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id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_(pre-slavery)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_(pre-slavery)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background (pre-slavery)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_(pre-slavery)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_and_Patristic_era_(1st–5th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_and_Patristic_era_(1st–5th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Biblical and Patristic era (1st–5th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_and_Patristic_era_(1st–5th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_era_(1400s–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_era_(1400s–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Slavery era (1400s–1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_era_(1400s–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_Kongo_(14th–17th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kingdom_of_Kongo_(14th–17th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The Kingdom of Kongo (14th–17th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_Kongo_(14th–17th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_in_North_America_(1528–1803)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_in_North_America_(1528–1803)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Europe in North America (1528–1803)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_in_North_America_(1528–1803)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_and_Civil_War_Era_(1776–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_and_Civil_War_Era_(1776–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Antebellum and Civil War Era (1776–1867)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_and_Civil_War_Era_(1776–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pierre_Toussaint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierre_Toussaint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>Pierre Toussaint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierre_Toussaint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_religious_orders_and_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_religious_orders_and_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.2</span> <span>First religious orders and parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_religious_orders_and_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father_Claude_Maistre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_Claude_Maistre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.3</span> <span>Father Claude Maistre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_Claude_Maistre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St_Augustine_(D.C.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St_Augustine_(D.C.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.4</span> <span>St Augustine (D.C.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St_Augustine_(D.C.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_St._Francis_Xavier_(Baltimore)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_St._Francis_Xavier_(Baltimore)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.5</span> <span>Historic St. Francis Xavier (Baltimore)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_St._Francis_Xavier_(Baltimore)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_seminarians_and_priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_seminarians_and_priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.6</span> <span>First seminarians and priests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_seminarians_and_priests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Emancipation_era_(late_19th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Emancipation_era_(late_19th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Post-Emancipation era (late 19th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Emancipation_era_(late_19th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_black_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_black_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Prominent black figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_black_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Organizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_Era_(1890s–1950s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_Era_(1890s–1950s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Missions Era (1890s–1950s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_Era_(1890s–1950s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Josephites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Josephites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>The Josephites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Josephites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comité_des_Citoyens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comité_des_Citoyens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Comité des Citoyens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comité_des_Citoyens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_national_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_national_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>New national organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_national_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Divine_Word_Society_and_St._Augustine_Seminary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Divine_Word_Society_and_St._Augustine_Seminary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>The Divine Word Society and St. Augustine Seminary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Divine_Word_Society_and_St._Augustine_Seminary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xavier_University_of_Louisiana_and_Claver_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xavier_University_of_Louisiana_and_Claver_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.5</span> <span>Xavier University of Louisiana and Claver College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xavier_University_of_Louisiana_and_Claver_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Great_Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Great_Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6</span> <span>First Great Migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Great_Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chicago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6.1</span> <span>Chicago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harlem_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harlem_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6.2</span> <span>Harlem Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harlem_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_of_seminaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_of_seminaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.6.3</span> <span>Integration of seminaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_of_seminaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Rights_Era_(1950s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Rights_Era_(1950s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Civil Rights Era (1950s–1960s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Rights_Era_(1950s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Catholic_Movement_(late_1960s–1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Catholic_Movement_(late_1960s–1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Black Catholic Movement (late 1960s–1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Catholic_Movement_(late_1960s–1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_(1969–1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_(1969–1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Growth (1969–1971)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_(1969–1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_reform_and_exodus_(1971–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_reform_and_exodus_(1971–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Education reform and exodus (1971–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_reform_and_exodus_(1971–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_organizations,_major_thinkers_and_USCCB_letter_(late_1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_organizations,_major_thinkers_and_USCCB_letter_(late_1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.4</span> <span>New organizations, major thinkers and USCCB letter (late 1970s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_organizations,_major_thinkers_and_USCCB_letter_(late_1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-George_Stallings,_notable_black_bishops,_and_the_Black_Catholic_rite_(1980s_–_early_1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_Stallings,_notable_black_bishops,_and_the_Black_Catholic_rite_(1980s_–_early_1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5</span> <span>George Stallings, notable black bishops, and the Black Catholic rite (1980s – early 1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-George_Stallings,_notable_black_bishops,_and_the_Black_Catholic_rite_(1980s_–_early_1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revived_Congress_movement_and_liturgical_explorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revived_Congress_movement_and_liturgical_explorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.5.1</span> <span><i>Revived Congress movement and liturgical explorations</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revived_Congress_movement_and_liturgical_explorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watershed_moments_(1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watershed_moments_(1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.6</span> <span>Watershed moments (1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watershed_moments_(1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firsts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firsts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Firsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firsts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_interplay_and_the_Josephites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_interplay_and_the_Josephites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>African interplay and the Josephites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_interplay_and_the_Josephites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lapsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lapsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lapsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lapsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gospel_Mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_Mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gospel Mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_Mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Black Gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span>Jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Preaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Rite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_orders_with_predominantly_black_membership_and/or_significant_black_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_orders_with_predominantly_black_membership_and/or_significant_black_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Religious orders with predominantly black membership and/or significant black ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_orders_with_predominantly_black_membership_and/or_significant_black_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Academic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable figures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable figures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Black saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bishops_(living)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishops_(living)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bishops (living)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops_(living)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordinaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordinaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Ordinaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordinaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-(active)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#(active)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.1</span> <span>(active)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-(active)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archbishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.1.1</span> <span>Archbishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-(retired)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#(retired)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1.2</span> <span>(retired)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-(retired)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Auxiliaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-(active)_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#(active)_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.1</span> <span>(active)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-(active)_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Activists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Educators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firsts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firsts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Firsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firsts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletes_and_coaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes_and_coaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Athletes and coaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes_and_coaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Jurists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Philanthropists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Media figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholicism" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholicism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Catholicism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1892 Colored Catholic Congress)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg/220px-1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg/330px-1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg/440px-1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="514" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:85%;">1892 Colored Catholic Congress</span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#fff200"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overview</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Movement" title="Black Catholic Movement">Black Catholic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">National Black Catholic Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">African Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa" title="Catholic Church in Africa">African Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kongo" title="Catholic Church in Kongo">Kongo Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Church_(African_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Church (African American)">Black Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_race" title="Catholic Church and race">Catholicism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholic Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Catholic Church in the United States">U.S. Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Fort Mose</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Catholics" title="Category:African-American Catholics">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_the_Black" title="Moses the Black">Moses the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Monica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_the_Moor" title="Benedict the Moor">Benedict the Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres" title="Martin de Porres">Martin de Porres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">Katharine Drexel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Candidates_for_sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates for sainthood">On the way to sainthood</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Toussaint" title="Juliette Toussaint">Juliette Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Mary_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Mary Lange">Mary Elizabeth Lange, OSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Delille" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriette Delille">Henriette Delille, SSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Henderson_(born_1827)" title="Samuel Henderson (born 1827)">Samuel Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Greeley" title="Julia Greeley">Julia Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Theodore_Williams" title="Mary Theodore Williams">Mary Theodore Williams, FHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_Bowman" title="Thea Bowman">Thea Bowman, FSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres_Ward" title="Martin de Porres Ward">Martin de Porres Ward, OFMConv</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_cardinals" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic cardinals">Cardinals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Wilton D. Gregory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_archbishops" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic archbishops">Archbishops</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Antonio_Marino" title="Eugene Antonio Marino">Eugene A. Marino, SSJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patterson_Lyke" title="James Patterson Lyke">James P. Lyke, OFM</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_bishops" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic bishops">Bishops</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Healy" title="James Augustine Healy">James Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oliver_Bowers" title="Joseph Oliver Bowers">Joseph O. Bowers, SVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Robert_Perry" title="Harold Robert Perry">Harold R. Perry, SVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lawson_Howze" title="Joseph Lawson Howze">Joseph L. Howze</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_priests" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic priests">Priests</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Healy" title="Patrick Francis Healy">Patrick Healy, SJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Slattery" title="John R. Slattery">John R. Slattery, SSJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Uncles" title="Charles Uncles">Charles F. Uncles, SSJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Davis" title="Cyprian Davis">Cyprian Davis, OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Rufus_J._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Rufus J. Rivers">Clarence Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Salisbury" title="Paschal Salisbury">Paschal Salisbury, OP</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Seminarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminarians">Seminarians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Augustine_Williams" title="William Augustine Williams">William Augustine Williams</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Families</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healy_family" title="Healy family">Healy family</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_churches" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic churches">Churches</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church"><i>Basilicas</i></a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Norfolk,_Virginia)" title="Basilica of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Norfolk, Virginia)">Basilica of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Norfolk, Virginia)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows_Basilica" title="Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica">Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i>Other</i></li></ul> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">St Augustine (New Orleans)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Catholic_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="St. Augustine Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)">St Augustine (D.C.