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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music industry career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_industry_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prime minister</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="toc-Economic_and_financial_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_financial_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Economic and financial development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_financial_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Planning and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Social programmes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Cultural programmes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional,_parliamentary,_political_and_constitutional_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional,_parliamentary,_political_and_constitutional_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Institutional, parliamentary, political and constitutional reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional,_parliamentary,_political_and_constitutional_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>International programmes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Civic activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Later years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ادوارد سیگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد سیگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%94" title="אדוארד סיאגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדוארד סיאגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ادوارد سيجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد سيجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AC" title="エドワード・シアガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・シアガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Сиага, Эдвард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиага, Эдвард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Едвард Сіага – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Сіага" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Edward Seaga" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q470950#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Edward_Seaga" rel="discussion" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former Prime Minister of Jamaica (1930–2019)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Edward Seaga</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Nation" title="Order of the Nation">ON</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="718" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Seaga in 1983</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister of Jamaica</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 November 1980 – 10 February 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Florizel_Glasspole" title="Florizel Glasspole">Sir Florizel Glasspole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Manley</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Jamaica)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 February 1989 – 21 January 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Manley<br /> <a href="/wiki/P._J._Patterson" title="P. J. Patterson">P. J. Patterson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1974 – 1 November 1980</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth II</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Manley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Michael Manley</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Leader of the Jamaica Labour Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 1974 – 21 January 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hugh Shearer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Edward Philip George Seaga</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-05-28</span>)</span>28 May 1930<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-05-28)</span> (aged 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data">Jamaica<br />United States (renounced)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Marie 'Mitsy' Constantine</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1965; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1995)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Carla Vendryes</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1996)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Philip George Seaga</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Nation" title="Order of the Nation">ON</a> </span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SEE</span>-ah-gə</i></a>; 28 May 1930 – 28 May 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Jamaican politician and record producer.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica#Prime_Ministers_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">fifth Prime Minister</a> of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a> from 1974 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005. </p><p>His retirement from political life marked the end of Jamaica's founding generation in active politics. He was the last serving politician to have entered public life before independence in 1962, as he was appointed to the Legislative Council (now the Senate) in 1959. Seaga is credited with having built the financial and planning infrastructure of the country after independence, as well as having developed its arts and crafts, and awareness of national heritage. </p><p>As a record producer and record company owner of <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Records_Limited" title="West Indies Records Limited">West Indies Records Limited</a>, Seaga also played a major role in the development of the Jamaican music industry. Seaga died on 28 May 2019, on his eighty-ninth birthday. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward Philip George Seaga was born on 28 May 1930, in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, United States to Philip George Seaga, who was of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jamaicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jamaicans">Lebanese Jamaican</a> descent, and Erna (née Maxwell), who was Jamaican of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Jamaican">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Jamaicans" title="Scottish Jamaicans">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaican" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Jamaican">Indian</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erna was the daughter of Elizabeth Campbell (maiden name), daughter of John Zungaroo Campbell. Phillip Seaga had moved to the US seeking to take advantage of the prosperity of the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a> scotched those dreams. Three months after Edward's birth in Boston, the Seagas returned to Jamaica.