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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_occupation_(1763–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_occupation_(1763–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>British occupation (1763–1783)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_occupation_(1763–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_occupation_(1783–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_occupation_(1783–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Spanish occupation (1783–1815)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_occupation_(1783–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_period_(1815–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_period_(1815–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Antebellum period (1815–1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_period_(1815–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antebellum_Alabama_Creole_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_Alabama_Creole_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Antebellum Alabama Creole society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_Alabama_Creole_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alabama_Creoles_during_the_Civil_War_(1861–1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama_Creoles_during_the_Civil_War_(1861–1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Alabama Creoles during the Civil War (1861–1864)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama_Creoles_during_the_Civil_War_(1861–1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_to_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_to_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Late 19th to 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_to_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alabama_Cajans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama_Cajans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alabama Cajans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama_Cajans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Alabama Creole people<br />Créoles de l'Alabama</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creole French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franglais" title="Franglais">Franglais</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creoles">Louisiana Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Isleños</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québecois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Creek Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">African Americans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alabama Creoles</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Créoles de l'Alabama</i>) are a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French people">Louisiana French</a> group native to the region around <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>. They are the descendants of colonial French and Spanish settlers who arrived in Mobile in the 18th century. They are sometimes known as <b>Cajans</b> or <b>Cajuns</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Cadjins</i>) although they are distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and most do not trace their roots to the French settlers of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theatrearts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatrearts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif/180px-Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif/270px-Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif/360px-Fort_louis_de_la_mobile.gif 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>Fort Louis de la Mobile</figcaption></figure> <p>Adventurers led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Maurepas" title="Fort Maurepas">Fort Maurepas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to a wooded bluff on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_River" title="Mobile River">Mobile River</a> in early 1702, where they founded <a href="/wiki/Old_Mobile_Site" title="Old Mobile Site">Mobile</a>, which they named after the Maubilian Indians. The outpost was populated by French soldiers, French-Canadian trappers and fur traders, and a few merchants and artisans accompanied by their families. The French had easy access to the Indian fur trade, and furs were the primary economic resource of Mobile. Along with fur, some settlers also raised cattle as well as produced ships' timbers and naval stores.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChoctawBelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ChoctawBelle.jpg/130px-ChoctawBelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ChoctawBelle.jpg/195px-ChoctawBelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/ChoctawBelle.jpg/260px-ChoctawBelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a <a href="/wiki/Choctaws" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaws">Choctaw</a> Woman from <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indian nations gathered annually at Mobile to be wined, dined, and showered with presents by the French. About 2,000 Indians descended on Mobile for as long as two weeks. Because of the close and friendly relationship between colonial French and Indian peoples, French colonists learned the Indian <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a> of the area, the <a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a>, and intermarried with Indian women.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile was a melting pot of different peoples, and included continental Frenchmen, French-Canadians, and various Indians mingled together in Mobile. The differences between continental Frenchmen and French-Canadians were so great that serious disputes occurred between the two groups.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French also established slavery in 1721. Slaves infused elements of African and French Creole culture into Mobile, as many of the slaves who came to Mobile worked in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">French West Indies</a>. In 1724, the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i>, a slave code based on <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Roman laws</a>, was instituted in French colonies which allowed slaves certain legal and religious rights not found in either British colonies or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i> based on <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Roman laws</a> also conferred <i><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">affranchis</a></i> (ex-slaves) full citizenship and gave complete civil equality with other French subjects. </p><p>By the mid-18th century, Mobile was populated by French Creoles, European Frenchmen, French-Canadians, Africans, and Indians. This diverse group was united by Roman Catholicism, the exclusive religion of the colony. The town's inhabitants included 50 troops, a mixed group of approximately 400 civilians which included merchants, laborers, fur traders, artisans, and slaves. This mixed diverse group and its descendants are called Creoles.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_occupation_(1763–1783)"><span id="British_occupation_.281763.E2.80.931783.29"></span>British occupation (1763–1783)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British occupation (1763–1783)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Florida_Map_1767.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/West_Florida_Map_1767.svg/220px-West_Florida_Map_1767.