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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_classical_antiquity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In classical antiquity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pythia_at_Delphi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pythia_at_Delphi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pythia at Delphi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pythia_at_Delphi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sibyl_at_Cumae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sibyl_at_Cumae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sibyl at Cumae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sibyl_at_Cumae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oracle_at_Didyma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oracle_at_Didyma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Oracle at Didyma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oracle_at_Didyma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oracle_at_Dodona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oracle_at_Dodona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Oracle at Dodona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oracle_at_Dodona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oracle_at_Abae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oracle_at_Abae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oracle at Abae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oracle_at_Abae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_oracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_oracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other oracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_oracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In other cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celtic_polytheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_polytheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Celtic polytheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_polytheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_and_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>India and Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norse_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norse_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Norse mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norse_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Pre-Columbian Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Tibet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oracle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orakel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="وسيط الوحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسيط الوحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakul" title="Orakul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orakul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Аракул – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аракул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Аракул – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аракул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Оракул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оракул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oracle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9B%C5%A1tec" title="Věštec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Věštec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Orakel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orakel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Μαντείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαντείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Чартлиця – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чартлиця" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1culo" title="Oráculo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oráculo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakolo" title="Orakolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orakolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakulu" title="Orakulu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orakulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="وخشور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وخشور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Orakel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%83%81_(%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90)" title="신탁 (종교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신탁 (종교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Օրակուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրակուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="दैवज्ञ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दैवज्ञ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraklo" title="Oraklo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oraklo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orakel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracolo" title="Oracolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oracolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="אורקל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆರಕಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರಕಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ორაკული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორაკული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Оракул – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оракул" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%8F" title="Олуя – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Олуя" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraculum" title="Oraculum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oraculum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakulas" title="Orakulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Orakulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1kulum" title="Orákulum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orákulum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D)" title="കോമരം (വെളിച്ചപ്പാട്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോമരം (വെളിച്ചപ്പാട്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orakel" title="Orakel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orakel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A8%97" title="神託 – Japanese" 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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the classical concept. For the software company, see <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oracle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oracle (disambiguation)">Oracle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Provider of prophecies or insights</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg/260px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg/390px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg/520px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_Consulting_the_Oracle_-_Christie%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3835" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Consulting_the_Oracle" title="Consulting