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was baptised in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>'s Anglican Parish Church on 5 December 1930. </p><p>The young Seaga was educated at Wolmer's Boys', one of the <a href="/wiki/Wolmer%27s_Schools" title="Wolmer's Schools">Wolmer's Schools</a> in Jamaica. He went to the United States for higher education, graduating from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard University</a> in 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts (Harvard AB) degree in the Social Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before embarking on his political career, Seaga was a music producer and promoter. He subsequently took a research post at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_industry_career">Music industry career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music industry career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga's research led to an interest in popular Jamaican music. In 1955, he supervised the recording of an album of ethnic Jamaican music.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to produce recordings by other artists and in the late 1950s set up West Indies Records Limited, releasing early recordings by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Higgs_and_Wilson" title="Higgs and Wilson">Higgs and Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byron_Lee_%26_the_Dragonaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron Lee & the Dragonaires">Byron Lee & the Dragonaires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1961, Seaga lived in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">West Kingston</a>. He became deeply involved in its music scene and recorded some of its artists. </p><p>West Indies Records Limited became the most successful record company in the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being elected in 1962 as a Member of Parliament, representing the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Labour_Party" title="Jamaica Labour Party">Jamaica Labour Party</a>, he sold the company to <a href="/wiki/Byron_Lee" title="Byron Lee">Byron Lee</a>. It was renamed Dynamic Sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 16 years, Seaga worked on compiling a collection of Jamaican music covering the period from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s. This anthology, <i><a href="/wiki/Reggae_Golden_Jubilee" title="Reggae Golden Jubilee"> Reggae Golden Jubilee Origins of Jamaican Music</a></i>, was released on 6 November 2012 in celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Jamaica" title="Independence of Jamaica">Jamaican independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ObsBox_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObsBox-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga's political career began in 1959 when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bustamante" title="Alexander Bustamante">Alexander Bustamante</a>, founder of the JLP, nominated him to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper House">Upper House</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Parliament">Jamaican Parliament</a>, the Legislative Council (later the Senate).<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appointment at the age of 29 made him the youngest member ever appointed to the Legislative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was in the Senate, Seaga made his well-reported speech about the "haves" and the "have nots". </p><p>As one of the founding fathers in the framing of the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Constitution">Jamaican Constitution</a> in 1961, Seaga spearheaded far-reaching constitutional reforms. He initiated a re-write of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> section of the Constitution, to provide for a <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms</a>; creation of the post of <a href="/wiki/Public_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Defender">Public Defender</a>; and curtailment of some of the powers of the Prime Minister to provide a better balance of power between the executive and the parliament in the Jamaican system of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1962, Seaga was elected Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/West_Kingston,_Jamaica" title="West Kingston, Jamaica">West Kingston</a>, the waterfront area in the capital city. Historically, it has been the oldest settlement in Kingston for poor, working-class residents, many of whom are unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment is largely petty trading with some semi-skilled craftsmen. He held that seat for 43 consecutive years, until he retired, making him the longest-serving Member of Parliament in the history of Jamaica and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean region">Caribbean region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the only person to have been elected as Member of Parliament for West Kingston for more than one term, and won 10 consecutive terms. </p><p>Immediately after winning his seat in 1962, Seaga was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister of Development and Welfare, with responsibility for all areas of planning, social development and culture. He initiated the redevelopment of Back O'Wall, a notorious large slum in West Kingston, and its replacement by housing, schools and community amenities, which was named <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_Gardens,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli Gardens, Jamaica">Tivoli Gardens</a>. </p><p>Seaga also used his position to continue to promote Jamaican music.