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Church_(Baltimore)" title="St. Francis Xavier Church (Baltimore)">St Francis Xavier (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Benedict_the_Moor_Church_(New_York_City)" title="St. Benedict the Moor Church (New York City)">St Benedict the Moor (NYC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary_Catholic_Church" title="Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church">Most Pure Heart of Mary (Mobile)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Religious communities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Handmaids_of_the_Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary">Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart">The Josephites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_African_Missions" title="Society of African Missions">Society of African Missions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_ethnic_and_religious_fraternal_orders#Catholic" title="List of North American ethnic and religious fraternal orders">Fraternal orders</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Peter_Claver" title="Knights of Peter Claver">Knights of Peter Claver</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_schools" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic schools">Schools</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claver_College" title="Claver College">Claver College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_High_School_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine High School (New Orleans)">St. Augustine High School (New Orleans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Seminary_(Bay_St._Louis)" title="St. Augustine Seminary (Bay St. Louis)">St. Augustine Seminary (Bay St. Louis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House" title="St. Anthony's Mission House">St. Anthony's Mission House</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colored_Catholic_Congress" title="Colored Catholic Congress">Colored Catholic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Colored_Catholics" title="Federated Colored Catholics">Federated Colored Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Clergy_Caucus" title="National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus">National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Sisters%27_Conference" title="National Black Sisters' Conference">National Black Sisters' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Black_Catholic_Seminarians%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Black Catholic Seminarians' Association (page does not exist)">National Black Catholic Seminarians' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Black_Catholic_Lay_Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Black Catholic Lay Caucus (page does not exist)">National Black Catholic Lay Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Office_for_Black_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Office for Black Catholics">The National Office for Black Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Black_Catholic_Administrators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Black Catholic Administrators (page does not exist)">National Association of Black Catholic Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">National Black Catholic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Theological_Symposium" title="Black Catholic Theological Symposium">Black Catholic Theological Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Black_Catholic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Black Catholic Studies">Institute for Black Catholic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Black_Catholic_Deacons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Black Catholic Deacons (page does not exist)">National Association of Black Catholic Deacons</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Black_Catholics_in_the_United_States_(Davis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Black Catholics in the United States (Davis) (page does not exist)">History of Black Catholics in the United States (Davis)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Mass (page does not exist)">Gospel Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Unity_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Unity Mass (page does not exist)">Black Unity Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Rites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Ordinary Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Bend,_Louisiana#Jesuit_Bend_Incident" title="Jesuit Bend, Louisiana">Jesuit Bend Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Stallings_Jr." title="George Augustus Stallings Jr.">George Stallings (Imani Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Miscellaneous</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li></ul> <p>Relations with: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic-Protestant_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic-Protestant relations">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societal issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">U.S. Catholic politics</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Links and resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Catholicism_sidebar" title="Template:Black Catholicism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Catholicism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Black Catholicism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Catholicism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Catholicism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black Catholicism</b> or <b>African-American Catholicism</b> comprises the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> people, beliefs, and practices in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>There are around three million Black Catholics in the United States, making up 6% of the total population of African Americans, who are mostly <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestant</a>, and 4% of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">American Catholics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Catholics in America are a heavily immigrant population, with 68% being born in the United States, and 12% were born in <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">Africa</a>, 11% were born in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean American">Caribbean</a> and 5% born in other parts of Central or South America.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a quarter of Black Catholics worship in <a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholic_churches" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholic churches">historically black parishes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which were established during the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> era as a means of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. Others were established in <a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">black communities</a> and merely reflected the surrounding population, while the most recent crop came about due to population displacement (<a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a>) during and after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, Black Catholics attended <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Latin_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Latin Mass">Mass in Latin</a>, as did the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western Church</a>, and did not display much difference in terms of <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> or spiritual patrimony.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1950s innovators such as <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Rivers" title="Clarence Rivers">Clarence Rivers</a> began to integrate <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Negro spirituals</a> into settings of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this trend eventually blossomed into the so-called <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Movement" title="Black Catholic Movement">Black Catholic Movement</a> during the larger <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power</a> zeitgeist of the late 60s and 70s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have termed this period the "Black Catholic Revolution" or the "Black Catholic Revolt".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this newfound <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Consciousness</a> swept up many black clergy, <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laypeople</a>, Black Catholicism came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entire disciplines of Black Catholic studies emerged,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Mass (page does not exist)">Gospel Mass</a> became a staple of Black Catholic parishes,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black Christian spirituality</a> (formerly seen as <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>) was also claimed by Black Catholics, and the Black Catholic Church emerged as a significant player in the public and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesial</a> life of the larger <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">American Church</a>. </p><p>A large exodus of African-American Catholics (alongside other Catholics in America) during the 1970s was followed by a continually shrinking population of African Americans within the Catholic Church in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a> study noted that only just over half of Black American adults who were raised Catholic still remain in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Black_Catholicism" title="Special:EditPage/Black Catholicism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the term "black" is often used in reference to any (<a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Dark_skin" title="Dark skin">dark-skinned</a>) African-descended person, the term in apposition to "Catholicism" is usually used to refer to African-Americans. This became solidified during the <a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">black pride</a> movement of the late 60s and 70s, when blackness as an expressive cultural element became more and more popular in the public discourse. As "<a href="/wiki/Black_people#United_States" title="Black people">black</a>" became the most common descriptor for African-Americans (replacing "negro"), so "Black Catholic" became the most common moniker for their Catholic adherents. </p><p>Developments in the expression of Catholicism among Black Catholics (especially within their own Catholic institutions) eventually led to a more independent identity within the Church, such that terms like "Black Catholicism" and "the Black Catholic Church" became more and more commonplace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(pre-slavery)"><span id="Background_.28pre-slavery.29"></span>Background (pre-slavery)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background (pre-slavery)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa#History" title="Catholic Church in Africa">Catholic Church in Africa § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa#History" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biblical_and_Patristic_era_(1st–5th_century)"><span id="Biblical_and_Patristic_era_.281st.E2.80.935th_century.29"></span>Biblical and Patristic era (1st–5th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biblical and Patristic era (1st–5th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> among <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a>-descended people has its roots in the earliest <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converts</a> to Christianity, including <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>, the unnamed <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a>. Several of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> were also native to Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>. Saints <a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Maurice" title="Saint Maurice">Saint Maurice</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Theban_Legion" title="Theban Legion">his military regiment</a>), early martyrs, were also African.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been three African <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Melchaides</a> (also a martyr), and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of these <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristic</a>-era figures resided in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Africans" title="Roman Africans">North Africa</a>, where various Christian communities thrived until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquests</a> of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim takeover</a> of Southern Spain (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>) forced a significant Catholic community from there into North <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, specifically Morocco; these individuals constituted the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabic</a> tradition. </p><p>There were multiple early Christian kingdoms in Africa, the most of notable of which emerged in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a>). Around this same era, however, there were also <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">three Nubian Christian kingdoms</a>, all of which were conquered and left little trace of their former glory; scholars have since recovered some of their history.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedonian Schism</a> in the 5th century, however, most of this <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a> (African) Christianity became divorced from Catholicism very early on. </p><p>Immediately prior to the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Transatlantic Slave Trade</a>, Catholic Christianity in West Africa—the region that would produce virtually all of the individuals ending up in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> as slaves—was primarily limited to converts borne from <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Africa#Modern_era" title="Catholic Church in Africa">early European missionary contact</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly a century before Europe made contact with what would become the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> entered the Kongo and began to make converts and engage in trade; there was also some limited <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave-trading</a> between the European power and their new African colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_era_(1400s–1867)"><span id="Slavery_era_.281400s.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Slavery era (1400s–1867)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Slavery era (1400s–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholic Church and slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Kingdom_of_Kongo_(14th–17th_century)"><span id="The_Kingdom_of_Kongo_.2814th.E2.80.9317th_century.29"></span>The Kingdom of Kongo (14th–17th century)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Kingdom of Kongo (14th–17th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kongo" title="Catholic Church in Kongo">Catholic Church in Kongo</a></div> <p>The Portuguese appetite for African slaves quickly grew beyond the intentions or capacity of the Kongolese people, leading to one Kongo ruler going so far as to write the <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">Portuguese king</a> for assistance in stemming the tide of citizens being taken captive from his land.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these victims would eventually be brought to the Americas, and some scholars have suggested their common cultural heritage and shared faith led them to instigate at least <a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">one major rebellion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_in_North_America_(1528–1803)"><span id="Europe_in_North_America_.281528.E2.80.931803.29"></span>Europe in North America (1528–1803)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe in North America (1528–1803)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history of the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States#Colonial_Era" title="History of the Catholic Church in the United States">History of the Catholic Church in the United States § Colonial Era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spain">Spain</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a></div> <p>The first African Catholic slaves that arrived in what would eventually become the United States primarily came during the period of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Estevanico" title="Estevanico">Esteban</a>, an African Catholic enslaved by Spaniards, was among the first European groups to enter the region in 1528, via what would become Florida. He would go on to serve on various other North American expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afro-Spanish conquistador <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garrido" title="Juan Garrido">Juan Garrido</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in 1509, helping to conquer it for the white Spanish settlers. </p><p>African Catholics, slave and free, were also among the Spanish settlers who established the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nombre_de_Dios" title="Mission Nombre de Dios">Mission Nombre de Dios</a> in the mid-16th century in what is now <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>. Soon after, the newly established <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> territory was attracting numerous <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">freed</a> slaves who reached their territory if they converted to Catholicism. Most such freedmen settled at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose</a> (Fort Mose), the first settlement of freed slaves in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain also settled the California region with a number of African and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> Catholics, including at least ten (and up to 26)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the recently re-discovered <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pobladores" title="Los Angeles Pobladores">Los Pobladores</a>, the 44 founders of Los Angeles in 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_French_Louisiana" title="Catholic Church in French Louisiana">Catholic Church in French Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans" title="History of the Franco-Americans">History of the Franco-Americans</a></div> <p>As more European nations became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>, multiple colonial powers would join the Spanish in bringing African slaves to their <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonies in North America</a>. The French involvement would result in various new African Catholic communities, including the most famous, in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>). Here, slaves, <a href="/wiki/Affranchi" title="Affranchi">affranchi</a> (former slaves) and <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> (blacks born free) formed a unique hierarchy within the larger American <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system, in which free people of color enjoyed the most privilege (and some even <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passed</a> for <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>) and slaves the least—though more <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypically</a> black individuals faced various prejudices whether they were slave or free. Even so, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_French_Louisiana" title="Catholic Church in French Louisiana">French Catholicism</a> (and its influence after the French no longer ruled the area) became notable for its degree of interracialism, in which much of Church life showed little to no <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Britain">Britain</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Catholic Church in the Thirteen Colonies">Catholic Church in the Thirteen Colonies</a></div> <p>The same could not be said of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">thirteen American colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, where Catholicism was less common and social strictures were more pronounced and harsh. There was <a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">little to no distinction</a> made between free-born blacks (who were rare) and <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a>, and while Catholic slave owners in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial America</a> were under the same mandate as any Catholics in that they were obligated to convert, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptize</a>, and meet the spiritual needs of their slaves, they were not under any local government codes to the same effect (<a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">as were</a> the French) and often neglected their duties in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> and the exit of France and Spain from most of North America, Black Catholics in America faced an increasingly unique situation as <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-Americans</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> and after <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">emancipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antebellum_and_Civil_War_Era_(1776–1867)"><span id="Antebellum_and_Civil_War_Era_.281776.E2.80.931867.29"></span>Antebellum and Civil War Era (1776–1867)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antebellum and Civil War Era (1776–1867)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pierre_Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pierre Toussaint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period a number of Black Catholics would make a name for themselves, including <a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian-American</a> born into slavery and brought to New York shortly after the founding of the United States. Freed by his owner in 1807, he would go on to become a famous hairdresser, as well as a notable philanthropist alongside his wife <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Toussaint" title="Juliette Toussaint">Juliette</a>. He is the first layperson to be buried in the crypt below the main <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York">Saint Patrick's Cathedral</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a>, normally reserved for <a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">bishops</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_York" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York">Archdiocese of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="First_religious_orders_and_parishes">First religious orders and parishes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First religious orders and parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a> were founded by Haitian-American <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a> <a href="/wiki/Mother_Mary_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Mary Lange">Mother Mary Elizabeth Lange</a> and Fr <a href="/wiki/James_Nicholas_Joubert" title="James Nicholas Joubert">James Nicholas Joubert</a> in 1828 in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, in a time when black women were not allowed to join existing <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">orders</a> (which were all-white) and were thought to be unworthy of the spiritual task. Mother Lange has since been declared a <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> and could soon be declared a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>. Dedicated to providing education to otherwise neglected black youths, the order would found the all-girls <a href="/wiki/St._Frances_Academy_(Baltimore,_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Frances Academy (Baltimore, Maryland)">St Frances Academy</a> in the same year as their founding, the first and oldest continually-operating Black Catholic <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">school</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Oblates' 11th member, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Becraft" title="Anne Marie Becraft">Anne Marie Becraft</a>, was quite probably the illicit granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll</a>, the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence. She started <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgetown_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgetown Seminary (page does not exist)">Georgetown Seminary</a>, a school for black girls, in 1820 at age 15 (twelve years before joining the order).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family</a>, founded in New Orleans in 1837 by <a href="/wiki/Henriette_DeLille" title="Henriette DeLille">Mother Henriette Delille</a>, was similar in origin and purpose to the Oblates, though founded by and made up of <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> free women of color (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mixed-race</a> women who were never enslaved). They too dedicated themselves to education and have operated <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Academy_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Mary's Academy (New Orleans)">St. Mary's Academy</a> in New Orleans since its founding in 1867. They also founded the first and oldest Catholic nursing home in the United States, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lafon_Nursing_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lafon Nursing Facility (page does not exist)">Lafon Nursing Facility</a>, in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year and in the same city, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">St Augustine's Catholic Church</a>, the nation's oldest Black Catholic church, was founded by free blacks in the nation's oldest black neighborhood (<a href="/wiki/Trem%C3%A9" title="Tremé">Treme</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, Haitian-American Catholics in Baltimore established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_of_the_Holy_Family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society of the Holy Family (page does not exist)">Society of the Holy Family</a>, a 200-member <a href="/wiki/Catholic_devotions" title="Catholic devotions">devotional</a> group dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Bible_study_(Christianity)" title="Bible study (Christianity)">Bible study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Prayer in the Catholic Church">prayer</a>, and especially singing. It was the first Black Catholic lay group in the US. The group would disband after two years when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Baltimore" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore">archdiocese</a> refused to let them use their large meeting hall.