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<li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_"Sibylline_Oracles"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_"Sibylline_Oracles""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Relationship with the "Sibylline Oracles"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_"Sibylline_Oracles"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consultations_of_the_Books_cited_in_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consultations_of_the_Books_cited_in_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consultations of the Books cited in history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consultations_of_the_Books_cited_in_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sibylline Books</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B2%E1%89%A2%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BB%E1%88%95%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5" title="የሲቢሊን መጻሕፍት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሲቢሊን መጻሕፍት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Кнігі Сівіл – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кнігі Сівіл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Сибилски книги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сибилски книги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_sibil%C2%B7l%C3%AD" title="Llibre sibil·lí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre sibil·lí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyllinische_B%C3%BCcher" title="Sibyllinische Bücher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sibyllinische Bücher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libros_sibilinos" title="Libros sibilinos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libros sibilinos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libroj_sibilaj" title="Libroj sibilaj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libroj sibilaj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کتاب‌های سیبیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب‌های سیبیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livres_sibyllins" title="Livres sibyllins – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livres sibyllins" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyllynske_boeken" title="Sibyllynske boeken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sibyllynske boeken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilinske_knjige" title="Sibilinske knjige – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sibilinske knjige" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab-Kitab_Sibilin" title="Kitab-Kitab Sibilin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kitab-Kitab Sibilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libros_sibyllin" title="Libros sibyllin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libros sibyllin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_sibillini" title="Libri sibillini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libri sibillini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ספרי הסיבילות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרי הסיבילות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_Sibyllini" title="Libri Sibyllini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Libri Sibyllini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibillijnse_boeken" title="Sibillijnse boeken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sibillijnse boeken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%81%AE%E6%9B%B8" title="シビュラの書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シビュラの書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_sibyllinske_b%C3%B8kene" title="De sibyllinske bøkene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De sibyllinske bøkene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99gi_sybilli%C5%84skie" title="Księgi sybillińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księgi sybillińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livros_Sibilinos" title="Livros Sibilinos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livros Sibilinos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83r%C8%9Bile_sibiline" title="Cărțile sibiline – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărțile sibiline" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Книги Сивилл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книги Сивилл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sibylline Books" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Сибилске књиге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сибилске књиге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilske_knjige" title="Sibilske knjige – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sibilske knjige" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyllan_kirjat" title="Sibyllan kirjat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sibyllan kirjat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyllinska_b%C3%B6ckerna" title="Sibyllinska böckerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sibyllinska böckerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Сивілині книги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сивілині книги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9E%97%E4%B9%A6" title="西卜林书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西卜林书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q664251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;background:ivory; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:190px; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#b23938; color:white"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome"><span style="color:White;">Religion in<br />ancient Rome</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marcus Aurelius sacrificing"><img alt="Marcus Aurelius sacrificing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/150px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/225px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/300px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><small><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#capite_velato" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">head covered</a>)<br />sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter</small></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> Practices and beliefs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Rome" title="Libation">libation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Votum" title="Votum">votum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_funerary_practices" title="Roman funerary practices">funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Priesthoods of ancient Rome">Priesthoods</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">Pontifices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">Augures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetial" title="Fetial">Fetiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">Epulones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Fratres