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/West_Florida_Map_1767.svg/330px-West_Florida_Map_1767.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/West_Florida_Map_1767.svg/440px-West_Florida_Map_1767.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="79" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">British West Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1763, after the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> where France relinquished all of its continental colonial territory to Britain and ceded half of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> to Spain, Britain merged the Southern Louisiana territories into <a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">British West Florida</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles of New Orleans</a> at this time moved to Mobile, as they preferred British to Spanish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life changed very little for Alabama Creoles under British rule. The fur trade continued and British adopted the Creole practice of holding Indian congresses and inviting Indian guests.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new colonial government enacted a harsher slave code that gave slaves very few legal rights and made emancipation much more difficult to obtain. Slaves became expensive, each one costing around 300 Spanish dollars. To counteract expensive slave labor, white indentured servants were imported and they began to supply much of the town's labor. White indentured servants usually worked for two to four years and their masters provided them housing, food, and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_occupation_(1783–1815)"><span id="Spanish_occupation_.281783.E2.80.931815.29"></span>Spanish occupation (1783–1815)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish occupation (1783–1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1783, Spain took possession of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. Fur trading continued to be the primary resource sold by Mobile. Mobile continued to have a very heterogeneous population, and Spain wanted more settlement in its Floridian colonies. It attracted British and American immigrants by adopting very liberal policies compared to those in other parts of the Spanish Empire. In Spanish colonies, all citizens were required to become Catholic, but the Spanish government in the Floridas allowed its inhabitants to worship as they pleased. The government also offered liberal land grants to potential settlers. In 1785, Spanish Mobile had 746 inhabitants. By 1788, Mobile had a population of over 1,400.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As time went on, however, the Americans began desiring the Spanish lands. In 1803 the Americans bought French Louisiana from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, and they claimed that the Spanish Floridas were part of the purchase. Americans within the Floridas plotted against the Spanish government. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the Americans finally had a justification to take Spanish Mobile and the Floridas.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 11, 1813, an American force of 600 overwhelmed 60 Spanish troops stationed in Mobile. On April 13, the Spanish commander surrendered his 60 men and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Charlotte" title="Battle of Fort Charlotte">Fort Charlotte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1815, the Americans defeated the British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> and held on to the territory that they had won. Mobile was thereafter administered by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_period_(1815–1861)"><span id="Antebellum_period_.281815.E2.80.931861.29"></span>Antebellum period (1815–1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antebellum period (1815–1861)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg/220px-Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg/330px-Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg/440px-Mobile_Alabama_1800s_Engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Americans to arrive in Mobile after the War of 1812 were merchants from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, and they recognized a unique opportunity compared to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> that had not yet developed a thriving mercantile community. As Mobile grew, it attracted medical and legal professionals as well as printers.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile experienced a dramatic growth as cotton flowed through its ports from plantations and farms in the Alabama interior. Mobile also received a reputation for being quite unrefined, as young men and transients poured into the city, and made saloons, drinking, and prostitution a mainstay of life in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually Mobile evolved into the third most important port city in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American Union</a> behind <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844, a Northern visitor described the diversity and beauty of Mobile: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Clerks of all shapes and sizes, white and red haired men, staid thinking men and brainless flops. Here goes a staid, demeure-faced priest and behind him is a dashing gambler<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Here is a sailor just on shore with a pocket full of rocks ready for devilment of any kind and there is a beggar in rags. Pretty Creoles, pale-faced sewing girls, painted vice, big-headed and little-headed men, tall anatomies and short Falstaffs<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a great country this is and make no mistake."<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Amans,_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_(Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jacques_Amans%2C_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_%28Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306%29.jpg/200px-Jacques_Amans%2C_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_%28Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jacques_Amans%2C_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_%28Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306%29.jpg/300px-Jacques_Amans%2C_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_%28Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jacques_Amans%2C_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_%28Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306%29.jpg/400px-Jacques_Amans%2C_Creole_in_a_red_headdress_%28Historic_New_Orleans_Coll_2010.0306%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4573" data-file-height="5736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A Creole girl with a red <i><a href="/wiki/Tignon" title="Tignon">tignon</a></i></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FashionableMarquisB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FashionableMarquisB.jpg/200px-FashionableMarquisB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FashionableMarquisB.jpg/300px-FashionableMarquisB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/FashionableMarquisB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A bourgeois Creole girl</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Mobile contained approximately 40% of all of Alabama's free black population. Mobile's free people of color were the Creoles. A people of diverse origins, the Creoles formed an elite with their own schools, churches, fire company, and social organizations. Many Creoles were the descendants of free blacks at the time of Mobile's capture by American forces, and who retained their freedoms by treaty and treated by the American government as a unique people. Other Creoles were blood relatives of white Mobilians including those of prominent families.