CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Military uniform - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"81f4c0c0-cadc-426f-aa5b-5961ee51d79c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Military_uniform","wgTitle":"Military uniform","wgCurRevisionId":1259137421,"wgRevisionId":1259137421,"wgArticleId":977374,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text","Articles containing Indonesian-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Military uniforms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Military_uniform","wgRelevantArticleId":977374,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1196123","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript" :"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2june_2007_154.jpg/1200px-2june_2007_154.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2june_2007_154.jpg/800px-2june_2007_154.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2june_2007_154.jpg/640px-2june_2007_154.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Military uniform - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Military_uniform rootpage-Military_uniform skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Military+uniform" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Military+uniform" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Military+uniform" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Military+uniform" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Post-classical era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_regimental_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_regimental_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>European regimental dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_regimental_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Navies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_bright_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_bright_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>End of bright colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_bright_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3.1</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3.2</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern uniforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_uniforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern uniforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camouflage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camouflage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Camouflage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camouflage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.9</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.10</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinctive_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctive_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Distinctive clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctive_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visibility_or_camouflage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visibility_or_camouflage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Visibility or camouflage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visibility_or_camouflage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniform_of_the_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniform_of_the_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Uniform of the day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniform_of_the_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Logistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Psychological warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_of_military_uniform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_of_military_uniform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components of military uniform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components_of_military_uniform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military uniform</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%AAre_uniform" title="Militêre uniform – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Militêre uniform" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الزي العسكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزي العسكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militar" title="Uniforme militar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uniforme militar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rbi_geyim" title="Hərbi geyim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərbi geyim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ваенная форма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваенная форма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вайсковая форма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайсковая форма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militar" title="Uniforme militar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uniforme militar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militar" title="Uniforme militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uniforme militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militar" title="Uniforme militar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uniforme militar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یونیفرم نظامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونیفرم نظامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militaire" title="Uniforme militaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uniforme militaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militar" title="Uniforme militar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uniforme militar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EB%B3%B5" title="군복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_odora" title="Vojna odora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojna odora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militare" title="Uniforme militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uniforme militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%96%D0%BC-%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Әскери киім-кешек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери киім-кешек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakaian_seragam_tentera" title="Pakaian seragam tentera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pakaian seragam tentera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D" title="軍服 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軍服" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unif%C3%B2rme_militar" title="Unifòrme militar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Unifòrme militar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbiy_kiyimlar" title="Harbiy kiyimlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harbiy kiyimlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundur_wojskowy" title="Mundur wojskowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mundur wojskowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforme_militar" title="Uniforme militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uniforme militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Военная форма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военная форма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforma_ushtarake" title="Uniforma ushtarake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uniforma ushtarake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Military uniform" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Војна униформа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војна униформа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_uniforma" title="Vojna uniforma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojna uniforma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotilaspuku" title="Sotilaspuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sotilaspuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformsdr%C3%A4kt" title="Uniformsdräkt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uniformsdräkt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Либоси низомӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Либоси низомӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asker%C3%AE_%C3%BCniforma" title="Askerî üniforma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Askerî üniforma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Військовий однострій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий однострій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_ph%E1%BB%A5c" title="Quân phục – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quân phục" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%9C%8D" title="軍服 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軍服" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%9C%8D" title="军服 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="军服" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1196123#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Military_uniform" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Military_uniform" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Military_uniform" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&oldid=1259137421" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Military_uniform&id=1259137421&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMilitary_uniform"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMilitary_uniform"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Military_uniform&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1196123" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standardised military dress</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat uniform</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about standardised military dress. For military protective clothing, see <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">Armour</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2june_2007_154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2june_2007_154.jpg/290px-2june_2007_154.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2june_2007_154.jpg/435px-2june_2007_154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2june_2007_154.jpg/580px-2june_2007_154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian military">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_military" class="mw-redirect" title="French military">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese military">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian military">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian military">Indian</a> military personnel in uniform during a parade in Rome, Italy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>military uniform</b> is a standardised <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">dress</a> worn by members of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitaries</a> of various nations. </p><p>Military dress and styles have gone through significant changes over the centuries, from colourful and elaborate, ornamented clothing until the 19th century, to utilitarian <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">camouflage</a> uniforms for field and battle purposes from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) on. Military uniforms in the form of standardised and distinctive dress, intended for identification and display, are typically a sign of organised military forces equipped by a central authority. </p><p>Military uniforms differ not only according to military units but tend to also be offered in different levels of formality in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full dress uniform</a> for <a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">formal wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">mess dress uniform</a> for formal <a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">evening wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">service dress uniform</a> for <a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">informal wear</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat uniform</a> (also called "battle/field dress") which would equal <a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">casual wear</a>. Sometimes added to the casual wear category is <a href="/wiki/Physical_training_uniform" title="Physical training uniform">physical training uniforms</a>. The study used to design and produce military uniforms is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Military_textile_science" title="Military textile science">military textile science</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinction should be made between <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a> and ethnic dress. If a particular people or culture favoured a distinctive dress style this could easily create the impression of uniformly dressed warriors. The issue is further complicated by the distinctive features (weapons, armour, fighting style and native dress) of particularly effective warrior classes often being copied. Thus the distinctive and colourful clothing of the Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a> became a model for hussar units all over Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Kilts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilts">kilts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sporrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporrans">sporrans</a> of Scottish Highland <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> were distilled into regimental dress when the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> started to recruit from these tribal groups. </p><p>Mercenary or irregular fighters could also develop their own fashions, which set them apart from civilians, but were not really uniforms. The clothing of the German <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknechte</a> of the 16th century is an example of distinctive military fashion. Special units such as <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a> developed non-standard uniforms to distinguish them from troops of the line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few recorded attempts at uniform dress in antiquity, going beyond the similarity to be expected of ethnic or tribal dress. One example is the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> who wore white <a href="/wiki/Tunic_(military)" title="Tunic (military)">tunics</a> with crimson edgings. Another is the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplite</a> in his red garment, attributed by <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> "partly because it seems to be a manly colour and partly because (it) causes more terror amongst inexperienced foes".