Arvales</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Aventine Triad</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Indigitamenta" title="Indigitamenta">Indigitamenta</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_inferi" title="Di inferi">underworld gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_agricultural_deities" title="List of Roman agricultural deities">agricultural gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_birth_and_childhood_deities" title="List of Roman birth and childhood deities">childhood gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult#Divus,_deus_and_the_numen" title="Roman imperial cult">divine emperors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary of ancient Roman religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_Graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio Graeca">Interpretatio Graeca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_religion_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Roman religion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_religion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman religion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_religion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman religion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Sibylline Books</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Libri Sibyllini</i>) were a collection of <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracular</a> utterances, set out in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexameter" title="Hexameter">hexameter</a> verses, that, according to tradition, were purchased from a <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">sibyl</a> by the last king of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>, and consulted at momentous crises through the history of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>. </p><p>Only fragments have survived, the rest being lost or <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">deliberately destroyed</a>. The <i>Sibylline Books</i> are not the same as the <i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></i>, which are fourteen books and eight fragments of prophecies thought to be of Judaeo-Christian origin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erythraeansibylbymichelangelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Erythraeansibylbymichelangelo.jpg/220px-Erythraeansibylbymichelangelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Erythraeansibylbymichelangelo.jpg/330px-Erythraeansibylbymichelangelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Erythraeansibylbymichelangelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean Sibyl</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarquin_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tarquin_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books.jpg/220px-Tarquin_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tarquin_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books.jpg/330px-Tarquin_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Tarquin_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarquin_the_Proud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarquin the Proud">Tarquin the Proud</a> receives the Sibylline books (1912 illustration)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Roman tradition, the oldest collection of Sibylline books appears to have been made about the time of <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gergis,_Troad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gergis, Troad">Gergis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a>; it was attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Hellespontine_Sibyl" title="Hellespontine Sibyl">Hellespontine Sibyl</a> and was preserved in the temple of Apollo at Gergis. From Gergis the collection passed to <a href="/wiki/Erythrae" title="Erythrae">Erythrae</a>, where it became famous as the oracles of the <a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sibyl" title="Erythraean Sibyl">Erythraean Sibyl</a>. It would appear to have been this very collection that found its way to <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> (see the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>) and from Cumae to Rome. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_(the_Cumaean_sibyl),_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_%28the_Cumaean_sibyl%29%2C_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/220px-Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_%28the_Cumaean_sibyl%29%2C_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_%28the_Cumaean_sibyl%29%2C_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/330px-Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_%28the_Cumaean_sibyl%29%2C_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_%28the_Cumaean_sibyl%29%2C_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/440px-Woodcut_illustration_of_Amalthea_%28the_Cumaean_sibyl%29%2C_Tarquinius_Superbus_and_the_Sibylline_books_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="2297" /></a><figcaption>16th-century illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a> (Amalthea) burning some of the Sibylline books while Tarquin (confused with <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a>) watches.</figcaption></figure> <p>The story of the acquisition of the <i>Sibylline Books</i> by the seventh and last king of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> ("Tarquinius", ruled 534 to 509 B.C., d. 495 B.C.), is one of the famous <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a> elements of Roman history. An old woman, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a>, offered to Tarquinius nine books of these prophecies at an exorbitant price; when the king declined to purchase them, she burned three and offered the remaining six to Tarquinius at the same price, which he again refused. Thereupon, she burned three more and repeated her offer, maintaining the same price. Tarquinius then consulted the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">Augurs</a> whose importance in Roman history is averred by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. The Augurs deplored the loss of the six books and urged purchase of the remaining three. Tarquinius then purchased the last three at the full original price, and had them preserved in a sacred vault beneath the Capitoline temple of Jupiter. The story is alluded to in <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a>'s lost books quoted in <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> <i>Institutiones Divinae</i> (I: 6) and by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, and told by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> (<i>Noctes Atticae</i> 1, 19).