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Cathedral,_East_view_20160712_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mobile_Cathedral%2C_East_view_20160712_1.jpg/220px-Mobile_Cathedral%2C_East_view_20160712_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mobile_Cathedral%2C_East_view_20160712_1.jpg/330px-Mobile_Cathedral%2C_East_view_20160712_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mobile_Cathedral%2C_East_view_20160712_1.jpg/440px-Mobile_Cathedral%2C_East_view_20160712_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4314" data-file-height="3962" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Mobile, Alabama)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic community of primarily French Creole descent remained numerous and influential. In 1825, the Catholic community began the 15-year construction of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Mobile,_Alabama)" title="Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception (Mobile, Alabama)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a>. For most of the antebellum era, friction between Protestants and Catholics was practically non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Creoles of Mobile built a Catholic school run by and for Creoles. Mobilians supported several literary societies, numerous book stores, and number of book and music publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antebellum_Alabama_Creole_society">Antebellum Alabama Creole society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antebellum Alabama Creole society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institution of slavery presented white Alabamians with a serious challenge. <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-American</a> Southerners generally defended slavery as a positive institution for the benefit of the slaves. The large Creole community in Mobile posed serious practical and ideological problems for the proponents of slavery. How could slavery be a positive good for both whites and blacks when the Creole population not only existed, but prospered?<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creoles maintained their own schools, churches, fire companies, and social institutions; urban slaves had access to money, as well as the company of other slaves and free blacks. Following the Creole custom <i>liberté des savanes</i> (savannah liberty), although outlawed by Americans, many slaves hired themselves out and accumulated personal funds. Slaves in Mobile learned to read and write from the highly educated Creoles, and they gained freedom through their skilled labor.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the antebellum period was the most colorful, exuberant period of Mobile's history, it was also short-lived. Young Alabama Creoles who began their careers in the 1820s lived to see their fortunes and the accomplishments of their city destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a>, which they more than other Alabamians, sought to avoid.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alabama_Creoles_during_the_Civil_War_(1861–1864)"><span id="Alabama_Creoles_during_the_Civil_War_.281861.E2.80.931864.29"></span>Alabama Creoles during the Civil War (1861–1864)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alabama Creoles during the Civil War (1861–1864)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_(1824-1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/200px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/300px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg/400px-Bataille_de_la_baie_de_Mobile_par_Louis_Prang_%281824-1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1897" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a> August 2, 1864 – August 23, 1864</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleofFortBlakely1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/BattleofFortBlakely1.png/200px-BattleofFortBlakely1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/BattleofFortBlakely1.png/300px-BattleofFortBlakely1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/BattleofFortBlakely1.png/400px-BattleofFortBlakely1.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Blakeley" title="Battle of Fort Blakeley">Battle of Fort Blakeley</a> April 2, 1865 – April 9, 1865</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Creoles during the Civil war in both <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a> petitioned their <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">state governments</a> to form military units to protect their homes, their cities, and their states. In New Orleans, Creoles formed the <a href="/wiki/1st_Louisiana_Native_Guard_(Confederate)" title="1st Louisiana Native Guard (Confederate)">Louisiana Native Guard</a> in 1861, although <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> forces ultimately dissolved the unit in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wesleymoody-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creoles in Mobile also continuously petitioned to join the war effort. In November 1862, Alabama's General Assembly passed legislation allowing Creoles to enroll in the state militia, and a unit of Alabama Creole Guards was raised.<sup id="cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wesleymoody-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1863, the general in command of Mobile, <a href="/wiki/Dabney_H._Maury" title="Dabney H. Maury">Dabney H. Maury</a>, requested that the Confederate War Department immediately accept Creole state militia into Confederate service, with the idea of making them heavy artillerists to man Mobile's shore batteries. Confederate Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/James_A._Seddon" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Seddon">James A. Seddon</a> denied Maury's request and stated that blacks could never be enlisted as Confederate soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wesleymoody-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in 1864, as Mobile needed defenders for the city, Creoles joined Confederate cavalry units, and a company of Creoles in Confederate service, the Native Guards, formed from a Creole firefighting battalion. After Federal forces defeated the Confederates in Mobile, the Creole Native Guards disappeared from service.<sup id="cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wesleymoody-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_to_20th_centuries">Late 19th to 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late 19th to 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Civil War completely destroyed Mobile as it once was. Prior to the Civil War, Mobile was Alabama's most vital urban area, and it was the undisputed economic and social center of the state. In the years after the Civil War, Mobile's economy languished, and its population declined. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> replaced Mobile in its economic development and became Alabama's largest city.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Creoles in Mobile, the following era was bleak. Poor economic conditions continued from reconstruction all the way until the first World War, and a rising tide of racism eroded many of the rights that Creoles once knew. A binary racial system took hold of Mobile; everyone was classified either as black or white. An informal, but rigid segregation code restricted the social and economic activities of the Creoles.