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> discovered in the tomb of the first Emperor of China (c. 200 BC) have a superficial similarity but closer examination shows up to seven different styles of armour, which do not appear to have been standardised within separate units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rome">Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman military uniform">Roman military uniform</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg/170px-Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg/255px-Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg/340px-Centurion_2_Boulogne_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="3260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> had a fairly standardised dress and armour, particularly from approximately the early to mid 1st century onward, when Lorica Segmentata (segmented armour) was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the lack of unified production for the Roman army meant that there were still considerable differences in detail. Even the armour produced in state factories varied according to the province of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings indicate that the basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of un-dyed (off-white) or red-dyed wool.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senior commanders are known to have worn white cloaks and plumes. Centurions – the century commanders who made up the long serving backbone of the legions – were distinguished by transverse crests on their <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmets</a>, various chest ornaments (phaleræ) corresponding to modern medals, torques (a symbol borrowed from the Gauls and also used as a military award), and the vine stick (Vitis) that they carried as a mark of their office. </p><p>While some auxiliary cohorts in the late Roman period had carried shields with distinctive colours or designs, there is no evidence that any one Roman legion was distinguished from another by features other than the numbers on the leather covers protecting their shields.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_era">Post-classical era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-classical era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> provided instances of distinguishing features denoting allegiance to one or another lord. These however seldom went beyond colours and patterns painted on shields or embroidered on surcoats. Orders of military monks such as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> wore mantles respectively of white (with red crosses on the shoulder)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of black (later red with white crosses) <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the usual pattern of armour for their periods. In the later part of the Medieval period instances of standardised clothing being issued for particular campaigns began to occur. English examples included the white coats worn by Norfolk levies recruited in 1296 and the green and white clothing that identified Cheshire archers during the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regular thematic (provincial) and <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">Tagmata</a> (central) troops of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (East Roman) are the first known soldiers to have had what would now be considered regimental or unit identification. During the 10th century, each of the cavalry "banda" making up these forces is recorded as having plumes and other distinctions in a distinctive colour. Officers wore a waist <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a> or <i>pekotarion</i>, which may have been of different colours according to rank.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_regimental_dress">European regimental dress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European regimental dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyonnais_inf_1720.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lyonnais_inf_1720.png/170px-Lyonnais_inf_1720.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lyonnais_inf_1720.png/255px-Lyonnais_inf_1720.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lyonnais_inf_1720.png/340px-Lyonnais_inf_1720.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Facing_colour" title="Facing colour">Facing colours</a> were introduced to distinguish the various regiments. Here, the <i>Régiment du <a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></i> with red and green facings on the standard grey uniform (1720–1734)</figcaption></figure> <p>The styles and decoration of military uniforms varied immensely with the status, image, and resources of the military throughout the ages. Uniform dress became the norm with the adoption of regimental systems, initially by the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a> in the mid-17th century. Before 1600 a few German and Dutch regiments had worn red or yellow coats. From about 1626 onwards some Swedish infantry had been issued with standard coloured dress under <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> (hence his "yellow" or "blue" regiments).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most levies of the 15th and 16th centuries wore civilian dress and regiments were dressed at the expense of their colonels in whatever style and colours the colonel preferred. Even Royal guards would sometimes only be issued with distinctive coloured or embroidered surcoats to wear over ordinary clothing. To help armies distinguish friend from foe, scarves, pieces of foliage, or other makeshift identification known as "field signs" would be worn,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a practice still recognised under international humanitarian law and the laws of war as a "distinctive sign").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanner2004105–107_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanner2004105–107-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field signs were easily removed or donned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the example of <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Cavalier_born_1616)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith (Cavalier born 1616)">John Smith</a>, a squire on the Royalist side who at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Battle of Edgehill</a> put on the orange scarf of the Parliamentarians and with no more elaborate disguise recaptured the royal standard from the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex's</a> own secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, in France at least, the general character of the clothes and accoutrements to be worn on various occasions was strictly regulated by orders. But uniformity of clothing was not to be expected so long as the "enlistment" system prevailed and soldiers were taken in and dismissed at the beginning and end of every campaign. The beginnings of uniform are therefore to be found in truly national armies, in the Indelta of Gustavus Adolphus, and the English armies of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. In the earlier years of the latter, though the richer colonels uniformed their men (for instance, the Marquess of Newcastle's "Whitecoats" and King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles's</a> own red-coated Lifeguard of foot), the rustics and the citizens turned out for war in their ordinary rough clothes, donning armour and sword-belt. But in 1645 the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a> raised an army for permanent service, and the colonels became officials rather than proprietors. The <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> was clothed in the civilian costume of the date—ample coat, waistcoat, breeches, stockings and shoes (in the case of cavalry, boots)—but with the distinctive colour throughout the army of red and with regimental facings of various colours and breeches of grey. Soon afterwards the helmet was replaced by a grey broad-brimmed hat. From the coat was eventually evolved the tunic of the mid-19th century, and the hat became the cocked hat of a later generation, which generally disappeared during the decade of 1800–1810 to reappear in the late 19th and early 20th century, by which time it had its original form of a "slouch-hat." For service in Ireland the New Model Army's red coat was exchanged for one of russet colour, just as scarlet gave way to <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> for Indian service in the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Ironside_(cavalry)" title="Ironside (cavalry)">Ironsides cavalry</a>, however, wore <a href="/wiki/Buff_leather_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff leather coat">buff leather coats</a> and armour long after the infantry had abandoned them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus the principle ever since followed — uniform coat and variegated facings — was established. By choice or convenience the majority of the corps out of which the New Model Army was formed had come to be dressed in red, with facings according to the colonel's taste. In Austria sixty years afterwards events took the same course. The colonels there uniformed their men as they saw fit, but had, probably to obtain "wholesale" prices, agreed upon a serviceable colour, pearl grey. When in 1707 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugene_of_Savoy" title="Prince Eugene of Savoy">Prince Eugene</a> procured the issue of uniform regulations, few line regiments had to be re-clothed. In France, as in England and Austria, the cavalry, still led by the wealthy classes rather than officered by the professional, was not uniformed upon an army system until after the infantry. But in 1688 six-sevenths of the French cavalry was uniformed in light grey with red facings; and about half the dragoon regiments had red uniforms and blue facings. The <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Marquis of Louvois</a>, in creating a standing army, had introduced an infantry uniform as a necessary consequence. The native French regiments had light grey coats, the Swiss red, the German black and the Italian blue, with various facings. The French grey was probably decided upon, like the Austrian grey, as being a good "service" colour, which could be cheaply manufactured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg/220px-Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg/330px-Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg/440px-Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="3054" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms used by European military forces from 1670 to 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 18th century the normal military uniform in Europe comprised a standardised form of civilian dress (<a href="/wiki/Tricorn_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricorn hat">tricorn hat</a>, long-skirted coat, <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">breeches</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One distinctively military feature were the long canvas <a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">gaiters</a> which came up to mid-thigh and had multiple <a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">buttons</a>. Dress was surprisingly standardised between European armies in cut and general outline. The distinction normally lay in colours: red coats for the British and Danes, light grey then white for the French, Spanish, and Austrian<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> infantry, dark blue for the Prussians and Portuguese, green for the Russians, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within each army different regiments were usually distinguished by "<a href="/wiki/Facings" class="mw-redirect" title="Facings">facings</a>" — linings, turnbacks, and braiding on coats in colours that were distinctive to one or several regiments. The Royal Comtois Infantry Regiment of the French Army, for example, had large dark blue <a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">cuffs</a> on its off-white coats. To a certain extent the functions required of a given group of soldiers were reflected