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, one of the founding members of the Oblate sisters, <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Maxis_Duchemin" title="Theresa Maxis Duchemin">Theresa Maxis Duchemin</a>, helped found a predominantly-white order of sisters in Michigan, the <a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">IHM</a> congregation. She had been the first US-born Black Catholic religious sister when she helped found the Oblates. Notably, due to racism her name and history was scrubbed from the IHM sisters' records for 160 years, until the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Father_Claude_Maistre">Father Claude Maistre</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Father Claude Maistre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1857, French Catholic <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priest</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Paschal_Maistre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Paschal Maistre (page does not exist)">Claude Paschal Maistre</a> obtained <a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">faculties</a> from Archbishop of New Orleans <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc" title="Antoine Blanc">Antoine Blanc</a> to pastor the city's newly created interracial <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Francophone</a> parish, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Rose_of_Lima_Catholic_Church_(New_Orleans)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Rose of Lima Catholic Church (New Orleans) (page does not exist)">St Rose of Lima</a>. There he ministered to a French-speaking congregation, encouraging them to form <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">mutual aid societies</a> (not unlike the one in Baltimore), including <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Soeurs_de_la_Providence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Société des Soeurs de la Providence (page does not exist)">La Société des Soeurs de la Providence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the breakout of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> a few years later and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans" title="Capture of New Orleans">occupation of New Orleans</a>, Maistre and his new bishop <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Odin" title="Jean-Marie Odin">Jean-Marie Odin</a> clashed over the race issue, as Odin supported the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> and Maistre the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. The pastor promoted increasingly radical positions (including <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>), fueled by the much-publicized <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a> of French Catholic clergy in his homeland, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>, and local Afro-Creole activists.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="St_Augustine_(D.C.)"><span id="St_Augustine_.28D.C..29"></span>St Augustine (D.C.)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: St Augustine (D.C.)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1858, a group of free Black Catholics in Washington, D.C. opted out of their segregated status at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Matthew_the_Apostle_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)">St Matthew's cathedral</a> (where they were forced to worship in the basement) and founded <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Catholic_Church_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="St. Augustine Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.)">St Augustine Catholic Church</a> (originally called St. Martin de Porres Catholic Church), the first Black Catholic parish in D.C., which runs D.C.'s oldest black school and is considered the "Mother Church of Black Catholics".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Historic_St._Francis_Xavier_(Baltimore)"><span id="Historic_St._Francis_Xavier_.28Baltimore.29"></span>Historic St. Francis Xavier (Baltimore)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historic St. Francis Xavier (Baltimore)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> helped a black congregation (then meeting in the basement of their <a href="/wiki/St._Ignatius_Church_(Baltimore)" title="St. Ignatius Church (Baltimore)">St. Ignatius Church</a>) purchase a building, which would then become known as <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Church_(Baltimore)" title="St. Francis Xavier Church (Baltimore)">St. Francis Xavier Church</a>—the "first Catholic church in the United States for the use of an all-colored congregation".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Other Catholic churches also lay claim to being the first Black parish in America, including the interracial but mostly Black congregations of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">St. Augustine Catholic Church</a> in New Orleans and <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Catholic_Church_and_Cemetery_(Natchez,_Louisiana)" title="St. Augustine Catholic Church and Cemetery (Natchez, Louisiana)">another by the same name</a> founded in 1829 in <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana">Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="First_seminarians_and_priests">First seminarians and priests</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First seminarians and priests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Black Catholic, <a href="/wiki/William_Augustine_Williams" title="William Augustine Williams">William Augustine Williams</a>, would enter <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> in 1853, albeit in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> due to the ongoing prohibition of black seminarians and priests in the United States. Near the end of his studies (and after a series of discouraging indications and comments from his superiors), he dropped out of seminary in 1862, claiming that he longer felt he had a priestly <a href="/wiki/Religious_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">vocation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least three Black Catholics (<a href="/wiki/Healy_family" title="Healy family">the Healy brothers</a>) <i>were</i> ordained priests prior to the Emancipation Proclamation, though all three passed for white throughout their lives. Their race was known only to select mentors of theirs in the Church. One of them, <a href="/wiki/James_Augustine_Healy" title="James Augustine Healy">James</a>, would become in 1854 the first known African-American Catholic priest and the first such bishop in 1875. Another, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Healy" title="Patrick Francis Healy">Patrick</a>, would in 1864 become the first black American to join a clerical religious order and the first black American <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a>, in 1865 the first black American to earn a PhD, and in 1874 the first black <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">president</a> of a white or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Catholic university</a> in the US (<a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>). Other than these three, there are not known to have been any other Black Catholic priests in America between the first African Catholic contact in 1509 (in Puerto Rico) and the ordination of the first openly<i>-</i>Black Catholic priest in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Emancipation_era_(late_19th_century)"><span id="Post-Emancipation_era_.28late_19th_century.29"></span>Post-Emancipation era (late 19th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-Emancipation era (late 19th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Emancipation Proclamation, African-American Catholics became a single class of free black people, though the degree to which that freedom could be actualized varied. </p><p>In places such as <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, old habits of separation between blacks born free and those born into slavery remained, which functioned partially on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">colorism</a> but also on grounds of class, <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege</a>, wealth, and <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>. When parishes in places like New Orleans began to transition from the French tradition of interracialism to the American habit of strict <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>, Creoles (who tended to descend from free people of color) often resisted the move so as not to lose their elevated status as the more privileged <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">milieu</a> of African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the official announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in 1863, Fr Maistre immediately <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregated</a> St Rose's <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">sacramental records</a>—defying archdiocesan policy. A few months later, he celebrated a Mass championing Lincoln's edict, effectively ejecting his <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> white parishioners and drawing death threats (including one from a fellow priest).<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abp Odin scolded Maistre for inciting "the love of liberty and independence" among slaves—eventually suspending him from ministry and placing the parish under <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> (making it a <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> to continue associating with Maistre sacramentally). Maistre defied the order(s), officiating—among other services—the funeral of Black Catholic <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> Cpt <a href="/wiki/Andre_Cailloux" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Cailloux">André Cailloux</a>, defiantly attended by many of the priest's admirers. </p><p>Members of the mutual aid society Maistre helped found would thereafter petition the archbishop for a Black Catholic parish named after "St. Abraham Lincoln".<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This request naturally went unfulfilled, and white-friendly Unionist agendas eventually led to the military-led reacquisition of St Rose by Odin in early 1864. Maistre, unfazed, inaugurated an illicit Black Catholic parish called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Name_of_Jesus_Catholic_Church_(New_Orleans)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holy Name of Jesus Catholic Church (New Orleans) (page does not exist)">Holy Name of Jesus</a>, whose supporters Odin came to despise. Maistre continued to publicly advocate for radical causes, including the commemoration of <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's rebellion</a>, the freeing of the slaves, and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's assassination</a>, while also advocating for black citizenship and <a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">voting rights</a> (which were briefly granted in Louisiana, beginning in 1868).<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Odin's death in 1870, New Orleans' next prelate, <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on-Joseph_Perch%C3%A9" title="Napoléon-Joseph Perché">Napoléon Perché</a>, restored Maistre's faculties, closed Holy Name of Jesus, and reassigned him to St. Lawrence (in relatively remote <a href="/wiki/Terrebonne_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana">Terrebonne Parish</a>). He would serve there until 1874, when health issues forced a return to New Orleans, where he lived in the archbishop's residence, until his death the next year. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Cemetery" title="Saint Louis Cemetery">St. Louis Cemetery #2</a> with the Black Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prominent_black_figures">Prominent black figures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prominent black figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1886, the Black Catholic Ohioan <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rudd" title="Daniel Rudd">Daniel Rudd</a> went national with a Black Catholic newspaper called the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Tribune" title="American Catholic Tribune">American Catholic Tribune</a></i> (originally a local paper as the <i>Ohio State Tribune</i>), which ran until 1899 in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Catholics continued to center primarily in what would become the <a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area</a>. One of these communities, in Norfolk, Virginia, founded <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Norfolk,_Virginia)" title="Basilica of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Norfolk, Virginia)">St Joseph's Black Catholic Parish</a> in 1889—later becoming known as the "Black basilica".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, <a href="/wiki/Mathilda_Beasley" title="Mathilda Beasley">Mother Mathilda Beasley</a>, the first African-American nun to serve in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, started a short-lived order of black nuns in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>. She would also go on to start one of the first <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a> in the US for African-American girls.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other areas also counted Black Catholics, including <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, which—also in 1889—produced the nation's first openly-Black Catholic priest, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a>. Born a slave in <a href="/wiki/Ralls_County,_Missouri" title="Ralls County, Missouri">Ralls County</a>, he, his siblings and his mother found freedom in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>; he would later, with the help of supportive American bishops and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> officials, attend seminary and be ordained in Europe (not unlike the Healy brothers). He went on to minister in Illinois, was declared Venerable in 2019, and could be declared a saint soon.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Black Catholic from this era with an open cause for <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a>, Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Julia_Greeley" title="Julia Greeley">Julia Greeley</a>, was also born in Ralls County as a slave, before being taken to <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> in 1861. She converted to Catholicism in 1880, became a street evangelist and <a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan</a>, and ministered to the <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poor</a> for the rest of her life (always at night, to avoid embarrassing white people she served).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organizing">Organizing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg/220px-1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg/330px-1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg/440px-1892_Colored_Catholic_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the attendees at the 1892 <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">Colored Catholic Congress</a>. Front and center is Fr <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a>, the nation's first openly-Black Catholic priest.</figcaption></figure> <p>Black Catholics would soon begin to organize at the national level as well, first as the <a href="/wiki/Colored_Catholic_Congress" title="Colored Catholic Congress">Colored Catholic Congress</a> in 1889 under the leadership of the aforementioned Daniel Rudd. Their inaugural gathering would include the audience of <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">President Grover Cleveland</a> and a Mass celebrated by Fr Tolton. This group would meet annually for five years before shuttering.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> heiress <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">Saint Katharine Drexel</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a>, a religious order dedicated to serving the black and Native American communities, and went on to found and staff countless Black Catholic schools for that purpose. She was canonized in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_Era_(1890s–1950s)"><span id="Missions_Era_.281890s.E2.80.931950s.29"></span>Missions Era (1890s–1950s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Missions Era (1890s–1950s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Josephites">The Josephites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The Josephites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a></div> <p>From the period immediately preceding Emancipation, various <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a> organizations began to dedicate themselves to the task of converting and ministering to black Americans, who were then for the most part held in slavery. Upon their gaining freedom, they became even more of a target, as a group now more freely able to choose their religious persuasion and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief among these <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Missionary_Society_of_Mill_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph's Missionary Society of Mill Hill">Mill Hill Fathers</a>, a British religious order that operated in America largely as a black missions organization. As part of their efforts, they recruited a number of candidates for the priesthood, including an African-American named <a href="/wiki/Charles_Uncles" title="Charles Uncles">Charles Uncles</a>. He would go on to become, in 1891, the first Black Catholic priest ordained in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1893, the head of the Mill Hill society's American operations, Fr <a href="/wiki/John_R._Slattery" title="John R. Slattery">John R. Slattery</a>, had convinced the Mill Hill superior to let the American wing spin off into its own <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious society</a> dedicated totally to African-American ministry. This would result in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a>, most commonly known today as the Josephites. Slattery was named the first <a href="/wiki/Superior_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior general">Superior general</a> and Fr Uncles was among the founding members, another first for a Black Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slattery founded the <a href="/wiki/Josephite_Harvest" title="Josephite Harvest">Josephite Harvest</a>, the society's missions magazine, in 1888; it remains the longest-running such publication in the United States. </p><p>Racism within and outside of the society would sour the priestly experience for Fr Uncles, and he considered himself no longer a member of the order by the time of his death in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this and various other reasons, Fr Slattery would eventually resign from his post, the priesthood, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostatize</a> from the Church altogether in 1906. Subsequent Josephite superiors would scarcely accept or ordain blacks, and this lasted for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comité_des_Citoyens"><span id="Comit.C3.A9_des_Citoyens"></span>Comité des Citoyens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comité des Citoyens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_des_Citoyens" title="Comité des Citoyens">Comité des Citoyens</a></div> <p>In the late 19th century, Black Catholics in New Orleans began to join with Whites and other activists to oppose segregation, with the Crescent City being one of the few American locales to have previously experienced a much more interracial climate (this being while under French and Spanish rule). </p><p>In 1892, the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_des_Citoyens" title="Comité des Citoyens">Citizen's Committee of New Orleans</a> (French: "Comité des Citoyens") organized <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> against the streetcar companies in the city in an attempt to force the courts to take action. This involved <a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a>, a light-skinned biracial Black Catholic (and member of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">St. Augustine Church</a>), boarding a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Whites-only</a> streetcar, informing the operator that he was Black, and being arrested. The Committee hoped that, as the resulting court case advanced, segregation laws would be overturned. Instead, the opposite occurred, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> ruled in <a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> that segregation was in fact legal nationwide. The decision would cast a dark shadow on the Black freedom struggle for the next 60 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_national_organizations">New national organizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New national organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the same time, Black Catholics began to organize once again on the national level. Another Black Catholic newspaper, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Catholic_Herald_(Black_Catholic_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Catholic Herald (Black Catholic newspaper) (page does not exist)"><i>The Catholic Herald</i></a>, operated during this period—though, unlike Rudd's earlier effort, TCH had the official endorsement of the Church (via <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbons_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gibbons (bishop)">Cardinal Gibbons</a>). One extant issue exists from 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With African Americans being barred from entry into the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> due to racism, Fr <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Dorsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Henry Dorsey (page does not exist)">John Henry Dorsey</a> (the second Black Catholic priest ordained in the US, and the second such Josephite) and six others from the <a href="/wiki/Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary_Catholic_Church" title="Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church">Most Pure Heart of Mary</a> parish in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, Alabama, founded the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Peter_Claver" title="Knights of Peter Claver">Knights of Peter Claver</a> in 1909; they remain the largest Black Catholic <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">fraternal order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, the <a href="/wiki/Federated_Colored_Catholics" title="Federated Colored Catholics">Federated Colored Catholics</a> formed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_Turner" title="Thomas Wyatt Turner">Thomas Wyatt Turner</a>, and would go on to address a variety of Black Catholic concerns, including the restrictive Josephite policies concerning black applicants.