the Oracle">Consulting the Oracle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, showing eight priestesses in a temple of prophecy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>oracle</b> is a person or thing considered to provide insight, wise counsel or <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predictions</a>, most notably including <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">precognition</a> of the future, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a>. If done through <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultic</a> means, it is a form of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>oracle</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verb <i>ōrāre</i>, "to speak" and properly refers to the priest or priestess uttering the prediction. In extended use, <i>oracle</i> may also refer to the <i>site of the oracle</i>, and the oracular utterances themselves, are called <i>khrēsmoí</i> (χρησμοί) in Greek. </p><p>Oracles were thought to be portals through which the gods spoke directly to people. In this sense, they were different from seers (<i>manteis</i>, μάντεις) who interpreted signs sent by the gods through bird signs, <a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">animal entrails</a>, and other various methods.<sup id="cite_ref-flower_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flower-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important oracles of Greek antiquity were <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> (priestess to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>), and the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>. Other oracles of Apollo were located at <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mallus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallus (city)">Mallus</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bassae" title="Bassae">Bassae</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, and at the islands of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> in the Aegean Sea. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a> are a collection of oracular utterances written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameters</a>, ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyls</a>, prophetesses who uttered divine revelations in frenzied states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> observes that "Frenzied women from whose lips the God speaks" are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> in the second millennium BC and in Assyria in the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egypt, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a> (eye of the moon) was depicted as a snake-headed woman or a woman with two snake-heads. Her oracle was in the renowned temple in <a href="/wiki/Per-Wadjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Per-Wadjet">Per-Wadjet</a> (Greek name <a href="/wiki/Buto" title="Buto">Buto</a>). The oracle of Wadjet may have been the source for the oracular tradition which spread from Egypt to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans linked Wadjet with the "<a href="/wiki/Minoan_snake_goddess_figurines" title="Minoan snake goddess figurines">Minoan Snake Goddess</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> she is called <a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness/Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dione (Titaness/Oceanid)">Diōnē</a> (the feminine form of <i>Diós</i>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> of <i>Zeus</i>; or of <i>dīos</i>, "godly", literally "heavenly"), who represents the earth-fertile soil, probably the chief female goddess of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">proto-Indo-European</a> pantheon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Python_(mythology)" title="Python (mythology)">Python</a>, daughter (or son) of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a> was the earth dragon of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> represented as a <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> and became the chthonic deity, enemy of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, who slew her and possessed the oracle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_classical_antiquity">In classical antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Antiquity"></span><span class="anchor" id="antiquity"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pythia_at_Delphi">Pythia at Delphi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pythia at Delphi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>When the Prytanies' seat shines white in the island of Siphnos,<br /> White-browed all the forum—need then of a true seer's wisdom—<br /> Danger will threat from a wooden boat, and a herald in scarlet. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Pythoness, in <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> was the mouthpiece of the oracles of the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, and was also known as the Oracle of Delphi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Delphic Oracle exerted considerable influence throughout Hellenic culture. Distinctively, this woman was essentially the highest authority both civilly and religiously in male-dominated <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. She responded to the questions of citizens, foreigners, kings, and philosophers on issues of political impact, war, duty, crime, family, laws—even personal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The semi-Hellenic countries around the Greek world, such as <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> also respected her and came to Delphi as <a href="/wiki/Supplicant" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplicant">supplicants</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, king of Lydia beginning in 560 BC, tested the oracles of the world to discover which gave the most accurate prophecies. He sent out emissaries to seven sites who were all to ask the oracles on the same day what the king was doing at that very moment. Croesus proclaimed the oracle at Delphi to be the most accurate, who correctly reported that the king was making a lamb-and-tortoise stew, and so he graced her with a magnitude of precious gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then consulted Delphi before attacking <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a>, and according to Herodotus was advised: "If you cross the river, a great empire will be destroyed". Believing the response favourable, Croesus attacked, but it was his own empire that ultimately was destroyed by the Persians. </p><p>She allegedly also proclaimed that there was no man wiser than <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, to which Socrates said that, if so, this was because he alone was aware of his own ignorance. After this confrontation, Socrates dedicated his life to a search for knowledge that was one of the founding events of western <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. He claimed that she was "an essential guide to personal and state development."