in their dress. Thus artillery uniforms in most armies were usually of dark blue, for the practical reason that handling black powder would have soiled lighter coloured clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage147_147]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage147_147]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infantry drummers and cavalry trumpeters often had "reverse" colours with coats the colour of the regimental facings and facings the colour of the regimental coats. </p><p>Officers (who paid for their own clothing) were slower to accept uniforms. During the late 17th century they were often dressed in individual styles and colours according to their own taste and means. In part this was because the uniform dress issued to the rank and file was considered a form of livery — the mark of a servant and demeaning to members of the social class from which officers came. One early practice in the French and other armies was for officers to wear coats of the facing colour of their regiments. Rank insignia as such was unknown until well into the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">gorget</a> hanging from a chain around the neck (a last survival of medieval armour) was the only universally recognised mark of an officer until <a href="/wiki/Epaulettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epaulettes">epaulettes</a> developed from clusters of ribbons formerly worn on the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the British army officers were ordered to adopt epaulettes by a clothing warrant dated 1768. Even when officers' uniforms became the subject of detailed regulation they remained easily distinguishable from those of other ranks, by the better quality and richness of the materials and trimmings used. Gold or silver braiding on the hats and coats of officers usually matched the bronze or pewter of the numerous buttons on regimental clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New uniforms were issued with surprising frequency in some 18th-century armies (once a year in the British service). It should, however, be remembered that a soldier had to march, parade, fight and sometimes sleep in the same garment and that such extras as <a href="/wiki/Greatcoats" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatcoats">greatcoats</a> or working clothes were seldom issued until the end of the century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremen,_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek,_ms._Or._9,_fol._34r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bremen%2C_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C_ms._Or._9%2C_fol._34r.jpg/175px-Bremen%2C_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C_ms._Or._9%2C_fol._34r.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bremen%2C_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C_ms._Or._9%2C_fol._34r.jpg/263px-Bremen%2C_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C_ms._Or._9%2C_fol._34r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bremen%2C_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C_ms._Or._9%2C_fol._34r.jpg/350px-Bremen%2C_Staats-_und_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek%2C_ms._Or._9%2C_fol._34r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption><i>Solaks, the Janissary archer bodyguard of the Sultan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lambert_de_Vos" title="Lambert de Vos">Lambert de Vos</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1575</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The highly organised armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> employed distinctive features of dress to distinguish one corps or class of soldier from another. An example would be the conical black hats of felt worn by the Deli cavalry of the early 19th century. However the basic costume was usually that of the tribal group or social class from which a particular class of warrior was drawn. As such it was sufficiently varied not to rank as "uniform" in the later sense. An elaborate system of colourful standards largely provided unit identification. Even the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> was likely to reflect individual means and taste, although red was a favoured colour and the white felt zarcola headdresses were similar. It was not until the reorganisation of the Ottoman Army by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> during the 1820s that completely standardised dress was issued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_modern_era">Later modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms of La Grande Armée</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_uniforms_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars">Spanish uniforms of the Napoleonic Wars</a></div> <p>The first fifteen years of the 19th century influenced the appearance of military uniforms until the 1850s. In particular, some <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">uniforms of the Grande Armée</a> – notably those of the cavalry regiments of the Imperial Guard – are considered as being amongst the most striking and distinctive of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-napoleonistyka.atspace.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of the French uniforms varied widely, going from 200 to 250 francs for a line infantryman's outfit to 2000 francs for a <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">cuirassier's</a> uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-napoleonistyka.atspace.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavalrymen of the Guard had no fewer than 10 different uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-napoleonistyka.atspace.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One justification for the expensive parade dresses of the Guard was that they would "lead the people of the conquered nations to regard the French uniforms with unreserved astonishment".<sup id="cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-napoleonistyka.atspace.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general trend France and other European states replaced their <a href="/wiki/Bicorne" title="Bicorne">bicornes</a> by feathered <a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">shakos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dragoon_helmet" title="Dragoon helmet">crested helmets</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">coatee</a>-type jacket replaced the combination of tailcoat and waistcoat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968270_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968270-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ornamental peak of the military uniform was reached in the early 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> are identified as being the acme of colourful and ornate uniforms, but actually the several decades of relative peace that followed were a time of even more decorative styles and embellishments. The Napoleonic soldier on campaign was likely to present a shabby and nondescript appearance as unsuitable peacetime dress quickly deteriorated or was replaced with whatever local substitutes were available. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG/220px-Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG/330px-Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG/440px-Fu%C3%9Fartillerie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms used by the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> from 1701 to 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Until later on in the century dyes were primitive and different batches of uniforms worn by the same unit might present differing shades, especially after exposure to rain and sun. The white uniforms popular amongst many armies through the 18th and early 19th centuries soiled easily and had to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pipeclay" class="extiw" title="wikt:pipeclay">pipeclayed</a> to retain any semblance of cleanliness. Green as worn by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jäger (military)">Jäger</a> and Rifle regiments proved particularly prone to fading until suitable chemical dyes were devised in the 1890s. British soldiers were known for their striking red clothing (hence the name "<a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(British_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red coat (British army)">Redcoats</a>"). This was actually a fairly dull shade of <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">madder red</a> until the general adoption of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a> for tunics in the 1870s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navies">Navies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Navies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an early instance of <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">military camouflage</a>, the sailors of Imperial Rome are reported to have worn blue/grey tunics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However uniform dress was not a feature of <a href="/wiki/Navies" class="mw-redirect" title="Navies">navies</a> (officers and marines excepted) until comparatively recent times. This may reflect the considerable difference in roles and conditions of service between sailors and soldiers. </p><p>No uniform was prescribed for the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> until a standardised suit for officers of blue and red was decreed in 1764. This evolved from optional blue clothing authorised by Royal decree as early as 1665, although practical grey, brown or black colours were worn at sea. In other 17th-18th navies of Mediterranean states red was a commonly worn colour.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Navy_(1907)_(14589648649).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Royal_Navy_%281907%29_%2814589648649%29.jpg/220px-The_Royal_Navy_%281907%29_%2814589648649%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Royal_Navy_%281907%29_%2814589648649%29.jpg/330px-The_Royal_Navy_%281907%29_%2814589648649%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Royal_Navy_%281907%29_%2814589648649%29.jpg/440px-The_Royal_Navy_%281907%29_%2814589648649%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms used by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> during the mid-19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the middle of the 19th century only officers and warrant officers in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> wore regulated uniforms. Through the 18th century to the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> navy officers had a form of dress broadly resembling that of army officers, though in dark blue with white facings. In the early 19th century Royal Navy officers developed a more distinctive form of uniform comprising (in <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full dress uniform</a>) a cocked hat, dark blue coatee with white collar and cuffs, dark blue or white trousers, or breeches.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epaulettes and braiding were gold and varied according to rank. In a simplified form this dress (without the cocked hat) survives as the modern ceremonial dress for flag officers. Throughout this period sailors supplied or made their own clothing. Sailors developed traditional clothing suitable for their work: loose-fitting trousers with belts made of rope; tunics that slipped over the head, with arms to above the wrist so that the cloth would not foul in ropes passing through a <a href="/wiki/Cleat_(nautical)" title="Cleat (nautical)">cleat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulley</a>. For cold weather, a <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">jumper</a> was <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitted</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. For wet weather, old sail cloth was made into a coat (with hat or attached hood) that was waterproofed with <a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">tallow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a>. In these days, the officers would designate certain afternoons to "<a href="/wiki/Make_and_mend" title="Make and mend">make and mend</a>" (clothing). A sailor with little clothing to make or mend used this time as "time off". In January 1857 the decision was taken to issue complete uniforms to petty officers and seamen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included features which can still be recognised in the Class I uniform of ratings in the modern Royal Navy - notably the wide blue collar with white tapes, a black neckerchief, white lanyard and blue or white jumper. The flared "<a href="/wiki/Bell_bottom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell bottom">bell bottom</a>" trousers disappeared after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Because of the global dominance of the Royal Navy from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a> to the Second World War RN uniforms became the model for virtually all other navies. While certain distinctive features emerged - such as the red pompon worn on the crown of the French sailor's cap, the open fronted jacket of the German Navy or the white round cap of the U.S. Navy - the overall pattern remained standard until the development of specialist working or protective rigs during the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Uniform_of_the_Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform of the Union