae species, they do not contain <a href="/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid" title="Tropane alkaloid">tropane alkaloids</a>, which are often poisonous to humans and other animals. </p><p>Despite containing enough nicotine and other compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Germacrene" title="Germacrene">germacrene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">anabasine</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">piperidine</a> alkaloids (varying between species) to deter most <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of such animals have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> the ability to feed on <i>Nicotiana</i> species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species due to its other attributes. For example, although the <a href="/wiki/Cabbage_looper" title="Cabbage looper">cabbage looper</a> is a generalist pest, tobacco's gummosis and trichomes can harm early larvae survival.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, some tobacco plants (chiefly <i>N. glauca</i>) have become established as <a href="/wiki/Invasive_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive weed">invasive weeds</a> in some places. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco" title="Types of tobacco">Types of tobacco</a></div> <p>The types of tobacco include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco#Aromatic_Fire-cured" title="Types of tobacco">Aromatic fire-cured</a> is cured by smoke from open fires. In the United States, it is grown in northern middle <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Fire-cured tobacco grown in Kentucky and Tennessee is used in some chewing tobaccos, moist snuff, some cigarettes, and as a condiment in pipe tobacco blends. Another fire-cured tobacco is <a href="/wiki/Latakia_(tobacco)" title="Latakia (tobacco)">Latakia</a>, which is produced from oriental varieties of <i>N. tabacum</i>. The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of local hardwoods and aromatic shrubs in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco#Brightleaf_tobacco_(Virginia_tobacco)" title="Types of tobacco">Brightleaf tobacco</a> is commonly known as "Virginia tobacco", often regardless of the state where it is planted. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, most tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured dark-leaf. Sometime after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, demand for a milder, lighter, more aromatic tobacco arose. <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> all innovated with milder varieties of the tobacco plant. Farmers discovered that brightleaf tobacco needs thin, starved <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, and those who could not grow other crops found that they could grow tobacco. Confederate soldiers traded it with each other and Union soldiers, and developed quite a taste for it. At the end of the war, the soldiers went home and a national market had developed for the local crop.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco#Broadleaf" title="Types of tobacco">Broadleaf</a>, a dark tobacco varietal family popular for producing enormous, resilient, and thick wrapper leaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burley_(tobacco)" title="Burley (tobacco)">Burley tobacco</a> is an air-cured tobacco used predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarette</a> production, but also in pipe tobacco as a balance to Virginias and other leaves high in sugar content. In the U.S., burley tobacco plants are started from pelletized seeds placed in polystyrene trays floated on a bed of fertilized water in March or April.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_tobacco" title="Cavendish tobacco">Cavendish</a> is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type, but is used to thicken flavors from other tobaccos that might lack a body. The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in the tobacco. Cavendish can be produced from any tobacco type but is usually one of, or a blend of, Kentucky, Virginia and burley and is most commonly used for pipe tobacco.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_tobacco" title="Criollo tobacco">Criollo tobacco</a> is primarily used in the making of <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>. It was by most accounts one of the original Cuban tobaccos that emerged around the time of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokha" title="Dokha">Dokha</a> is a tobacco originally grown in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, mixed with leaves, bark and herbs for smoking in a <i><a href="/wiki/Midwakh" title="Midwakh">midwakh</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perique" title="Perique">Perique</a> was developed in 1824 through the technique of pressure-fermentation of local tobacco by a farmer, Pierre Chenet. Considered the <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking pipe (tobacco)">pipe</a> tobaccos, it is used as a component in many blended pipe tobaccos but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time the freshly moist Perique was also chewed, but it is no longer sold for this purpose. It is typically blended with pure Virginia to lend spice, strength and coolness to the blend.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco#Shade_tobacco" title="Types of tobacco">Shade tobacco</a> is cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. Early Connecticut <a href="/wiki/Colonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonist">colonists</a> acquired from the Native Americans the habit of smoking tobacco in pipes, and began cultivating the plant commercially, though the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> referred to it as the "evil weed". The <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco" title="Connecticut shade tobacco">Connecticut shade</a> industry has weathered some major <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">catastrophes</a>, including a devastating <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hailstorm</a> in 1929 and an epidemic of brown spot fungus in 2000, and is in danger of disappearing altogether, given the increase in the value of land.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_tobacco" title="Turkish tobacco">Turkish tobacco</a> is a sun-cured, highly aromatic, small-leafed variety (<i><a href="/wiki/Nicotiana_tabacum" title="Nicotiana tabacum">Nicotiana tabacum</a></i>) grown in Turkey, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. Originally grown in regions historically part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, it is also known as ‘oriental’. Many of the early brands of cigarettes were made mostly or entirely of Turkish tobacco. Its main use evolved to be included in blends of pipe and especially cigarette tobacco. (A typical American cigarette is a blend of bright Virginia, burley and Turkish.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco#White_Burley" title="Types of tobacco">White burley</a> air-cured leaf was found to be milder than other types of tobacco. In 1865 George Webb of <a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Ohio" title="Brown County, Ohio">Brown County, Ohio</a>, planted red <a href="/wiki/Burley_(tobacco)" title="Burley (tobacco)">burley</a> seeds he had purchased and found a few of the seedlings had a whitish, sickly look, which became white burley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tobacco#Wild_tobacco" title="Types of tobacco">Wild tobacco</a> is native to the southwestern United States, Mexico and parts of South America. Its botanical name is <i>Nicotiana rustica</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tobacco_diseases" title="List of tobacco diseases">List of tobacco diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tobacco_beetle_(Page_3)_BHL41830187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg/230px-The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg/345px-The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg/460px-The_tobacco_beetle_%28Page_3%29_BHL41830187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="4197" /></a><figcaption>Illustration with photographs of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco leaves">tobacco leaves</a> infested by <i><a href="/wiki/Lasioderma_serricorne" title="Lasioderma serricorne">Lasioderma serricorne</a></i> (tobacco beetles), from Runner, G. A., <i>The tobacco beetle</i> (1919), Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tobacco, alongside its <a href="/wiki/List_of_tobacco_products" title="List of tobacco products">related products</a>, can be infested by <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lasioderma_serricorne" title="Lasioderma serricorne">Lasioderma serricorne</a></i> (tobacco beetle) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Ephestia_elutella" title="Ephestia elutella">Ephestia elutella</a></i> (tobacco moth), which are the most widespread and damaging parasites to the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">tobacco industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_1995_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_1995-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infestation can range from the tobacco cultivated in the fields to the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco leaves">leaves</a> used for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigarillo" title="Cigarillo">cigarillos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarettes</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_1995_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_1995-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> of <i>Lasioderma serricorne</i> and <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> of <i>Ephestia elutella</i> are considered <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan_1995_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_1995-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tobacco" title="Special:EditPage/Tobacco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tobacco%22">"Tobacco"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tobacco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tobacco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tobacco%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tobacco%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tobacco%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">Cultivation of tobacco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_of_Tobacco_(Nicotiana_tabacum_)_in_a_field_in_Intercourse,_Pennsylvania..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/170px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/255px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg/340px-Patch_of_Tobacco_%28Nicotiana_tabacum_%29_in_a_field_in_Intercourse%2C_Pennsylvania..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="2953" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco plants growing in a field in <a href="/wiki/Intercourse,_Pennsylvania" title="Intercourse, Pennsylvania">Intercourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a> were at first quickly scattered onto the soil. However, young plants came under increasing attack from <a href="/wiki/Flea_beetle" title="Flea beetle">flea beetles</a> (<i>Epitrix cucumeris</i> or <i>E. pubescens</i>), which caused destruction of half the tobacco crops in United States in 1876. By 1890, successful experiments were conducted that placed the plant in a frame covered by thin cotton fabric. Modern tobacco seeds are sown in <a href="/wiki/Cold_frame" title="Cold frame">cold frames</a> or hotbeds, as their <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a> is activated by light.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, tobacco is often fertilized with the mineral <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, which partially starves the plant of <a href="/wiki/Biological_role_of_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological role of nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, to produce a more desired flavor. </p><p>After the plants are about 8 inches (20 cm) tall, they are transplanted into the fields. Farmers used to have to wait for rainy weather to plant.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hole is created in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, either a curved wooden tool or deer antler. After making two holes to the right and left, the planter would move forward two feet, select plants from his/her bag, and repeat. Various mechanical tobacco planters like Bemis, New Idea Setter, and New Holland <a href="/wiki/Transplanter" title="Transplanter">Transplanter</a> were invented in the late 19th and 20th centuries to automate the process: making the hole, watering it, guiding the plant in—all in one motion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco is cultivated annually, and can be <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvested</a> in several ways. In the oldest method, still used, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a tobacco knife; it is then speared onto sticks, four to six plants a stick, and hung in a curing barn. In the 19th century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from the ground upwards, so a field of tobacco harvested in this manner entails the serial harvest of a number of "primings", beginning with the <i>volado</i> leaves near the ground, working to the <i>seco</i> leaves in the middle of the plant, and finishing with the potent <i><a href="/wiki/Ligero" title="Ligero">ligero</a></i> leaves at the top. Before harvesting, the crop must be <i>topped</i> when the pink flowers develop. Topping always refers to the removal of the tobacco flower before the leaves are systematically harvested. As the industrial revolution took hold, the harvesting wagons which were used to transport leaves were equipped with man-powered stringers, an apparatus that used twine to attach leaves to a pole. In modern times, large fields are harvested mechanically, although topping the flower and in some cases the plucking of immature leaves is still done by hand. </p><p>In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> are the leaders in tobacco production, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curing">Curing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Curing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco" title="Curing of tobacco">Curing of tobacco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_barn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tobacco_barn.JPG/220px-Tobacco_barn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tobacco_barn.JPG/330px-Tobacco_barn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tobacco_barn.JPG/440px-Tobacco_barn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2144" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco barn in <a href="/wiki/Simsbury,_Connecticut" title="Simsbury, Connecticut">Simsbury, Connecticut</a> used for air curing of shade tobacco</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg/220px-Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg/330px-Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg/440px-Tobacco_drying_iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3038" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>Sun-cured tobacco, <a href="/wiki/Bastam,_West_Azerbaijan" title="Bastam, West Azerbaijan">Bastam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Curing and subsequent aging allow for the slow <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> and degradation of <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves and gives a sweet hay, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">rose oil</a>, or fruity aromatic flavor that contributes to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Starch is converted to sugar, which <a href="/wiki/Glycation" title="Glycation">glycates</a> protein, which is oxidized into <a href="/wiki/Advanced_glycation_endproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced glycation endproduct">advanced glycation endproducts</a> (AGEs), a <a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">caramelization</a> process that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke contributes to <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levels of AGEs are dependent on the curing method used. </p><p>Tobacco can be cured through several methods, including: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco#Air" title="Curing of tobacco">Air-cured</a></b> tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of four to eight weeks. Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco smoke a light, mild flavor, and high in nicotine. Cigar and burley tobaccos are 'dark' air-cured.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco#Fire" title="Curing of tobacco">Fire-cured</a></b> tobacco is hung in large barns where fires of hardwoods are kept on continuous or intermittent low smoulder, and takes between three days and ten weeks, depending on the process and the tobacco. Fire curing produces a tobacco low in sugar and high in nicotine. Pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, and snuff are fire-cured.