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This oracle's last recorded response was given in 362 AD, to <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oracle's powers were highly sought after and never doubted. Any inconsistencies between prophecies and events were dismissed as failure to correctly interpret the responses, not an error of the oracle.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very often prophecies were worded ambiguously, so as to cover all contingencies – especially so <i>ex post facto</i>. One famous such response to a query about participation in a military campaign was "You will go you will return never in war will you perish". This gives the recipient liberty to place a comma before or after the word "never", thus covering both possible outcomes. Another was the response to the Athenians when the vast army of king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> was approaching Athens with the intent of razing the city to the ground. "Only the wooden palisades may save you"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, answered the oracle, probably aware that there was sentiment for sailing to the safety of southern Italy and re-establishing Athens there. Some thought that it was a recommendation to fortify the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis</a> with a wooden fence and make a stand there. Others, <a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> among them, said the oracle was clearly for fighting at sea, the metaphor intended to mean war ships. Others still insisted that their case was so hopeless that they should board every ship available and flee to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where they would be safe beyond any doubt. In the event, variations of all three interpretations were attempted: some barricaded the Acropolis, the civilian population was evacuated over sea to nearby <a href="/wiki/Salamis_Island" title="Salamis Island">Salamis Island</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Troizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Troizen">Troizen</a>, and the war fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">fought victoriously at Salamis Bay</a>. Should utter destruction have happened, it could always be claimed that the oracle had called for fleeing to Italy after all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sibyl_at_Cumae">Sibyl at Cumae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sibyl at Cumae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> was the first Greek colony on the mainland of Italy, near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, dating back to the 8th century BC. The <i>sibylla</i> or prophetess at Cumae became famous because of her proximity to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a> acquired and consulted in emergencies by Rome wherein her prophecies were transcribed. The Cumaean Sibyl was called "Herophile" by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, "Deiphobe, daughter of Glaucus" by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, as well as "Amaltheia", "Demophile", or "Taraxandra" by others. Sibyl's prophecies became popular with <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> as they were thought to predict the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_at_Didyma">Oracle at Didyma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oracle at Didyma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG/220px-Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG/330px-Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG/440px-Didymaion_front_AvL.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> near Ionia in Asia Minor in the domain of the famous city of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_at_Dodona">Oracle at Dodona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oracle at Dodona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> in northwestern Greece was another oracle devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> identified at other sites with <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, but here called <a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness/Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dione (Titaness/Oceanid)">Dione</a>. The shrine of Dodona, set in a grove of oak trees, was the oldest Hellenic oracle, according to the fifth-century historian Herodotus, and dated from pre-Hellenic times, perhaps as early as the second millennium BC, when the tradition may have spread from Egypt. By the time of Herodotus, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> had displaced the Mother Goddess, who had been assimilated to <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, and the worship of the deified hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> had been added. Dodona became the second most important oracle in ancient Greece, after <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. At Dodona, Zeus was worshipped as Zeus Naios or Naos (god of springs <a href="/wiki/Naiads" class="mw-redirect" title="Naiads">Naiads</a>, from a spring under the oaks), or as Zeus Bouleos (chancellor). Priestesses and priests interpreted the rustling of the leaves of the oak tree that stood on this spot as Zeus' sanctuary to determine the correct actions to be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_at_Abae">Oracle at Abae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oracle at Abae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oracle of <a href="/wiki/Abae" title="Abae">Abae</a> was one of the most important oracles. It was almost completely destroyed by the Persians during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_oracles">Other oracles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other oracles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a> near Ionia in Asia Minor was home to a prophetess. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a> was an oracle at <a href="/wiki/Lebadea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebadea">Lebadea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> devoted to the chthonian Zeus Trophonius. Trophonius was a Greek hero nursed by <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the Menestheus's port or <i>Menesthei Portus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μενεσθέως λιμήν</span>), modern <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">El Puerto de Santa María</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, was the Oracle of Menestheus (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μαντεῖον τοῦ Μενεσθέως</span>), to whom also the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gades</a> offered sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Ikaros island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>), there was an oracle of <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> Tauropolus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Claros" title="Claros">Claros</a>, there was the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> Clarius.