Army">Uniform of the Union Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Confederate_States_military_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces">Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg/220px-War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg/330px-War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg/440px-War_of_the_Rebellion_Atlas_Plate_172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11152" data-file-height="6832" /></a><figcaption>Colour plate from the War of the Rebellion Atlas depicting Union and Confederate uniforms</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally supposed that <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> soldiers wore blue uniforms and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> soldiers wore grey ones. However, this was only a generalisation. Both the Union and the Confederacy drew up uniform regulations, but as a matter of practical reality neither side was able to fully equip its men at the outbreak of the war. Existing state units and quickly raised volunteer regiments on both sides wore a wide variety of styles and colours in the early stages of the war. Some regiments—such as the North's Berdan Sharpshooters and the South's Alexandria Rifles—had green uniforms, while the French <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">zouave</a> style was widely imitated. </p><p>The Union eventually got most of its men into regulation Federal blue but this often faded until it appeared grey. Originally the Confederate government relied on the "commutation" system which required the states to provide their own uniforms. While the commutation system was in place, many states were not able to provide an ample supply of uniforms and captured federal uniforms were common. Later in the war the Confederate national government provided uniforms from a central depot system, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> and Columbus depots. Many photographs of Confederate soldiers from later in the war (usually casualties) are wearing standardised uniforms. As <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman's</a> men marched across <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and up the Carolinas, they were cut off from supply by the Union and began wearing clothing of Confederate origin. Confederate soldiers used a variety of vegetable and imported dyes which would fade to a "butternut" colour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_bright_colours">End of bright colours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of bright colours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1914 the majority of armies still provided colourful dress uniforms for all ranks,<sup id="cite_ref-Tynan_2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tynan_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage231_231]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage231_231]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least for parade and off-duty wear. These often retained distinctive features from the past. Most Russian troops, for example, wore the very dark green introduced by <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a> in 1700. German infantry generally wore the dark "<a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a>" of the previous two centuries. This and other features of the historic <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> uniform were generally adopted by the other German States as they fell under Prussian influence before and after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> of 1870. Bavarians, however, continued to wear light blue and Saxon regiments retained a number of distinctions after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1871).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Guard">Prussian Guard</a> and one of the Russian were still issued with the brass <a href="/wiki/Grenadier#Mitre_cap" title="Grenadier">mitre caps</a> of the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadier (soldier)">grenadier</a>. The British infantry retained their scarlet tunics for parade and "walking out" wear, while the bulk of French regiments wore <a href="/wiki/Pantalon_rouge" title="Pantalon rouge">red trousers</a> with dark or light blue tunics. The infantry of the Austro-Hungarian Empire discarded their historic white tunics in 1868 in favour of dark blue. However, the extremely large number of colours appearing on collars, cuffs, and shoulder straps to distinguish the various regiments were retained.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were for example ten shades of red, ranging from cherry red to pink.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Army" title="Swedish Army">Swedish Army</a> had favoured dark blue with yellow facings since the beginning of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was infinite variety, even within smaller armies, between regiments, branches or ranks and the subject is a complex one.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg/220px-Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg/330px-Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg/440px-Coldstream_Guards_by_W.B._Wollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Guards" title="Coldstream Guards">Coldstream Guards</a> on parade in their scarlet dress uniform. By the 20th century most militaries had relegated their more colourful uniforms for ceremonial use only.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British were the first to introduce drab/khaki uniforms: in 1848 in India.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">khaki drill</a> then became more generally worn from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> both in India and Africa. A darker version, known as "service drab", was adopted for home service field wear in 1902,<sup id="cite_ref-Tynan_2013_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tynan_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage235_235]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage235_235]-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same year that the US Army also adopted khaki for non-dress occasions. The Italians introduced grey-green in 1909, followed by the German and Austrian armies who adopted different shades of grey. The Russians had changed to a grey shade of khaki in 1908, following their experience in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1905. There was however strong attachment to the colourful uniforms as previously worn on all occasions and the process was not an inexorable one. The <a href="/wiki/Danish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Army">Danish Army</a> adopted grey-green uniforms for all occasions in 1903, reverted to a combination of dark and light blue in 1910, took up light grey in 1915 and finally settled for khaki in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial Russian armies, following their adoption of khaki-grey field uniforms in 1908, took the opportunity to upgrade their parade uniforms to much more elaborate and colorful styles, and were experimenting with a mix of khaki and bright colours when war broke out in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese Army</a> probably went further than most in adopting khaki for all occasions after 1905, although even here officers of all branches and the cavalry of the Imperial Guard retained traditional coloured uniforms for formal and ceremonial occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of Western-influenced units such as the "Ever-Triumphant Army" of the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> (1851–66), Chinese armies of the 19th century wore dress that was broadly variegated. Embroidered chest panels and coloured buttons on headdresses were used to distinguish rank and sometimes unit. From 1910 the Imperial Chinese Army adopted dark blue uniforms of Japanese style with coloured facings of red, white, or yellow to distinguish the different branches. The Imperial Guard Division had a light grey uniform with the same branch colours as the line. A khaki summer uniform was worn by the entire army.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_(21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg/220px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg/330px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg/440px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e_-_F%C3%A9vrier_2011_%2821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Test uniforms created in 1912 by <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Detaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Detaille">Edouard Detaille</a> for the French infantry in order to lessen the visibility of the troops on the battlefield as can be seen on the campaign dresses (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 20th century, drab colours were increasingly being adopted for active service and ordinary duty wear. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> finally put an end to the expensive practice of furnishing colourful uniforms to all ranks of the various armies. Amongst the frontline troops in August 1914 only the Belgian and French<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> armies saw active service in bright colours and old fashioned headgear (although the Austro-Hungarian cavalry retained their blue and red uniforms for field wear after the remainder of the army had gone into pike grey in 1909).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage236_236]_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage236_236]-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Imperial German field grey of 1910 retained a number of traditional features such as spiked helmets, shakos, <a href="/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)" title="Busby (military headdress)">busbies</a>, and coloured piping from the older uniforms. The demands of modern warfare as well as financial economy soon saw these survivals vanish, and by 1916 all involved armies were in either khaki (Russia, Turkish, Serbia, Montenegro, Japan, Greek, French colonial, and Britain), various shades of grey (German, Italian, Bulgarian, Portuguese, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>) or sky blue (French and Romanian). The coloured uniforms of peacetime were often relegated to depot wear by recruits doing their basic training. </p><p>Steel helmets first appeared in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Adrian_helmet" title="Adrian helmet">"Adrian" helmet</a> adopted by the French Army in 1915. The practical advantages of this innovation led the British and German armies to adopt their own helmets by 1916. Other armies followed suit – the Belgians and Italians for example copying the French model and the Austro-Hungarians that of Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510,_Spanien,_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2006-1204-510%2C_Spanien%2C_Schlacht_um_Guadalajara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Italian troops</a> wearing steel helmets during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The drab uniforms of 1914–18 remained in general use until the Second World War. This was partly for political reasons, since the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> regimes that replaced many of the old monarchies and empires had little interest in preserving the splendours of their predecessors. However, even in those societies where there was social and political continuity the trend was away from the traditional uniforms worn prior to 1914. The British Army reintroduced full dress for Guards regiments in 1919-20 and regimental bands by 1928, while permitting officers to wear their mess (evening), blue or green "patrols" (semi-formal) and full dress on appropriate occasions. The French reintroduced "grande tenue" in 1927 for <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a> regiments which were mostly dependent on voluntary recruiting, and after 1930 required all regular officers to acquire dress uniforms in the pre-1914 colours of their branch or regiment. Elsewhere full or coloured dress of traditional cut was generally restricted to formal uniforms for officers and long service regulars, ceremonial guards, and a few other limited categories. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> (which had not been involved in the First World War) exceptionally continued to issue coloured uniforms to all its conscript rank and file until 1926 and thereafter to the garrisons of Seville, Barcelona, and Madrid for special ceremonials until 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBueno198326_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBueno198326-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included red trousers for the line infantry, following the French practice in an example of cross-border influence. </p><p>The use of steel helmets was by now almost universal and a number of countries adopted their own designs moving away from the German, British, and French models of the First World War. The Italians, Soviets, Japanese, Swiss, Spanish and Portuguese were amongst these. Steel helmets, originally simply items of utilitarian protective clothing, were adopted as parade headdress by the French, German, Italian, and Soviet armies, amongst others, between the Wars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_uniforms_and_clothing" title="List of World War II uniforms and clothing">List of World War II uniforms and clothing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_helmets_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet helmets during World War II">Soviet helmets during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the German Army (1935–1945)">Uniforms of the German Army (1935–1945)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)">Uniforms of the Luftwaffe (1935–1945)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">United States Army uniforms in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_(14005087101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_%2814005087101%29.jpg/220px-Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_%2814005087101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_%2814005087101%29.jpg/330px-Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_%2814005087101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_%2814005087101%29.jpg/440px-Belgium-6171_-_Hitler%27s_Atlantic_Wall_Museum_%2814005087101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Operational uniforms used by the Belgian, British, French and German forces during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Uniforms of varying shades of khaki and grey were universal in the Second World War but the cut and outline appearance of the different armies still made identification in the field relatively straight forward. A Soviet soldier would, for example be distinguishable from his German opponent by his general outline, even in the fog of battle. British, American, Japanese and French uniforms still retained some distinctive features, even as they became more and more utilitarian in the course of the War. </p><p>The US Army discarded its First World War style field uniforms in 1941 in favour of a very plain and practical <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat dress</a> in a thin light brown wool <a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">shirt</a> (sometimes with an olive green cast) and slightly darker trousers. This was worn in conjunction with a smart <a href="/wiki/Olive_drab" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive drab">olive drab</a> "Class A" dress uniform—which in many cases varied to a rich "chocolate" brown tunic worn with khaki trousers. There was a khaki version of the Class A dress uniform for summer wear. The war started with American combat troops wearing <a href="/wiki/Ankle_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle boot">combat shoes</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Spats_(footwear)" title="Spats (footwear)">spats</a>" (a form of gaiters), replaced later in the war with 2-buckle combat boots. </p><p>By contrast, British soldiers, other than officers, had their 1938 battledress for all occasions. </p><p>In Germany the Nazi regime retained uniforms with many traditional features from Imperial Germany for its army uniforms, such as field grey cloth, marching boots (a taller version for officers), collar litzen (braiding) and breeches (for officers and NCOs); German Panzer (tank) troops had a special combat uniform made of black wool and German troops serving in tropical climates had uniforms in a shade of khaki. Later in the war, severe leather shortages led to the replacement of marching boots with ankle height shoes worn with gaiters (Gemäsch). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German,_Norwegian,_French,_British_WW2_uniforms-weapons-equipment,_NSU_bike,_etc._Lofoten_Krigminnemuseum,_Norway_(War_Memorial_Museum)_Panorama_2019-05-08_DSC09860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/German%2C_Norwegian%2C_French%2C_British_WW2_uniforms-weapons-equipment%2C_NSU_bike%2C_etc._Lofoten_Krigminnemuseum%2C_Norway_%28War_Memorial_Museum%29_Panorama_2019-05-08_DSC09860.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/German%2C_Norwegian%2C_French%2C_British_WW2_uniforms-weapons-equipment%2C_NSU_bike%2C_etc._Lofoten_Krigminnemuseum%2C_Norway_%28War_Memorial_Museum%29_Panorama_2019-05-08_DSC09860.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/German%2C_Norwegian%2C_French%2C_British_WW2_uniforms-weapons-equipment%2C_NSU_bike%2C_etc._Lofoten_Krigminnemuseum%2C_Norway_%28War_Memorial_Museum%29_Panorama_2019-05-08_DSC09860.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5213" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Uniforms and military equipment of German, Norwegian, French and British armies, dating to the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <p>Imperial Japan used a light brown or khaki colour for most Imperial army uniforms — though there was also a green <a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">service dress</a> tunic for officers. Footwear was reddish brown jack boots (restricted for wear only by officers), while soldiers wore shoes with leg wrappings <a href="/wiki/Puttees" class="mw-redirect" title="Puttees">puttees</a>). </p><p>From 1935 to 1943, Soviet Army uniforms for all troops (except than tank troops) were an intermediate shade of brown; uniforms included a field uniform ("<a href="/wiki/Gymnasterka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasterka">gymnasterka</a>" shirt with collar tabs and a 2-button breast opening, belt, breeches, garrison cap, and boots), a service dress "kittel" tunic worn with breeches or trousers, and a dress uniform "mundir" tunic (worn with deep blue breeches). Soviet tank troops wore the gymnastyrka shirt, kittel (dress tunic) in a bluish grey (rather than brown) colour. In 1943, the Soviet Army began to re-adopt many Tsarist Army features, notably braided <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder board">shoulder boards</a>, which had previously been forbidden (since the founding of the Soviet Army) as a sign of an undesirable "social class" mentality. The reintroduction of these epaulettes in 1943 was a relatively inexpensive means of boosting Soviet troop morale. Once reintroduced to the Soviet Army, the use of shoulder boards was never rescinded and they remained part of the uniform until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The distinct bluish grey colour for tankers was eliminated in 1943, from which point on all units of the Soviet Army wore brown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uniforms">Modern uniforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most military forces have developed several different uniform types, including combat dress, working dress, service or ordinary duty uniforms and (to a very limited extent) ceremonial full dress. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._(24400290375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._%2824400290375%29.jpg/220px-Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._%2824400290375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._%2824400290375%29.jpg/330px-Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._%2824400290375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._%2824400290375%29.jpg/440px-Cerim%C3%B4nia_de_passagem_de_comando_do_1%C2%BA_Regimento_de_Cavalaria_de_Guardas_-_Drag%C3%B5es_da_Independ%C3%AAncia._%2824400290375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a>'s Independence Dragoons. The soldier on the left is wearing the unit's ceremonial uniform, while the other is wearing <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat fatigues</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camouflage">Camouflage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Camouflage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, all armies wear some form of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">uniforms</a> for training and combat duty purposes. Armies facing service in different theatres may need several different camouflage uniforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parade">Parade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional coloured uniforms have long since given way to clothing more suited for actual combat in modern conditions. Bright colours are now usually reserved for wear by units having ceremonial functions, some bands and officers attending formal occasions. Elite units normally contrive to having some distinctive features. The United States Marine Corps are well known for their traditional midnight blue tunics and sky blue trousers (trimmed in red for NCO and above). These "dress blues" are worn for formal occasions such as the Marine Corps Birthday Ball in November. The British Household Cavalry and Foot Guards wear uniforms largely unchanged from 1914 for "public duties" i.e. ceremonial. </p><p>The military of many countries have adopted the economical expedient of smartening up combat uniforms for parade by adding <a href="/wiki/Medals" class="mw-redirect" title="Medals">medals</a>, neck scarves and coloured <a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">berets</a> to the terrain coloured camouflage uniforms intended for combat. As an interesting example of the combining of old and new features of uniform the French <a href="/wiki/Spahis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spahis">Spahis</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a> still wear the flowing cloaks, fezzes, <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">turbans</a> and sashes of the North African colonial regiments from which they are descended with modern khaki or camouflage clothing, on appropriate occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_Army#Uniforms" title="French Army">French Army § Uniforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Navy#Uniforms" title="French Navy">French Navy § Uniforms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Gendarmerie#Uniforms" title="National Gendarmerie">National Gendarmerie § Uniforms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform#France" title="Full dress uniform">Full dress uniform § France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform#France" title="Mess dress uniform">Mess_dress_uniform § France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform#France" title="Combat uniform">Combat uniform § France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg/220px-National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg/330px-National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg/440px-National_Commando_Training_Centre_Bastille_Day_2013_Paris_t111005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>Members of the French Army in parade dress</figcaption></figure> <p>The battle dress of the French Armed Forces is the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%89LIN" title="FÉLIN">FÉLIN</a> system combined with <a href="/wiki/SPECTRA_helmet" title="SPECTRA helmet">SPECTRA helmets</a>. France has adopted a light beige dress uniform which is worn with coloured kepis,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sashes, fringed epaulettes, <a href="/wiki/Fourrag%C3%A8re" title="Fourragère">fourragères</a> and other traditional items on appropriate occasions. As an alternative parade dress, camouflage uniforms can be worn with the dress items noted above.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legionnaires of the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Foreign Legion</a> wear white kepis, blue sashes and green and red epaulettes as dress uniform, while the <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a> wear the basic legionnaire uniform but with leather aprons and gloves. <a href="/wiki/Troupes_de_marine" title="Troupes de marine">Troupes de marine</a> wear blue and red kepis and yellow epaulettes. The <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_Alpins" title="Chasseurs Alpins">Chasseurs Alpins</a> wear a large beret, known as the "tarte" (the <i>pie</i>), and mountain outfits. The single remaining regiment of <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahis</a> retains the white cloak and red sash of the days when this corps consisted of Algerian and Moroccan cavalry. </p><p>Sailors of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusiliers_marins" title="Fusiliers marins">Fusiliers marins</a> wear a dress uniform dating from the 19th century with a distinctive red <a href="/wiki/Pompon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompon">pompon</a> on the round cap. </p><p>The infantry and cavalry of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(France)" title="Republican Guard (France)">Republican Guard</a> retain their late 19th-century dress uniforms, as do the military cadets of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_sp%C3%A9ciale_militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" title="École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a>. A dark blue/black evening dress is authorized for officers<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and individual branches or regiments may parade bands or "fanfares" in historic dress dating as far back as the Napoleonic period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr#Uniforms" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr § Uniforms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2june_2007_188b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2june_2007_188b.jpg/220px-2june_2007_188b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2june_2007_188b.jpg/330px-2june_2007_188b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2june_2007_188b.jpg/440px-2june_2007_188b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Field grey has been retained in the dress uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a> has retained a form of field grey for dress wear though of modern cut and worn with berets. Some senior officers still wear <a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap#Germany" title="Peaked