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, racist forces moved to permanently disenfranchise the black population of Mobile through the state constitution. The Creoles of Mobile pleaded with the white leadership of the state, but it was of no use. Many Creoles turned inward, seeking solace in the glories of the past and their older social heritage. Creoles continued to maintain their own schools, churches, social clubs, and the fabled Creole Steam Fire Company Number I. Creoles worked as doctors, lawyers, educators, and businessmen. They mirrored the customs and practices of Mobile's white elite, and formed their own mystic societies, creating a "Colored Mardi Gras" celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the 1930s, Mobile was essentially a small town where most people were comfortable and satisfied with the community institutions available. However, the city was deeply divided by race, and the lack of economic opportunity hampered the economic development of the city. Mobile's Creole population was prevented from fully contributing its energy and talents towards building a better city.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World War II changed the economic outlook of Mobile. New industry appeared, and Mobile became an important port once more.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, racial tension became inflamed again leading to the protests and riots of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> that changed the situation of blacks in the United States. After the Civil Rights Movement, institutionalized segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement were finally abolished. </p><p>The Creoles of Alabama slowly disappeared, either emigrating to other states or assimilating into <a href="/wiki/African_American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African American culture">African American culture</a>, replacing their Creole history, language, and heritage in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last speakers of Alabama Creole French died at <a href="/wiki/Mon_Louis_Island" title="Mon Louis Island">Mon Louis Island</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-jacquesarends_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacquesarends-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alabama_Cajans">Alabama Cajans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alabama Cajans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cajun_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun Country">Cajun Country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MobMetShade.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MobMetShade.gif/220px-MobMetShade.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MobMetShade.gif/330px-MobMetShade.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/MobMetShade.gif 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cajan_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajan Country">Cajan Country</a> of Alabama</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:French_people" title="Category:French people">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-size: 200%;"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/150px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/200px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Native communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aosta</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_French_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of French origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li>Namibia <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li></ul> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="French people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Korea" title="French people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Middle East</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Lebanon" title="French people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East#French_(Levantine)_people_in_Turkey" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li>Netherlands <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#The_Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany (pre-1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hungary" title="French people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>Spain</li> <li>Portugal</li></ul> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">French Antilles</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Jamaica" title="French immigration to Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_settlement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="French settlement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">French Canadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Albertan">Franco-Albertan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>South America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvians" title="French Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayans" title="French Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Venezuelans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Venezuelans (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> <p><b>Oceania</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Zealanders" title="French New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <sup>1</sup>Overseas parts of France proper <br /> <i>Migration of minorities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).</i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="French Church">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_dress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French dress (page does not exist)">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_France" title="National symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in France">Cultural Heritage sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">Language</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people" title="List of French people">List of French people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_French_descent" title="Category:People of French descent">People of French descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_people" title="Template:French people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_people" title="Template talk:French people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Country Creoles who lived in the bayous outside of Mobile, in the forests surrounding <a href="/wiki/Daphne,_Alabama" title="Daphne, Alabama">Daphne</a>, and in the hills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Alabama" title="Mount Vernon, Alabama">Mount Vernon</a> were designated as "Cajans" during the years after the Civil War. They gained their name from a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a>, matching the <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a> of Louisiana. Creoles at this time used the term Cajun/Cajan (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Cadjin</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ka.dʒɛ̃]</a></span>) interchangeably with the social designation <i>petit habitant</i> (Creole peasant), and the Cajans of Alabama adopted the Cajan name to distinguish themselves from the urban Creoles of Mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-federalwritersproject_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalwritersproject-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alabama