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federation did not see much success on this front, however, despite friends in high places (such as the Vatican), and would undergo a split in the 1930s after the two of the most powerful leaders in the group (white Jesuits <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Markoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Markoe (page does not exist)">William Markoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_LaFarge_Jr." title="John LaFarge Jr.">John LaFarge, Jr.</a>) steered the group in a more interracial direction (against Turner's will). The splintering would result in LaFarge's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Interracial_Council_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Interracial Council of New York (page does not exist)">Catholic Interracial Council of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LaFarge also helped found the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_Gibbons_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardinal Gibbons Institute (page does not exist)">Cardinal Gibbons Institute</a> in Maryland, a Catholic school established in 1924 for Black Catholics, but clashed with the school's administrators "over many of the same issues with which he disagreed with Turner", and the school closed in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Society of African Missions, St. Anthony's Mission House, and the Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_African_Missions" title="Society of African Missions">Society of African Missions</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House" title="St. Anthony's Mission House">St. Anthony's Mission House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Handmaids_of_the_Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary">Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_African_Missions" title="Society of African Missions">Society of African Missions</a> began ministry in the United States in 1906, being given authority over Black Catholic ministry in the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Savannah" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Savannah">Diocese of Savannah</a>—nine years after Fr. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Lissner" title="Ignatius Lissner">Ignatius Lissner</a> first arrived stateside to promote SMA activities and fundraising.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diocese then encompassed the whole of the state of Georgia, and as such Lissner and other SMA priests were responsible for founding some of the oldest Black parishes there (including <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes_Catholic_Church_(Atlanta)" title="Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church (Atlanta)">Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, and St. Peter Claver Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Hill_Historic_District_(Macon,_Georgia)" title="Pleasant Hill Historic District (Macon, Georgia)">Pleasant Hill Historic District</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:110_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:110-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_(Highwood,_New_Jersey).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_%28Highwood%2C_New_Jersey%29.jpg/220px-St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_%28Highwood%2C_New_Jersey%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_%28Highwood%2C_New_Jersey%29.jpg/330px-St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_%28Highwood%2C_New_Jersey%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_%28Highwood%2C_New_Jersey%29.jpg/440px-St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House_%28Highwood%2C_New_Jersey%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>St. Anthony's Mission House, a racially integrated minor seminary founded by Fr Ignatius Lissner of the Society of African Missions in 1921. Originally located in Highwood, Bergen County, New Jersey.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his time in Savannah, Lissner also helped found the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Handmaids_of_the_Most_Pure_Heart_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary">Franciscan Handmaids of the Most Pure Heart of Mary</a>, in response to a Georgia law banning White teachers from teaching Black students.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_2016_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan_2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lissner enlisted the help of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Theodore_Williams" title="Mary Theodore Williams">Mary Theodore Williams</a> to found an order of Black nuns to teach there instead. The Handmaids were founded in 1917 and the group remained there in Georgia before following Lissner to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> in the 1920s, and later moving to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-:110_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:110-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lissner started in 1921 what was at the time the United States' only integrated seminary, <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_Mission_House" title="St. Anthony's Mission House">St. Anthony's Mission House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a>. Black men were otherwise barred from all but one US Catholic seminary, and Lissner envisioned St. Anthony's as a solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_2016_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan_2016-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racism from the US bishops thwarted his goal, however, and only a few men are known to have been ordained from St. Anthony's. It closed in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-:110_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:110-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US province of the SMAs was established in 1941 with Lissner as its first <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial superior</a>. His administration established <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Apostles_Seminary" title="Queen of Apostles Seminary">Queen of Apostles Seminary</a> near <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, which lasted from 1946 to the late 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Divine_Word_Society_and_St._Augustine_Seminary">The Divine Word Society and St. Augustine Seminary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Divine Word Society and St. Augustine Seminary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, various clerical orders other than the Josephites would begin to pursue black ministry and vocations, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a>. Partially due to the drought of black Josephite priests, the Divine Word missionaries opted to open a seminary in Mississippi specifically for African-Americans in 1920, so as to more fully open the door for them to holy orders. This venture, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Seminary_(Bay_St._Louis)" title="St. Augustine Seminary (Bay St. Louis)">St. Augustine Seminary</a>, was largely a success, and within a decade they had ordained a number of well-received black priests.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Xavier_University_of_Louisiana_and_Claver_College">Xavier University of Louisiana and Claver College</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Xavier University of Louisiana and Claver College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University of Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claver_College" title="Claver College">Claver College</a></div> <p>In 1925, St Katharine Drexel used her fortune and connections to help found <a href="/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana" title="Xavier University of Louisiana">Xavier University of Louisiana</a> (XULA) in New Orleans, the first and only Catholic <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">HBCU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also helped found a second, short-lived Black Catholic college in <a href="/wiki/Guthrie,_Oklahoma" title="Guthrie, Oklahoma">Guthrie, Oklahoma</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Claver_College" title="Claver College">Claver College</a>; it folded 1944 after 11 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Great_Migration">First Great Migration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: First Great Migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration (African American)</a></div> <p>Around the same time, blacks were beginning to <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">migrate</a> by the millions from the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a> South to greener pastures north of the <a href="/wiki/Mason%E2%80%93Dixon_line" title="Mason–Dixon line">Mason-Dixon line</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rockies</a>. This resulted in mass exposure of traditionally-Protestant African-Americans to Catholic religion in places like Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles. As black families moved in, white families often moved out, leaving entire parishes—and, more importantly, parochial schools—open to the new black residents. This, combined with a missionary impulse on the part of local white clerics and nuns, led to mass recruitment of black Protestants to these schools, and eventually the parishes as well. African-Americans converted in droves.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chicago">Chicago</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chicago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boom in Black Catholics in the North created an immediate opportunity for organizing and activism, which quickly took place—and in a markedly interracial (and even interfaith) fashion. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Youth_Organization" title="Catholic Youth Organization">Catholic Youth Organization</a> (CYO) was founded in Chicago in 1930 and quickly became a hotspot for integrated Catholic activity. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Falls" title="Arthur Falls">Arthur G. Falls</a>, a major Black Catholic figure during this era, persuaded Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a> to open a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker House</a> there in 1935. Lafarge's Interracial Council movement arrived in the city in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even so, <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a> combined with Archbishop <a href="/wiki/George_Mundelein" title="George Mundelein">George Mundelein</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/National_parish" title="National parish">national parish</a>" strategy to more or less sanctify racial segregation in Chicago, as Black Catholics—despite not technically constituting a nationality—were "consigned" to such a parish themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Harlem_Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Harlem Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another effect of the Great Migration was an intersection with the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>, wherein black intellectuals in NYC fomented an artistic revolution that made waves across the country. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>, a prominent jazz artist in the movement, converted to Catholicism around this time, as did <a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>. A minor figure in the movement, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Tarry" title="Ellen Tarry">Ellen Tarry</a>, also became Catholic and wrote a number of religious works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Integration_of_seminaries">Integration of seminaries</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Integration of seminaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the South, the successes of the Divine Word society in ordaining black priests, as well as other propitious factors, led to the integration of other orders (an early example being the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Abbey,_Collegeville" title="Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville">Benedictines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Collegeville,_Minnesota" title="Collegeville, Minnesota">Collegeville</a>, Minnesota in the 1940s) as well as a number of <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. The Josephites would soon fully open their seminary, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="St. Joseph's Seminary (Washington, D.C.)">St. Joseph's</a>, to blacks as well.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Rights_Era_(1950s–1960s)"><span id="Civil_Rights_Era_.281950s.E2.80.931960s.29"></span>Civil Rights Era (1950s–1960s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Era (1950s–1960s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></div> <p>This growth in Black Catholic laypeople as well as priests would soon coalesce with the growing <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> to create a desire for more authentic recognition of black freedom and self-oversight within the Church, as racism and <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> continued to be a <a href="/wiki/Thorn_in_the_flesh" title="Thorn in the flesh">thorn in the side</a> of the booming Black Catholic community (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Bend,_Louisiana#Jesuit_Bend_Incident" title="Jesuit Bend, Louisiana">Jesuit Bend Incident</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there would come a taste of the future in 1953, when the Dominican Divine Word priest Fr <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oliver_Bowers" title="Joseph Oliver Bowers">Joseph O. Bowers</a> became the first openly-Black Catholic bishop consecrated in the United States (though for service in <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, in Africa); before departing for the motherland, he would ordain two black Divine Word seminarians—a black-on-black first. At that time, there were just over a hundred Black Catholic priests—compared to about 50,000 white.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bowers would attend an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a> in 1962, <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> (1962-1965). </p><p>When the Civil Rights Movement first began, much of the Catholic Church, black and white, was uninterested.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many that <i>were</i> interested, given the potential for activist witness to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a>, were met with scorn and derision, especially members of religious orders.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Josephites, for example, saw <a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">race consciousness</a> as a threat—even a disqualifying character trait for blacks applying for their order.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many female religious orders did not allow their members, black or white, to march or protest for <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Catholics were involved early on in the Civil Rights Movement, and <a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>—one of the three victims in the <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">Freedom Summer Murders</a>—was said to be devout. <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a>, a prominent lunch-counter demonstrator, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rider</a>, voter registration advocate, and <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) co-founder, was also Catholic. Later, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a> preceded <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> as one of the first people arrested in the runup to the <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>. </p><p>Eventually, as the movement entered full-swing, Catholics of all stripes would begin to participate, with white and black laypeople, priests, <a href="/wiki/Brother_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother (Christian)">religious brothers</a>, sisters, and nuns joining the fray—with some even becoming notable as such. One nun, Sr <a href="/wiki/Mary_Antona_Ebo" title="Mary Antona Ebo">Mary Antona Ebo</a>, was sent by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_St._Louis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis">Archdiocese of St Louis</a> to march in <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma</a> with 5 other "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisters_of_Selma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisters of Selma (page does not exist)">Sisters of Selma</a>", where she ended up being interviewed and hailed as a <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk hero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Yes, I am a Negro, and I am very proud of it."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sr Antona Ebo, March 10, 1965 (following <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches#Second_march:_"Turnaround_Tuesday"" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Turnaround Tuesday</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Sr Ebo would go on to become the first African-American woman to administer a hospital in the United States (St. Clare Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Baraboo,_Wisconsin" title="Baraboo, Wisconsin">Baraboo</a>, Wisconsin).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Catholic_Movement_(late_1960s–1990s)"><span id="Black_Catholic_Movement_.28late_1960s.E2.80.931990s.29"></span>Black Catholic Movement (late 1960s–1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Black Catholic Movement (late 1960s–1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Movement" title="Black Catholic Movement">Black Catholic Movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> convened the most recent Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a>. A major change emanating from the council was the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as the required <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">liturgical language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western portion</a> of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This change opened to the door for <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a> in places where it had not been dreamed of—but also in places where it had been. As early as the 1950s, under the creative eye of Black Catholics such as Fr <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Rufus_J._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Rufus J. Rivers">Clarence Rivers</a>, the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">black Gospel music</a> with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> had been experimented with on a basic level.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers' music (and musical direction) was used at the first official English-language Mass in the United States in 1964, including his watershed work, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%22God_Is_Love%22_(Catholic_hymn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=""God Is Love" (Catholic hymn) (page does not exist)">"God Is Love"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside this nascent inculturation came a second boom in Black Catholic numbers, as they increased by 220,000 (35%) during the 1960s—over half being converts.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1966, Fr <a href="/wiki/Harold_Robert_Perry" title="Harold Robert Perry">Harold R. Perry</a> became the first openly-black bishop to serve in the US when he was named <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">auxiliary bishop</a> of New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King</a> and its <a href="/wiki/King-assassination_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="King-assassination riots">associated riots</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Mayor Daley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Deadly_force" title="Deadly force">shoot-to-kill</a> order in Chicago), Black Catholics inaugurated a number of powerful new organizations in early 1968, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Clergy_Caucus" title="National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus">National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus</a> (NBCC), organized by Fr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Porter (page does not exist)">Herman Porter</a>, and its sister organization, the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Sisters%27_Conference" title="National Black Sisters' Conference">National Black Sisters' Conference</a> (NBSC), organized by Sr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_de_Porres_Grey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin de Porres Grey (page does not exist)">Martin de Porres Grey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q110930233#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q110930233"><span title=""Martin de Porres Grey" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement was headed off by the statement that came out of the inaugural NBCCC meeting in Detroit, in which the caucus members declared in the opening line that "the Catholic Church in the United States is primarily a white, racist institution."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two of the requests made in the statement were answered rather quickly, as—with the help of a white Josephite superior general who advocated for it as early as 1967—the <a href="/wiki/Deacon#Latin_Catholicism" title="Deacon">permanent diaconate</a> was restored in the United States in October 1968, and the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Office_for_Black_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Office for Black Catholics">National Office for Black Catholics</a> (NOBC) was established in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_(1969–1971)"><span id="Growth_.281969.E2.80.931971.29"></span>Growth (1969–1971)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Growth (1969–1971)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It could be said the movement/revolution centered in Chicago, where a large number of Black Catholics resided in the late 1960s, forming sizable black parishes—though always under the leadership of white priests. Fr <a href="/wiki/George_Clements" title="George Clements">George Clements</a>, one of the more <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radical</a>(ized) members of the inaugural NBCCC meeting, entered into an extended row with <a href="/wiki/John_Cody" title="John Cody">Archbishop John Cody</a> over this lack of black pastors in Chicago and Black Catholic inculturation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unconventional alliances with local black Protestant leaders and black radical <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activists</a> resulted in innovative (and defiant) liturgical celebrations known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Unity_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Unity Mass (page does not exist)">Black Unity Mass</a>, trans-parochial events where black priests donned <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentric</a> <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>, decorated the <a href="/wiki/Altar_(Catholic_Church)" title="Altar (Catholic Church)">altar</a> similarly, and celebrated the Mass with a decidedly "black" liturgical flair. One such Mass in 1969 included an 80-voice gospel choir provided by the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Rev. Jesse Jackson</a> and security provided by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panthers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first parishes to establish a gospel choir was St. Francis de Sales Catholic Church in New Orleans, in 1969 (now known as St. Katharine Drexel Catholic Church).