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Ptoion" title="Ptoion">Ptoion</a>, there was an oracle of Ptoios and later of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Gryneium" title="Gryneium">Gryneium</a>, there was a sanctuary of Apollo with an ancient oracle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Livadeia" title="Livadeia">Livadeia</a> there was the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oracle of <a href="/wiki/Zeus_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeus Ammon">Zeus Ammon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a> was so famous that <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> visited it when he conquered Egypt. </p><p>There was also another oracle of Zeus Ammon at <a href="/wiki/Aphytis" title="Aphytis">Aphytis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oracle of Zeus at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquitie_-_Oraculum_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquitie_-_Oraculum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anariace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anariace (page does not exist)">Anariace</a> (Ἀναριάκη) at the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, there was an oracle for sleepers. Persons should sleep in the temple in order to learn the divine will.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oracle of Apollo at <a href="/wiki/Eutresis_(Boeotia)" title="Eutresis (Boeotia)">Eutresis</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oracle of Apollo at <a href="/wiki/Tegyra" title="Tegyra">Tegyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oracle of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were many "oracles of the dead", such as in <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Herakleia in Pontos</a>, in the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Taenaron</a>, but the most important was the <a href="/wiki/Necromanteion_of_Acheron" title="Necromanteion of Acheron">Necromanteion of Acheron</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_cultures">In other cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In other cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></div> <p>The term "oracle" is also applied in modern English to parallel institutions of divination in other cultures. Specifically, it is used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> for the concept of <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a>, and in the context of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a> breastplate, and in general any utterance considered <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_polytheism">Celtic polytheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Celtic polytheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a>, divination was performed by the priestly caste, either the <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a>. This is reflected in the role of "seers" in <a href="/wiki/Dark_Age_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Age Wales">Dark Age Wales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dryw" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryw">dryw</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_400%E2%80%93800" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland 400–800">Ireland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1ith" class="mw-redirect" title="Fáith">fáith</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/170px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/255px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/340px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">Oracle bone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, ancient China</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">oracle bones</a> were used for divination in the late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, (c. 1600–1046 BC). Diviners applied heat to these bones, usually ox scapulae or tortoise plastrons, and interpreted the resulting cracks. </p><p>A different divining method, using the stalks of the <a href="/wiki/Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">yarrow plant</a>, was practiced in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (1046–256 BC). Around the late 9th century BC, the divination system was recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i>, or "Book of Changes", a collection of linear signs used as oracles. In addition to its oracular power, the <i>I Ching</i> has had a major influence on the philosophy, literature and statecraft of China since the Zhou period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reporter_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Reporter (Ancient Egypt)">Reporter (Ancient Egypt)</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a>, some ancient Egyptian gods (and rarely deified humans), acted as intermediaries between humans and the divine. This was exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> title "<a href="/wiki/Reporter_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Reporter (Ancient Egypt)">Reporter/Herald</a>" (<i>wḥmw</i>), whom in the religious context, reports requests and petitions to the local gods.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaii">Hawaii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, oracles were found at certain <i><a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a></i>, Hawaiian temples. These oracles were found in towers covered in white <i><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa</a></i> cloth made from plant fibres. In here, priests received the will of gods. These towers were called <i> 'Anu'u</i>. An example of this can be found at Ahu'ena heiau in <a href="/wiki/Kona_District,_Hawaii" title="Kona District, Hawaii">Kona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_and_Nepal">India and Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India and Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the oracle was known as <i><a href="/wiki/Akashvani_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashvani (term)">ākāśavānī</a></i> "voice/speech from the sky/<a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>" or <i>aśarīravānī</i> "a disembodied voice (or voice of the unseen)" (<i>asariri</i> in Tamil), and was related to the message of a god. Oracles played key roles in many of the major incidents of the epics <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>. An example is that <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a> (or Kansa), the evil uncle of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, was informed by an oracle that the eighth son of his sister <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> would kill him. The opening verse of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tiruvalluva_Maalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvalluva Maalai">Tiruvalluva Maalai</a></i>, a medieval Tamil anthology usually dated by modern scholars to between c. 7th and 10th centuries CE, is attributed to an <i>asariri</i> or oracle.