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> kept tight control over the <i>Sibylline Books</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and entrusted them to the care of two <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a>. In 367 BC, the number of custodians was increased to ten, five patricians and five <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">plebeians</a>, who were called the <i>decemviri sacris faciundis</i>. Subsequently, probably in the time of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Sulla</a>, their number was increased to fifteen, the <i><a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">quindecimviri sacris faciundis</a></i>. They were usually ex-consuls or ex-<a href="/wiki/Praetors" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetors">praetors</a>. They held office for life, and were exempt from all other public duties. They had the responsibility of keeping the books in safety and secrecy. The 15 individuals were custodians of the Sibylline Books that were kept on the Palatine. These officials, at the command of the Senate, consulted the <i>Sibylline Books</i> in order to discover not exact predictions of definite future events in the form of <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>, but the religious observances necessary to avert extraordinary calamities and to expiate ominous prodigies (comets and earthquakes, showers of stones, plague, and the like). It was only the rites of expiation prescribed by the <i>Sibylline Books</i>, according to the interpretation of the oracle that were communicated to the public, and not the oracles themselves, which left ample opportunity for abuses. </p><p>In particular, the keepers of the <i>Sibylline Books</i> had the superintendence of the worship of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, of the "Great Mother" <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> or Magna Mater, and of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a>, which had been introduced upon recommendations as interpreted from the <i>Sibylline Books</i>. The <i>Sibylline Books</i> motivated the construction of eight temples in ancient Rome, aside from those cults that have been interpreted as mediated by the <i>Sibylline Books</i> simply by the Greek nature of the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, one important effect of the <i>Sibylline Books</i> was their influence on applying Greek cult practice and Greek conceptions of deities to indigenous Roman religion, which was already indirectly influenced through <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan mythology">Etruscan</a> religion. As the <i>Sibylline Books</i> had been collected in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, they recognized the gods and goddesses and the rites observed there and helped introduce them into Roman state worship, a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> amalgamation of national deities with the corresponding deities of Greece, and a general modification of the Roman religion. </p><p>Since they were written in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hexameter" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hexameter">hexameter</a> verse and in Greek, the college of curators was always assisted by two Greek interpreters. The books were kept in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_(Capitoline_Hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter (Capitoline Hill)">Temple of Jupiter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitol</a>, and, when the temple burned in 83 BC, they were lost. The Roman Senate sent envoys in 76 BC to replace them with a collection of similar oracular sayings, in particular collected from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ilium</a>, Erythrae, <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, Sicily, and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new Sibylline collection was deposited in the restored temple, together with similar sayings of native origin, e.g. those of the Sibyl at <a href="/wiki/Tibur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibur">Tibur</a> (the '<a href="/wiki/Tiburtine_Sibyl" title="Tiburtine Sibyl">Tiburtine Sibyl</a>') of the brothers Marcius, and others, which had been circulating in private hands but which were called in, to be delivered to the Urban Praetor, private ownership of such works being declared illicit, and to be evaluated by the Quindecimviri, who then sorted them, retaining only those that appeared true to them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Capitol they were transferred by Augustus as <i>pontifex maximus</i> in 12 BC, to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a>, after they had been examined and copied; there they remained until about AD 405. According to the poet <a href="/wiki/Rutilius_Claudius_Namatianus" title="Rutilius Claudius Namatianus">Rutilius Claudius Namatianus</a>, the general <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Stilicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Stilicho">Flavius Stilicho</a> (died AD 408) burned them, as they were being used to attack his government. The last known consultation was in 363 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some supposedly genuine Sibylline verses are preserved in the <i>Book of Marvels</i> or <i>Memorabilia</i> of <a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a> (2nd century AD). These represent an oracle, or a combination of two oracles, of seventy hexameters in all. They report the birth of an <a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">androgyne</a>, and prescribe a long list of rituals and offerings to the gods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No source claiming authenticity (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their authenticity has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_"Sibylline_Oracles""><span id="Relationship_with_the_.22Sibylline_Oracles.22"></span>Relationship with the "Sibylline Oracles"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with the "Sibylline Oracles""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></i> were quoted by the Roman-Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (late 1st century) as well as by numerous Christian writers of the second century, including <a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras of Athens</a> who, in a letter addressed to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> in ca. AD 176, quoted <i>verbatim</i> a section of the extant <i>Oracles</i>, in the midst of a lengthy series of other classical and pagan references such as <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, stating several times that all these works should already be familiar to the Roman Emperor. Copies of the actual <i>Sibylline Books</i> (as reconstituted in 76 BC) were