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first musicians to experiment similarly was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grayson_Warren_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grayson Warren Brown (page does not exist)">Grayson Warren Brown</a>, a Presbyterian convert who set the entire Mass to gospel-style music. Fr <a href="/wiki/William_Norvel" title="William Norvel">William Norvel</a>, a Josephite, helped introduce gospel choirs to Black Catholic parishes nationwide (especially in D.C. and Los Angeles). This "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Mass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Mass (page does not exist)">Gospel Mass</a>" trend quickly spread across the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_reform_and_exodus_(1971–1975)"><span id="Education_reform_and_exodus_.281971.E2.80.931975.29"></span>Education reform and exodus (1971–1975)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Education reform and exodus (1971–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the NOBC was allotted only 30% of their requested funding for 1970 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> (USCCB) and after <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Boyle_(American_bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick O'Boyle (American bishop)">Cardinal O'Boyle</a> (a staunch supporter of Civil Rights) announced his retirement, a delegation of Black Catholics led by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Black_Catholic_Lay_Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Black Catholic Lay Caucus (page does not exist)">National Black Catholic Lay Caucus</a> (NBCLC, or NBLCC) president brought their grievances all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, the NBSC, NOBC, and Black Catholic laypeople spearheaded a national campaign to stop the mass closings of Catholic schools in urban and predominantly-black communities.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unrest extended into seminaries as well—including the Josephites', where tensions between the more race-conscious black students/members and their white peers as well as teachers/elders (black and white) boiled over into open hostility, leading to an emptying of much of the seminary and the resignation of a number of Josephite priests. By 1971, the seminary had closed for studies. To this day, Josephite seminarians study at nearby universities and their vocations from black Americans has never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This phenomenon of resignation was felt across Black Catholicism in the 1970s and coincided with a general <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> of American Catholicism overall (the latter being more or less unrelated to race issues). Catholics of all races began <a href="/wiki/Lapsed_Catholic" title="Lapsed Catholic">lapsing</a> in droves, and between 1970 and 1975, hundreds of Black Catholic seminarians, dozens (~13%) of Black Catholic priests, and 125 black nuns (~14%) left their posts, including NBCS foundress Sr Martin de Porres Grey in 1974. Up to 20% of Black Catholics stopped practicing.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_organizations,_major_thinkers_and_USCCB_letter_(late_1970s)"><span id="New_organizations.2C_major_thinkers_and_USCCB_letter_.28late_1970s.29"></span>New organizations, major thinkers and USCCB letter (late 1970s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: New organizations, major thinkers and USCCB letter (late 1970s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even with the decline in vocations and lay practice during the 1970s, various new national Black Catholic organizations emerged. In 1976, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Black_Catholic_Administrators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Black Catholic Administrators (page does not exist)">National Association of Black Catholic Administrators</a> (NABCA) was founded, a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of the diocesan Black Catholic offices/ministries from around the country. Eventually this organization effectively replaced the NOBC, after a major conflict between the Office and the NBSC involving leadership disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Theological_Symposium" title="Black Catholic Theological Symposium">Black Catholic Theological Symposium</a> (BCTS), a yearly gathering dedicated to the promotion of Black Catholic theology, emerged in 1978 in Baltimore. From it has emerged some of the leading voices not only in Black Catholic theology, but in <a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">black theology</a> as well: writers such as Dr. <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Hayes" title="Diana L. Hayes">Diana L. Hayes</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/M._Shawn_Copeland" title="M. Shawn Copeland">M. Shawn Copeland</a>, Sr <a href="/wiki/Jamie_T._Phelps" title="Jamie T. Phelps">Jamie T. Phelps</a>, OP, Fr <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Davis" title="Cyprian Davis">Cyprian Davis</a>, OSB, and Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Thea_Bowman" title="Thea Bowman">Thea Bowman</a>, FSPA have had an immeasurable impact in advancing the cause of Black Catholic history, theology, <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a>, and liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next year, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Black_Catholic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Black Catholic Studies">Institute for Black Catholic Studies</a> was founded at Xavier University of Louisiana. Every summer since, it has hosted a variety of accredited courses on Black Catholic theology, ministry, ethics, and history, offering a <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a> & Enrichment program as well as a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Theology" title="Master of Theology">Master of Theology</a> degree—"the only graduate theology program in the western hemisphere taught from a Black Catholic perspective".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, the USCCB issued a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_letter" title="Pastoral letter">pastoral letter</a> dissecting and condemning racism, entitled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brothers_and_Sisters_to_Us&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brothers and Sisters to Us (page does not exist)">Brothers and Sisters to Us</a>", for the first time addressing the issue in a group publication.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="George_Stallings,_notable_black_bishops,_and_the_Black_Catholic_rite_(1980s_–_early_1990s)"><span id="George_Stallings.2C_notable_black_bishops.2C_and_the_Black_Catholic_rite_.281980s_.E2.80.93_early_1990s.29"></span>George Stallings, notable black bishops, and the Black Catholic rite (1980s – early 1990s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: George Stallings, notable black bishops, and the Black Catholic rite (1980s – early 1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the Black Catholic Movement could be said to have been precipitated by one Fr <a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Stallings_Jr." title="George Augustus Stallings Jr.">George Stallings</a>, a Black Catholic priest known for his fiery activism and no-holds-barred demands of the Church. He was a vocal leader in pressing for a Black Catholic rite (complete with bishops and the associated episcopal structure) during the 70s and 80s.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of those calls were answered when <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Antonio_Marino" title="Eugene Antonio Marino">Eugene A. Marino</a> was named auxiliary bishop of Washington in 1974, and when <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lawson_Howze" title="Joseph Lawson Howze">Joseph L. Howze</a> became the first openly-Black Catholic bishop of a diocese when he was named Bishop of Biloxi in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marino would become the first-ever Black Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> in 1988, following an open demand made to the USCCB in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marino would resign from his archbishopric two years after his appointment, following a sex scandal involving his secret marriage (and impregnation) of a Church employee.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1966 and 1988, the Holy See would name 13 black bishops, and in 1984 these bishops would issue their own pastoral letter entitled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=What_We_Have_Seen_and_Heard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="What We Have Seen and Heard (page does not exist)">What We Have Seen and Heard</a>", explaining the nature, value, and strength of Black Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(Also of note was one bishop, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Caesar" title="Raymond Caesar">Raymond Caesar</a>, SVD, who was a native of <a href="/wiki/Eunice,_Louisiana" title="Eunice, Louisiana">Eunice</a>, Louisiana but was later appointed as a bishop in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> in 1978. He was the first and only African American to be made a bishop of a foreign diocese, and is typically not included in lists of US black bishops.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Revived_Congress_movement_and_liturgical_explorations"><i>Revived Congress movement and liturgical explorations</i></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Revived Congress movement and liturgical explorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">National Black Catholic Congress</a> (NBCC) emerged as a purported successor to Daniel Rudd's Colored Catholic Congress movement of the late 19th century, this time founded as a nonprofit under the name of Fr <a href="/wiki/John_Ricard" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ricard">John Ricard</a>, future bishop of Pensacola-Tallahassee and future Superior General of the Josephites, in collaboration with the NABCA.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:17_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, the first and only Black Catholic <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a> was published; entitled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_Me,_Guide_Me_(hymnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead Me, Guide Me (hymnal) (page does not exist)">Lead Me, Guide Me</a>", it integrates a litany of traditional black Gospel <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> alongside a number of traditional Catholic hymns. The preface was penned by noteworthy Black Catholic liturgists, explaining the history and compatibility of black Christian worship with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> of the Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years later in 1989, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unity_Explosion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unity Explosion (page does not exist)">Unity Explosion</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> as an annual <a href="/wiki/Conference" title="Conference">conference</a> celebrating Black Catholic liturgy and expression. It would grow into a more general Black Catholic advocacy conference sponsored by the USCCB, and is preceded annually by a pre-conference, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderick_J._Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick J. Bell (page does not exist)">Roderick J. Bell</a> Institute for African-American Sacred Music.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Watershed_moments_(1990s)"><span id="Watershed_moments_.281990s.29"></span>Watershed moments (1990s)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Watershed moments (1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, Benedictine Fr Cyprian Davis published "<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Black_Catholics_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Black Catholics in the United States (page does not exist)">History of Black Catholics in the United States</a>", a book that covered the history of Black Catholics from Esteban's expedition in the 16th century all the way to the period of the late 80s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It remains the primary text for the general history of Black Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year in July, he and his fellow Clergy Caucus members established <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_History_Month" title="Black Catholic History Month">Black Catholic History Month</a>, to be celebrated each year in November.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Black_Catholic_Deacons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Black Catholic Deacons (page does not exist)">National Association of Black Catholic Deacons</a> began operations, and that same year, Sr Jamie Phelps helped to restart the annual meetings of the BCTS.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aforementioned St Joseph's Black Catholic Church in Norfolk, having been merged with St Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Towson) in 1961 and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Norfolk,_Virginia)" title="Basilica of Saint Mary of the Immaculate Conception (Norfolk, Virginia)">renamed as such</a>, was named a <a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church#Minor_basilicas" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">minor basilica</a> in 1991—allegedly the first "black basilica" (though preceded by <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows_Basilica" title="Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica">Our Lady of Sorrows Basilica</a> in Chicago) and the first minor basilica in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, twin Divine Word priests <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Smith_(Black_Catholic_priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Smith (Black Catholic priest) (page does not exist)">Charles</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Smith_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chester Smith (priest) (page does not exist)">Chester Smith</a>, with their fellow Verbites <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Clark_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Clark (priest) (page does not exist)">Anthony Clark</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Hamilton_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Hamilton (priest) (page does not exist)">Ken Hamilton</a>, established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowman-Francis_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowman-Francis Ministry (page does not exist)">Bowman-Francis Ministry</a>, a Black Catholic youth <a href="/wiki/Outreach" title="Outreach">outreach</a> ministry, and its yearly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankofa_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankofa Conference (page does not exist)">Sankofa Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the behest of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholic_Joint_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Catholic Joint Conference (page does not exist)">Black Catholic Joint Conference</a>—the annual meeting of the NBCCC, NBSC, NBCSA and NABCD (including the deacons' wives)—a survey was taken of Black Catholics in the early 1990s to gauge the need for and interest in an independent rite; the NBCCC formed an <a href="/w/index.php?title=African_American_Catholic_Rite_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African American Catholic Rite Committee (page does not exist)">African American Catholic Rite Committee</a> (AACRC) and in 1991 published a monograph entitled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_Rites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Right Rites (page does not exist)">Right Rites</a>", offering a proposal for a study that would be presented at the next year's Black Catholic Congress. Their plan was much like Stallings'. Black Catholic theologian (and future bishop) <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braxton" title="Edward Braxton">Edward Braxton</a> proposed an alternative plan, but neither would come to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar proposals had been floated by the bishops themselves as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Plenary_Councils_of_Baltimore" title="Plenary Councils of Baltimore">Plenary Councils of Baltimore</a> in the 1800s, but the desire to do much for Black Catholics was incredibly sparse then and no action was taken. History repeated itself, and the AACRC disbanded after the results of the survey were released.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firsts">Firsts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Firsts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilton Gregory">Wilton Gregory</a> was appointed president of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> (USCCB), the first African American ever to head an episcopal conference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_interplay_and_the_Josephites">African interplay and the Josephites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: African interplay and the Josephites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native African priests have come to outnumber African-American priests in the United States, with the former often pastoring black parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Josephites, the one clerical order ministering specifically to African-Americans, receives almost all of their seminarians, brothers and priests from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A documentary on the Josephites, "Enduring Faith", was released on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 2000, written, produced, and directed by Paul Lamont and narrated by <a href="/wiki/Andre_Braugher" title="Andre Braugher">Andre Braugher</a>. It was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy</a> in 2001, and received Telly, Crystal Communicator, Proclaim, and US International Film and Video Festival awards.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Josephites—having then for nearly 120 years been ministering specifically to African Americans—would make history in 2011, at long last appointing an African American, Fr Norvel, as their first black superior general. Norvel was instrumental in shifting the order's vocational focus to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship">Worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Black Catholic liturgical conference similar to Unity Explosion developed in New Orleans in 2004, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archbishop_Lyke_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archbishop Lyke Conference (page does not exist)">Archbishop Lyke Conference</a>, named after the aforementioned Black Catholic liturgist.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, a second edition of the "Lead Me, Guide" hymnal was released.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Vatican's approval of the <a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a> (a unique <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a> form of the Roman Rite) in 1988, various Black Catholic parishes in the U.S. began to implement at least some its rubrics.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two parishes in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Columba_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Columba Catholic Church (page does not exist)">St Columba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Paul_of_the_Shipwreck_Catholic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Paul of the Shipwreck Catholic Church (page does not exist)">St Paul of the Shipwreck</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bayview%E2%80%93Hunters_Point,_San_Francisco" title="Bayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco">Bayview</a> neighborhood of San Francisco, made such implementations with the help of Black Catholic professor and music minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Roger_Holland_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Roger Holland II (page does not exist)">M. Roger Holland II</a>. </p><p>Fr <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pfleger" title="Michael Pfleger">Michael Pfleger</a>, a white priest and activist pastoring <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Sabina_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Sabina Church (page does not exist)">Saint Sabina Church</a>, a Black Catholic parish in Chicago, has helped introduce yet more modem black forms of worship to the Mass, including the use of a "praise team" (a smaller vocal ensemble that generally sings <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">contemporary gospel</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">traditional</a>) and other elements drawn from the more contemporary black Church (and even <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a>) tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documents">Documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the USCCB issued a series of documents in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Civil Rights Movement, including a "Black Catholic History <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>" created by Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirk_P._Gaddy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirk P. Gaddy (page does not exist)">Kirk P. Gaddy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the NBCC Congress XII proceedings in 2017, representatives appointed by bishops from every diocese in the United States issued a "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastoral_Plan_of_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pastoral Plan of Action (page does not exist)">Pastoral Plan of Action</a>" meant to address the needs of Black Catholics nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, the USCCB issued its first pastoral letter against racism in 39 years, following the first wave of <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protests. Entitled "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_Wide_Our_Hearts:_The_Enduring_Call_to_Love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Open Wide Our Hearts: The Enduring Call to Love (page does not exist)">Open Wide Our Hearts: The Enduring Call to Love</a>", it did not directly endorse (or mention) BLM, condemned, and was voted against by 3 bishops; one other bishop abstained.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USCCB President Abp <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Horacio_G%C3%B3mez" title="José Horacio Gómez">José Gomez</a> and Black Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Shelton_Fabre" title="Shelton Fabre">Shelton J. Fabre</a> (chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=USCCB_Ad_Hoc_Committee_Against_Racism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USCCB Ad Hoc Committee Against Racism (page does not exist)">USCCB Ad Hoc Committee Against Racism</a>) would both issue <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racism</a> statements in 2020 after the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>, amidst the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">second round</a> of BLM protests. The BLM movement was again not endorsed.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A joint statement in July 2020 from the NBSC, IBCS, NABCA, NBCCC, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowman-Francis_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowman-Francis Ministry (page does not exist)">Bowman-Francis Ministry</a> directly supported the BLM movement.