cap">peaked caps</a>. The collar braid stripes (<i>Litzen</i>), that distinguished regiments of the Prussian Guard prior to 1918, have become a general feature of modern German uniforms. The <a href="/wiki/Gebirgsj%C3%A4ger#Gebirgsjäger_in_the_modern_German_forces" title="Gebirgsjäger">Mountain infantry</a> troops retain a more traditional dress uniform. The Nationale Volksarmee of the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany#Military" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> also maintained a stone grey uniform, following the Imperial German tradition. Both the West and East German militaries still retained Prussian-style dress uniform respectively, with the West abandoning the "Stiefelhosen" (bootcut trousers). Until 1945 <i><a href="/wiki/Waffenrock" title="Waffenrock">Waffenrock</a></i> <small>(English: <span lang="en">service coat or tunic</span>)</small> – was the generic term for military uniform. This included dress uniforms, parade uniforms, and also epaulettes or shoulder boards with rank insignia, as well as uniform cuffs, badges and other insignia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianArmyDelhi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IndianArmyDelhi.JPG/220px-IndianArmyDelhi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IndianArmyDelhi.JPG/330px-IndianArmyDelhi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IndianArmyDelhi.JPG/440px-IndianArmyDelhi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Assam_Regiment" title="Assam Regiment">Assam Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">parade dress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> the forces of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in India dyed their white summer tunics to neutral tones; initially a tan called <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> (from the Hindi word for "dusty"). This was a temporary measure which became standard in the Indian service in the 1880s. Only during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> in 1902, did the entire British Army standardise on <a href="/wiki/Dun_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dun (colour)">dun</a> for <a href="/wiki/Service_Dress_(British_Army)" title="Service Dress (British Army)">Service Dress</a> including the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> uniform standardises on dun for khaki. </p><p>The Indian Army camouflage uniform consists of shirts, trousers, and cap of a synthetic material. Shirts are buttoned up with two chest pockets with buttoned flaps. Trousers have two pockets, two thigh box pockets, and a back pocket. The Indian Army Jungle camouflage dress features a jungle camouflage pattern and is designed for use in woodland environments. The Indian Army Desert camouflage, which features a desert camouflage pattern, is used by artillery and infantry posted in dusty, semi-desert, and desert areas of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and its vicinity. </p><p>Parade dress for the modern Indian Army normally involve the addition of pagris (<a href="/wiki/Turbans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbans">turbans</a>), cravats and <a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">cummerbunds</a> in regimental colours to olive green uniforms. Gurkha, Kumaoni, Naga, Garhwali and Assam units wear wide brimmed felt hats.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces#Uniforms" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces § Uniforms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yudo_Margono,_Andika_Perkasa,_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yudo_Margono%2C_Andika_Perkasa%2C_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg/220px-Yudo_Margono%2C_Andika_Perkasa%2C_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yudo_Margono%2C_Andika_Perkasa%2C_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg/330px-Yudo_Margono%2C_Andika_Perkasa%2C_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yudo_Margono%2C_Andika_Perkasa%2C_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg/440px-Yudo_Margono%2C_Andika_Perkasa%2C_and_Hadi_Tjahjanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian flag-officers in their <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">Full dress uniform</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a> have different types of uniforms worn by its personnel for certain occasions. The uniforms are basically regulated into several categories including "PDU" (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pakaian Dinas Upacara</i></span>), which is the full dress uniform worn for attending formal state occasions; "PDH" (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pakaian Dinas Harian</i></span>), which is the service dress uniform worn during everyday-indoor duties; "PDL" (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pakaian Dinas Lapangan</i></span>), which is the combat dress uniform worn during outdoor duties; and "PDP" (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Pakaian Dinas Parade</i></span>), which is the parade dress uniform worn during <a href="/wiki/Military_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Military parades">military parades</a> and other ceremonial occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each uniform category consists of different types which usually consists of type I until type IV (four types). The uniform regulations are basically different for men and women. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Air Force</a> basically have the same regulations for the uniform, but differ in terms of color and certain designs which represent their respective branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Italian Armed Forces">Uniforms of the Italian Armed Forces</a></div> <p>The Italian Armed Forces use a range of different uniforms and uniform variations for each of their four branches: the Italian Army, the Italian Air Force, the Italian Navy and the Carabinieri Corps. </p><p>The traditional headdresses of the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a>, Horse Artillery and <a href="/wiki/Alpini" title="Alpini">Alpini</a> are still worn by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>, the Bersaglieri even wearing their flowing feathers on steel helmets as part of their combat dress. Officers of all branches have a dark blue dress uniform of modern cut while the Corazzieri (Cuirassiers of the Presidential Guard), Mounted Carabinieri and cadets of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_Modena" title="Military Academy of Modena">Military Academy of Modena</a> wear ceremonial uniforms which date back to the 19th century. Individual regiments with a long history, such as the <i>Lancieri di Montebello</i> and the <i>Granatieri di Sardegna</i> occasionally parade honour guards or other detachments in their pre-1915 dark blue uniforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military of Iran uses a variety of military uniforms, including a solid olive-green pattern. Several other uniforms have also been reserved for parade use, such as a slate grey, a black and white, a beige, a beige on beige, a beige on brown, a beige on green, and an eggshell white-coloured uniform – paired with a matching beret and balaclava.<sup id="cite_ref-iranuni_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranuni-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iranian military uses several types of camouflage patterns. Three distinct desert camouflage patterns with slightly differing colour palettes and blotch densities have been issued; one for the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Islamic Republic of Iran Army</a>, one for the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>, and a third pattern used by the <i>tarabaris</i> personnel who repair military cars and trucks. A green and brown forest camouflage pattern was also issued to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Defense_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force</a> was issued an arctic blue camouflage pattern. A pixelated grey and green camouflage pattern was issued to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Islamic Republic of Iran Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranuni_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranuni-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces">Uniforms of the Russian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_(505-10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_%28505-10%29.jpg/220px-Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_%28505-10%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_%28505-10%29.jpg/330px-Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_%28505-10%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_%28505-10%29.jpg/440px-Ryazan_Airborne_School_2013_%28505-10%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">female contingent</a> from the Russian Armed Forces in their formal uniforms during a parade, 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Army</a> has retained a number of features, such as officers' epaulettes, high boots and long greatcoats with collar patches for all ranks, which can be traced back to Tsarist days. The dress uniform for officers is of the same distinctive blue/green colour as "Tsar's green", worn until 1914. The Kremlin Regiment has in recent years been issued with a special ceremonial uniform which closely resembles that of the infantry regiments of the Imperial Guard immediately prior to the First World War. Women's uniforms in the Russian Army feature a skirt instead of trousers and a garrison cap instead of a beret or peaked cap. Since 1994 the uniform (or its main details) has undergone a series of changes in 1999, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish Army has reintroduced a number of dress uniforms dating back to the pre-1931 Monarchy. These include a variety of parade uniforms worn by various units of the recreated Royal Guard as well as the traditional dark blue and white uniforms of the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a> and the blue tunics and red trousers of the <a href="/wiki/Infantry_Regiment_%22Inmemorial_del_Rey%22_No._1" title="Infantry Regiment "Inmemorial del Rey" No. 1">1st Infantry Regiment</a>. While only worn by limited numbers of personnel on special occasions, these uniforms include such distinctively Spanish features as the "Ros" shako of the infantry and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Royal Guard">Royal Guard</a>, and the Tricorn of the Civil Guard. Officers of all branches wear dark blue or white gala uniforms for social and ceremonial occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_British_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the British Armed Forces">Uniforms of the British Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Ranger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irish_Ranger.jpg/220px-Irish_Ranger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irish_Ranger.jpg/330px-Irish_Ranger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Irish_Ranger.jpg/440px-Irish_Ranger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rangers" title="Royal Irish Rangers">Royal Irish Rangers</a> soldiers and officers in Numbers 8, 14, 10, 1, 2 and 12 dress, flanked by a bandsman, bugler, piper and drummer in full-dress.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British Army generally retains its traditional full dress uniforms only for bands and units performing ceremonial functions (notably the <a href="/wiki/Household_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Household Brigade">Household Brigade</a>). An attempt dating from the early 1950s to provide other British soldiers with a plainer (and cheaper) dark blue or green No.1 dress did not meet with much enthusiasm; indeed, most soldiers are not issued with their own No.1 dress, and the most common occasion when it is now worn is for a wedding. Parade dress for most British regiments is khaki No. 2 dress with No 1 Dress coloured peaked caps, berets or <a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">Glengarry</a> bonnets. Following the introduction of the Combat Soldier 95 (CS95) clothing system of <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material" title="Disruptive Pattern Material">Disruptive Pattern Material</a> (DPM) and later Multi Terrain Pattern (MTP) this is worn for most day-to-day business replacing the old 'working' uniform of green Lightweight Trousers and Shirt/Jersey, albeit that these are still used as 'Barrack Dress' by some office based personnel. However, the proposed Future Army Dress (FAD), which is currently being developed by the British Army, includes a return to Barrack Dress for all arms, including 'non-iron' shirts and trousers in a similar pattern to that of the current No.2 Dress uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradition is however still strong in British military culture and there are many regimental distinctions added to some uniforms. One example is the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Hussars" title="King's Royal Hussars">King's Royal Hussars</a> who wear their historic crimson trousers with all orders other than fatigue or combat dress. The "trews" or tartan trousers of Lowland regiments have been retained for certain orders of dress in the amalgamated Royal Regiment of Scotland, although the kilt of the Highland regiments is the parade dress. <a href="/wiki/Mess_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Mess dress">Mess dress</a> in traditional scarlet, blue or green is worn by officers and senior NCOs of all regiments for formal evening dress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces">Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_051001-N-3188R-001_Commanding_General,_First_U.S._Army,_Lt._Gen._Russel_Honore_reenlists_U.S._Navy_Yeoman_2nd_Class_Donna_Lou_Morgan_at_the_Joint_Task_Force_Katrina_headquarters_in_Belle_Chasse,_La.