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco#Flue" title="Curing of tobacco">Flue-cured</a></b> tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from tier poles in curing barns (Aus: <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>, also traditionally called 'oasts'). These barns have flues run from externally fed fire boxes, heat-curing the tobacco without exposing it to smoke, slowly raising the temperature over the course of the curing. The process generally takes about a week. This method produces cigarette tobacco that is high in sugar and has medium to high levels of nicotine. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke. It is estimated that 1 tree is cut to flue-cure every 300 cigarettes, resulting in serious environmental consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-who_env_effects_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_env_effects-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Curing_of_tobacco#Sun" title="Curing of tobacco">Sun-cured</a></b> tobacco dries uncovered in the sun. This method is used in Turkey, Greece, and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental tobacco. Sun-cured tobacco is low in sugar and nicotine and is used in cigarettes.</li></ul> <p>Some tobaccos go through a second stage of curing, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermenting</a></i> or <i>sweating</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavendish Tobacco">Cavendish</a> undergoes fermentation pressed in a <i>casing</i> solution containing sugar and/or flavoring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_production">Global production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_production,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tobacco_production%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Tobacco_production%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tobacco_production%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Tobacco_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Tobacco_production%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Tobacco_production%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco production, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trends">Trends</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg/220px-Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg/330px-Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg/440px-Preparando_o_tabaco_em_Balib%C3%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco production in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Production of tobacco leaf increased by 40% between 1971, when 4.2 million tons of leaf were produced, and 1997, when 5.9 million tons of leaf were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) of the United Nations, tobacco leaf production was expected to hit 7.1 million tons by 2010. This number is a bit lower than the record-high production of 1992, when 7.5 million tons of leaf were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production growth was almost entirely due to increased productivity by developing nations, where production increased by 128%.<sup id="cite_ref-JhaChaloupka2000_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JhaChaloupka2000-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that same time, production in developed countries actually decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_2004_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's increase in tobacco production was the single biggest factor in the increase in world production. China's share of the world market increased from 17% in 1971 to 47% in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_2010_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growth can be partially explained by the existence of a low import tariff on foreign tobacco entering China. While this tariff was reduced from 66% in 1999 to 10% in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has still led to local Chinese cigarettes being preferred over foreign cigarettes because of their lower cost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_producers">Major producers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Major producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Top tobacco producers, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th><small>Note</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">2,134,000</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">761,335</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td align="right">702,208</td> <td><b>F</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td> <td align="right">203,488</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td align="right">199,737</td> <td><b>F</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">176,635</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td align="right">158,532</td> <td><b>F</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td align="right">132,872</td> <td><b>F</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td align="right">109,333</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td align="right">93,613</td> <td><b>F</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><b>World</b></td> <td align="right"><b>5,886,147</b></td> <td><b>A</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="font-size:.7em">No note = official figure, F = <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> Estimate, A = Aggregate (may include official, semiofficial or estimates). </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Every year, about 5.9 million tons of tobacco are produced throughout the world. The top producers of tobacco are China (36.3%), India (12.9%), Brazil (11.9%) and Zimbabwe (3.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the peak of global tobacco production, 20 million rural Chinese households were producing tobacco on 2.1 million hectares of land.<sup id="cite_ref-issues_in_global_economy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issues_in_global_economy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is the major crop for millions of Chinese farmers, growing tobacco is not as profitable as cotton or sugarcane, because the Chinese government sets the market price. While this price is guaranteed, it is lower than the natural market price, because of the lack of market risk. To further control tobacco in their borders, China founded a <a href="/wiki/State_Tobacco_Monopoly_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Tobacco Monopoly Administration">State Tobacco Monopoly Administration</a> (STMA) in 1982. The STMA controls tobacco production, marketing, imports, and exports, and contributes 12% to the nation's national income.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted above, despite the income generated for the state by profits from state-owned tobacco companies and the taxes paid by companies and retailers, China's government has acted to reduce tobacco use.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India's Tobacco Board is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India has 96,865 registered tobacco farmers<sup id="cite_ref-Shoba_2002_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoba_2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many more who are not registered. In 2010, 3,120 tobacco product manufacturing facilities were operating in all of India.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 0.25% of India's cultivated land is used for tobacco production.<sup id="cite_ref-issues_in_global_economy_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issues_in_global_economy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a> has supported growth in the tobacco industry. India has seven tobacco research centers, located in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> which houses the core research institute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, around 135,000 family farmers cite tobacco production as their main economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-issues_in_global_economy_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issues_in_global_economy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco has never exceeded 0.7% of the country's total cultivated area.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the southern regions of Brazil, Virginia, and Amarelinho, flue-cured tobacco, as well as burley and Galpão Comum air-cured tobacco, are produced. These types of tobacco are used for cigarettes. In the northeast, darker, air- and sun-cured tobacco is grown. These types of tobacco are used for cigars, twists, and dark cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil's government has made attempts to reduce the production of tobacco but has not had a successful systematic antitobacco farming initiative. Brazil's government, however, provides small loans for family farms, including those that grow tobacco, through the <i>Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_legal_employ_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil_legal_employ-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg/220px-Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg/330px-Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg/440px-Tobacco_field_cuba1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco plantation, <a href="/wiki/Pinar_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Pinar del Río">Pinar del Río</a>, Cuba</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems_in_production">Problems in production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Problems in production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_labor">Child labor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Child labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">Child labor</a></div> <p>The International Labour Office reported that the most child-laborers work in agriculture, which is one of the most hazardous types of work.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_child_labor_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw_child_labor-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tobacco industry houses some of these working children. Use of children is widespread on farms in Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some of these children work with their families on small, family-owned farms, others work on large plantations. In late 2009, reports were released by the London-based human-rights group <a href="/wiki/Plan_International" title="Plan International">Plan International</a>, claiming that child labor was common on Malawi (producer of 1.8% of the world's tobacco<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_2010_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) tobacco farms. The organization interviewed 44 teens, who worked full-time on farms during the 2007–08 growing season. The child-laborers complained of low pay and long hours, as well as physical and sexual abuse by their supervisors.<sup id="cite_ref-malawi_child_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malawi_child-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also reported experiencing <a href="/wiki/Green_tobacco_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Green tobacco sickness">green tobacco sickness</a>, a form of nicotine poisoning. When wet leaves are handled, nicotine from the leaves gets absorbed in the skin and causes nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Children were exposed to levels of nicotine equivalent to smoking 50 cigarettes, just through direct contact with tobacco leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-malawi_child_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malawi_child-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nicotine_on_human_brain_development" title="Effects of nicotine on human brain development">effects of nicotine on human brain development</a> in children can permanently alter brain structure and function.<sup id="cite_ref-England2015_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England2015-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg/220px-MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg/330px-MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg/440px-MRO_Cuba_Harvest_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Tobacco harvesting, <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1ales_Valley" title="Viñales Valley">Viñales Valley</a>, Cuba</figcaption></figure> <p>Major tobacco companies have encouraged global tobacco production. <a href="/wiki/Altria_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Altria Group">Philip Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">Japan Tobacco</a> each own or lease tobacco-manufacturing facilities in at least 50 countries and buy crude tobacco leaf from at least 12 more countries.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This encouragement, along with government subsidies, has led to a glut in the tobacco market. This surplus has resulted in lower prices, which are devastating to small-scale tobacco farmers. According to the World Bank, between 1985 and 2000, the inflation-adjusted price of tobacco dropped 37%.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco is the most widely <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggled</a> legal product.<sup id="cite_ref-ICLJTU_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICLJTU-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment">Environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobacco production requires the use of large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. Tobacco companies recommend up to 16 separate applications of pesticides just in the period between planting the seeds in greenhouses and transplanting the young plants to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_Peter_1994_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_Peter_1994-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pesticide use has been worsened by the desire to produce larger crops in less time because of the decreasing market value of tobacco. Pesticides often harm tobacco farmers because they are unaware of the health effects and the proper safety protocol for working with pesticides. These pesticides, as well as fertilizers, end up in the soil, waterways, and the food chain.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with child labor, pesticides pose an even greater threat. Early exposure to pesticides may increase a child's lifelong cancer risk, as well as harm their nervous and immune systems.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with all crops, tobacco crops extract nutrients (such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) from soil, decreasing its fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf.panda_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf.panda-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the wood used to cure tobacco in some places leads to deforestation. While some big tobacco producers such as China and the United States have access to petroleum, coal, and natural gas, which can be used as alternatives to wood, most developing countries still rely on wood in the curing process.