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are no references in any Indian literature of the oracle being a specific person. </p><p>Contemporarily, <a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a> or "theiyam" in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> - a south Indian language - the process by which a Priest invites a <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> god or goddess to use his or her body as a medium or channel and answer other devotees' questions, still happens.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same is called "arulvaakku" or "arulvaak" in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, another south Indian language - <a href="/wiki/Adhiparasakthi_Siddhar_Peetam" title="Adhiparasakthi Siddhar Peetam">Adhiparasakthi Siddhar Peetam</a> is famous for arulvakku in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people in and around <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> call the same, <a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a>, "paathri" or "darshin"; in other parts of Karnataka, it is known by various names such as, "prashnaavali", "vaagdaana", "asei", "aashirvachana" and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> it is known as, "Devta ka dhaamee" or "<a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">jhaakri</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a> of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> have a long tradition of using oracles. In Igbo villages, oracles were usually female <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priestesses</a> to a particular deity, usually dwelling in a cave or other secluded location away from urban areas, and, much as the oracles of ancient Greece, would deliver prophecies in an ecstatic state to visitors seeking advice. Two of their ancient oracles became especially famous during the pre-colonial period: the Agbala oracle at <a href="/wiki/Awka" title="Awka">Awka</a> and the Chukwu oracle at <a href="/wiki/Arochukwu" title="Arochukwu">Arochukwu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the vast majority of Igbos today are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, many of them still use oracles. </p><p>Among the related <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba peoples</a> of the same country, the <a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawos</a> (and their female counterparts, the Iyanifas) serve collectively as the principal aspects of the tribe's world-famous <a href="/wiki/Ifa_divination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifa divination">Ifa divination</a> system. Due to this, they customarily officiate at a great many of its traditional and religious ceremonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norse_mythology">Norse mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norse mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> took the severed head of the god <a href="/wiki/Mimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimir">Mimir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a> for consultation as an oracle. The <i><a href="/wiki/Havamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Havamal">Havamal</a></i> and other sources relate the <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> of Odin for the oracular <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> whereby he lost an eye (external sight) and won wisdom (internal sight; <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_Americas">Pre-Columbian Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the migration myth of the Mexitin, i.e., the early <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a>-bundle (perhaps an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a>) carried by four priests directed the trek away from the cave of origins by giving oracles. An oracle led to the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Mexico-Tenochtitlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico-Tenochtitlan">Mexico-Tenochtitlan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatec Maya">Yucatec Mayas</a> knew oracle priests or <i>chilanes</i>, literally 'mouthpieces' of the deity. Their written repositories of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a>, the Books of <a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a>, were all ascribed to one famous oracle priest who had correctly predicted the coming of the Spaniards and its associated disasters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, oracles (Chinese: 护法) have played, and continue to play, an important part in religion and government. The word "oracle" is used by Tibetans to refer to the spirit that enters those men and women who act as <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">media</a> between the natural and the spiritual realms. The media are, therefore, known as <i>kuten</i>, which literally means, "the physical basis". In the <a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">欽定藏內善後章程二十九條</span><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), an imperial decree published in 1793 by the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, article 1 states that the creation of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a> is to ensure prosperity of <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>, and to eliminate cheating and corruption in the selection process performed by oracles.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, who lives in exile in northern India, still consults an oracle known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Nechung_Oracle" title="Nechung Oracle">Nechung Oracle</a></i>, which is considered the official state oracle of the government of Tibet. The Dalai Lama has, according to centuries-old custom, consulted the Nechung Oracle during the new year festivities of <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nechung and Gadhong are the primary oracles currently consulted; former oracles such as Karmashar and Darpoling are no longer active in exile. The Gadhong oracle has died leaving Nechung to be the only primary oracle. Another oracle the Dalai Lama consults is the <i><a href="/wiki/Tenma_goddesses" title="Tenma goddesses">Tenma Oracle</a></i>, for which a young Tibetan woman by the name of Khandro La is the medium for the mountain goddesses Tseringma along with the other 11 goddesses. The Dalai Lama gives a complete description of the process of <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">spirit possession</a> in his book <i>Freedom in Exile</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorje Shugden oracles were once consulted by the Dalai Lamas until the 14th Dalai Lama banned the practice, even though he consulted Dorje Shugden for advice to escape and was successful in it. Due to the ban, many of the abbots that were worshippers of Dorje Shugden have been forced to go against the Dalai Lama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_(planchette_writing)" title="Fuji (planchette writing)">Fuji (planchette writing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futomani" title="Futomani">Futomani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaobei" title="Jiaobei">Jiaobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kau_Cim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kau Cim">Kau Cim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAn_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Lên đồng">Lên đồng</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingqijing" title="Lingqijing">Lingqijing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudang">Mudang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_divination" title="Poe divination">Poe divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangki">Tangki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Shing" title="Tung Shing">Tung Shing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-flower-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-flower_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flower, Michael Attyah. <i>The Seer in Ancient Greece.