Cajans inhabited a region called the <b>Cajan Country</b>, which was all of the bayou country surrounding Mobile; to the north, it reached the hills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Alabama" title="Mount Vernon, Alabama">Mount Vernon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citronelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Citronelle">Citronelle</a>; to the east, it reached through the bayous and forests around <a href="/wiki/Daphne,_Alabama" title="Daphne, Alabama">Daphne</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Perdido_River" title="Perdido River">Perdido River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalurbanleague_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalurbanleague-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwardthomasprice_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardthomasprice-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timemagazine1934_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timemagazine1934-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cajans were of varying racial mixtures; some under Alabama's new racial laws were considered black, others were considered white, and others yet designated as Indians. Cajans were discriminated against due to their racial ambiguity, and many remained illiterate due to not having access to public schools. Cajans tended to stay among their own communities.<sup id="cite_ref-federalwritersproject_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalwritersproject-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-theatrearts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theatrearts_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTheatre_Arts1930" class="citation book cs1">Theatre Arts (1930). <i>Theatre Arts Monthly, volume 14</i>. United States of America: Theatre Arts. p. 1027.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+Arts+Monthly%2C+volume+14&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=1027&rft.pub=Theatre+Arts&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Theatre+Arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+Creole+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meltonmclaurin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meltonmclaurin_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton_McLaurin,_Michael_Thomason1981" class="citation book cs1">Melton McLaurin, Michael Thomason (1981). <i>Mobile the life and times of a great Southern city</i> (1st ed.). United States of America: Windsor Publications. pp. 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41. 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 88, 92, 105, 119, 120, 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile+the+life+and+times+of+a+great+Southern+city&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=12%2C+15%2C+16%2C+17%2C+18%2C+19%2C+20%2C+21%2C+24%2C+33%2C+34%2C+35%2C+36%2C+37%2C+38%2C+39%2C+41.+42%2C+43%2C+44%2C+45%2C+46%2C+49%2C+50%2C+51%2C+52%2C+53%2C+54%2C+55%2C+88%2C+92%2C+105%2C+119%2C+120%2C+123&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Windsor+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Melton+McLaurin%2C+Michael+Thomason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+Creole+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wesleymoody-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wesleymoody_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley_Moody,_Alfred_J._Andrea,_Andrew_Holt2017" class="citation book cs1">Wesley Moody, Alfred J. Andrea, Andrew Holt (2017). <i>Seven Myths of the Civil War</i>. United States of America: Hackett Publishing. pp. 56, 57, 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Myths+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=56%2C+57%2C+58&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Wesley+Moody%2C+Alfred+J.+Andrea%2C+Andrew+Holt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+Creole+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacquesarends-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacquesarends_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Arends,_Pieter_Muysken,_Norval_Smith1995" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Arends, Pieter Muysken, Norval Smith (1995). <i>Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction</i>. United States of America: John Benjamins Publishing. p. 346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Jacques+Arends%2C+Pieter+Muysken%2C+Norval+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+Creole+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-federalwritersproject-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-federalwritersproject_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-federalwritersproject_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Writers'_Project2013" class="citation book cs1">Federal Writers' Project (2013). <i>The WPA Guide to Alabama: The Camellia State</i>. United States of America: Trinity University Press. pp. Tour 9:2, 3, 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WPA+Guide+to+Alabama%3A+The+Camellia+State&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=Tour+9%3A2%2C+3%2C+4&rft.pub=Trinity+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+Creole+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalurbanleague-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalurbanleague_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Opportunity, Volumes 11 to 12</i>. 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United States of America: Time Incorporated. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Volume+24&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Time+Incorporated&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Briton+Hadden&rft.au=Henry+Robinson+Luce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+Creole+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&oldid=1254629951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabama_Creole_people&oldid=1254629951</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Creole_peoples" title="Category:Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Creole" title="Category:American Creole">American Creole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Alabama" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Alabama">Ethnic groups in Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mobile,_Alabama" title="Category:History of Mobile, Alabama">History of Mobile, Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Alabama" title="Category:African-American history of Alabama">African-American history of Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French-American_culture_in_Alabama" title="Category:French-American culture in Alabama">French-American culture in Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_history_of_Alabama" title="Category:Native American history of Alabama">Native American history of Alabama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-identification_as_Native_American_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Self-identification as Native American in the United States">Self-identification as Native American in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Category:People of Louisiana (New France)">People of Louisiana (New France)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Florida" title="Category:West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 22:46<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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