still in the Roman Temple at this time. The <i>Oracles</i> are nevertheless thought by modern scholars to be anonymous compilations that assumed their final form in the fifth century, after the <i>Sibylline Books</i> perished. They are a miscellaneous collection of Jewish and Christian portents of future disasters, that may illustrate the confusions about sibyls that were accumulating among Christians of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consultations_of_the_Books_cited_in_history">Consultations of the Books cited in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consultations of the Books cited in history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An incomplete list of consultations of the <i>Sibylline Books</i> recorded by historians: </p> <ul><li>399 BC: The books were consulted following a pestilence, resulting in the institution of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lectisternium" title="Lectisternium">lectisternium</a></i> ceremony. (<a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> 5, 13)</li> <li>348 BC: A plague struck Rome after a brief skirmish with the Gauls and Greeks. Another lectisternium was ordered. (Livy 7, 27)</li> <li>345 BC: The books were consulted when a "shower of stones rained down and darkness filled the sky during daylight". Publius Valerius Publicola was appointed dictator to arrange a public holiday for religious observances. (Livy 7, 28)</li> <li>295 BC: They were consulted again following a pestilence, and reports that large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caecus" title="Appius Claudius Caecus">Appius Claudius</a>' army had been struck by lightning. A Temple was built to Venus near the <i>Circus Maximus</i>. (Livy 10, 31)</li> <li>293 BC: After yet another plague, the books were consulted, with the prescription being 'that <a href="/wiki/Aesculapius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesculapius">Aesculapius</a> must be brought to Rome from <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>'; however, the Senate, being preoccupied with the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Samnite wars">Samnite wars</a>, took no steps beyond performing one day of public prayers to Aesculapius. (Livy 10, 47)</li> <li>240/238 BC: The <i><a href="/wiki/Floralia" title="Floralia">Ludi Florales</a></i>, or "Flower Games", were instituted after consulting the books.</li></ul> <ul><li>216 BC: When <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> annihilated the Roman Legions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a>, the books were consulted, and on their recommendation, two Gauls and two Greeks were buried alive in the city's marketplace. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>205–204 BC: During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, upon consultation of the <i>Sibylline Books</i>, an image of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Pessinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pessinos">Pessinos</a> (Pessinous or <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>) to Rome. An embassy was sent to <a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a> of Pergamon to negotiate the transfer. <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_(consul_191_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 191 BC)">Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Quinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia Quinta">Claudia Quinta</a> were said to have received the image of <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia</a> on her arrival in 204 BC. <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>'s image was placed within the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Victory" title="Temple of Victory">Temple of Victory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">Palatine</a>. In honour of Cybele a lectisternium was performed and her games, the <a href="/wiki/Megalesia" title="Megalesia">Megalesia</a>, were held.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of Cybele was moved to the Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Magna_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Mater">Magna Mater</a> in 191 BC when the temple was dedicated by Marcus Junius Brutus in the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_Nasica_(consul_191_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica (consul 191 BC)">Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fragment of <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a> from <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <i>Ab Urbe Condita</i> 36.36.4 records that <a href="/wiki/Megalesia" title="Megalesia">Megalesia</a> were again held in 191 BC and that "[they] were the first to be held with dramatic performances".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>143 BC: Frontinus relates a story in which the Decemvirs consulted the books on another matter and found that a proposed project for the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a> was improper, along with the <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Anio</a>. After a debate in the Senate the project was resumed, presumably the necessity for water outweighed the oracle. Sextus Julius Frontinus, Aqueducts of Rome, Book I, Ch 7.</li> <li>63 BC: Believing in a prediction of the books that 'three Cornelii' would dominate Rome, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Sura" title="Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura">Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura</a> took part in the conspiracy of <a href="/wiki/Catiline" title="Catiline">Catiline</a> (Plutarch, <i>Life of Cicero</i>, XVII)</li> <li>55 BC: As Romans deliberated sending a force to restore <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XII">Ptolemy XII</a> to the throne of Egypt, lightning struck the statue of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Alban_Hills" title="Alban Hills">Alban Mount</a>; the oracles were consulted, and one was found to read "If the King of Egypt comes to you asking for assistance, refuse him not your friendship, yet do not grant him any army, or else you will have toil and danger". This considerably delayed Ptolemy's return. (<a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> <i>History of Rome</i> 39:15)</li> <li>44 BC: According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, a sibylline prediction that only a king could triumph over <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> fueled rumors that <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, leader of the then republic, was aspiring to kingship. (<i>Caesar</i>, 79)</li> <li>15 AD: When the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber river">Tiber river</a> flooded the lower parts of Rome, one of the priests suggested consulting the books, but Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> refused, preferring to keep the divine things secret. (Tacitus, <i>Annales</i> I, 76)</li> <li>64 AD: The Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> consulted them following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a>. (Tacitus, <i>Annales</i> XV, 44)</li> <li>271 AD: The books were consulted following the Roman defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Placentia_(271)" title="Battle of Placentia (271)">Placentia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>.