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Burkert.<i>Greek Religion</i>. Harvard University Press.1985.p 116-118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i>, ii 55, and vii 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthistoryresources.net/snakegoddess/snakesegypt.html">"Women in the Aegean: Minoan Snake Goddess: 8. Snakes, Egypt, Magic & Women"</a>. <i>arthistoryresources.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arthistoryresources.net&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Aegean%3A+Minoan+Snake+Goddess%3A+8.+Snakes%2C+Egypt%2C+Magic+%26+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farthistoryresources.net%2Fsnakegoddess%2Fsnakesegypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hymn to Pythian Apollo</i>.363,369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>The Histories</i>, as translated in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawlinsonRawlinsonWilkinson1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">Rawlinson, George</a>; Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke; Wilkinson, John Gardner (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ijENAAAAIAAJ&q=treasury+Siphnos&pg=PA376"><i>The History of Herodotus: A New English Version</i></a>. Vol. II. London: John Murray. p. 376<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Herodotus%3A+A+New+English+Version&rft.place=London&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Rawlinson%2C+Henry+Creswicke&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+John+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DijENAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtreasury%2BSiphnos%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, G.M.A. Grube, J.M. Cooper - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFKMKNkzcAC&q=The+Trial+and+Death+of+Socrates+%28Third+Edition%29%3A+Euthyphro%2C+Apology%2C+Crito%2C+Death+Scene+from+Phaedo"><i>The Trial and Death of Socrates</i> (Third Edition): "Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Death Scene from Phaedo"</a> (page 24 - footnote 7) Hackett Publishing, 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1603846476" title="Special:BookSources/1603846476">1603846476</a> [Retrieved 2015-04-25]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broad, W. J. (2007), p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broad, W. J. (2007), p.51-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broad, W. J. (2007), p.63. Socrates also argued that the oracle's effectiveness was rooted in her ability to abandon herself completely to a higher power by way of insanity or "sacred madness."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1988" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Carol G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIdcStQg4g0C&pg=PA47"><i>Paths from Ancient Greece</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004088466" title="Special:BookSources/9004088466"><bdi>9004088466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+from+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9004088466&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Carol+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIdcStQg4g0C%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broad, W. J. (2007), p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruck2024" class="citation web cs1">Struck, Peter, T. (June 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?regexp=DODONA&method=standard#:~:text=The%20oldest%20sanctuary%20of%20the,grey%2D%20headed%20priestesses%20called%20Peleiades.">"Greek and Roman Mythology: Dodona"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Greek+and+Roman+Mythology%3A+Dodona&rft.date=2024-06-23&rft.aulast=Struck&rft.aufirst=Peter%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.classics.upenn.edu%2Fmyth%2Fphp%2Ftools%2Fdictionary.php%3Fregexp%3DDODONA%26method%3Dstandard%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520oldest%2520sanctuary%2520of%2520the%2Cgrey%252D%2520headed%2520priestesses%2520called%2520Peleiades.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dabae-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Abae</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>.<i>Guide to Greece</i> 9.39.2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/3A*.html">"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book III Chapter 1"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Strabo%27s+Geography+%E2%80%94+Book+III+Chapter+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F3A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=menesthei-portus-geo">"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), MENESTHEI PORTUS"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography+%281854%29%2C+MENESTHEI+PORTUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aentry%3Dmenesthei-portus-geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:16.3.2">"Strabo, Geography, §16.3.2"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+%C2%A716.3.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A16.3.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+7.5">7.5.1–3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30160">"Apollo Ptoion sanctuary, Anne Jacquemin - Wiley Online Library"</a>. Wiley. 21 January 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30160">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apollo+Ptoion+sanctuary%2C+Anne+Jacquemin+-+Wiley+Online+Library&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#G213.10">"Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, G213.10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stephanus+of+Byzantium%2C+Ethnica%2C+G213.10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F241%23G213.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0638.tlg001.perseus-grc1:4.14">"Philostratus the Athenian, Vita Apollonii, 4.14"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philostratus+the+Athenian%2C+Vita+Apollonii%2C+4.14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0638.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A4.