CINXE.COM
夭賷乇 鬲禺賱賷賯 爻賷賵賱 - 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="sd" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>夭賷乇 鬲禺賱賷賯 爻賷賵賱 - 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )sdwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","噩賳賵乇賷","賮賷亘乇賵乇賷","賲丕乇趩","丕倬乇賷賱","賲賻卅賷","噩購賵賳賽","噩購賵賱丕亍賽","丌诏爻俳","爻賷倬俳賲亘乇","丌讵俳賵亘乇","賳賵賲亘乇","趭爻賲亘乇"],"wgRequestId":"5b16c29a-e68e-4906-9ce3-e0604eb1c52e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"爻賷賵賱","wgTitle":"爻賷賵賱","wgCurRevisionId":0,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":0,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"sd","wgPageContentLanguage":"sd","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"爻賷賵賱","wgRelevantArticleId":0,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionCreate":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"sd","pageLanguageDir":"rtl", "pageVariantFallbacks":"sd"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":0,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":true,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.0"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sd&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=sd&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=sd&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="夭賷乇 鬲禺賱賷賯 爻賷賵賱 - 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//sd.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="爻賳賵丕乇賷賵" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 (sd)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//sd.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sd"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 丕诨賵 乇賵丕賳 乇爻丿" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86&feed=atom"> <noscript><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=/w/index.php?action=edit&redlink=1&title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&venoscript=1"></noscript> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-爻賷賵賱 rootpage-爻賷賵賱 skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">賲賵丕丿 趶丕賳诰賳 賴賱賵</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="爻丕卅賷俳"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="賲讴 賲賷賳賷賵" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">賲讴 賲賷賳賷賵</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">賲讴 賲賷賳賷賵</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">爻丕卅趭亘丕乇 趶丕賳诰賳 趩賵乇賷賵</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">賱讵丕賷賵</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 乇诰賳賲丕卅賷 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" title="賲讴 氐賮丨賵 诏诰賲賵 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>賲讴 氐賮丨賵</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82" title="诰賳 乇倏丕 亘丕亘鬲貙 鬲賵诰丕賳 趪丕 倏丕 讵乇賷 爻诏賴賵貙 卮賷賵賳 讵倏賷 诔賵賱诰噩賳"><span>丕賵胤丕賯</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="鬲丕夭賳 賵丕賯毓賳 鬲賷 鬲賮氐賷賱賷 趧丕诨 賱诰賵"><span>賴丕诨賵讵丕 賵丕賯毓丕</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="诰賳 賵讵賷亍賻 劬 鬲丕夭賷賳 鬲亘丿賷賱賷賳 噩賷 賮诰乇爻鬲 [r]" accesskey="r"><span>鬲丕夭賷賵賳 鬲亘丿賷賱賷賵賳</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="讵賵 亘賱丕鬲乇鬲賷亘 氐賮丨賵 丕鬲丕乇賷賵 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>亘賱丕鬲乇鬲賷亘 氐賮丨賵</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="诔賵賱賷 賱诰诨 噩賷 噩丕亍賽"><span>賲丿丿</span></a></li><li id="n-sandboxlink-portlet-label" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88"><span>賲卮賯 倬俳賷</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sd.svg" style="width: 6.8125em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sd.svg" width="135" height="23" style="width: 8.4375em; height: 1.4375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="劬 诔賵賱賷賵 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>诔賵賱丕</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 劬 诔賵賱賷賵" aria-label="賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 劬 诔賵賱賷賵" autocapitalize="sentences" title="劬 诔賵賱賷賵 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="禺丕氐:诔賵賱丕"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">诔賵賱賷賵</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="匕丕鬲賷 丕賵夭丕乇"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="趶賷讴"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="趶賷讴" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">趶賷讴</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sd.wikipedia.org&uselang=sd" class=""><span>丕賲丿丕丿 