</li> <li>312 AD: <a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a> consulted the <i>Sibylline Books</i> in preparation for combat with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine</a>, who had just taken all of Maxentius' northern Italian cities and was marching on Rome.</li> <li>363 AD: <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a> consulted the books in preparation for marching against the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a>. The response mailed from Rome "in plain terms warned him not to quit his own territories that year". (<a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, <i>History of Rome</i>, XXIII 1, 7)</li> <li>405 AD: <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> ordered the destruction of the <i>Sibylline Books</i>, possibly because Sibylline prophecies were being used to attack his government in the face of the attack of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric I</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gell. I 19 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/1*.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlin 2002;97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Orlin 2002:97f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"after the burning of the Capitol during the Social War... the verses of the Sibyl, or Sibyls, as the case may be, were collected from Samos, Ilium, and Erythrae, and even in Africa, Sicily, and the Graeco-Italian colonies; the priests being entrusted with the task of sifting out the genuine specimens, so far as should have been possible by human means. " (<a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/6A*.html"><i>Annals</i>, VI.12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, <i>Annals</i>, <i>eo. loc</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarrior" class="citation book cs1">Warrior, Valerie. <i>Roman Religion</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Religion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Warrior&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibylline+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeskiaho2013" class="citation journal cs1">Keskiaho, Jesse (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10226672">"Re-visiting the libri Sibyllini: Some remarks on their nature in Roman legend and experience"</a>. <i>Mika Kajava Ed., Studies in Ancient Oracles and Divination, Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae 40</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mika+Kajava+Ed.%2C+Studies+in+Ancient+Oracles+and+Divination%2C+Acta+Instituti+Romani+Finlandiae+40&rft.atitle=Re-visiting+the+libri+Sibyllini%3A+Some+remarks+on+their+nature+in+Roman+legend+and+experience&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Keskiaho&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10226672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibylline+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/sib/sib15.htm">Terry, 1899</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For attestations see: Cicero <i>De Haruspicum Responsis</i> 24–28; Varro <i>Lingua Latina</i> 6.15; Diodorus Siculus 34.33.1–6; Livy 29.10.4–11.8, 29.14.1–14; [Verrius Flaccus] <i>Fasti Praenestini</i> April 4; Strabo <i>Geography</i> 12.5.3; Ovid <i>Fasti</i> 4.180–372; Valerius Maximus 8.15.3; Pliny <i>Natural History</i> 7.120; Silius Italicus <i>Punica</i> 17.1–45; Appian <i>The Hannibalic War</i> 56; Festus <i>De verborum significatu</i> S. 51–52 M, P. 237 M; Dio Cassius 17.61; Herodian 1.11.1–5; Arnobius <i>Adversus Nationes</i> 7.49–50; Lactantius <i>Divinae institutiones</i> 2.7.12; Julian <i>Hymn to the Mother of the Gods (Oration V)</i> 159c–161b; Ammianus Marcellinus 22.9.5; Augustine <i>De civitate Dei</i> 2.5, 10.16. Other minor sources exist but these are the major attestations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For attestations see: Livy 36.36.3; Tacitus <i>Annales</i> 4.65; Valerius Maximus 1.8.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy 36.36.3, trans. Sage, E. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1935)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mary Beard (1980). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQd82l39KX4C&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158">Religions of Rome: Volume 2, A Sourcebook</a></i></li> <li>Hermann Diels (1980). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRuiu49uutMC">Sibyllinische Blätter</a></i></li> <li>Jens Fischer (2020). Q. Fabius Pictor, das Orakel von Delphi und die sibyllinischen Bücher Roms – Zur Rolle von Orakeln in Rom und Griechenland, Gymnasium 127 (2020) 535–567</li> <li>Jens Fischer (2022). Folia ventis turbata – Sibyllinische Orakel und der Gott Apollon zwischen später Republik und augusteischem Principat (Studien zur Alten Geschichte 33), Göttingen 2022</li> <li>Eric M. Orlin (2002). <i>Temples, Religion, and Politics in the Roman Republic</i> ch. 3 "The Sibylline Books". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sibylline Oracles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sibylline_Oracles">"Sibylline Oracles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sibylline+Oracles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibylline+Books" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sibylline Oracles"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sibylline_Oracles">"Sibylline Oracles" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sibylline+Oracles&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibylline+Books" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13629-sibyl">"Sibyl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sibyl&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13629-sibyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASibylline+Books" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>George, Alexandra L. "Oracles/Sibyls: 700 BC – AD 300", King's College: History Department, Nov. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/ancoracles.html">Oracles</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Sibyllini_Libri.html">Article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&oldid=1253354214">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibylline_Books&oldid=1253354214</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_religion" title="Category:Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman 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