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:13.3.5">"Strabo, Geography, 13.3.5"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+13.3.5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1%3A13.3.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/901#2.121">Col. William Leake, TRAVELS IN NORTHERN GREECE, 2.121</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#A151.1">Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, A151.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquitie_-_Oraculum-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquitie_-_Oraculum_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DO%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Doraculum-cn">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Oraculum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Danariacae-geo">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Anariacea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:11.7.1">Strabo, Geography, 11.7.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#A93.5">Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, A93.5 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Deutresis-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Eutresis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dtegyra-geo">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Tegyra</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0132:life=tit.:chapter=5">C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Titus, 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> s.v. "oracle <i>n.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonna2021" class="citation book cs1">Colonna, Angelo (2021-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGxMEAAAQBAJ&dq=I+am+a+whmw&pg=PA164"><i>Religious Practice and Cultural Construction of Animal Worship in Egypt from the Early Dynastic to the New Kingdom: Ritual Forms, Material Display, Historical Development</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-822-0"><bdi>978-1-78969-822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Practice+and+Cultural+Construction+of+Animal+Worship+in+Egypt+from+the+Early+Dynastic+to+the+New+Kingdom%3A+Ritual+Forms%2C+Material+Display%2C+Historical+Development&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-822-0&rft.aulast=Colonna&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsGxMEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DI%2Bam%2Ba%2Bwhmw%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Fischer" class="citation web cs1">John Fischer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075234/http://gohawaii.about.com/od/bigislandofhawaiiphotos/ig/kailua-kona/kailua_kona_038.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anu'u (oracle tower) and Ki'i Akua (temple images) at 'Ahu'ena Heiau in Kailua-Kona on Hawaii's Big Island"</a>. <i>About.com Travel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gohawaii.about.com/od/bigislandofhawaiiphotos/ig/kailua-kona/kailua_kona_038.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com+Travel&rft.atitle=%27Anu%27u+%28oracle+tower%29+and+Ki%27i+Akua+%28temple+images%29+at+%27Ahu%27ena+Heiau+in+Kailua-Kona+on+Hawaii%27s+Big+Island&rft.au=John+Fischer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgohawaii.about.com%2Fod%2Fbigislandofhawaiiphotos%2Fig%2Fkailua-kona%2Fkailua_kona_038.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamil_Zvelebil1975" class="citation book cs1">Kamil Zvelebil (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C&pg=PA124"><i>Tamil Literature</i></a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04190-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04190-7"><bdi>90-04-04190-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Literature&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04190-7&rft.au=Kamil+Zvelebil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKx4uqyts2t4C%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._N._Kandasamy2020" class="citation book cs1">S. N. Kandasamy (2020). <i>திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (பெருட்பால், பகுதி 1) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Porul, Part 1]</i>. Chennai: Manivasagar Padhippagam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%3A+%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88+%28%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%2C+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+1%29+%5BTirukkural%3A+Research+commentary%3A+Book+of+Porul%2C+Part+1%5D&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Manivasagar+Padhippagam&rft.date=2020&rft.au=S.+N.+Kandasamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedhanayagam2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vedhanayagam, Rama (2017). <bdi lang="ta">திருவள்ளுவ மாலை மூலமும் எளிய உரை விளக்கமும்</bdi> [<i>Tiruvalluvamaalai: Source with simple commentary</i>] (in Tamil) (1 ed.). Chennai: Manimekalai Prasuram.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF+%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&rft.place=Chennai&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Manimekalai+Prasuram&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Vedhanayagam&rft.aufirst=Rama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606105354/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar"</a>. <i>Mathrubhumi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/devakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731">the original</a> on 2021-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=%27Devakoothu%27%3B+the+lone+woman+Theyyam+in+North+Malabar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2Fnews-in-videos%2Fdevakoothu-the-lone-woman-theyyam-in-north-malabar-1.3468731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanette_R._Spina_(2017)2017" class="citation cs2">Nanette R. Spina (2017) (28 February 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBs9DgAAQBAJ"><i>Women's Authority and Leadership in a Hindu Goddess Tradition</i></a>, Springer, p. 135, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1375-8909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1375-8909-5"><bdi>978-1-1375-8909-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Authority+and+Leadership+in+a+Hindu+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-1375-8909-5&rft.au=Nanette+R.+Spina+%282017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBs9DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrückner1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brückner, Heidrun (1987). "Bhuta Worship in Coastal Karnataka: An Oral Tulu Myth and Festival Ritual of Jumadi". <i>Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik</i>. 13/14: 17–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Indologie+und+Iranistik&rft.atitle=Bhuta+Worship+in+Coastal+Karnataka%3A+An+Oral+Tulu+Myth+and+Festival+Ritual+of+Jumadi&rft.volume=13%2F14&rft.pages=17-37&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Heidrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrückner1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brückner, Heidrun (1992). "Dhumavati-Bhuta" An Oral Tulu-Text Collected in the 19th Century. Edition, Translation, and Analysis". <i>Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik</i>. 