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2019, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Roy_Edward_Campbell" title="Roy Edward Campbell">Roy Campbell</a> took over leadership of the NBCC.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, the Most Reverend Wilton Gregory—then the Archbishop of Atlanta—was named by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> as Archbishop of Washington (D.C.), considered by many to be the most important diocese in the country. He is the first African American to hold the post. The appointment was also notable in that archbishops of that <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> are typically named <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a>, a position no African American has held.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 25, 2020, Pope Francis announced that he would indeed name Gregory a cardinal at a <a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">consistory</a> scheduled for November 28, which made him the first African-American member of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lapsing">Lapsing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Lapsing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the trend of Catholic disaffiliation in the late 20th century, 2021 Pew Research study noted that just over half of Black American adults who were raised Catholic still remain in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, Black Catholics hold to mainstream Catholic theology, often supplemented and enriched in various ways by beliefs common to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Church_(African_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Church (African American)">black church</a>. These usually include a palpable belief in the omnipresence and omnipotence of God in daily life struggles, a commitment to the justice of God in various social and political contexts, a strong sense of hope in the face of struggle, a spiritualization of various aspects of everyday experiences, the elevation of Christian faith as a bedrock of the community, and the conviction that worship unlocks the blessings of God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more formal academic classification known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholic_theology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Catholic theology (page does not exist)">Black Catholic theology</a> formally emerged within the <a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Movement" title="Black Catholic Movement">Black Catholic Movement</a> of the late 60s on through the 1990s. This new discipline coincided (and indeed collaborated) with the genesis of <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">black theology</a>, such that the former can be considered a subset of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one Black Catholic priest, Fr <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Lucas" title="Lawrence E. Lucas">Lawrence Lucas</a>, was involved with the latter movement even from its earliest days.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to this kind of interplay, Black Catholic theology takes many cues from liberation theology and from the (predominantly Protestant) black (liberation) theology movement, especially the latter's emphasis on the African-American struggle and how it relates to the story and liberating message of the Bible and of Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Womanism, the theological movement led by and focusing on the perspectives of black women, is also an important aspect of Black Catholic theology, as many or most of the formal Black Catholic theologians have been women associated with that movement and its theories, including Drs. <a href="/wiki/M._Shawn_Copeland" title="M. Shawn Copeland">M. Shawn Copeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Hayes" title="Diana L. Hayes">Diana L. Hayes</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Vanessa_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Vanessa White (page does not exist)">C. Vanessa White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of prominent Black Catholic theologians, including Drs. Hayes, Copeland, Craig A Ford Jr., and Fr Bryan Massingale have been accused of <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria_Catholicism" title="Cafeteria Catholicism">magisterial dissent</a> (especially on topics related to the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community), and there is evidence of such in some of their writings.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_Mass">Gospel Mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Gospel Mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Black_Gospel">Black Gospel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Black Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Black Gospel music</a></div> <p>Black Catholic worship consists of the Roman Rite Mass, like most any other Catholic group in America, but tends to use black Gospel hymns and/or style for the propers (<a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Entrance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Responsorial_psalmody" title="Responsorial psalmody">Responsorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alleluia#Roman_rite" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communion_(chant)" title="Communion (chant)">Communion</a>, Post-communion, and <a href="/wiki/Recessional_hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessional hymn">Recessional</a>), ordinaries (<a href="/wiki/Kyrie" title="Kyrie">Kyrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_in_excelsis_Deo" title="Gloria in excelsis Deo">Gloria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctus" title="Sanctus">Sanctus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agnus_Dei" title="Agnus Dei">Agnus Dei</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Our Father</a>. In some black parishes, the traditional form of a given hymn may be forgone altogether in favor of an equivalent gospel tune (e.g., "Hallelujah, Salvation And Glory" for the Alleluia, a gospel-ized "<a href="/wiki/Holy,_Holy,_Holy!_Lord_God_Almighty" title="Holy, Holy, Holy! Lord God Almighty">Holy, Holy, Holy</a>" for the Sanctus, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in most American parishes, Daily Mass (held on weekdays and before 4 pm on Saturdays) involves no singing, some black parishes use at least some singing (such as the Communion hymn) in such liturgies. </p><p>The late 80s brought the release of "Lead Me, Guide Me", the first and only Black Catholic hymnal, including numerous songs from the black Christian tradition as well as some Catholic hymns. The second edition was published by <a href="/wiki/GIA_Publications" title="GIA Publications">GIA</a> in 2012. (Many black parishes opt for non-hymnal gospel selections, however.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jazz">Jazz</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></div> <p>Some black parishes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Church_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine Church (New Orleans)">St. Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_Church_%26_International_Shrine_of_St._Jude" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe Church & International Shrine of St. Jude">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> in New Orleans) celebrate "Gospel <a href="/wiki/Sacred_jazz" title="Sacred jazz"><i>Jazz</i> Mass</a>" every Sunday, integrating not only gospel but also the other major form of indigenous <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">(black) American music</a>—which is in fact derived from gospel itself.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Francisco" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco">Archdioceses of San Francisco</a> celebrates an annual Gospel Jazz Mass at their <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Assumption_(San_Francisco,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco, California)">cathedral</a> (with music performed by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_choir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mass choir (page does not exist)">mass choir</a> from multiple historically black parishes in the area).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_San_Jose_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California">Diocese of San Jose</a> celebrates a similar liturgy at their cathedral during the city's annual <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Jazz_Festival" title="San Jose Jazz Festival">jazz festival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does <a href="/wiki/Vacaville,_California" title="Vacaville, California">Vacaville</a>'s St. Mary's Catholic Church during theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dance">Dance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another black Protestant tradition now seen in many Black Catholic parishes is that of dance. This includes "praise dancing", an individual or group-based choreographed <a href="/wiki/Worship_dance" title="Worship dance">liturgical dance</a> performed to the tune of popular gospel songs.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Black Catholic liturgies even feature <a href="/wiki/Shout_(Black_gospel_music)" title="Shout (Black gospel music)">"praise breaks"/"shouts"</a>, an unchoreographed form liturgical dance done in conjunction with fast-paced (and often improvised) instrumental gospel music;<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic St. Francis Xavier Church in Baltimore claims to be the first to have integrated this form of worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preaching">Preaching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Preaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_sermonic_tradition" title="Black sermonic tradition">Black sermonic tradition</a></div> <p>While Catholic <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homilies</a> are known for their brevity (relative to Protestant <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>), messages given at black parishes tend to be lengthier and even more emotive—not unlike their black Protestant equivalents, which are known to be the lengthiest among American Christian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often seen with Black Catholic ministers who were themselves raised in the black Christian tradition (be it Catholic or Protestant) or otherwise disposed to <a href="/wiki/Black_sermonic_tradition" title="Black sermonic tradition">this style of preaching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rite">Rite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Rite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gospel Mass is a de facto form of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> Mass, but currently has no official canonical designation by the Church. As such, the <a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a>—the only inculturated form of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Novus Ordo</a> introduced since Vatican II—has gained popularity with some black parishes as a supplement to the extant Gospel Mass form (in lieu of an official African-American rite, a topic not broached since the early 90s). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer">Prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also somewhat unique within American Catholicism is the emphasis on prayer among Black Catholics. While this often involves more traditional rote prayers such as the Rosary or other Catholic devotions, the Black Catholic Movement brought about the more common use of relatively lengthy extemporaneous prayers, both during and outside of liturgical celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement also brought about rote prayers specific to the black experience, including a number of prayer books.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 1.76 million US- or Caribbean-born Black Catholics in America.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are largely centered in the major metro areas of the country. New York—the most populous US city—also has the most Black Catholics, followed (in no particular order) by Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami, Houston, Philadelphia, Detroit, Atlanta, New Orleans, Oakland, Baltimore, and the D.C. metro area. </p><p>The United States is said to have approximately 250 non-immigrant Black Catholic priests.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is no official hierarchy specific to Black Catholicism, the various organizations and conferences associated with it are seen as leadership outlets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_orders_with_predominantly_black_membership_and/or_significant_black_ministry"><span id="Religious_orders_with_predominantly_black_membership_and.2For_significant_black_ministry"></span>Religious orders with predominantly black membership and/or significant black ministry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Religious orders with predominantly black membership and/or significant black ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart (Josephites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word (Verbites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Handmaids_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Handmaids of Mary">Franciscan Handmaids of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of St. Edmund (Edmundites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_African_Missions" title="Society of African Missions">Society of African Missions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Associations">Associations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Clergy_Caucus" title="National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus">National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Black_Catholic_Seminarians%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Black Catholic Seminarians' Association (page does not exist)">National Black Catholic Seminarians' Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Sisters%27_Conference" title="National Black Sisters' Conference">National Black Sisters' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Black_Catholic_Deacons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Association of Black Catholic Deacons (page does not exist)">National Association of Black Catholic Deacons</a></li> <li>National Association of Black Catholic Administrators <ul><li>Interregional African American Catholic Evangelization Conference</li></ul></li> <li>Drexel Society</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conferences">Conferences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholic_Joint_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Catholic Joint Conference (page does not exist)">Black Catholic Joint Conference</a> (annual meeting of the NBCC, NBSC, NBCSA, NABCD, and the deacons' wives)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Catholic_Congress" title="National Black Catholic Congress">National Black Catholic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Black_Catholic_Women%27s_Gathering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Black Catholic Women's Gathering (page does not exist)">National Black Catholic Women's Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archbishop_Lyke_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archbishop Lyke Conference (page does not exist)">Archbishop Lyke Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unity_Explosion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unity Explosion (page does not exist)">Unity Explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowman-Francis_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowman-Francis Ministry (page does not exist)">Bowman-Francis Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Black_Catholic_Men%27s_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Black Catholic Men's Conference (page does not exist)">National Black Catholic Men's Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankofa_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankofa Conference (page does not exist)">Sankofa Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_2">Academic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Academic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xula.edu/ibcs">Institute for Black Catholic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholic_Theological_Symposium" title="Black Catholic Theological Symposium">Black Catholic Theological Symposium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_figures">Notable figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Notable figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_saints">Black saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Black saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Black Catholics have open causes for canonization: </p> <ul><li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a></li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a></li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Henriette_DeLille" title="Henriette DeLille">Henriette DeLille</a></li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lange" title="Mary Elizabeth Lange">Mary Lange</a></li> <li>Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Julia_Greeley" title="Julia Greeley">Julia Greeley</a></li> <li>Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Thea_Bowman" title="Thea Bowman">Thea Bowman</a></li> <li>Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Martin_de_Porres_Ward" title="Martin de Porres Ward">Martin de Porres Ward</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishops_(living)"><span id="Bishops_.28living.29"></span>Bishops (living)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Bishops (living)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordinaries">Ordinaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Ordinaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="(active)"><span id=".28active.29"></span>(active)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: (active)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Archbishops">Archbishops</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Archbishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Wilton Cardinal Gregory</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelton_Fabre" title="Shelton Fabre">Shelton J. Fabre</a> (Louisville)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="(retired)"><span id=".28retired.29"></span>(retired)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: (retired)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Braxton" title="Edward Braxton">Edward K. Braxton</a> (Belleville)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Dunlap_Bennett" title="Gordon Dunlap Bennett">Gordon D. Bennett, SJ</a> (Mandeville)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_J._Guillory" title="Curtis J. Guillory">Curtis J. Guillory, SVD</a> (Beaumont)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Holley" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Holley">Martin D. Holley</a> (Memphis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ricard" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ricard">John H. Ricard, SSJ</a> (Pensacola-Tallahassee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Terry_Steib" title="J. Terry Steib">J. Terry Steib, SVD</a> (Memphis)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Auxiliaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="(active)_2"><span id=".28active.29_2"></span>(active)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: (active)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Edward_Campbell" title="Roy Edward Campbell">Roy E. Campbell</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_J._Cheri" title="Fernand J. Cheri">Ferdinand Cheri III, OFM</a> (New Orleans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Perry" title="Joseph N. Perry">Joseph N. Perry</a> (Chicago)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activists">Activists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Activists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rudd" title="Daniel Rudd">Daniel Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_Turner" title="Thomas Wyatt Turner">Thomas Wyatt Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Antona_Ebo" title="Mary Antona Ebo">Sr Mary Antona Ebo, FSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clements" title="George Clements">George Clements</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Gorman" title="Amanda Gorman">Amanda Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Rufus_J._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Rufus J. Rivers">Fr Clarence Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patterson_Lyke" title="James Patterson Lyke">Archbishop James P. Lyke, OFM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Neville" title="Aaron Neville">Aaron Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Williams" title="Vanessa Williams">Vanessa Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Wayne" title="Lil Wayne">Lil Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_Zydeco" title="Buckwheat Zydeco">Buckwheat Zydeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Dwight" title="Ed Dwight">Ed Dwight</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educators">Educators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Educators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Healy" title="Patrick Francis Healy">Fr Patrick Healy, SJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Lange" title="Mary Elizabeth Lange">Servant of God Mary Lange, OSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_DeLille" title="Henriette DeLille">Venerable Henriette Delille, SSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_Beasley" title="Mathilda Beasley">Mother Mathilda Beasley, OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Becraft" title="Anne Marie Becraft">Anne Marie Becraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Theodore_Williams" title="Mary Theodore Williams">Mother Mary Theodore Williams, FHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thea_Bowman" title="Thea Bowman">Servant of God Thea Bowman, FSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Davis" title="Cyprian Davis">Fr Cyprian Davis, OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Thompson" title="Francesca Thompson">Sr Francesca Thompson, OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Francis" title="Norman Francis">Norman Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_T._Phelps" title="Jamie T. Phelps">Sr Jamie Phelps, OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Shawn_Copeland" title="M. Shawn Copeland">M. Shawn Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_L._Hayes" title="Diana L. Hayes">Diana L. Hayes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firsts_2">Firsts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Firsts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Point_du_Sable" title="Jean Baptiste Point du Sable">Jean Baptiste Point du Sable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Augustine_Williams" title="William Augustine Williams">William Augustine Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Venerable Augustus Tolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lawson_Howze" title="Joseph Lawson Howze">Bishop Joseph L. Howze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Antonio_Marino" title="Eugene Antonio Marino">Archbishop Eugene Marino, SSJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory" title="Wilton Daniel Gregory">Cardinal Wilton Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Rufus_J._Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Rufus