<sup id="cite_ref-wwf.panda_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwf.panda-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil alone uses the wood of 60 million trees per year for curing, packaging, and rolling cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor,_Peter_1994_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_Peter_1994-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 WHO released a study on the environmental effects of tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-who_env_effects_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_env_effects-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several tobacco plants have been used as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_BY-2_cells" title="Tobacco BY-2 cells">Tobacco BY-2 cells</a>, derived from <i>N. tabacum</i> <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> 'Bright Yellow-2', are among the most important research tools in plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cytology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco has played a pioneering role in <a href="/wiki/Callus_(cell_biology)" title="Callus (cell biology)">callus</a> culture research and the elucidation of the mechanism by which <a href="/wiki/Kinetin" title="Kinetin">kinetin</a> works, laying the groundwork for modern agricultural <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1982, using <i><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens" title="Agrobacterium tumefaciens">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</a></i> to create an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research laid the groundwork for all <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TransgenicScience_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransgenicScience-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Genetic modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its importance as a research tool, transgenic tobacco was the first genetically modified (GM) crop to be tested in field trials, in the United States and France in 1986; China became the first country in the world to approve commercial planting of a GM crop in 1993, which was tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1996_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_1996-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Field_trials">Field trials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Field trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many varieties of transgenic tobacco have been intensively tested in field trials. Agronomic traits such as resistance to pathogens (viruses, particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</a> (TMV); fungi; bacteria and nematodes); weed management via herbicide tolerance; resistance against insect pests; resistance to drought and cold; and production of useful products such as pharmaceuticals; and use of GM plants for <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>, have all been tested in over 400 field trials using tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-GMOCompass_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMOCompass-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production_2">Production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, only the US is producing GM tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-James_1996_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_1996-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GMOCompass_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMOCompass-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese virus-resistant tobacco was withdrawn from the market in China in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> From 2002 to 2010, cigarettes made with GM tobacco with reduced nicotine content were available in the US under the market name Quest.<sup id="cite_ref-GMOCompass_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMOCompass-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco products">Tobacco products</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tobacco" title="Special:EditPage/Tobacco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tobacco is consumed in many forms and through a number of different methods. Some examples are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enema">Enema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Enema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke_enema" title="Tobacco smoke enema">Tobacco smoke enemas</a></b> were employed by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of North America</a> to stimulate respiration, injecting the smoke with a rectal tube.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 18th century, Europeans emulated the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco resuscitation kits consisting of a pair of bellows and a tube were provided by the Royal Humane Society of London and placed at various points along the Thames.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasal_administration">Nasal administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Nasal administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">Snuff</a></b> is a ground smokeless tobacco product, inhaled or ‘snuffed’ through the nose. If referring specifically to the orally consumed moist snuff, see <a href="/wiki/Dipping_tobacco" title="Dipping tobacco">dipping tobacco</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smoked">Smoked</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Smoked"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">Beedi</a></b> (also known as bidis or biris) are thin, often flavoured cigarettes from India made of tobacco wrapped in a <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">tendu</a> leaf, and secured with coloured thread at one end.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarettes</a></b> are a product consumed through inhalation of smoke and manufactured from cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled into a paper cylinder.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">Cigars</a></b> are tightly rolled bundles of dried and fermented tobacco, which are ignited so their smoke may be drawn into the smokers' mouths.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dokha" title="Dokha">Dokha</a></b> is a middle eastern tobacco with high nicotine levels grown in parts of Oman and Hatta, which is smoked through a thin pipe called a medwakh. It is a form of tobacco which is dried up and ground and contains little to no additives excluding spices, fruits, or flowers to enhance smell and flavor.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heat-not-burn_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-not-burn product">Heat-not-burn products</a></b> heat rather than burn tobacco to generate an aerosol that contains nicotine.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">Hookah</a></b> is a single- or multistemmed (often glass-based) water pipe for smoking. Hookahs were first used in India and Persia;<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the hookah has gained immense popularity, especially in the Middle East. A hookah operates by water filtration and indirect heat. It can be used for smoking herbal fruits or <a href="/wiki/Moassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Moassel">moassel</a>, a mixture of tobacco, flavouring, and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roll-your-own" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll-your-own">Roll-your-own</a></b>, often called 'rollies' or 'roll-ups', are relatively popular in some European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers, and filters all bought separately. They are usually cheaper to make.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">Tobacco pipes</a></b> typically consist of a small chamber (the bowl) for the combustion of the tobacco to be smoked and a thin stem (shank) that ends in a mouthpiece (the bit). Shredded pieces of tobacco are placed in the chamber and ignited.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_mouth">In the mouth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In the mouth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobacco used in the mouth (buccal (<a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>): </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">Chewing tobacco</a></b> is the oldest way of consuming tobacco leaves. It is consumed orally, in two forms: through sweetened strands ("chew" or "chaw"), or in a shredded form ("dip"). When consuming the long, sweetened strands, the tobacco is lightly chewed and compacted into a ball. When consuming the shredded tobacco, small amounts are placed inside the bottom lip, between the gum and the teeth, where it is gently compacted, thus it is often called dipping tobacco. Both methods stimulate the salivary glands, which led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Spittoon" title="Spittoon">spittoon</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Creamy_snuff" title="Creamy snuff">Creamy snuff</a></b> is tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in India and is known by the brand names Ipco (made by Asha Industries), Denobac, Tona, and Ganesh. It is locally known as <i>mishri</i> in some parts of Maharashtra.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dipping_tobacco" title="Dipping tobacco">Dipping tobaccos</a></b> are a form of <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco" title="Smokeless tobacco">smokeless tobacco</a>. Dip is occasionally referred to as "chew", and because of this it is commonly confused with <a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a>, which encompasses a wider range of products. A small clump of dip is 'pinched' out of the tin and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums. Some brands, as with snus, are portioned in small, porous pouches for less mess.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gutka" title="Gutka">Gutka</a></b> is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-sized packets.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kreteks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreteks">Kreteks</a></b> are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves, and a flavoring "sauce". They were first introduced in the 1880s in Kudus, Java, to deliver the medicinal <a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a> of cloves to the lungs.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pituri" title="Pituri">Pituri</a></b>, a nicotine-containing substance traditionally made from Australian tobacco plants, used by Indigenous Australians for chewing and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Snus" title="Snus">Snus</a></b> is a steam-pasteurized moist powdered tobacco product that is not fermented and induces minimal salivation. It is consumed by placing it (loose or in little pouches) against the upper gums for an extended period of time. It is somewhat similar to dipping tobacco but does not require spitting and is significantly lower in <a href="/wiki/Tobacco-specific_nitrosamines" title="Tobacco-specific nitrosamines">TSNAs</a>.</li> <li><b>Tobacco chewing gum</b> A gum containing nicotine or tobacco designed to be chewed.</li> <li><b>Tobacco edibles</b>, often in the form of an infusion or a spice, have gained popularity in recent years.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_water" title="Tobacco water">Tobacco water</a></b> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> used in domestic <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a>. Tobacco dust can be used similarly. It is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period. When cooled, the mixture can be applied as a spray, or painted onto the leaves of garden plants, where it kills insects. Tobacco is, however, banned from use as a pesticide in certified organic production by the USDA's <a href="/wiki/National_Organic_Program" title="National Organic Program">National Organic Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical">Topical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Topical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Topical_tobacco_paste" title="Topical tobacco paste">Topical tobacco paste</a></b> is sometimes used as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornet" title="Hornet">hornet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">bee stings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An amount equivalent to the contents of a cigarette is mashed in a cup with about a half a teaspoon of water to make a paste that is then applied to the affected area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smoking in public was, for a long time, reserved for men, and smoking by women was sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a>; in Japan, during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, prostitutes and their clients often approached one another under the guise of offering a smoke. The same was true in 19th-century Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmanZhou2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmM5bYb_uVcwCpgPA92_92–99]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmanZhou2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidmM5bYb_uVcwCpgPA92_92–99]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the use of tobacco, primarily in cigars, became associated with <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> and power. Modern tobacco use has often been stigmatized; this has spawned quitting associations and antismoking campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> is the only country in the world where tobacco sales are illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its propensity for causing <a href="/wiki/Detumescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Detumescence">detumescence</a> and erectile dysfunction, some studies have described tobacco as an anaphrodisiacal substance.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religious views on smoking</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a>, the use of tobacco and other drugs is prohibited;<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> ¶42 of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(United_Methodist)" title="Book of Discipline (United Methodist)">Book of Discipline</a> of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection states:<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the judgment of The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference), the use of tobacco is a great evil, unbecoming a Christian, a waste of the Lord's money, and a defilement of the body, which should be the temple of the Holy Ghost. We do, therefore, most earnestly require our members to refrain from its cultivation, manufacture, and sale, and to abstain from its use in all forms, for Jesus' sake. We will not receive as members into our churches nor will we ordain or license to preach or to exhort, persons who use, cultivate, manufacture, or sell tobacco. Using tobacco by a member of a church or of the Conference after being received from this date (June 28, 1927) is a violation of the law of the church, and the offending party should be dealt with according to the judiciary rules.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>) adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a>, a religious health code that is interpreted as prohibiting the consumption of tobacco as well as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, coffee, and tea.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_tobacco" title="Islamic views on tobacco">Islamic views on tobacco</a></div> <p>Most Islamic scholars have condemned tobacco due to its harmful effects on health. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> (religious opinion) against tobacco use dates from 1602. Most major Islamic sects prohibit its use. While tobacco is not mentioned in the Quran, the Quran does instruct Muslims to live healthy lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions in Sikhism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, a Dharmic religion from India, considers tobacco consumption as a taboo and very bad for health and spirituality. Initiated <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> are never to consume tobacco in any form.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic">Demographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Demographic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevalence of tobacco consumption">Prevalence of tobacco consumption</a></div> <p>Research on tobacco use is limited mainly to smoking, which has been studied more extensively than any other form of consumption. An estimated 1.1 billion people, and up to one-third of the adult population, use tobacco in some form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilmanZhou200426_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilmanZhou200426-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking is more prevalent among men<sup id="cite_ref-HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNPGuindonBoisclair13-16-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (however, the gender gap declines with age),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamet_&_Yoon20015-6_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamet_&_Yoon20015-6-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESurgeon_General's_Report_Women_and_Smoking200147_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESurgeon_General's_Report_Women_and_Smoking200147-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the poor, and in transitional or <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOTobaccoFactSheet_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOTobaccoFactSheet-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in <a href="/wiki/Morbidity_and_Mortality_Weekly_Report" title="Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report">Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</a> found that in 2019 approximately one in four youths (23.0%) in the U.S. had used a tobacco product during the past 30 days. This represented approximately three in 10 high school students (31.2%) and approximately one in eight middle school students (12.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rates of smoking continue to rise in developing countries, but have leveled off or declined in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the developing world, tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/300px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/450px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg/600px-HarmCausedByDrugsTable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Table from the 2010 <a href="/wiki/DrugScience" class="mw-redirect" title="DrugScience">DrugScience</a> study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. Tobacco was found to be the sixth overall most dangerous drug.