13/14: 13–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studien+zur+Indologie+und+Iranistik&rft.atitle=Dhumavati-Bhuta%22+An+Oral+Tulu-Text+Collected+in+the+19th+Century.+Edition%2C+Translation%2C+and+Analysis.&rft.volume=13%2F14&rft.pages=13-63&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Heidrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrückner1995" class="citation book cs1">Brückner, Heidrun (1995). <i>Fürstliche Fest: Text und Rituale der Tuḷu-Volksreligion an der Westküste Südindiens</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 199–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=F%C3%BCrstliche+Fest%3A+Text+und+Rituale+der+Tu%E1%B8%B7u-Volksreligion+an+der+Westk%C3%BCste+S%C3%BCdindiens.&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=199-201&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Heidrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrückner2009a" class="citation book cs1">Brückner, Heidrun (2009a). <i>On an Auspicious Day, at Dawn … Studies in Tulu Culture and Oral Literature</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+an+Auspicious+Day%2C+at+Dawn+%E2%80%A6+Studies+in+Tulu+Culture+and+Oral+Literature&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Heidrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrückner2009b" class="citation book cs1">Brückner, Heidrun (2009b). <i>"Der Gesang von der Büffelgottheit" in Wenn Masken Tanzen – Rituelles Theater und Bronzekunst aus Südindien edited by Johannes Beltz</i>. Zürich: Rietberg Museum. pp. 57–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Der+Gesang+von+der+B%C3%BCffelgottheit%22+in+Wenn+Masken+Tanzen+%E2%80%93+Rituelles+Theater+und+Bronzekunst+aus+S%C3%BCdindien+edited+by+Johannes+Beltz&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=57-64&rft.pub=Rietberg+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Heidrun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulia2005" class="citation book cs1">Gulia, Kuldip Singh (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4aDVQ1KVZYC"><i>Human Ecology of Sikkim – A Case Study of Upper Rangit Basin</i></a>. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. pp. 152–154, 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-325-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-325-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-325-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Ecology+of+Sikkim+%E2%80%93+A+Case+Study+of+Upper+Rangit+Basin&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=152-154%2C+168&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-325-8&rft.aulast=Gulia&rft.aufirst=Kuldip+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4aDVQ1KVZYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster J.B. and Boahen A.A., <i>The Revolutionary Years, West Africa since 1800</i>, Longman, London, p. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B">"欽定藏內善後章程/欽定藏內善後章程二十九條"</a>. <i>zh.wikisource.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zh.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B%2F%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%A2%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25AC%25BD%25E5%25AE%259A%25E8%2597%258F%25E5%2585%25A7%25E5%2596%2584%25E5%25BE%258C%25E7%25AB%25A0%25E7%25A8%258B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">皇帝為了黃教的興隆，和不使護法弄假作弊</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyatso, Tenzin (1988). <i>Freedom in Exile: the Autobiography of the Dalai Lama of Tibet.</i> Fully revised and updated. Lancaster Place, London, UK: Abacus Books (A Division of Little, Brown and Company UK). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11111-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11111-1">0-349-11111-1</a>. p.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205234136/http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/nechung_hh.html">"Nechung - the State Oracle of Tibet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.com/Buddhism/nechung_hh.html">the original</a> on 2006-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nechung+-+the+State+Oracle+of+Tibet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.com%2FBuddhism%2Fnechung_hh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Broad" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Broad">Broad, William J.</a> (2007). <i>The Oracle: Ancient Delphi and the Science Behind Its Lost Secrets</i>. New York: Penguin Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Broad" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Broad">Broad, William J.</a> (2006). <i>The Oracle: The Lost Secrets and Hidden Message of Ancient Delphi</i>. New York: Penguin Press.</li> <li>Curnow, T. (1995). <i>The Oracles of the Ancient World: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. London: Duckworth – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3194-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3194-2">0-7156-3194-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">Evans-Pritchard, E.</a> (1976). <i>Witchcraft, Oracle, and Magic among the Azande</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fontenrose" title="Joseph Fontenrose">Fontenrose, J.</a> (1981). <i>The Delphic Oracle: Its Responses and Operations, with a Catalogue of Responses</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kajava,_Mika_(ed.)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kajava, Mika (ed.) (page does not exist)">Kajava, Mika (ed.)</a> (2013). <i>Studies in Ancient Oracles and Divination (Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae 40)</i>. Rome: <a href="/wiki/Institutum_Romanum_Finlandiae" title="Institutum Romanum Finlandiae">Institutum Romanum Finlandiae</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Frederick M. (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CuB7K3bDWDsC">The Self-Possessed: Deity and Spirit Possession in South Asian Literature</a></i>. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13748-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13748-6">0-231-13748-6</a>.</li> <li>Stoneman, Richard (2011). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-Ancient-Oracles.php">The Ancient Oracles: Making the Gods Speak.</a></i> Yale University Press.</li> <li>Garoi Ashram, (2004–2023). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garoiashram.org/english/oracle.html">The Copper Oracle of Sri Achyuta: Answers as Instantaneous Inscription.</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2023" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2023). <i>Divination and prophecy in the ancient Greek world</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009221610" title="Special:BookSources/9781009221610"><bdi>9781009221610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divination+and+prophecy+in+the+ancient+Greek+world&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781009221610&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOracle" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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