J. Rivers">Fr Clarence Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fields" title="Mary Fields">Mary Fields</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes_and_coaches">Athletes and coaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Athletes and coaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kobe_Bryant" title="Kobe Bryant">Kobe Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Dawes" title="Dominique Dawes">Dominique Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Biles" title="Simone Biles">Simone Biles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm_Edwards" title="Herm Edwards">Herm Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Attles" title="Al Attles">Al Attles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Oladipo" title="Victor Oladipo">Victor Oladipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isiah_Thomas" title="Isiah Thomas">Isiah Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kittles" title="Kerry Kittles">Kerry Kittles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Perkins" title="Kendrick Perkins">Kendrick Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(basketball)" title="John Thompson (basketball)">John Thompson, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trayce_Thompson" title="Trayce Thompson">Trayce Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klay_Thompson" title="Klay Thompson">Klay Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Clarke_(American_football)" title="Frank Clarke (American football)">Frank Clarke (NFL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Scott" title="Byron Scott">Byron Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mazzulla" title="Joe Mazzulla">Joe Mazzulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matisse_Thybulle" title="Matisse Thybulle">Matisse Thybulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Jeter" title="Derek Jeter">Derek Jeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens" title="Lenny Wilkens">Lenny Wilkens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurists">Jurists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Jurists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michelle_Childs" title="J. Michelle Childs">J. Michelle Childs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Bowser" title="Muriel Bowser">Muriel Bowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Brazile" title="Donna Brazile">Donna Brazile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaToya_Cantrell" title="LaToya Cantrell">LaToya Cantrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clarke_(sheriff)" title="David Clarke (sheriff)">David Clarke (sheriff)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_Clay" title="Lacy Clay">William Lacy Clay Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clay" title="Bill Clay">William Lacy Clay Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cravins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Don Cravins, Jr.">Don Cravins, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Michael Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Morial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Morial">Ernest Morial</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philanthropists">Philanthropists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Philanthropists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Venerable Pierre Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Toussaint" title="Juliette Toussaint">Juliette Toussaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Greeley" title="Julia Greeley">Julia Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant" title="Mary Ellen Pleasant">Mary Ellen Pleasant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_figures">Media figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Media figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Bailey" title="Chauncey Bailey">Chauncey Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Gray" title="David L. Gray">David L. Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel" title="Bryant Gumbel">Bryant Gumbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gumbel" title="Greg Gumbel">Greg Gumbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Purvis" title="Gloria Purvis">Gloria Purvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rudd" title="Daniel Rudd">Daniel Rudd</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilgrimage_sites">Pilgrimage sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Pilgrimage sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Mother_of_Africa_Chapel" title="Our Mother of Africa Chapel">Our Mother of Africa Chapel</a> (located in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Martin_de_Porres_National_Shrine_and_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Martin de Porres National Shrine and Institute (page does not exist)">St. Martin de Porres National Shrine and Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>)</li> <li>Grave of Venerable <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a> (St Peter Catholic Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Illinois" title="Quincy, Illinois">Quincy, Illinois</a>)</li> <li>Grave of Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Julia_Greeley" title="Julia Greeley">Julia Greeley</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Denver)" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Denver)">Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>)</li> <li>Tomb of Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a> in New York City)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Henriette_DeLille" title="Henriette DeLille">Henriette DeLille</a> Prayer Chapel (inside <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Cathedral_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)">St. Louis Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>)</li> <li>Former National Shrine of <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">Saint Katharine Drexel</a> (Now a chapel at the former <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Convent" title="St. Elizabeth's Convent">St. Elizabeth's Convent</a>)</li> <li>National Shrine of Saint Katharine Drexel (Now at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_(Philadelphia)" title="Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Philadelphia)">Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li>Grave of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rudd" title="Daniel Rudd">Daniel Rudd</a> (St Joseph Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Bardstown,_Kentucky" title="Bardstown, Kentucky">Bardstown, Kentucky</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Ecumenism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a longstanding tradition of cooperation and coordination between Black Catholic and other black Christian traditions, at a variety of levels—especially during and since the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, which brought Black Catholic figures of note in direct contact and collaboration with the non-Catholic black leaders of said movements. Black Catholics of all stripes have, as members of the larger black community, participated in unifying moments of solidarity for the sake of black social uplift.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rev. Jesse Jackson has featured heavily in these interactions, and both he and <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> have collaborated with Chicago's Black Catholics on a number of occasions—quite controversially in the case of Farrakhan.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sister_Act" title="Sister Act">Sister Act</a></i>, a 1992 movie starring <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> as a pseudo-nun, was inspired in part by Servant of God <a href="/wiki/Thea_Bowman" title="Thea Bowman">Thea Bowman</a>—who was slated to be played by Goldberg in a biopic that never materialized. <i>Sister Act</i> would later become a <a href="/wiki/Sister_Act_(franchise)" title="Sister Act (franchise)">franchise</a>, with a sequel (<a href="/wiki/Sister_Act_2:_Back_in_the_Habit" title="Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit">1993</a>), <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> musical (<a href="/wiki/Sister_Act_(musical)" title="Sister Act (musical)">2006</a>), and third film in production as of 2022.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passing_Glory" title="Passing Glory">Passing Glory</a></i>, a movie based on the true story of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_High_School_(New_Orleans)" title="St. Augustine High School (New Orleans)">St. Augustine High School</a>'s basketball team during <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_in_the_United_States" title="Desegregation in the United States">desegregation</a>, was released in 1999.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courage_to_Love" title="The Courage to Love">The Courage to Love</a></i>, a TV movie on the life of <a href="/wiki/Henriette_DeLille" title="Henriette DeLille">Venerable Mother Henriette Delille</a> (played by <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Williams" title="Vanessa Williams">Vanessa Williams</a>) was released in the year 2000.</li> <li>A documentary on the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart_(Josephites)" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Joseph of the Sacred Heart (Josephites)">Josephites</a>, <i>Enduring Faith</i>, was released in 2000 as well. It was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A live-action movie on <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Venerable Fr. Augustus Tolton</a>, <i>Across</i>, was released in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A documentary on <a href="/wiki/Andre_Cailloux" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Cailloux">Andre Cailloux</a> was released in 2020, <i>Cailloux – One Man's Fight for Freedom During the Civil War</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A documentary on the six popularly venerated African Americans, titled <i>A Place at the Table: African-Americans on the Path to Sainthood</i>, was <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunded</a> with over $18,000 in 2021. It was released in February 2022.</li> <li>A documentary on Thea Bowman was released in October 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bowman was portrayed in a musical by her friend Mary Queen Donnelly, <i>Thea's Turn</i>, released in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Bowman was again portrayed on stage in a play by Nathan Yungberg, <i>Thea</i>, in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>A play concerning the life of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Tolton" title="Augustus Tolton">Augustus Tolton</a>, <i>Tolton: From Slave to Priest</i>, premiered in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiamant2021" class="citation web cs1">Diamant, Jeff (December 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/12/07/african-immigrants-in-u-s-more-religious-than-other-black-americans-and-more-likely-to-be-catholic/">"African immigrants in U.S. more religious than other Black Americans, and more likely to be Catholic"</a>. <i>Pewresearch.org</i>.</cite><span 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href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/03/15/black-catholics-in-america/">"Black Catholics in America"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Black+Catholics+in+America&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.aulast=Alvarado&rft.aufirst=Jeff+Diamant%2C+Besheer+Mohamed+and+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2022%2F03%2F15%2Fblack-catholics-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimron2022" class="citation web cs1">Shimron, Yonat (March 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2022/03/15/study-black-catholics-in-us-are-a-shrinking-minority-increasingly-drawing-on-immigrants/">"Study: Black Catholics in US are a tiny minority increasingly drawing on immigrants"</a>. Religion News Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Black+Catholics+in+US+are+a+tiny+minority+increasingly+drawing+on+immigrants&rft.pub=Religion+News+Service&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft.aulast=Shimron&rft.aufirst=Yonat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2022%2F03%2F15%2Fstudy-black-catholics-in-us-are-a-shrinking-minority-increasingly-drawing-on-immigrants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/committees/african-american-affairs/demographics">"Demographics"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=There+Are+More+Black+Catholics+in+the+U.S.+Than+Members+of+the+African+Methodist+Episcopal+Church&rft.date=2017-11-05&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2017%2F11%2Fblack-catholics%2F544754%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressler2017" class="citation book cs1">Cressler, Matthew J. 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New York: NYU Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479841325.001.0001">10.18574/nyu/9781479841325.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-4132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-4132-5"><bdi>978-1-4798-4132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentically+Black+and+Truly+Catholic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479841325.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-4132-5&rft.aulast=Cressler&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479841325.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fr.+Clarence+Rivers,+liturgy+pioneer,+dead+at+73.-a0127432639">"Fr. 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Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7282%2FT37S7MBS">10.7282/T37S7MBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Black+nuns+and+the+struggle+to+desegregate+Catholic+America+after+World+War+I&rft.inst=Rutgers%2C+The+State+University+of+New+Jersey&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7282%2FT37S7MBS&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Shannen+Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frucore.libraries.rutgers.edu%2Frutgers-lib%2F40733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xula.edu/ibcs-history">"Xavier University of Louisiana"</a>. <i>xula.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+African+Missions+%28SMA%29+AMERICAN+PROVINCE&rft.atitle=American+Province&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmafathers.org%2Fabout-us%2Famerican-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defunts.smainternational.info/fr/necrologe/1884-le-pere-ignace-lissner">"Le Père Ignace LISSNER"</a>. <i>defunts.smainternational.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defunts.smainternational.info&rft.atitle=Le+P%C3%A8re+Ignace+LISSNER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefunts.smainternational.info%2Ffr%2Fnecrologe%2F1884-le-pere-ignace-lissner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:110-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:110_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:110_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:110_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409090750/http://www.smafathers.org/about/our-history-2/detailed-biography-of-fr-lissner/">"Detailed biography of Fr. Lissner | Society of African Missions"</a>. April 9, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smafathers.org/about/our-history-2/detailed-biography-of-fr-lissner/">the original</a> on April 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+biography+of+Fr.+Lissner+%7C+Society+of+African+Missions&rft.date=2016-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smafathers.org%2Fabout%2Four-history-2%2Fdetailed-biography-of-fr-lissner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogan_2016-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hogan_2016_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogan_2016_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2016" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Edmund M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1179450242"><i>The turning of a tide : Ignace Lissner and the Society of African Missions in the U.S.A.</i></a> Rome. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5239-4971-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5239-4971-7"><bdi>978-1-5239-4971-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1179450242">1179450242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+turning+of+a+tide+%3A+Ignace+Lissner+and+the+Society+of+African+Missions+in+the+U.S.A.&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1179450242&rft.isbn=978-1-5239-4971-7&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Edmund+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1179450242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Williams, Shannen Dee (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/40733/"><i>Black nuns and the struggle to desegregate Catholic America after World War I</i></a> (Thesis). Rutgers University – Graduate School – New Brunswick.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Black+nuns+and+the+struggle+to+desegregate+Catholic+America+after+World+War+I&rft.inst=Rutgers+University+%E2%80%93+Graduate+School+%E2%80%93+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Shannen+Dee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frucore.libraries.rutgers.edu%2Frutgers-lib%2F40733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonsoulin2020" class="citation web cs1">Gonsoulin, Aaron (September 19, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iberianet.com/people/faith/notre-dame-church-celebrated-locally-the-100-years-celebration-of-the-first-seminary-that-trained/article_c540ca2a-fadc-11ea-af08-432100f3ecf6.html">"Notre Dame Church celebrated locally the 100 Years Celebration of the First Seminary that trained African Americans to the priesthood and religious brothers in the US"</a>. <i>The Daily Iberian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Iberian&rft.atitle=Notre+Dame+Church+celebrated+locally+the+100+Years+Celebration+of+the+First+Seminary+that+trained+African+Americans+to+the+priesthood+and+religious+brothers+in+the+US&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft.aulast=Gonsoulin&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iberianet.com%2Fpeople%2Ffaith%2Fnotre-dame-church-celebrated-locally-the-100-years-celebration-of-the-first-seminary-that-trained%2Farticle_c540ca2a-fadc-11ea-af08-432100f3ecf6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2017" class="citation web cs1">Pope, John (December 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/300/article_23203222-b37d-5a53-af19-d8421730df5d.html">"Mother Katharine Drexel and the birth of Xavier University"</a>. <i>The Times-Picayune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune&rft.atitle=Mother+Katharine+Drexel+and+the+birth+of+Xavier+University&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2F300%2Farticle_23203222-b37d-5a53-af19-d8421730df5d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Brien_Steinfels2018" class="citation web cs1">O’Brien Steinfels, Margaret (October 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/minorities-within-minorities">"Minorities within Minorities"</a>. <i>Commonweal Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonweal+Magazine&rft.atitle=Minorities+within+Minorities&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Brien+Steinfels&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealmagazine.org%2Fminorities-within-minorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ochs, Stephen J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28646434"><i>Desegregating the altar : the Josephites and the struggle for black priests, 1871–1960</i></a> (Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1859-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1859-1"><bdi>0-8071-1859-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28646434">28646434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desegregating+the+altar+%3A+the+Josephites+and+the+struggle+for+black+priests%2C+1871%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=358&rft.edition=Louisiana+pbk.&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28646434&rft.isbn=0-8071-1859-1&rft.aulast=Ochs&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28646434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2018" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Mark (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1031045686"><i>Desegregating Dixie : the Catholic Church in the South and desegregation, 1945–1992</i></a>. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-1886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4968-1886-7"><bdi>978-1-4968-1886-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031045686">1031045686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desegregating+Dixie+%3A+the+Catholic+Church+in+the+South+and+desegregation%2C+1945%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Jackson&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031045686&rft.isbn=978-1-4968-1886-7&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1031045686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ochs, Stephen J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28646434"><i>Desegregating the altar : the Josephites and the struggle for black priests, 1871–1960</i></a> (Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 422–423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1859-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1859-1"><bdi>0-8071-1859-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28646434">28646434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desegregating+the+altar+%3A+the+Josephites+and+the+struggle+for+black+priests%2C+1871%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=422-423&rft.edition=Louisiana+pbk.&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28646434&rft.isbn=0-8071-1859-1&rft.aulast=Ochs&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28646434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1086">"Catholicism and the Civil Rights Movement"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28646434"><i>Desegregating the altar : the Josephites and the struggle for black priests, 1871–1960</i></a> (Louisiana pbk. ed.). 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Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1859-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1859-1"><bdi>0-8071-1859-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28646434">28646434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desegregating+the+altar+%3A+the+Josephites+and+the+struggle+for+black+priests%2C+1871%E2%80%931960&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=446&rft.edition=Louisiana+pbk.