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutt_2010_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutt_2010-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" title="List of cigarette smoke carcinogens">List of cigarette smoke carcinogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes" title="List of additives in cigarettes">List of additives in cigarettes</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemicals">Chemicals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobacco smoking harms health because of the toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogens">carcinogens</a>, which have been proven to cause heart and lung diseases and cancer. Thousands of different substances in cigarette smoke, including <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Benzopyrene" title="Benzopyrene">benzopyrene</a>), <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco-specific_nitrosamines" title="Tobacco-specific nitrosamines">tobacco-specific nitrosamines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a> contribute to the harmful effects of smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-tobaccocontrol.bmj.com_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tobaccocontrol.bmj.com-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the World Health Organization, tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally.<sup id="cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_2008_mpower-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WHO estimates that tobacco caused 5.4 million deaths in 2004<sup id="cite_ref-WHO_2004_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO_2004-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_2008_mpower-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> describe tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these health consequences, it is estimated that a 10 hectare (approximately 24.7 acre) field of tobacco used for cigarettes causes 30 deaths per year – 10 from lung cancer and 20 from cigarette-induced diseases like cardiac arrest, gangrene, bladder cancer, mouth cancer, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The harms caused by inhaling tobacco smoke include diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, with smoking being a major risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (emphysema), and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (particularly cancers of the <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_of_the_larynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer of the larynx">larynx, mouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic cancers">pancreas</a>). Cancer is caused by inhaling carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke. </p><p>Inhaling secondhand tobacco smoke (which has been exhaled by a smoker) can cause lung cancer in nonsmoking adults. In the United States, about 3,000 adults die each year due to lung cancer from secondhand smoke exposure. Heart disease caused by secondhand smoke kills around 46,000 nonsmokers every year.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In children, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is associated with a higher incidence and severity of respiratory illnesses, middle ear disease, and asthma attacks. Each year in the United States, secondhand smoke exposure causes 24,500 infants to be born with low birthweight, 71,900 preterm births, 202,300 episodes of asthma, and 790,000 health care visits for ear infections.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The addictive alkaloid <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a>, and popularly known as the most characteristic constituent of tobacco. In drug effect preference questionnaires, a rough indicator of addictive potential, nicotine scores almost as highly as opioids.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users typically develop <a href="/wiki/Physiological_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological tolerance">tolerance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical dependency">dependence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicotine is known to produce <a href="/wiki/Conditioned_place_preference" title="Conditioned place preference">conditioned place preference</a>, a sign of psychological enforcement value.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one medical study, tobacco's overall harm to user and self was determined at three percent below cocaine, and 13 percent above amphetamines, ranking sixth most harmful of the 20 drugs assessed.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco also contains 2,3,6-Trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (sometimes called 2,3,6-TQ and TMN) which is a reversible <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">monoamine oxidase inhibitor</a> of type A and B with a binding affinity somewhat similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Clorgyline" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorgyline">clorgyline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deprenyl" title="Deprenyl">deprenyl</a>. It is a stronger dopamine releasing agent than nicotine and inhibits dopamine metabolism from its MAOI activity. <sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacco also contains <a href="/wiki/Harmine" title="Harmine">Harmine</a> and Norharmine which is a reversible MAO-A inhibitor.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MAO-A activity of tobacco alkaloids have been thought to play a role in the addictive qualities of tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radioactivity">Radioactivity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Radioactivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">Polonium-210</a> is a radioactive trace contaminant of tobacco, providing additional explanation for the link between smoking and <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial cancer">bronchial cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-polonium_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polonium-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radioactive particles build up over time in the lungs and a UCLA study has estimated that the radiation from 25 years of smoking would cause over 120 deaths per thousand smokers.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tobacco makes a significant economic contribution. The global tobacco market in 2010 was estimated at US$760 billion, excluding China.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global revenues from tobacco taxes in 2013–2014 was approximately $269 billion. </p><p>In China, cigarette manufacturing is one of the few profitable state-owned industries. For example, in 1998 the 1 429 state-owned enterprises in Yunnan province had revenue of <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> (RMB) 69.1 billion (US$8.3 billion) while 8 cigarette manufacturing plants alone accounted for about 53 percent (or RMB 36.2 billion) of total provincial industry sales.<sup id="cite_ref-issues_in_global_economy_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issues_in_global_economy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government also collects tax on tobacco products. Tax revenues from cigarettes increased from 740 to 842 billion <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">Chinese yuan</a> between 2014 and 2016. This generated an additional 101 billion Chinese yuan in tax revenues for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, tobacco generates approximately 20 billion <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</a> (US$0.45 billion) of income per annum as a result of employment, income and government revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a> estimates that in the U.S. alone, the tobacco industry has a market of US$121 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the fact the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> reports that US smoking rates are declining steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of health expenditures, cigarette smoking contributed to more than $225 billion (or 11.7%) of annual healthcare spending in the U.S. in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoking-attributable healthcare spending increased more than 30% for Medicaid between 2010 and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, the decline in the number of smokers, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Transition_Payment_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco Transition Payment Program">Tobacco Transition Payment Program</a> in 2014, and competition from growers in other countries, made tobacco farming economics more challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 1.22 billion smokers worldwide, 1 billion of them live in developing or transitional economies, and much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOTobaccoFactSheet_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOTobaccoFactSheet-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While smoking prevalence has declined in many developed countries, it remains high in others, and is increasing among women and in developing countries. Between one-fifth and two-thirds of men in most populations smoke. Women's smoking rates vary more widely but rarely equal male rates.<sup id="cite_ref-greenfacts_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenfacts-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tobacco users must also spend a significant amount of money on cigarettes to maintain regular use, as tobacco products are often heavily taxed by governments. For example, a pack a day smoker in the state of New York would have to spend around $4,690.25 a year on cigarettes alone.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indonesia, the lowest income group spends 15% of its total expenditures on tobacco. In Egypt, more than 10% of low-income household expenditure is on tobacco. The poorest 20% of households in Mexico spend 11% of their income on tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who_2008_mpower-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Nicotine marketing</a></div> <p>The tobacco industry advertises its products through a variety of media, including sponsorship, particularly of sporting events. Because of the health risks of these products, this is now one of the most highly regulated forms of marketing. Some or all forms of tobacco advertising are banned in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biorefinery" title="Biorefinery">Biorefining of tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tobacco-related_topics" title="List of tobacco-related topics">List of tobacco-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Research about cure of asthma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronchodilatation" title="Bronchodilatation">Bronchodilatation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRudgley1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rudgley" title="Richard Rudgley">Rudgley R</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927041956/https://www.biopsychiatry.com/tobacco/">"Tobacco"</a>. <i>The Encyclopaedia of Psychoactive Substances</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-64347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-64347-4"><bdi>978-0-316-64347-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39129000">39129000</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biopsychiatry.com/tobacco/">the original</a> on September 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tobacco&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Psychoactive+Substances&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39129000&rft.isbn=978-0-316-64347-4&rft.aulast=Rudgley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biopsychiatry.com%2Ftobacco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC2023" class="citation web cs1">CDC (August 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/risk_factors.htm#:~:text=Cigarette%20smoking%20is%20the%20number,of%20more%20than%207%2C000%20chemicals.">"What Are the Risk Factors for Lung Cancer?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+the+Risk+Factors+for+Lung+Cancer%3F&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcancer%2Flung%2Fbasic_info%2Frisk_factors.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCigarette%2520smoking%2520is%2520the%2520number%2Cof%2520more%2520than%25207%252C000%2520chemicals.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who_2008_mpower-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_2008_mpower_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162003/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43818/9789241596282_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2008 : The MPOWER Package</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2008. pp. 6, 8, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-068311-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-068311-2"><bdi>978-92-4-068311-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476167599">476167599</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43818/9789241596282_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Tobacco is the single most preventable cause of death in the world today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Report+on+the+Global+Tobacco+Epidemic+2008+%3A+The+MPOWER+Package.&rft.pages=6%2C+8%2C+20&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476167599&rft.isbn=978-92-4-068311-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F43818%2F9789241596282_eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernst-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ernst_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ernst_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst1889" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst A (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1448956">"On the etymology of the word tobacco"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. <b>A2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">133–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1889.2.2.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1889.2.2.02a00020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=On+the+etymology+of+the+word+tobacco&rft.volume=A2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1889.2.2.02a00020&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1448956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hilton" title="Ronald Hilton">Hilton R</a> (April 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901214953/http://wais.stanford.edu/Cuba/cuba_ColumbusDiscoversCuba(110503).html">"Christopher Columbus discovers Cuba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_International_Studies" title="World Association of International Studies">World Association of International Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wais.stanford.edu/Cuba/cuba_ColumbusDiscoversCuba(110503).html">the original</a> on September 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Columbus+discovers+Cuba&rft.series=World+Association+of+International+Studies&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwais.stanford.edu%2FCuba%2Fcuba_ColumbusDiscoversCuba%28110503%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1863" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Lane EW</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejtaal.net/aa/">"طُباق"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="Arabic–English Lexicon">An Arabic-English Lexicon: Derived From the Best and the Most Copious Eastern Sources</a></i>. Vol. I, Book 5. London: <a href="/wiki/Williams_and_Norgate" title="Williams and Norgate">Williams and Norgate</a>. p. 1827. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-342-25192-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-342-25192-6"><bdi>978-0-342-25192-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1299308839">1299308839</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622063627/http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h660,ll=1916,ls=5,la=2636,sg=645,ha=438,pr=97,vi=240,mgf=549,mr=381,mn=839,aan=360,kz=1457,ulq=1133,uqa=265,uqw=990,umr=652,ums=546,umj=489,uqq=210,bdw=549,amr=392,asb=593,auh=947,dhq=338,mht=549,msb=147,tla=68,amj=481,ens=1,mis=1311">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.btitle=An+Arabic-English+Lexicon%3A+Derived+From+the+Best+and+the+Most+Copious+Eastern+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1827&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1863&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1299308839&rft.isbn=978-0-342-25192-6&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Edward+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṭubāq</i></span> no longer refers to various herbs, but has come to refer, in some dialects, specifically to tobacco. <i>See</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehr1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr" title="Hans Wehr">Wehr H</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622063627/http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=660,ll=h1913,ls=h5,la=h2636,sg=h645,ha=h438,pr=h97,vi=h240,mgf=h549,mr=h381,mn=h839,aan=h360,kz=h1457,ulq=h1133,uqa=h265,uqw=h990,umr=h652,ums=h546,umj=h489,uqq=h210,bdw=550,amr=392,asb=593,auh=947,dhq=338,mht=549,msb=147,tla=68,amj=481,ens=1,mis=1311">"طُباق"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J_Milton_Cowan" title="J Milton Cowan">Cowan JM</a> (ed.). <i>A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</i> (4th ed.). Wiesbaden: <a href="/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag" title="Harrassowitz Verlag">Harrassowitz</a>. p. 647. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02002-2"><bdi>978-3-447-02002-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/759999696">759999696</a>. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%B7%D9%8F%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=647&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F759999696&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02002-2&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2023" class="citation web cs1">Day A (November 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodandwine.com/the-three-sisters-8404587">"<i>3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_%26_Wine" title="Food & Wine">Food & Wine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3+Sisters+to+Invite+to+Thanksgiving&rft.pub=Food+%26+Wine&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodandwine.com%2Fthe-three-sisters-8404587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman, Jordan. <i>Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia</i> (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leonard-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leonard_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard1970" class="citation book cs1">Leonard JN (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8SLxAEACAAJ"><i>Recipes, Latin American cooking</i></a>. Time-Life International (Nederlands). p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-0063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-0063-8"><bdi>978-0-8094-0063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recipes%2C+Latin+American+cooking&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Time-Life+International+%28Nederlands%29&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-0063-8&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8SLxAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. Heckewelder, <i>History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania</i>, p. 149 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"They smoke with excessive eagerness ... men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way." – Dièreville describing the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a>, <i>circa</i> 1699 in <i>Port Royal</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{Ci te book |last=Gottsegen |first=Jack Jacob |title=Tobacco: A Study of Its Consumption in the United States |date=1940 |publisher=<a href="/wiki/Pitman_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitman (publisher)">Pitman</a> |page=107 |oclc=14728283}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen K (November 1998). "Native American medicine". <i>Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine</i>. <b>4</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9810067">9810067</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/204813987">204813987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Therapies+in+Health+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Native+American+medicine&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1998-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9810067&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleby2010" class="citation book cs1">Appleby J (2010). <i>The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relentless+Revolution%3A+A+History+of+Capitalism&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicusmundi.ch/de/advocacy/publikationen/mms-bulletin/fighting-tobacco-in-lmic/kapitel-3/tobacco-and-slavery-a-neverending-history">"Tobacco and slavery : a neverending history"</a>. <i>www.medicusmundi.ch</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medicusmundi.ch&rft.atitle=Tobacco+and+slavery+%3A+a+neverending+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicusmundi.ch%2Fde%2Fadvocacy%2Fpublikationen%2Fmms-bulletin%2Ffighting-tobacco-in-lmic%2Fkapitel-3%2Ftobacco-and-slavery-a-neverending-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHariot1590" class="citation report cs1">Hariot T (1590). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4247/4247-h/4247-h.htm">A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+BRIEFE+AND+TRUE+REPORT+OF+THE+NEW+FOUND+LAND+OF+VIRGINIA&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1590&rft.aulast=Hariot&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4247%2F4247-h%2F4247-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Burns, <i>The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco</i> (2006), A popular history focused on the US.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan Goodman, <i>Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence</i> (1993), A scholarly history worldwide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlotte Cosner, <i>The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World</i> (Vanderbilt University Press; 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Kluger, <i>Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War</i> (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Brandt, <i>The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America</i> (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schroeder SA (January 15, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsr031421">"Tobacco Control in the Wake of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>350</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsr031421">10.1056/NEJMsr031421</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14715919">14715919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Tobacco+Control+in+the+Wake+of+the+1998+Master+Settlement+Agreement&rft.volume=350&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2004-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMsr031421&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14715919&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMsr031421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/interviews/kessler.html">"Interviews – Dr. David Kessler | Inside The Tobacco Deal | Frontline | PBS"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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FDA-Approved Products Can Help"</a>. <i>FDA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Want+to+Quit+Smoking%3F+FDA-Approved+Products+Can+Help&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.aulast=Commissioner&rft.aufirst=Office+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fconsumers%2Fconsumer-updates%2Fwant-quit-smoking-fda-approved-products-can-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527122132/http://www.who.int/fctc/en/index.html">"WHO | WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)"</a>. Who.int. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2015/index">the original</a> on January 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Cancer+Society&rft.atitle=Cancer+Facts+%26+Figures+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fresearch%2Fcancerfactsstatistics%2Fcancerfactsfigures2015%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HNPGuindonBoisclair" class="citation web cs1">G. 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Vanderbilt University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-2034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8265-2034-0"><bdi>978-0-8265-2034-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Leaf%3A+How+Tobacco+Shaped+Cuba+and+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8265-2034-0&rft.aulast=Cosner&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D392vBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2003" class="citation news cs1">Fuller RR (Spring 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reesefuller.com/articles/perique-the-native-crop/">"Perique, the Native Crop"</a>. <i>Louisiana Life</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Life&rft.atitle=Perique%2C+the+Native+Crop&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=R.+Reese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reesefuller.com%2Farticles%2Fperique-the-native-crop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGately2007" class="citation book cs1">Gately I (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x41jVocj05EC"><i>Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization</i></a>. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9848-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9848-8"><bdi>978-0-8021-9848-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+How+an+Exotic+Plant+Seduced+Civilization&rft.pub=Open+Road+%2B+Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9848-8&rft.aulast=Gately&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx41jVocj05EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2005" class="citation book cs1">Goodman J (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DP-HAgAAQBAJ"><i>Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81840-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-81840-2"><bdi>978-1-134-81840-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco+in+History%3A+The+Cultures+of+Dependence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-81840-2&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDP-HAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1980" class="citation book cs1">Graves J (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromlimestoneled00grav"><i>From a Limestone Ledge: Some Essays and Other Ruminations about Country Life in Texas</i></a></span>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-51238-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-51238-3"><bdi>0-394-51238-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+Limestone+Ledge%3A+Some+Essays+and+Other+Ruminations+about+Country+Life+in+Texas&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-394-51238-3&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromlimestoneled00grav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrehan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grehan J (2006). "Smoking and "Early Modern" Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries)". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>111</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1352–</span>1377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.111.5.1352">10.1086/ahr.111.5.1352</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/ahr.111.5.1352">10.1086/ahr.111.5.1352</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17907367">17907367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Smoking+and+%22Early+Modern%22+Sociability%3A+The+Great+Tobacco+Debate+in+the+Ottoman+Middle+East+%28Seventeenth+to+Eighteenth+Centuries%29&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1352-%3C%2Fspan%3E1377&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17907367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2Fahr.111.5.1352%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.111.5.1352&rft.aulast=Grehan&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2011" class="citation book cs1">Hahn BM (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39KcvbVgHmEC"><i>Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617–1937</i></a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0286-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0286-4"><bdi>978-1-4214-0286-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Tobacco+Bright%3A+Creating+an+American+Commodity%2C+1617%E2%80%931937&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0286-4&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Barbara+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39KcvbVgHmEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span>; examines how marketing, technology, and demand figured in the rise of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco, a variety first grown in the inland Piedmont region of the Virginia-North Carolina border.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksCollins1983" class="citation book cs1">Hawks SN, Collins WK (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FsjAQAAMAAJ"><i>Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Flue-Cured+Tobacco+Production&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hawks&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft.au=Collins%2C+W.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FsjAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrewMyrick1897" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew JB, Myrick H (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tobaccoleafitsc00myrigoog"><i>Tobacco Leaf, Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture: A Practical Handbook on the Most Approved Methods in Growing, Harvesting, Curing, Packing and Selling Tobacco, Also of Tobacco Manufacture</i></a>. Orange Judd Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tobacco+Leaf%2C+Its+Culture+and+Cure%2C+Marketing+and+Manufacture%3A+A+Practical+Handbook+on+the+Most+Approved+Methods+in+Growing%2C+Harvesting%2C+Curing%2C+Packing+and+Selling+Tobacco%2C+Also+of+Tobacco+Manufacture&rft.pub=Orange+Judd+Company&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Buckner&rft.au=Myrick%2C+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftobaccoleafitsc00myrigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243)</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluger1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kluger" title="Richard Kluger">Kluger R</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_i1AAAACAAJ"><i>Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris</i></a>. Random House Value. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-45110-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-45110-6"><bdi>978-0-517-45110-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashes+to+Ashes%3A+America%27s+Hundred-Year+Cigarette+War%2C+the+Public+Health%2C+and+the+Unabashed+Triumph+of+Philip+Morris&rft.pub=Random+House+Value&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-517-45110-6&rft.aulast=Kluger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_i1AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span>, Pulitzer Prize</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey2007" class="citation book cs1">Murphey R (2007). <i>Studies on Ottoman Society and Culture, 16th–18th Centuries</i>. Ashgate Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5931-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5931-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-5931-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Ottoman+Society+and+Culture%2C+16th%E2%80%9318th+Centuries&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5931-0&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Rhoads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuburger2012" class="citation book cs1">Neuburger MC (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7JDJzogCHMC&pg=PP1"><i>Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6550-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6550-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-6550-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Smoke%3A+Tobacco+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6550-5&rft.aulast=Neuburger&rft.aufirst=Mary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7JDJzogCHMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1954" class="citation journal cs1">Price JM (1954). "The Rise of Glasgow in the Chesapeake Tobacco Trade, 1707–1775". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1922038">10.2307/1922038</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922038">1922038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Glasgow+in+the+Chesapeake+Tobacco+Trade%2C+1707%E2%80%931775&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1922038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1922038%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoolcraft1851" class="citation book cs1">Schoolcraft HR (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalstatis01scho"><i>Historical and statistical information respecting the history, condition and prospects of the Indian tribes of the United States: Collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs per act of Congress of March 3rd, 1847</i></a>. Historical American Indian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+and+statistical+information+respecting+the+history%2C+condition+and+prospects+of+the+Indian+tribes+of+the+United+States%3A+Collected+and+prepared+under+the+direction+of+the+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs+per+act+of+Congress+of+March+3rd%2C+1847&rft.pub=Historical+American+Indian+Press&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Schoolcraft&rft.aufirst=Henry+Rowe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalstatis01scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShechter2006" class="citation book cs1">Shechter R (2006). <i>Smoking, Culture and Economy in the Middle East</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-137-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84511-137-0"><bdi>1-84511-137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smoking%2C+Culture+and+Economy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84511-137-0&rft.aulast=Shechter&rft.aufirst=Relli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilley2012" class="citation book cs1">Tilley NM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtwkuAAACAAJ"><i>The Bright Tobacco Industry, 1860–1929</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7953-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7953-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-7953-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bright+Tobacco+Industry%2C+1860%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7953-5&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=Nannie+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtwkuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATobacco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Werner, Carl Avery. <i>Tobaccoland: A book about tobacco; its history, legends, literature, cultivation, social and hygienic influences, commercial development, industrial processes and governmental regulation.</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tobaccolandbooka00wernuoft/page/n10/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco">WHO fact sheet on tobacco</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Template:Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Template talk:Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plantation_agriculture_in_the_Southeastern_United_States163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The plantation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Planter class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_planter" title="Ancient planter">Ancient planter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantation complexes in the Southern United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_house" title="Plantation house">Plantation house</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cash crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House negro">House negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_health_on_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="Slave health on plantations in the United States">Slave health on plantations in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slave trade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States#Slave_trade" title="Slavery in the United States">Internal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregional_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregional slave trade">Interregional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive slave laws">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharecropping#United_States" title="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_the_United_States" title="List of plantations in the United States">Lists of plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Alabama" title="List of plantations in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plantations_in_Florida" title="Category:Plantations in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Leon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Kentucky" title="List of plantations in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Louisiana" title="List of plantations in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Mississippi" title="List of plantations in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_North_Carolina" title="List of plantations in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_South_Carolina" title="List of plantations in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_James_River_plantations" title="List of James River plantations">James River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_West_Virginia" title="List of plantations in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychoactive_substance-related_disorders301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder#Substance-induced_disorders" title="Substance-related disorder">SID</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Substance intoxication</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis" title="Substance-induced psychosis">Substance-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-acute-withdrawal_syndrome" title="Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome">Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome</a> (PAWS)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">SUD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance-related_disorder" title="Substance-related disorder">Substance-related disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological dependence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined<br />substance use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polysubstance_dependence" title="Polysubstance dependence">Polysubstance dependence</a></li></ul></li> <li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_drug_intoxication" title="Combined drug intoxication">Combined drug intoxication</a> (CDI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SID</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_disease" title="Alcohol and cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic cardiomyopathy</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">Alcohol flush reaction</a> (AFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a> (ALD): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zieve%27s_syndrome" title="Zieve's syndrome">Zieve's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-brewery_syndrome" title="Auto-brewery syndrome">Auto-brewery syndrome</a> (ABS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">Endocrine diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_ketoacidosis" title="Alcoholic ketoacidosis">Alcoholic ketoacidosis</a> (AKA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous<br /> system diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_dementia" title="Alcohol-related dementia">Alcohol-related dementia</a> (ARD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">Hangover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">Neurological<br /> disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_polyneuropathy" title="Alcoholic polyneuropathy">Alcoholic polyneuropathy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-related_brain_damage" title="Alcohol-related brain damage">Alcohol-related brain damage</a> (ARDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">Alcohol withdrawal syndrome</a> (AWS): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hallucinosis" title="Alcoholic hallucinosis">Alcoholic hallucinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">Delirium tremens</a> (DTs)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a> (FASD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchiafava%E2%80%93Bignami_disease" title="Marchiafava–Bignami disease">Marchiafava–Bignami disease</a> (MBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_alcohol_nystagmus" title="Positional alcohol nystagmus">Positional alcohol nystagmus</a> (PAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> (WKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a> (WE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory tract diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-induced_respiratory_reactions" title="Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions">Alcohol-induced respiratory reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_lung_disease" title="Alcoholic lung disease">Alcoholic lung disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> (alcohol use disorder (AUD))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_anxiety_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder">Caffeine-induced anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_psychosis" title="Caffeine-induced psychosis">Caffeine-induced psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine-induced_sleep_disorder" title="Caffeine-induced sleep disorder">Caffeine-induced sleep disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeinism" title="Caffeinism">Caffeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">Caffeine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cannabis_arteritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cannabis arteritis (page does not exist)">Cannabis arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_marijuana_syndrome" title="Intravenous marijuana syndrome">Intravenous marijuana syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_cannabinoid_use_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder (page does not exist)">Synthetic cannabinoid use disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication" title="Cocaine intoxication">Cocaine intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_cocaine_exposure" title="Prenatal cocaine exposure">Prenatal cocaine exposure</a> (PCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine-induced_midline_destructive_lesions" title="Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions">Cocaine-induced midline destructive lesions</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" title="Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_trip" title="Bad trip">Acute intoxication from hallucinogens (bad trip)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder" title="Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder">Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder</a> (HPPD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Tobacco_Sickness" title="Green Tobacco Sickness">Green Tobacco Sickness</a> (GTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">Opioid withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_hyperalgesia" title="Opioid-induced hyperalgesia">Opioid-induced hyperalgesia</a> (OIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_endocrinopathy" title="Opioid-induced endocrinopathy">Opioid-induced endocrinopathy</a> (OIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid-induced_constipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid-induced constipation">Opioid-induced constipation</a> (OIC)</li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_use_disorder" title="Opioid use disorder">Opioid use disorder</a> (OUD)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedative</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindling_(sedative%E2%80%93hypnotic_withdrawal)" title="Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)">Kindling (sedative–hypnotic withdrawal)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>:</i> SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_use_disorder" title="Benzodiazepine use disorder">Benzodiazepine use disorder</a> (BUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">Benzodiazepine dependence</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>:</i> SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate overdose</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" title="Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>:</i> SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" title="Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Volatile<br /> solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>SID <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_sniffing_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden sniffing death syndrome">Sudden sniffing death syndrome</a> (SSDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene_toxicity" title="Toluene toxicity">Toluene toxicity</a></li></ul></li> <li>SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalant abuse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">Anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></i>: SUD <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroids_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse">Anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocoholic">Chocolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_China" title="Drug policy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Laos" title="Drug policy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Drug policy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Poland" title="Drug policy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Romania" title="Drug policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Drug policy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cigarettes494" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cigarettes" title="Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cigarettes" title="Template talk:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cigarettes494" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarettes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_cigarette" title="Fire-safe cigarette">Fire-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_tobacco" title="Flavored tobacco">Flavored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">Kretek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilated_cigarette" title="Ventilated cigarette">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol_cigarette" title="Menthol cigarette">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">Beedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_filter" title="Cigarette filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes" title="List of additives in cigarettes">Additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtray" title="Ashtray">Ashtray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_case" title="Cigarette case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_receptacle" title="Cigarette receptacle">Receptacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_machine" title="Cigarette machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_among_college_students" title="Cigarette smoking among college students">Cigarette smoking among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_for_weight_loss" title="Cigarette smoking for weight loss">Cigarette smoking for weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidestream_smoke" title="Sidestream smoke">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cigarette" title="Candy cigarette">Candy cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_cigarette" title="Herbal cigarette">Herbal cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_tobacco_product" title="Heated tobacco product">Heated tobacco product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_heated_tobacco_product_emissions" title="Composition of heated tobacco product emissions">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heated_tobacco_products" title="List of heated tobacco products">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snus" title="Snus">Snus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">Electronic cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine pouch">Nicotine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">Cultivation of tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Tobacco advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Disinformation playbook</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Tobacco" title="Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Argentina" title="Tobacco industry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Malawi" title="Tobacco industry in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Tobacco industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Tobacco production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="History of commercial tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />and the law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_cigarette_trade" title="Illicit cigarette trade">Cigarette smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain cigarette packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_smoking_age" title="Legal smoking age">Legal smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics">Tobacco politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_brands" title="List of cigarette brands">Cigarette brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" title="List of cigarette smoke carcinogens">Cigarette smoke carcinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Countries by tobacco consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rolling_papers" title="List of rolling papers">Rolling papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">Smoking bans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cigarettes" title="Category:Cigarettes">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cigarettes" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Cigarettes">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Template:Smoking nav">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_cigarettes" title="Template:Electronic cigarettes">Electronic cigarettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacodynamics105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Pharmacodynamics105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_metabolism_modulators806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template talk:Monoamine metabolism modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_metabolism_modulators806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">Monoamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_modulator" title="Enzyme modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase" title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase"><abbr title="Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase">AAAD</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><small>L</small>-DOPA (levodopa)</a>→<a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HTP" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HTP">5-HTP</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Histidine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Histidine"><small>L</small>-Histidine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Tyrosine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Tyrosine"><small>L</small>-Tyrosine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine">Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benserazide" title="Benserazide">Benserazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbidopa" title="Carbidopa">Carbidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Difluoromethyl-DOPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Difluoromethyl-DOPA">DFMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase" title="Monoamine oxidase"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase">MAO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products (with <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase"><abbr title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase">ALDH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase</span>/<a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldehyde reductase"><abbr title="Aldehyde reductase">ALR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ALR</span>):</b> <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a>→<a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxymandelic_acid" title="3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid">DHMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a>→<a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol" title="3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol">MHPG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanillylmandelic_acid" title="Vanillylmandelic acid">VMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a>→<a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxymandelic_acid" title="3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid">DHMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a>→<a href="/wiki/3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol" title="3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol">MHPG</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanillylmandelic_acid" title="Vanillylmandelic acid">VMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a>→<a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic_acid" title="3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid">DOPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methoxytyramine" title="3-Methoxytyramine">3-Methoxytyramine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Homovanillic_acid" title="Homovanillic acid">HVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a>→<a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid">5-HIAA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <i>Non-selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/Benmoxin" title="Benmoxin">Benmoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroxazone" title="Caroxazone">Caroxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsidine" title="Echinopsidine">Echinopsidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazolidone" title="Furazolidone">Furazolidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineesine" title="Guineesine">Guineesine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydralazine" title="Hydralazine">Hydralazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indantadol" title="Indantadol">Indantadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproclozide" title="Iproclozide">Iproclozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproniazid" title="Iproniazid">Iproniazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocarboxazid" title="Isocarboxazid">Isocarboxazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebanazine" title="Mebanazine">Mebanazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metfendrazine" title="Metfendrazine">Metfendrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nialamide" title="Nialamide">Nialamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamoxin" title="Octamoxin">Octamoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxazone" title="Paraxazone">Paraxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniprazine" title="Pheniprazine">Pheniprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxypropazine" title="Phenoxypropazine">Phenoxypropazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivhydrazine" title="Pivhydrazine">Pivhydrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procarbazine" title="Procarbazine">Procarbazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safrazine" title="Safrazine">Safrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <i>MAO-A-selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amiflamine" title="Amiflamine">Amiflamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazinaprine" title="Bazinaprine">Bazinaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befloxatone" title="Befloxatone">Befloxatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brofaromine" title="Brofaromine">Brofaromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimoxatone" title="Cimoxatone">Cimoxatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorgiline" title="Clorgiline">Clorgiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX157" title="CX157">CX157 (Tyrima)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eprobemide" title="Eprobemide">Eprobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esuprone" title="Esuprone">Esuprone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid" title="Harmala alkaloid">Harmala alkaloids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Harmine" title="Harmine">harmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmaline" title="Harmaline">harmaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmane" title="Harmane">harman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norharman" class="mw-redirect" title="Norharman">norharman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydroharmine" title="Tetrahydroharmine">tetrahydroharmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylene blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metralindole" title="Metralindole">Metralindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaprine" title="Minaprine">Minaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">Moclobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirlindole" title="Pirlindole">Pirlindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercloremine" title="Sercloremine">Sercloremine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrindole" title="Tetrindole">Tetrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toloxatone" title="Toloxatone">Toloxatone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <i>MAO-B selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adarigiline" title="Adarigiline">Adarigiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoxatone" title="Almoxatone">Almoxatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Deprenyl" title="D-Deprenyl"><small>D</small>-Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylselegiline" title="Desmethylselegiline">Desmethylselegiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazabemide" title="Lazabemide">Lazabemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofegiline" title="Mofegiline">Mofegiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargyline" title="Pargyline">Pargyline</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasagiline" title="Rasagiline">Rasagiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline (<small>L</small>-Deprenyl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembragiline" title="Sembragiline">Sembragiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisolagiline" title="Tisolagiline">Tisolagiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vafidemstat" title="Vafidemstat">Vafidemstat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase" title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase"><abbr title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase">PAH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Phenylalanine hydroxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxystyrene" title="3,4-Dihydroxystyrene">3,4-Dihydroxystyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methylphenylalanine" title="Α-Methylphenylalanine">α-Methylphenylalanine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase"><abbr title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">TH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tyrosine hydroxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a>→<a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><small>L</small>-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodotyrosine" title="3-Iodotyrosine">3-Iodotyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan" title="Α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan">α-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptophan (α-Me-5-HTP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methylphenylalanine" title="Α-Methylphenylalanine">α-Methylphenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquayamycin" title="Aquayamycin">Aquayamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbocapnine" title="Bulbocapnine">Bulbocapnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa (α-methyl-<small>L</small>-DOPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine (α-methyl-<i>p</i>-tyrosine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudenone" title="Oudenone">Oudenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase" title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase"><abbr title="Dopamine beta-hydroxylase">DBH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine beta-hydroxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bupicomide" title="Bupicomide">Bupicomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopastin" title="Dopastin">Dopastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamicastat" title="Etamicastat">Etamicastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusaric_acid" title="Fusaric acid">Fusaric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepicastat" title="Nepicastat">Nepicastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenopicolinic_acid" title="Phenopicolinic acid">Phenopicolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropolone" title="Tropolone">Tropolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamicastat" title="Zamicastat">Zamicastat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase"><abbr title="Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase">PNMT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a>→<a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=CGS-19281A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGS-19281A (page does not exist)">CGS-19281A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SKF-64139&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SKF-64139 (page does not exist)">SKF-64139</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SKF-7698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SKF-7698 (page does not exist)">SKF-7698</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Catechol-O-methyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechol-O-methyl transferase"><abbr title="Catechol-O-methyl transferase">COMT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Catechol-O-methyl transferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a>→<a href="/wiki/3-Methoxytyramine" title="3-Methoxytyramine">3-Methoxytyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOPAC">DOPAC</a>→<a href="/wiki/Homovanillic_acid" title="Homovanillic acid">Homovanillic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Metanephrine" title="Metanephrine">Metanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyphenylethylene_glycol" title="Dihydroxyphenylethylene glycol">DOPEG</a>→<a href="/wiki/Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol">MOPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Dihydroxymandelic_acid" title="3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid">DOMA</a>→<a href="/wiki/Vanillylmandelic_acid" title="Vanillylmandelic acid">VMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a>→<a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a>→<a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestrone" title="2-Methoxyestrone">2-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a>→<a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a>→<a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entacapone" title="Entacapone">Entacapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebicapone" title="Nebicapone">Nebicapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neluxicapone" title="Neluxicapone">Neluxicapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitecapone" title="Nitecapone">Nitecapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opicapone" title="Opicapone">Opicapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinalizarin" title="Quinalizarin">Quinalizarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolcapone" title="Tolcapone">Tolcapone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase" title="Tryptophan hydroxylase"><abbr title="Tryptophan hydroxylase">TPH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tryptophan hydroxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a>→<a href="/wiki/5-HTP" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HTP">5-HTP</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/AGN-2979" title="AGN-2979">AGN-2979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenclonine" title="Fenclonine">Fenclonine (PCPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telotristat_ethyl" title="Telotristat ethyl">Telotristat ethyl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_N-acetyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin N-acetyl transferase"><abbr title="Serotonin N-acetyl transferase">AANAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin N-acetyl transferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a>→<a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">N-Acetylserotonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acetylserotonin_O-methyltransferase" title="Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase"><abbr title="Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase">ASMT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">N-Acetylserotonin</a>→<a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine_decarboxylase" title="Histidine decarboxylase"><abbr title="Histidine decarboxylase">HDC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Histidine decarboxylase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/L-Histidine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Histidine"><small>L</small>-Histidine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/(%2B)-Catechin" class="mw-redirect" title="(+)-Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine">Alpha-Fluoromethylhistidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_methyl_ester" title="Histidine methyl ester">Histidine methyl ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meciadanol" title="Meciadanol">Meciadanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritoqualine" title="Tritoqualine">Tritoqualine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Histamine N-methyltransferase"><abbr title="Histamine N-methyltransferase">HNMT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Histamine N-methyltransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methylhistamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methylhistamine (page does