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1967_Jamaican_general_election" title="1967 Jamaican general election">1967 Jamaican general election</a>, Seaga was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_and_the_Public_Service" title="Minister of Finance and the Public Service">Minister of Finance</a> and Planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Seaga championed the cause calling for the return of the remains of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a> to Jamaica. However, four years later, Seaga was a part of the Cabinet of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a> that banned <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a> from Jamaica for allegedly stirring up racial hatred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1972_Jamaican_general_election" title="1972 Jamaican general election">1972 Jamaican general election</a>, the PNP led by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a> won 37 seats to the JLP's 16, and Shearer and Seaga were swept out of power. In 1974 he became Leader of the JLP, a post he held for 30 years; he was also Leader of the Parliamentary Opposition in various periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1976_Jamaican_general_election" title="1976 Jamaican general election">1976 Jamaican general election</a>, the PNP won another landslide, winning 47 seats to the JLP's 13. The turnout was a very high 85 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a lot of political violence in the 1970s. This allegedly started in 1975, after <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> failed in his attempts to get Manley to stop his support for <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and their fight against the armies of apartheid <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. According to former CIA agent turned Marxist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Agee" title="Philip Agee">Philip Agee</a>, the CIA supplied arms to supporters of the JLP, and there was a significant upturn in political violence;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seaga repeatedly denied the accusation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1980_Jamaican_general_election" title="1980 Jamaican general election">1980 Jamaican general election</a> featured considerable violence including running gun-battles, and would be won by the JLP in a landslide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg/220px-Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg/330px-Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg/440px-Departure_Ceremony_for_visit_of_Prime_Minister_Edward_Seaga_and_Mitzy_Seaga_of_Jamaica_with_President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3310" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Seaga and his wife Mitzy with US President Ronald Reagan and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> (1981)</figcaption></figure> <p>Edward P.G. Seaga became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister of Jamaica</a> following 30 October 1980 general election, when the JLP won a landslide victory over the incumbent PNP, with the largest mandate until 1993, when the PNP surpassed that total. Out of 60 seats contested in 1980, the JLP won 51 seats to the PNP's nine.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mandate of Seaga and the JLP was renewed in the uncontested 1983 General Elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Eder_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued as prime minister until February 1989. </p><p>Widely regarded as the most influential Jamaican Prime Minister, Seaga was a controversial figure. His supporters claim that he 'saved' Jamaica from communism, while others assert that he 'mash up' Jamaica. Columnist and attorney-at-law Daniel Thwaites said that while these diametrically opposed sentiments run to the extremes, both are surprisingly prevalent. "It is a barometer of the lasting contentiousness and potential divisiveness of any appraisal of Papa Eddie", Thwaites said, arguing that the only other figure in Jamaican political history who could possibly be as controversial as Seaga would be his nemesis, the late former Prime Minister Michael Manley. Thwaites said, "because of their titanic decades-long confrontation, they will be forever – and, perhaps ironically – inextricably linked".<sup id="cite_ref-Gleaner_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleaner-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of foreign policy, the Caribbean has long been seen as an unofficial "backyard" of the United States of America. In a region with such a complicated, intertwined history meshed with various world superpowers, the act of making decisions that can irrevocably effect the country is handled with care. Understanding the threat associated with communism, Seaga reversed the hands of friendship extended by Manley to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, two countries that had adopted strong anti-American stances during the Russo-American political standoff of the 70s and 80s. In an attempt to steer his country into the clear, he was forced into adopting an alliance with world leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, Seaga cut ties with Cuba shortly after winning the 1980 election, and he, as the representative of the strongest Caribbean nation, indirectly acknowledged the Caribbean's support for the US invasion of Grenada in 1983.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In doing so, Seaga is credited with preventing the eradication of Jamaica economically and saving the country from a path leading to shackling sanctions like Cuba or a foreign invasion to eliminate communism as seen in Grenada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, the Seaga administration became embroiled in accusations of a dark circle of narco-banking involving the contras of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, the CIA and the Israeli money-launderer Eli Tisona. Seaga's Agro 21 programme was accused of involvement in cocaine trafficking from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and its Spring Plains project employed Shower Posse's Lester Coke, a.k.a. Jim Brown, as Head of Security. However, these allegations went unproven, with all investigations coming up blank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga served as Leader of Opposition from 1974 to 1980. The JLP was defeated in a landslide by Manley's PNP in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Jamaican_general_election" title="1989 Jamaican general election">1989 Jamaican general election</a>, by a margin of 45 seats to 15, and Seaga returned to a long spell as Leader of Opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seaga went on to lead the JLP to defeat in a number of subsequent elections against a PNP led by <a href="/wiki/P.J._Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="P.J. Patterson">P.J. Patterson</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1993_Jamaican_general_election" title="1993 Jamaican general election">1993 Jamaican general election</a>, the PNP won 52 seats to the JLP's eight seats, while in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Jamaican_general_election" title="1997 Jamaican general election">1997 Jamaican general election</a>, the PNP won 50 of the 60 seats available.