&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28646434&rft.isbn=0-8071-1859-1&rft.aulast=Ochs&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F28646434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/19/obituaries/bishop-harold-r-perry-74-dies-first-black-prelate-in-the-century.html">"Bishop Harold R. Perry, 74, Dies; First Black Prelate in the Century"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. July 19, 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Catholic+shout%21%21%21&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft.aulast=Rosado&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRQANYmxFCnw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/d5c3a0bd7726f18d5cff44efa1bd4cfd">"How long is the sermon? Study ranks Christian churches"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. December 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=How+long+is+the+sermon%3F+Study+ranks+Christian+churches&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fd5c3a0bd7726f18d5cff44efa1bd4cfd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2011" class="citation web cs1">Pope, Charles (January 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.adw.org/2011/01/the-gift-of-the-african-american-catholic-tradition/">"The Gift of the African American Catholic Tradition"</a>. <i>Community in Mission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Community+in+Mission&rft.atitle=The+Gift+of+the+African+American+Catholic+Tradition&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.adw.org%2F2011%2F01%2Fthe-gift-of-the-african-american-catholic-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss1987" class="citation news cs1">Maraniss, David (September 13, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/09/13/pope-at-home-with-blacks/95e42ecd-cec5-4eb1-8a95-e94e863b70b6/">"Pope 'at home' with Blacks"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pope+%27at+home%27+with+Blacks&rft.date=1987-09-13&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1987%2F09%2F13%2Fpope-at-home-with-blacks%2F95e42ecd-cec5-4eb1-8a95-e94e863b70b6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreWhiteMarshall2006" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Cecilia Annette; White, C. Vanessa; Marshall, Paul M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JjmsAAAACAAJ"><i>Songs of Our Hearts, Meditations of Our Souls: Prayers for Black Catholics</i></a>. Franciscan Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-694-1"><bdi>978-0-86716-694-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+of+Our+Hearts%2C+Meditations+of+Our+Souls%3A+Prayers+for+Black+Catholics&rft.pub=Franciscan+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86716-694-1&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Cecilia+Annette&rft.au=White%2C+C.+Vanessa&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJjmsAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCheri2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Joseph A.; Cheri, Fernand (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dhCVAAAACAAJ"><i>Sweet, Sweet Spirit: Prayer Services from the Black Catholic Church</i></a>. St. Anthony Messenger Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-626-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86716-626-2"><bdi>978-0-86716-626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet%2C+Sweet+Spirit%3A+Prayer+Services+from+the+Black+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=St.+Anthony+Messenger+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86716-626-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft.au=Cheri%2C+Fernand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdhCVAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/cultural-diversity/upload/cultural-diversity-cara-report-phase-1.pdf">"Cultural Diversity in the Catholic Church in the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Diversity+in+the+Catholic+Church+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fissues-and-action%2Fcultural-diversity%2Fupload%2Fcultural-diversity-cara-report-phase-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/committees/african-american-affairs/demographics">"Demographics | USCCB"</a>. <i>www.usccb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usccb.org&rft.atitle=Demographics+%7C+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fcommittees%2Fafrican-american-affairs%2Fdemographics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuidos2019" class="citation web cs1">Guidos, Rhina (May 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.asp?ID=185036">"Chicago archbishop apologizes for Farrakhan visit to Catholic church"</a>. <i>The Boston Pilot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Pilot&rft.atitle=Chicago+archbishop+apologizes+for+Farrakhan+visit+to+Catholic+church&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft.aulast=Guidos&rft.aufirst=Rhina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebostonpilot.com%2Farticle.asp%3FID%3D185036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QjPyCXGN7E">"Enduring Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Catholic News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418090948/https://www.catholicnews.com/filmmakers-new-movie-across-tells-story-of-father-augustus-tolton/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filmmaker%27s+new+movie+%27Across%27+tells+story+of+Father+Augustus+Tolton&rft.pub=Catholic+News+Service&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Robert+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Ffilmmakers-new-movie-across-tells-story-of-father-augustus-tolton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/ondemand/cailloux">"Watch Cailloux – One Man's Fight for Freedom during the Civil War Online"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch+Cailloux+%E2%80%93+One+Man%27s+Fight+for+Freedom+during+the+Civil+War+Online&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2Fondemand%2Fcailloux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Sherry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2015/04/05/theas-turn-celebrates-legacy-inspiring-nun/25261401/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Thea's Turn' celebrates legacy of inspiring nun"</a>. <i>The Clarion-Ledger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Clarion-Ledger&rft.atitle=%27Thea%27s+Turn%27+celebrates+legacy+of+inspiring+nun&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionledger.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2015%2F04%2F05%2Ftheas-turn-celebrates-legacy-inspiring-nun%2F25261401%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins-Hughes2019" class="citation news cs1">Collins-Hughes, Laura (July 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/theater/when-theater-is-a-religious-experience.html">"When Theater Is a Religious Experience"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=When+Theater+Is+a+Religious+Experience&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Collins-Hughes&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F07%2F02%2Ftheater%2Fwhen-theater-is-a-religious-experience.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.stlukeproductions.com/dramas/tolton">"Tolton: From Slave to Priest"</a>. <i>www2.stlukeproductions.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.stlukeproductions.com&rft.atitle=Tolton%3A+From+Slave+to+Priest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.stlukeproductions.com%2Fdramas%2Ftolton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Davis" title="Cyprian Davis">Davis, Cyprian</a>. The History of Black Catholics in the United States. United States, Crossroad, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824514952" title="Special:BookSources/9780824514952">9780824514952</a></li> <li>Hayes, Diana L., and Davis, Cyprian. Taking Down Our Harps: Black Catholics in the United States. United States, Orbis Books, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570751745" title="Special:BookSources/9781570751745">9781570751745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Shawn_Copeland" title="M. Shawn Copeland">Copeland, Mary Shawn</a>. Uncommon Faithfulness: The Black Catholic Experience. United States, Orbis Books, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608333585" title="Special:BookSources/9781608333585">9781608333585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_T._Phelps" title="Jamie T. Phelps">Phelps, Jamie Therese</a>. Black and Catholic: The Challenge and Gift of Black Folk : Contributions of African American Experience and Thought to Catholic Theology. United States, Marquette University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780874626292" title="Special:BookSources/9780874626292">9780874626292</a></li> <li>Morrow, Diane Batts. Persons of Color and Religious at the Same Time: The Oblate Sisters of Providence, 1828–1860. United Kingdom, University of North Carolina Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807854013" title="Special:BookSources/9780807854013">9780807854013</a></li> <li>Ochs, Stephen J. Desegregating the Altar: The Josephites and the Struggle for Black Priests, 1871–1960. Louisiana State University Press. 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807118597" title="Special:BookSources/9780807118597">9780807118597</a></li> <li>Collum, Danny Duncan. Black and Catholic in the Jim Crow South: The Stuff that Makes Community. United States, Paulist Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809143719" title="Special:BookSources/9780809143719">9780809143719</a></li> <li>Hogan, Edmund. The Turning of a Tide: Ignace Lissner and the Society of African Missions in the USA. 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781523949717" title="Special:BookSources/9781523949717">9781523949717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McGreevy" title="John McGreevy">McGreevy, John T.</a> Parish Boundaries: The Catholic Encounter with Race in the Twentieth-Century Urban North. United States, University of Chicago Press, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226497471" title="Special:BookSources/9780226497471">9780226497471</a></li> <li>Cressler, Matthew. Authentically Black and Truly Catholic: The Rise of Black Catholicism in the Great Migration. NYU Press. 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479880966" title="Special:BookSources/9781479880966">9781479880966</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/committees/african-american-affairs/parishes-strong-black-catholic-presence">Catholic parishes with significant Black membership</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tockify.com/nbccongress/pinboard">Black Catholic calendar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbccongress.org/">National Black Catholic Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/committees/african-american-affairs">United States' Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) African American Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackandindianmission.org/index.php/aboutus/cnamb">Catholic Negro American Missions Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xula.edu/ibcs">Institute for Black Catholic Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_America" title="Catholic Church in North America">Catholic Church in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Catholic Church in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Bahamas" title="Catholic Church in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Barbados" title="Catholic Church in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belize" title="Catholic Church in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Costa_Rica" title="Catholic Church in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Cuba" title="Catholic Church in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Dominica" title="Catholic Church in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Catholic Church in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_El_Salvador" title="Catholic Church in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Grenada" title="Catholic Church in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Guatemala" title="Catholic Church in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Haiti" title="Catholic Church in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Honduras" title="Catholic Church in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Jamaica" title="Catholic Church in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Nicaragua" title="Catholic Church in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Panama" title="Catholic Church in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Catholic Church in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Catholic Church in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Catholic Church in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Catholic Church in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:gold"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Greenland" title="Catholic Church in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Catholic Church in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_diaspora" title="Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_diaspora" title="Template talk:African diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">Americas</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Latin_Americans" title="Afro–Latin Americans">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Anguillians" title="Afro-Anguillians">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Afro–Antiguans and Barbudans">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arubans" title="Afro-Arubans">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bahamians" title="Afro-Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadians" title="Afro-Barbadians">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bermudians" title="Black Bermudians">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caymanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caymanians">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Cuba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1" title="Arará">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Cuba" title="Cape Verdeans in Cuba">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Longoba" title="Ganga-Longoba">Ganga-Longoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cura%C3%A7aoans" title="Afro-Curaçaoans">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominica)" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominica)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans" title="Afro-Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Grenadians" title="Afro-Grenadians">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Haiti" title="Maroons">Marron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Jamaica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_Jamaica" title="Igbo people in Jamaica">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Kittitians_and_Nevisians" title="Afro–Kittitians and Nevisians">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Saint_Lucians" title="Afro–Saint Lucians">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentians" title="Afro-Vincentians">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islanders" title="Afro–Turks and Caicos Islanders">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people" title="Belizean Creole people">Belize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Costa_Ricans" title="Afro–Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Salvadorans" title="Afro-Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guatemalans" title="Afro-Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Hondurans" title="Afro-Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Miskito Sambu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguans" title="Afro-Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Panama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron_people_(Panama)" title="Cimarron people (Panama)">Cimarrón</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">North<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Black_Canadians" title="Indigenous Black Canadians">Indigenous Black Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_New_Brunswick" title="Black Canadians in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians_in_Ontario" title="Black Canadians in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Canada" title="African immigration to Canada">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affrilachia" title="Affrilachia">Affrilachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mennonites" title="Black Mennonites">Black Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw#Post–Civil_War" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Seminole freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)#Louisiana_Redbone_cultural_group" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Louisiana Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somali_Bantus_in_Maine" title="History of Somali Bantus in Maine">Somali Bantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">South<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Argentines" title="Afro-Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalungas" title="Kalungas">Kalungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocambo_(settlement)" title="Mocambo (settlement)">Macombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilombola" title="Quilombola">Quilombola</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Chileans" title="Afro-Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Colombians" title="Afro-Colombians">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raizal" title="Raizal">Raizal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ecuadorians" title="Afro-Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93French_Guianans" title="Afro–French Guianans">French Guiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluku" title="Aluku">Aluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Guyanese" title="Afro-Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Paraguayans" title="Afro-Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Peruvians" title="Black Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Surinamese" title="Afro-Surinamese">Suriname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_people" title="Kwinti people">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matawai_people" title="Matawai people">Matawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_people" title="Ndyuka people">Ndyuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramaccan_people" title="Paramaccan people">Paramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaka" title="Saramaka">Saramaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Uruguayans" title="Afro-Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelans" title="Afro-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Europe" title="African immigration to Europe">Europe</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans" title="Black Europeans">Blacks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_of_African_descent" title="Abkhazians of African descent">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Austrians" title="Afro-Austrians">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belgians" title="Black Belgians">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Danish_people_of_African_descent" title="Category:Danish people of African descent">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_French_people" title="Black French people">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_community_of_Paris" title="Sub-Saharan African community of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Greeks" title="Black Greeks">Blacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dutch_people" title="Afro-Dutch people">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Norway" title="African immigration to Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Portuguese_people" title="Afro-Portuguese people">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romanians" title="Afro-Romanians">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Russians" title="Afro-Russians">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Spaniards" title="Afro-Spaniards">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Sweden" title="African immigrants to Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigrants_to_Switzerland" title="African immigrants to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Ukrainians" title="Afro-Ukrainians">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Cambridge" title="Black people in Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Liverpool" title="Black people in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_presence_in_London" title="History of African presence in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Scottish_people" title="Black Scottish people">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Welsh_people" title="Black Welsh people">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iranians" title="Afro-Iranians">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_Israel" title="African immigration to Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Israelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese refugees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Jordanians" title="Afro-Jordanians">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Palestinians" title="Afro-Palestinians">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Saudis" title="Afro-Saudis">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Turks" title="Afro-Turks">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Turkey" title="Africans in Turkey">Africans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Emiratis" title="Afro-Emiratis">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhamash%C4%ABn" title="Al-Muhamashīn">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Asia</a> and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Australians" title="African Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Chinese" title="African Chinese">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Guangzhou" title="Africans in Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hong_Kong" title="Africans in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians_in_South_Asia" title="Afro-Asians in South Asia">Afro-Asians in South Asia</a></li> <li>India and Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddis_of_Karnataka" title="Siddis of Karnataka">in Karnataka</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Africans in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Kaffirs" title="Sri Lanka Kaffirs">Kaffirs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Saint_Helena" title="Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Secondary<br />Afro-American<br />diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ghana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul></li> <li>Liberia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nigeria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Afro-Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sierra Leone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_France" title="Haitians in France">Haitians</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_United_Kingdom#African_Americans" title="Americans in the United Kingdom">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Jamaicans" title="British Jamaicans">British Jamaicans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Asia and<br />Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">African Hebrew Israelites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Japan" title="Black people in Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">Anti-African sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Anti-Black racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coromantee" title="Coromantee">Coromantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Igbo people in the Atlantic slave trade">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_people" title="Tikar people">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people_in_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Yoruba people in the Atlantic slave trade">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Genetic history of the African diaspora">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #BFEAF9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:African_diaspora" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:African diaspora">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&oldid=1259202749">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Catholicism&oldid=1259202749</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_Roman_Catholicism" title="Category:African-American Roman Catholicism">African-American Roman Catholicism</a></li><li><a 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