not exist)">N-Methylhistamine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Amodiaquine" title="Amodiaquine">Amodiaquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmaline" title="Harmaline">Harmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metoprine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metoprine (page does not exist)">Metoprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinacrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinacrine">Quinacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-91488" title="SKF-91488">SKF-91488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Diamine_oxidase" title="Diamine oxidase"><abbr title="Diamine oxidase">DAO</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Diamine oxidase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Substrates→Products:</b> <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a>→<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imidazole_acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imidazole acetic acid (page does not exist)">Imidazole acetic acid</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pimagedine" title="Pimagedine">Pimagedine (aminoguanidine)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Melatonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Melatonergics">Melatonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors">nAChRs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor agonist">Agonists</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid">5-HIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloronicotine" title="6-Chloronicotine">6-Chloronicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-582,941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-582,941 (page does not exist)">A-582,941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-867,744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-867,744 (page does not exist)">A-867,744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-560 (page does not exist)">ABT-560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-894&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-894 (page does not exist)">ABT-894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatabine" title="Anatabine">Anatabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate" title="Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate">Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butinoline" title="Butinoline">Butinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_m-bromophenyl_ether" title="Choline m-bromophenyl ether">Choline m-bromophenyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desformylflustrabromine" title="Desformylflustrabromine">Desformylflustrabromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenylpiperazinium" title="Dimethylphenylpiperazinium">Dimethylphenylpiperazinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP-4473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP-4473 (page does not exist)">EVP-4473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVP-6124" class="mw-redirect" title="EVP-6124">EVP-6124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-39393406" title="JNJ-39393406">JNJ-39393406</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">Levamisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEM-63,908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEM-63,908 (page does not exist)">MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morantel" title="Morantel">Morantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-1738&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-1738 (page does not exist)">NS-1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHA-709,829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHA-709,829 (page does not exist)">PHA-709,829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrantel" title="Pyrantel">Pyrantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RJR-2429" title="RJR-2429">RJR-2429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1508Y" class="mw-redirect" title="SIB-1508Y">SIB-1508Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxamethonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxamethonium">Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxethonium_chloride" title="Suxethonium chloride">Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-1734 (page does not exist)">TC-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-5214" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5214">TC-5214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-5619" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5619">TC-5619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-6683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-6683 (page does not exist)">TC-6683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribendimidine" title="Tribendimidine">Tribendimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">Tropisetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XY-4083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XY-4083 (page does not exist)">XY-4083</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulators"><abbr title="negative allosteric modulators">NAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip negative allosteric modulators</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylaminocoronaridine" title="18-Methylaminocoronaridine">18-MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Neurotoxin" title="Α-Neurotoxin">α-Neurotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-bungarotoxin">α-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-cobratoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-cobratoxin">α-cobratoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-conotoxin">α-conotoxin</a>, many others)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-126&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-126 (page does not exist)">ABT-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuronium">Alcuronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatruxonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatruxonium (page does not exist)">Anatruxonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQW051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQW051 (page does not exist)">AQW051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Atracurium">Atracurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNC-210" class="mw-redirect" title="BNC-210">BNC-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-bungarotoxin">α-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ-bungarotoxin">κ-bungarotoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW284C51" title="BW284C51">BW284C51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-A444" title="BW-A444">BW-A444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candocuronium_iodide" title="Candocuronium iodide">Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorisondamine" title="Chlorisondamine">Chlorisondamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisatracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisatracurium">Cisatracurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coclaurine" title="Coclaurine">Coclaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curare" title="Curare">Curare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacuronium_bromide" title="Dacuronium bromide">Dacuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydronorketamine" title="Dehydronorketamine">Dehydronorketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadonium (page does not exist)">Diadonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydro-beta-erythroidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydro-beta-erythroidine (page does not exist)">DHβE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrochandonium" title="Dihydrochandonium">Dihydrochandonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltubocurarine">Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscorine" title="Dioscorine">Dioscorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrandium" title="Dipyrandium">Dipyrandium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxacurium">Doxacurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encenicline" title="Encenicline">Encenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythravine" title="Erythravine">Erythravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazadinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazadinium">Fazadinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallamine">Gallamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gantacurium_chloride" title="Gantacurium chloride">Gantacurium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluronium">Hexafluronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxynorketamine" title="Hydroxynorketamine">Hydroxynorketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudexium">Laudexium (laudolissin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malouetine" title="Malouetine">Malouetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate" title="2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate">ME-18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan (racemethorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyllycaconitine" title="Methyllycaconitine">Methyllycaconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metocurine" title="Metocurine">Metocurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mivacurium">Mivacurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol (racemorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancuronium_bromide" title="Pancuronium bromide">Pancuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pempidine" title="Pempidine">Pempidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamine" title="Pentamine">Pentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecuronium_bromide" title="Pipecuronium bromide">Pipecuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapacuronium_bromide" title="Rapacuronium bromide">Rapacuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocuronium_bromide" title="Rocuronium bromide">Rocuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surugatoxin" title="Surugatoxin">Surugatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxiferine" title="Toxiferine">Toxiferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeinium (page does not exist)">Tropeinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubocurarine">Tubocurarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecuronium_bromide" title="Vecuronium bromide">Vecuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br /><small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1842" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1842" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1566#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tabak"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136670-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tobacco"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135709">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tabac"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935399d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tabac"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935399d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tabák (výrobek)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126410&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538806905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014001">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643339">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&oldid=1274710784">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco&oldid=1274710784</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anaphrodisia" 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[\"CITEREFElseyRabb1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglandBunnellPechacekTong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischmanMello1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraley_RT1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanapathi_TR2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarner1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGately2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmanZhou2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodchildZheng2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraves1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrehan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHariot1590\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawksCollins1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuMao2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtBarryAdamsFleming1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Tobacco_Growers\u0026#039;_Associationn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffeMillsRosenShepard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanigerDe_Rios1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrewMyrick1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKluger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_FollGoldberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathersBoermaFat2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcAfee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullin_Sandra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(US)_Committee_on_Pesticides_in_the_Diets_of_Infants_and_Children1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuburger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordenskiold1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuttKingPhillips2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPanterKeelerBunchCallan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor_Robert_N2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProducts2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadfordHunt1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowena_Jacobs2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudgley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalahshoorRoshankhahMotavalianJalili2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamet_\u0026amp;_Yoon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoolcraft1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroeder2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShechter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterling_Haynes,_MD2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurgeon_General\u0026#039;s_Report_Women_and_Smoking2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Campaign_for_Tobacco_Free_Kids2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTobacco_Free_Kids2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrumanGroundsBrennan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNICEF1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerzeMargreiterEspositoMontorsi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangGentzkeCreamerCullen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehr1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurthBuchanan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuShresthaTriversNeff2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangMa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYorktownUs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_WilligenEastwood2015\"] = 1,\n [\"HNPGuindonBoisclair\"] = 1,\n [\"Lichtenstein2000\"] = 1,\n [\"Montesano2001\"] = 1,\n [\"MortalityDevelopedOxford\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ci\\\nte book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cigarettes\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Drug use\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 10,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox botanical product\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Monoamine metabolism modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"Noflag\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Psychoactive substance use\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tobacco\"] = 1,\n [\"Transient receptor potential channel modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","14.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","13.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","3.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.4"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4387\u003E","40","2.4"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","660","40.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-g8vd4","timestamp":"20250224014939","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tobacco","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tobacco","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1566","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1566","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T21:32:26Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T20:56:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b5\/DunhillLightFlake.jpg","headline":"agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in genus nicotiana"}</script> </body> </html>