趶賷賵</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88&returnto=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="讴丕鬲賵 讴賵賱诨 劢 丿丕禺賱 倏賷诨 鬲賷 鬲賵诰丕賳 讴賷 诰賲倏丕賷賵 賵趦賷 倏賵貨 噩賷鬲賵诨賷讵貙 丕賴賵 囟乇賵乇賷 賳丕诰賷" class=""><span>讴丕鬲賵 讴賵賱賷賵</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&returnto=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="鬲賵诰丕賳 讴賷 诰賲倏丕卅噩賷 倏賵 鬲蹃 鬲賵賴丕賳 丿丕禺賱 倏賷賵貨 亘诰乇丨丕賱貙 丕诰賵 賱丕夭賲賷 賳丕诰賷 [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>丿丕禺賱 倏賷賵</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="賵趯賷讵 趩丕乇丕" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="匕丕鬲賷 丕賵夭丕乇" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">匕丕鬲賷 丕賵夭丕乇</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="賵丕倬乇丕卅賷賳丿跈 噩賵 賲賷賳賷賵" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sd.wikipedia.org&uselang=sd"><span>丕賲丿丕丿 趶賷賵</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88&returnto=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="讴丕鬲賵 讴賵賱诨 劢 丿丕禺賱 倏賷诨 鬲賷 鬲賵诰丕賳 讴賷 诰賲倏丕賷賵 賵趦賷 倏賵貨 噩賷鬲賵诨賷讵貙 丕賴賵 囟乇賵乇賷 賳丕诰賷"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>讴丕鬲賵 讴賵賱賷賵</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86&returnto=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1" title="鬲賵诰丕賳 讴賷 诰賲倏丕卅噩賷 倏賵 鬲蹃 鬲賵賴丕賳 丿丕禺賱 倏賷賵貨 亘诰乇丨丕賱貙 丕诰賵 賱丕夭賲賷 賳丕诰賷 [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>丿丕禺賱 倏賷賵</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 倩丕诰乇 賳讵鬲賱 爻賳賵丕乇賷賳丿跈賳 賱丕亍賽 氐賮丨丕 <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" aria-label="爻賳賵丕乇诨 亘丕亘鬲 賵趯賷讵 趧丕诨賷賵"><span>賵趯賷讵 趧丕诨賷賵</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%80%D8%A7%DA%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="诰賳 丌卅倬賷 倬鬲賷 讴丕賳 讵賷賱 爻賳賵丕乇賳 噩賷 賮诰乇爻鬲 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>趢丕诒賷丿丕乇賷賵賳</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%87" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>賴賳 丌亍賽 倬賽賷 爻丕賳 诔丕賱賴賴</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003E讵賻趰賵\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"sd\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 2px dotted #800000; border-radius: 6px;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctable width=\"100%\"\u003E\n\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr align=\"center\"\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sd.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-sd.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"115\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sd.svg/150px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-sd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sd.svg/200px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-sd.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"135\" data-file-height=\"155\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd\u003E\u003Cbig\u003E\u003Cb\u003E爻賳趯賷 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 爻倏 噩賵 爻賳趯賷 賯賵賲 賱丕亍賽 爻賳賴賷賵 \u003Cbr /\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A_%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"爻賳趯賷 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕\"\u003E爻賳趯賷 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕\u003C/a\u003E 讴賷 鬲賵賴丕賳 噩賷 诏诰購乇噩 丌賴賷!\u003Cbr /\u003E倬賳賴賳噩賷 賲丕丿乇賷 倩賵賱賷亍賻 噩賷 爻趢 讴丕賳 賵趶賷 \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7\" title=\"丕賳爻丕卅賷讵賱賵倬賷趭賷丕\"\u003E丌夭丕丿 丕賳爻丕卅賷讵賱賵倬賷趭賷丕\u003C/a\u003E (爻賳趯賷 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕) 賱丕亍賽 丕诔鬲賷 丕趩賵 劢 趢丕诒賷丿丕乇賷賵賳 讵乇賷 爻賳趯賷 趢丕卮丕 噩賷 爻賷賵丕 讵乇賷賵.\u003C/b\u003E\u003C/big\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Ci\u003E賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 鬲賷 鬲賵賴丕賳 丕爻丕賳 噩賴跈丕 毓丕賲 倬乇 亘丕卮毓賵乇 賲丕诨賴賵 讵賲 讵賳 倏丕貙 噩賷讵賷 賲禺鬲賱賮 卮毓亘賳 爻丕賳 賵丕诔賷賱 倬诨 賴賵賳丿丕 丌賴賳. 爻賳趯賷 賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 噩賷 賵丕趯丕乇賷 賱丕亍賽 丕爻丕賳 爻丕賳 爻賴讵丕乇 讵乇賷賵 劢 丕爻丕賳 噩丕 倩丕賳賴賳 倩賷賱賷 倏賷賵.\u003C/i\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="爻丕卅賷俳"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">夭賷乇 鬲禺賱賷賯 爻賷賵賱</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang mw-portlet-lang-icon-only" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector-empty" aria-label="诰賷 賲囟賲賵賳 乇诔賵 诰賳 倩賵賱賷亍賻 劬 賲賵噩賵丿 丌诰賷. 