<sup id="cite_ref-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dieter_Nohlen_2005_p._430-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterson's third consecutive victory came in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Jamaican_general_election" title="2002 Jamaican general election">2002 Jamaican general election</a>, when the PNP retained power, but with a reduced seat majority of 34 seats to 26.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterson stepped down on 26 February 2006, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Portia_Simpson-Miller" title="Portia Simpson-Miller">Portia Simpson-Miller</a>, Jamaica's first female prime minister. </p><p>During this period of time, he suffered leadership challenges from a number of his colleagues, such as the "Gang of Five" of Errol Anderson, Edmund Bartlett, Karl Samuda, Douglas Vaz, and Pearnel Charles. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a> left the JLP to form a new party, the National Democratic Movement (NDM).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2002, Golding rejoined the JLP and in November 2003 was again elected chairman of the party. He was elected leader of the JLP, and also the leader of the opposition, on 20 February 2005, succeeding Seaga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_independent_Jamaica">Contributions to independent Jamaica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contributions to independent Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Edward_Seaga" title="Special:EditPage/Edward Seaga">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_financial_development">Economic and financial development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic and financial development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga established many of the financial institutions required in newly independent Jamaica to build a financial market for successful economic investment and growth, including the following: </p> <ul><li>1967, first Jamaican majority-owned commercial bank – Jamaica Citizens Bank (JCB)</li> <li>1968, Jamaica Stock Exchange</li> <li>1969, <a href="/wiki/Decimalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimalization">decimalization</a> of the Jamaican currency</li> <li>1969, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of financial institutions - banks and insurance companies</li> <li>1969, Introduction of merchant banking</li> <li>1971, Jamaica Unit Trust</li></ul> <p><b>1972</b> Jamaica Mortgage Bank </p><p><b>1981</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Development_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="National Development Bank">National Development Bank</a> (NDB) </p><p><b>1981</b> <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Credit_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Credit Bank">Agricultural Credit Bank</a> (ACB) </p><p><b>1982</b> Agro 21 </p> <ul><li>1982, Divestment Programme, commencing with lease of government-owned hotels</li> <li>1984, Self-Start Fund</li> <li>1985, Comprehensive Tax Reforms including a flat income tax rate for all</li> <li>1985, Solidarity Programme for micro-businesses</li> <li>1986, Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank)</li> <li>1986, De-regulation of economy, commencing with removal of import licensing; later price controls</li> <li>1986, Privatization of financial institutions – NCB</li> <li>1987, JAMPRO (formerly JNIP)</li> <li>1988, Digiport – first satellite telecommunications data processing operation – Montego Bay</li> <li>1988, One Million Trees Programme</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning_and_development">Planning and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Planning and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rural and urban planning and the environment have been prime areas of development in Seaga's career. He has focused on waterfront development in the main coastal towns and cities, rural and urban township development programmes, and the development of parks and markets. They included the following: </p> <ul><li>1963, 5-Year Development Plan</li> <li>1966, Redevelopment of Kingston Waterfront</li> <li>1967, Comprehensively planned urban communities – runs out the rasta from the Back-o-Wall community claiming to redevelop as Tivoli Garden, a modern, fully planned urban development; Hellshire Hills development; Torrington Park</li> <li>1967, Reclamation and development of Ocho Rios Waterfront (Turtle Beach)</li> <li><b>1968</b> Urban Development Corporation</li></ul> <p><b>1969</b> Comprehensive development plan for infrastructure of many rural towns (later CRDTDP) </p><p><b>1971</b> 20-Year Physical Development Plan </p><p><b>1983</b> National Conference Centre - headquarters of the International Seabed Authority </p><p><b>1983</b> National Committee for Drug Abuse </p><p><b>1985</b> MPM - Beautification and Public Cleansing </p><p><b>1988</b> Reclamation of Montego Bay Waterfront </p><p><b>1988</b> Negril development (Bloody Bay) </p><p><b>1988</b> Social Well-being Plan </p><p><small><b>Various Times</b></small> Land Bank - purchase of 50,000 acres of prime properties for future development (Negril, Orange Bay, Auchindown, Mt. Edgecombe, Seville, Laughing Water, Belmont (Dunns River), Winifred Rest Home property, Caymanas). </p><p><small><b>Various Times</b></small> Development of several hotels - Kingston Waterfront, Ocho Rios, Negril. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_programmes">Social programmes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social programmes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga was the architect of a wide range of social programmes which expanded training in human resources, aided small enterprises and protected the poor and vulnerable. </p><p><b>1963</b> Construction of the National Arena </p><p><b>1963</b> Things Jamaican - craft development </p><p><b>1963</b> Launching of the Drug Abuse Committee (later Council) </p><p><b>1964</b> 100 Village Community Development Programme </p><p><b>1965</b> Community sports development on a structured islandwide basis </p><p><b>1965</b> The Golden Age Movement </p><p><b>1965</b> The National Volunteers </p><p><b>1970</b> Student Revolving Loan Fund for Higher Education </p><p><b>1971</b> National School Feeding Programme </p><p><b>1972</b> Establishment of Jamaica Racing Commission and Jockey School </p><p><b>1974</b> Institute of Mass Communication; later renamed Caribbean Institute of Media & Communication (CARIMAC) </p><p><b>1982</b> H.E.A.R.T. (Human Employment & Resource Training) </p><p><b>1984</b> Food Stamp Programme for elderly poor and lactating mothers </p><p><b>1984</b> ARP - Administrative Reform Programme for fundamental Civil Service reforms </p><p><b>1985</b> Golden Age Home for the elderly poor </p><p><b>1986</b> L.E.A.P. (Learning for Earning Activity Programme) for street children </p><p><b>1988</b> P.A.C.E. (Programme for Advancement of Early Childhood Education) </p><p><b>1988</b> Residential Halls for UWI, UTECH and Cultural Training Centre </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_programmes">Cultural programmes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural programmes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga established in independent Jamaica most of the institutions to build cultural awareness and national identity, as well as develop arts, crafts and national heritage. </p><p><b>1963</b> Jamaica Festival </p><p><b>1964</b> Promotion to launch Jamaican music (ska) abroad </p><p><b>1964</b> Return and interment of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>'s body at Jamaica </p><p><b>1964</b> Order of National Heroes - Garvey first named hero </p><p><b>1964</b> National Heroes Park </p><p><b>1965–69</b> - development of several museums: <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> </p><p><b>1967</b> <i>Jamaica Journal</i> publication (<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Jamaica" title="Institute of Jamaica">Institute of Jamaica</a>) </p><p><b>1967</b> Research and recording of folk culture </p><p><b>1967</b> Devon House </p><p><b>1968</b> National Heritage Week </p><p><b>1971</b> Design of the Cultural Training Centre (Arts, Drama, Music, Painting & Sculpture) </p><p><b>1972</b> Jamaica Racing Commission and Jockey School </p><p><b>1986</b> Establishment of the Creative Production and Training Centre (CPTC) </p><p><b>1988</b> Planned development of heritage sites (Port Royal, Spanish Town, Seville) </p><p><b>1988</b> Media Divestment Programme, to establish several small private radio stations and church television </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional,_parliamentary,_political_and_constitutional_reforms"><span id="Institutional.2C_parliamentary.2C_political_and_constitutional_reforms"></span>Institutional, parliamentary, political and constitutional reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Institutional, parliamentary, political and constitutional reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seaga is recognized as the initiator of some of the most important political, parliamentary and constitutional reforms which affect governance of the country. </p><p><b>1961</b> Member of the Parliamentary Commission which drafted the Constitution for independent Jamaica </p><p><b>1979</b> Electoral reforms: structure of EAC </p><p><b>1986</b> Establishment of Contractor General proposed in 1979 </p><p><b>1986</b> Media Commission </p><p><b>1992</b> Constitutional Reform: Advocate General (renamed Public Defender) </p><p><b>1993</b> Constitutional Reform: Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms </p><p><b>1994</b> Several Parliamentary reforms: </p> <ul><li>to strengthen the independence of Parliament</li> <li>to allow non-Parliamentarians to address Parliament on issues</li></ul> <p><b>1994</b> Money Bills tabled in Parliament to regulate money supply by law </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_programmes">International programmes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International programmes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jamaica is recognized for initiating several far-reaching international programmes within the Caribbean region and worldwide, due to Seaga's proposals to create new international agreements. </p><p><b>1974</b> UNESCO International Fund for the Promotion of Culture (Culture Bank) </p><p><b>1982</b> Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) </p><p><b>1986</b> UNDP - United Nations International Short Term Advisory Resources - UNISTAR (Manpower Bank) </p><p><b>1986</b> Caribbean Democrat Union (CDU) </p><p><b>1986</b> CARIBCAN (Canada) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Parent Teacher Relationships</i>, University of the West Indies, 1954</li> <li>"Faith Healing in Jamaica", <i>International Parapsychology,</i> 1955</li> <li>"Revival Spirit Cults", <i>Jamaica Journal</i>, Institute of Jamaica</li> <li><i>The Origins of Jamaican Popular Music</i></li> <li><i>Grenada Intervention: The Inside Story</i>, 2009</li> <li><i>Revelations: Beyond Political Boundaries</i>, Lectures 2005–2009</li> <li><i>Edward Seaga: My Life and Leadership: Clash of Ideologies</i>, Volume 1, 2009</li> <li><i>Edward Seaga: Shaping History: Hard Road to Travel</i>, Volume 2, 2010</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Folk Music of Jamaica</i> (album recorded by Ethnic Folkways Library), 1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_Golden_Jubilee" title="Reggae Golden Jubilee"><i>Reggae Golden Jubilee - Origins of Jamaican Music</i></a>, released on 6 November 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Edward_Seaga" title="Special:EditPage/Edward Seaga">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 22 August 1965, Seaga married Marie Elizabeth "Mitsy" Constantine, Miss Jamaica 1965. They had two sons, Christopher and Andrew, and a daughter Anabella. This marriage was dissolved in 1995. </p><p>On 14 June 1996, he married Carla Frances Vendryes. Their daughter Gabrielle was born 16 September 2002. With a Masters in Public Administration, Vendryes Seaga has a special interest in sociological research and the development of Jamaican handicraft. She founded the Solidarity project to assist the poor in small entrepreneurial enterprises. She founded an organization to assist victims of violence. </p><p>Seaga was deeply involved in cultural activities, particularly folk music and all aspects of things Jamaican. A keen gardener and amateur landscaper, he used his love for plants and flowers to develop the Enchanted Garden resort, an attraction in Jamaica. </p><p>As an athlete, Seaga played on several college and school teams: field hockey, cricket, football, rifle, tennis and swimming (diving). He participated as a member of various hunting clubs and the Jamaica Skeet Club. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civic_activities">Civic activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Civic activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In West Kingston, he became the president of the Tivoli Gardens Football, Basketball and Netball clubs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> He then became Chairman of the Premier League Football Association and the Professional Football Association of Jamaica, with responsibility for the 12 Premier League teams and the staging of the Premier League.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 20 January 2005, Edward Seaga retired as Leader of the Jamaica Labour Party, a position he had held for 30 years. He retired as a Member of Parliament after serving for 43 years in the House of Representatives, in addition to two years in the Senate. He has the longest period of continuous service of any elected representative in the Caribbean region. </p><p>With appointments to academia at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Jamaica" title="Institute of Jamaica">Institute of Jamaica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Technology">University of Technology</a>, he became engaged in research and writing, as well as teaching and leadership. </p><p>On 28 May 2019, his 89th birthday, Seaga died in Miami, Florida, where he had been receiving treatment for <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seaga's body was repatriated to Jamaica on 2 June, <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received a state funeral on 23 June, with religious services held at the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_(Kingston)" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral (Kingston)">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> before being laid to rest in <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Park" title="National Heroes Park">National Heroes Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, Seaga's portrait has been featured on the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_dollar" title="Jamaican dollar">Jamaican $2000 bill</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1980, <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune Magazine">Fortune Magazine</a></i> named him as a "Man of the Year", the first and only such accolade to anyone in this region</li> <li>In 1981, Seaga was appointed by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as a member of Her Majesty's Privy Council.</li> <li>In 2002, the Government of Jamaica awarded him the Order of the Nation, the second highest honour</li></ul> <p>In 2005, the University of the West Indies awarded him the honorary title of Distinguished Fellow for Life. He was also installed as a Fellow of the Institute of Jamaica, devoted to the arts and sciences. </p> <ul><li>That year, he was appointed as Chancellor of the University of Technology</li></ul> <p>Seaga was also honoured by several other countries: </p> <ul><li>1981, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Republic of Venezuela</a> – Grand Collar de Libertador</li> <li>Republic of Venezuela – <a href="/wiki/Gold_Mercury_International_Award" title="Gold Mercury International Award">Gold Mercury International Award</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> – Grand Gwangwa Medal, Order of Diplomatic Service</li> <li>1982, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> – Grand Cross of the Order of Merit</li> <li>1987, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a></li></ul> <p>He received several prestigious international awards: </p> <ul><li>Gleaner Honour Awards: Man of the Year, 1980, 1981</li> <li>Avenue of the Americas Association, N.Y. – Gold Key Award (1981)</li> <li>American Friendship Medal bestowed by the Freedom Foundation, 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Development_Foundation" title="Pan American Development Foundation">Pan American Development Foundation</a> Inter-American Man of the Year Development Award (1983)</li> <li>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a> Humanitarian Award (1984)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2020)">from whom?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> – the Environmental Leadership Award (1987)</li></ul> <p>Seaga was appointed as a Distinguished Fellow by the University of the West Indies, Fellow of the Institute of Jamaica, and Pro-Chancellor of the University of Technology </p><p>Honorary Degrees: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>, LL.D. (1981)</li> <li>Tampa University, LL.D. (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>, LL.D. (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, LL.D. (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hartford" title="University of Hartford">University of Hartford</a>, LL.D. (1987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMason2019" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Peter (28 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/28/edward-seaga-obituary">"Edward Seaga obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Edward+Seaga+obituary&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmay%2F28%2Fedward-seaga-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birth_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528123823/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/archive/2013-5-28.html">"Birthdays today"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 28 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/archive/2013-5-28.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>Mr Edward Seaga, Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1980–90, 83</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Birthdays+today&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Farchive%2F2013-5-28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/2333211.stm">Profile: Edward Seaga</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>; retrieved 8 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelps" class="citation web cs1">Helps, HG. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530002032/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Seaga-turns-85-today_19028648/">"Seaga turns 85 today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jamaica_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jamaica Observer">The Jamaica Observer</a></i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/73299_Edward-Seaga--A-political-life">the original</a> on 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Obverse&rft.atitle=Edward+Seaga%3A+A+political+life&rft.date=2005-01-16&rft.aulast=Headley&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2F73299_Edward-Seaga--A-political-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eder-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eder_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eder, Bruce "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/edward-seaga-p392893/biography">Edward Seaga Biography</a>", <a href="/wiki/Allmusic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allmusic">Allmusic</a>, retrieved 8 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ObsBox-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ObsBox_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/entertainment/VP-to-launch-Seaga-s-music_12605714">VP Records to launch Seaga's 'Origins of Jamaican Music'</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Observer" title="Jamaica Observer">Jamaica Observer</a></i>, 25 September 2012; retrieved 29 September 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Condolence_books_open_for_Edward_Seaga?profile=&template=PrinterVersion">"Jamaica Observer Limited"</a>. <i>www.jamaicaobserver.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=New+Cloaks+for+the+CIA&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2019%2F08%2F23%2Fnew-cloaks-for-the-cia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/seaga-raps-wignall-cia-did-not-support-jlp-in-1980/">"Seaga raps Wignall: CIA did not support JLP in 1980"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i>. 5 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Seaga+raps+Wignall%3A+CIA+did+not+support+JLP+in+1980&rft.date=2012-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2Fseaga-raps-wignall-cia-did-not-support-jlp-in-1980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gleaner-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gleaner_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20190529/seaga-one-don-controversy">http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/lead-stories/20190529/seaga-one-don-controversy</a> <a href="/wiki/Gleaner_Company" title="Gleaner Company">Gleaner Company</a>; retrieved 29 May 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Nohlen, D</a> (2005) <i>Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I</i>, p430 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928357-6">978-0-19-928357-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20190528/edward-seaga-has-died-89">"Edward Seaga has died at 89"</a>. <i>jamaica-gleaner.com</i>. 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jamaica-gleaner.com&rft.atitle=Edward+Seaga+has+died+at+89&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamaica-gleaner.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F20190528%2Fedward-seaga-has-died-89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundle2019" class="citation news cs1">Mundle, Tanesha (3 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/2019/06/03/seagas-home/">"Seaga's home"</a>. <i>Jamaica Observer</i>. Kingston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Seaga%27s+home&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=Mundle&rft.aufirst=Tanesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2F2019%2F06%2F03%2Fseagas-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2019" class="citation news cs1">Patterson, Chris (23 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jis.gov.jm/edward-seaga-laid-to-rest/">"Edward Seaga Laid to Rest"</a>. <i>Jamaica Information Service</i>. Kingston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Edward+Seaga+Laid+to+Rest&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjis.gov.jm%2Fedward-seaga-laid-to-rest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Seaga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Seaga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/seaga.html">Government of Jamaica Information Service Biography Page</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shearer" title="Hugh Shearer">Hugh Shearer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Jamaica)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1974-80 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Prime Minister of Jamaica</a> </b><br />1980-89 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Michael Manley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Jamaica)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Jamaica)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1989–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Jamaica" title="Template:Prime ministers of Jamaica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Jamaica" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Jamaica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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J. Patterson">P. J. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portia_Simpson-Miller" title="Portia Simpson-Miller">Portia Simpson-Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Golding" title="Bruce Golding">Bruce Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Holness" title="Andrew Holness">Andrew Holness</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><sup>†</sup> Served as Chief Minister of Jamaica. <sup>‡</sup> Served as Premier of Jamaica.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470950#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/106526402X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84183137">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17711549h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17711549h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074918486">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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