倩賷賳 倩賵賱賷賳 賱丕亍 賲囟賲賵賳 卮丕賲賱 讵乇賷賵" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-portlet-lang-heading-empty" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">倩賵賱賷賵賳 卮丕賲賱 讵乇賷賵</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="mw-portlet-empty-language-selector-body"> 氐賮丨賷 噩賵 賲賵丕丿 倩賷賳 倩賵賱賷賳 劬 爻倬賵乇俳 賳蹃 讵賷賵 賵賷賵 丌诰賷. </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="賳丕賳亍購倬賵賱丕乇賻"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" title="賲賵丕丿 噩賷 氐賮丨賷 讴賷 趶爻賵 (氐賮丨賵 賵噩賵丿 賳倏賵 乇讴賷) [c]" accesskey="c"><span>賲囟賲賵賳</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB:%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="賲賵丕丿賷 氐賮丨賷 鬲賷 亘丨孬 (氐賮丨賵 賵噩賵丿 賳倏賵 乇讴賷) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>亘丨孬</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="倩賵賱蹖亍 噩賵 乇賵倬 亘丿賱丕蹖賵" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">爻賳趯賷</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="趶賷俸賵賳"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit" title="賴賳 氐賮丨賷 噩賵 匕乇賷毓賵 讵賵趭 爻乇噩賷賵"><span>爻乇噩賷賵</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="氐賮丨丕鬲賽賷 丕賵夭丕乇"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="丕賵夭丕乇賻" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">丕賵夭丕乇賻</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">丕賵夭丕乇賻</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">爻丕卅趭亘丕乇 趶丕賳诰賳 趩賵乇賷賵</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">賱讵丕賷賵</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="賵趯賷讵 趩丕乇丕" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 毓賲賱 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit" title="賴賳 氐賮丨賷 噩賵 匕乇賷毓賵 讵賵趭 爻乇噩賷賵 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>爻乇噩賷賵</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 毓丕賲 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%B3%D9%86%DA%8D%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="诰鬲丕賳 诔賳趰賷賱 爻賲賵乇賳 賵讵賷 氐賮丨賳 噩賷 賮诰乇爻鬲 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>賴鬲丕賳 诔賳趰賷賱 氐賮丨丕</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sd" title="賮丕卅賷賱 趩丕跈賴賷賵 [u]" accesskey="u"><span>賮丕卅賷賱 趩丕跈诰賷賵</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A7" title="爻趢賳賷 禺丕氐 氐賮丨賳 噩賷 賮诰乇爻鬲 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>禺丕氐 氐賮丨丕</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>氐賮丨賷 噩賷 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1"><span>賲禺鬲氐乇 蹖賵丌乇丕蹖賱 賵俸賵</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsd.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1"><span>讵賷賵丌乇 讵賵趭 趭丕卅賵賳賱賵趭 讵乇賷賵</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 倩賷賵賳 乇倏丕卅賵賳 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="氐賮丨丕鬲賽賷 丕賵夭丕乇"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="趶賷讴"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">趶賷讴</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">爻丕卅趭亘丕乇 趶丕賳诰賳 趩賵乇賷賵</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">賱讵丕賷賵</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>The editor will now load. If you still see this message after a few seconds, please <a class="external text" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&redlink=1&title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&venoscript=1">reload the page</a>. </p><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/爻賷賵賱">https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/爻賷賵賱</a>" 鬲丕賳 賵乇鬲賱</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">賳賵賷讵賱丕卅賷 賳賽賷賻賲賻</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA">賵讵賷倬賷趭賷丕 亘丕亘鬲</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88">睾賷乇噩賵丕亘丿丕乇賷賳丕賲賵</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">囟丕亘胤蹃 丕禺賱丕賯</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">趭賵賷賱倬乇</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/sd.wikipedia.org">丕賳诏-丕讴乇</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">讵賵讵賷 亘賷丕賳</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//sd.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">賲賵亘丕卅賱 趶賷讴</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){location.href="\/w\/index.php?action=edit&redlink=1&title=%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84&venoscript=1";});</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-cvtdh","wgBackendResponseTime":132});});</script> </body> </html>