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_Navy_051001-N-3188R-001_Commanding_General%2C_First_U.S._Army%2C_Lt._Gen._Russel_Honore_reenlists_U.S._Navy_Yeoman_2nd_Class_Donna_Lou_Morgan_at_the_Joint_Task_Force_Katrina_headquarters_in_Belle_Chasse%2C_La.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_Navy_051001-N-3188R-001_Commanding_General%2C_First_U.S._Army%2C_Lt._Gen._Russel_Honore_reenlists_U.S._Navy_Yeoman_2nd_Class_Donna_Lou_Morgan_at_the_Joint_Task_Force_Katrina_headquarters_in_Belle_Chasse%2C_La.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_Navy_051001-N-3188R-001_Commanding_General%2C_First_U.S._Army%2C_Lt._Gen._Russel_Honore_reenlists_U.S._Navy_Yeoman_2nd_Class_Donna_Lou_Morgan_at_the_Joint_Task_Force_Katrina_headquarters_in_Belle_Chasse%2C_La.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yeoman_(United_States_Navy)" title="Yeoman (United States Navy)">yeoman</a> dressed in <a href="/wiki/Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Battle Dress Uniform">BDU</a> is reenlisted by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> general dressed in <a href="/wiki/Army_Combat_Uniform" title="Army Combat Uniform">ACUs</a>. The ACU replaced the BDU as the army's combat uniform during the 21st century</figcaption></figure> <p>In recent decades, many militaries around the world have gradually simplified the range of uniforms issued. For example, most U.S. servicemen now wear camouflage utilities for daily duty and all but the most formal occasions-whereas in the past the service uniform would be worn unless a soldier was engaged in a dirty or physical task. As an example of modern practice, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> has a distinct blue dress uniform, but other uniforms include khaki button-up shirts, forest-green coats, and combat camouflage. In other services where camouflage is normally a non-issue, such as navies, coloured uniforms are still issued, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>'s white officer uniform for warm weather. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> allows every branch to develop and use their own uniforms. In recent years, many <a href="/wiki/Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Battle Dress Uniform">Battle Dress Uniforms</a> with famous <a href="/wiki/US_Woodland" class="mw-redirect" title="US Woodland">US Woodland</a> pattern were replaced. The marine Corps developed new digital <a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> pattern, while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Army_Combat_Uniform" title="Army Combat Uniform">Universal Pattern (ACU)</a> for its standard combat uniforms, though a special camouflage pattern (multicam) more appropriate for use in Afghanistan was fielded in 2010. Popular disdain among US troops for the beret headgear as part of the "default" headgear for wear with the ACU uniform led to a regulation revision in 2011, with the standard "default" headgear for wear with ACUs now being the ACU patrol cap, which provides a much better degree of sun protection for the eyes). The U.S. Army has since developed the OCP uniform (starting in 2016), going back to a green camo pattern, with coyote brown undershirts, boots, and belt. The U.S. Army is still in transition between the old ACU pattern and the new OCP pattern. The U.S. Military uses different camo patterns when deployed in different combat zones (in theater). U.S. Army mostly uses the Multi-Cam pattern in Iraq and Afghanistan, but is subject to change due to the new OCP uniform being issued. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_MARPAT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marines_MARPAT.JPG/220px-Marines_MARPAT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marines_MARPAT.JPG/330px-Marines_MARPAT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Marines_MARPAT.JPG/440px-Marines_MARPAT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marines_Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines Corp">U.S. Marines</a> in <a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> combat uniforms. The marines was one of several service branches in the U.S. to adopt <a href="/wiki/Multi-scale_camouflage" title="Multi-scale camouflage">multi-scale camouflage</a> during the 21st century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on recommendations made during a comprehensive briefing by Task Force Uniform on 24 Feb. 2006, CNO Michael G. Mullen agreed to production of both a BDU-style working uniform for all Sailors E-1 to O-10 and a more practical, year-round service uniform to withstand day-to-day classroom and office-like environments where the service uniform is typically worn. The new Navy Working Uniform (NWU) is now worn by naval sailors and officers. On 6 June 2006 the US Army announced that its green and white uniforms would be superseded by the Army Blue Uniform as a universal service uniform in the historic colours of dark blue (for tunics) and light blue (for trousers). The new service dress was introduced in 2007 and became obligatory for all ranks by 2011. </p><p>As of 1 April 2021, the Air Force makes use of the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) as a common daily uniform. This is the same uniform worn by the US Army with the exception of distinctive name patches with copper lettering. The footwear worn with ABUs are coyote brown suede boots and head covering is the OCP pattern Patrol Cap or ball cap, or the beret of the relevant career field (Security Forces, Special Operations Weather Team, SERE Instructor, Pararescue, and Combat Controller). Aside from OCPs, the most common uniform to be worn would be dress blues, which incorporate a light navy blue for bottoms, and the same shade to match the top jacket. Underneath the top jacket either a long sleeve or short sleeve sky blue shirt may be worn with a tie or neck tab whenever wearing the top jacket. The jacket is reserved for more formal events. Placed on the outermost tunic, Airmen may pin their ribbons and career badge as optional with their name plate as the only mandatory item. For headgear a flight cap of matching shade to the pants and similar in appearance to the former Army green garrison cap and the shoes are a black high polished dress shoe. Other, but not standard, headgear includes the flat top mess dress cap and the appropriate beret career field beret. Blues, though the second most used uniform, receive far less service than OCPs. Those performing duties not suited for the formal dress uniform may wear OCPs instead. The Mess Uniform uses the same pants and jacket as dress blues, but with a white under-shirt, bow tie and cummerbund, and the same black dress shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctive_clothing">Distinctive clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Distinctive clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Facing_colour" title="Facing colour">Facing colour</a></div> <p>One purpose of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> uniforms is to clearly distinguish <a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">combatants</a> who are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a> from other persons carrying weapons, who do not always enjoy such protection. </p><p>Another purpose in historical times was to make it difficult for <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">deserters</a> to avoid detection; military uniforms were so distinctive with many metal buttons and unique colours that they could not be modified into unrecognisable clothing. If the commander raised and equipped the troops out of his own pocket, the appearance of the soldiers was also designed to impress his superiors. </p><p>Attractive or distinctive uniforms could make a military career desirable to young men or women (the "peacock" factor). As late as 1914 the British Army found that regiments with particularly striking off-duty or parade uniforms found it easier to attract recruits. Thus the four <a href="/wiki/The_Rifles" title="The Rifles">Rifle</a> regiments in their sombre dark green had a higher public profile than the great mass of line infantry in scarlet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Braves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gansu Braves">Gansu Braves</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fuxiang" title="Dong Fuxiang">Dong Fuxiang</a> used traditional Chinese clothing instead of western-style uniforms, reflecting the opposition of the movement to foreign influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2002126_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2002126-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanxin_Xiang2003207_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanxin_Xiang2003207-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign,_1898_HU93853.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93853.jpg/220px-General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93853.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93853.jpg/330px-General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93853.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93853.jpg/440px-General_Kitchener_and_the_Anglo-egyptian_Nile_Campaign%2C_1898_HU93853.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>A Sudanese prisoner with <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Wingate" title="Reginald Wingate">Reginald Wingate</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atbara" title="Battle of Atbara">Battle of Atbara</a>. The prisoner is wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Jibba" title="Jibba">jibba</a></i>, a garment that was worn by followers of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The patched <i><a href="/wiki/Jibba" title="Jibba">jibba</a></i>, a garment traditionally worn by followers of Sufi religious orders, was adopted as military dress in the 1880s by the Sudanese <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">anṣār</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنصار</span>) (followers of the religious leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Anṣār</a> rebelled against the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Sudan">Turkish Ottoman rule of Sudan</a>, due, among other reasons, to the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">lax religious standards</a> of the occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Jibba" title="Jibba">jibba</a></i> was a ragged, patched garment which symbolised a rejection of material wealth by its wearer and a commitment to a religious way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi</a> decreed that this garment should be worn by all his soldiers in battle. The decision to adopt the religious garment as military dress, enforced unity and cohesion among his forces, and eliminated traditional visual markers differentiating potentially fractious tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-makingafricanconnections.org_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makingafricanconnections.org-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the years of conflict between Mahdist and Anglo-Egyptian forces at the end of the 19th century, the Mahdist military <i><a href="/wiki/Jibba" title="Jibba">jibba</a></i> became increasingly stylised and were specifically colour-coded to denote the rank and military division of the wearer.<sup id="cite_ref-makingafricanconnections.org_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makingafricanconnections.org-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visibility_or_camouflage">Visibility or camouflage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Visibility or camouflage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Abu_Klea,_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Abu_Klea%2C_William_Barnes_Wollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> led to the decline of more-colourful uniforms in favour of <a href="/wiki/Drab_(color)" title="Drab (color)">drab</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage#Uniforms" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage § Uniforms</a></div> <p>Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the typical colour scheme included bright and highly contrasting colour arrangements which made it easier to distinguish units in battle. Coloured uniforms were useful in enabling commanders to spot troop locations on battlefields that were often completely obscured by smoke from the black <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> used in both muskets and cannons. Large flags were another aid to co-ordination and location for commanders. </p><p>However, with the growing prevalence of accurate <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> and other ranged <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> as standard weapons for infantry, it was found, from about the 1880s on, that these colours made soldiers easy targets for enemies to shoot at a distance. These weapons used a new <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a> that generated far less smoke leaving the battlefield un-obscured by smoke and making brightly coloured troops into highly visible targets. In reaction, the various militaries, beginning with the British Army, changed the colours, predominantly to such ones that blended in more with the terrain, such as khaki, grey or olive drab for the purposes of camouflage. In addition, this idea was followed with uniforms suitable for particular climates and seasons such as white for snowy regions and tan for sandy ones. Now most armies have some form of camouflaged uniform, such as the British Disruptive Pattern Material. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg/220px-PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg/330px-PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg/440px-PPCLI_CADPAT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> camouflage uniforms. Camouflaged uniforms are used to make its wearers less visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many modern military forces now use a system of combat uniforms that not only break up the outline of the soldier for use on the battlefield during the daytime, but also employ a distinctive appearance that makes them difficult to detect with light amplification devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Night_vision_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Night vision device">night-vision goggles</a> (NVGs). These modern "digital" print uniforms present a somewhat splotched appearance, generally of somewhat muted colours, that provide visual concealment in a variety of surroundings. The US Army now issues, for all theatres of operations, the Army Combat Uniform, which replaces the Battle Dress Uniform and the Desert Combat Uniform. The colour scheme on these ACUs is a faded green/grey/tan pattern of random-appearing rectangular shapes. Pocket outlines on the front of the jackets are offset from vertical, so as to present a less distinctive straight line for the eye to follow while using NVGs. The U.S. Marine Corps also issues similar uniforms with their MARPAT pattern, the U.S. Marines considered adopting <a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> for their new pattern, however, the Canadian government owns the copyright for the pattern which it had been developing since 1988. The Canadian government supplied information and manufacturers to help the Marines with the development of their own computer-generated digital pattern pixelated uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their uniforms are not designed to replace both woodland pattern uniforms and desert pattern, since both woodland digital and desert digital patterns are available. Similarly the US Air Force has begun fielding digital pattern uniforms to their service members, with those uniforms featuring a blue/grey/tan pattern). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniform_of_the_day">Uniform of the day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Uniform of the day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Uniform_of_the_day"></span> The "uniform of the day," when referred to in a <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> sense, is the designated <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a> all <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">military personnel</a> are required to wear on that particular day. It is often designated by the senior <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">base</a>. Normally the uniform is determined by the seasons (e.g. winter blues or summer whites for Navy) however, special occasions (e.g. visiting dignitaries) or weather changes may dictate changes to the uniform of the day. The uniform of the day instruction is broadcast over the <a href="/wiki/1MC" class="mw-redirect" title="1MC">1MC</a> at reveille on board U.S. Navy ships.<sup id="cite_ref-manual_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "uniform of the day" may also be referred to as the "dress of the day" in some militaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics">Logistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Logistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass-produced uniforms are a good way to equip thousands of soldiers quickly and efficiently. Uniforms in standard sizes and designs are also easier to replace on campaign. As an example, English levies raised for service in Ireland or the Continent during the 17th century came to be provided with clothing purchased in bulk and often of a standard colour or cut. This was however only a temporary wartime expedient and the development of uniforms as such had to wait on the formulation of a system of permanent regiments, notably by the French Monarchy (see above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_warfare">Psychological warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Psychological warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg/220px-Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg/330px-Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg/440px-Prussian_Grenadier_Cap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>18th century Prussian grenadier mitre caps. Some military units have historically adopted tall headgear as a part of their uniform to exaggerate the wearer's height.</figcaption></figure> <p>The appearance of the troops was often enhanced in some way to intimidate the enemy. The tall, mitre-shaped caps worn by grenadiers in the 18th century made their wearers appear bigger and more impressive. King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">Frederick William I of Prussia</a> had a guard unit of especially tall men with tall mitre hats, the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Giants" title="Potsdam Giants">Potsdam Giants</a>. Prussian hussars wore the "skull and crossbones" (<i><a href="/wiki/Totenkopf" title="Totenkopf">Totenkopf</a></i>) on their hats from 1740 to 1918. This tradition continues into the present day with <a href="/wiki/Nose_art" title="Nose art">nose art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fin_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin flash">fin flash</a> on combat aircraft. </p><p>The warriors of ancient Sparta, normally known for their austere lifestyle, wore expensive red cloaks<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Reportedly this was adopted as the only colour on which the spilled blood of their enemies would not leave stains. There is a popular myth that the historic red coat of the English soldier was adopted for the same reason (in fact, blood does show as a dark stain on red clothing and the British red coat originated as a historical accident, possibly as a result of the relative cheapness of madder red dyes at the time of the English Civil War in the mid-17th century). </p><p>Hair styles in military organisations usually follow civilian fashions, but sometimes certain features are associated with soldiers. In the late 19th century, the ornate <a href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">beards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moustaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Moustaches">moustaches</a> worn by the <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> of the day, which complemented their <a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">rank</a> and age, were also worn by socially equivalent civilians. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the "<a href="/wiki/High_and_tight" title="High and tight">high and tight</a>" haircut often distinguished low-ranking soldiers, particularly infantrymen, or, in the United States, Marines and Soldiers of all ranks. The principal purpose, however, of the "high and tight" is to prevent lice and promote general hygiene. Modern regulations against beards also ensure a good seal is made around the face when using a gas mask. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_of_military_uniform">Components of military uniform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Components of military uniform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiguillette" title="Aiguillette">Aiguillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badges" class="mw-redirect" title="Badges">Badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearskin" title="Bearskin">Bearskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_beret" title="Military beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassard" title="Brassard">Brassard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busby_(military_headdress)" title="Busby (military headdress)">Busby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Button (clothing)">Buttons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">Coatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czapka" title="Czapka">Czapka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">Epaulette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourrag%C3%A8re" title="Fourragère">Fourragère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrison cap">Garrison cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glengarry" title="Glengarry">Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorget" title="Gorget">gorget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasterka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnasterka">gymnasterka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackle" title="Hackle">Hackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">Kepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">Peaked cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">Pickelhaube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith_helmet" title="Pith helmet">Pith helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_coat_(British_army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red coat (British army)">Red coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribbon bar">Ribbon bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogatywka" title="Rogatywka">Rogatywka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_cap" title="Sailor cap">Sailor cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Browne_belt" title="Sam Browne belt">Sam Browne belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shako" title="Shako">Shako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_belt" title="Stable belt">Stable belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunic_(military)" title="Tunic (military)">Tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushanka" title="Ushanka">Ushanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajkaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sajkaca">Sajkaca</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Military uniform types</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">Full dress uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">Mess dress uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">Service dress uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">Combat uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_training_uniform" title="Physical training uniform">Physical training uniform</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">Armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Costumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_hair_in_the_military" title="Facial hair in the military">Facial hair in the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_camouflage_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of camouflage patterns">List of camouflage patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militaria" title="Militaria">Militaria</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Uniforms by country</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army_Uniform" title="Egyptian Army Uniform">Egyptian Army Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Army_uniforms" title="Greek Army uniforms">Greek Army uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Irish_Army_uniform" title="Modern Irish Army uniform">Modern Irish Army uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_military_uniforms" title="Swedish military uniforms">Swedish military uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Armed_Forces_Uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian Armed Forces Uniform">Tanzanian Armed Forces Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Australian_Army" title="Uniforms of the Australian Army">Uniforms of the Australian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces">Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army">Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces">Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_New_Zealand_Army" title="Uniforms of the New Zealand Army">Uniforms of the New Zealand Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Royal_Danish_Army" title="Uniforms of the Royal Danish Army">Uniforms of the Royal Danish Army</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2012" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Duncan B. (24 July 2012). <i>Spartan Warrior 735-331 BC</i>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-700-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-700-1"><bdi>978-1-84908-700-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spartan+Warrior+735-331+BC&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-700-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Duncan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Simkins, page 17 "The Roman Army from Hadrian to Constantine", Osprey Publishing 1979"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindrow1996" class="citation book cs1">Windrow, Martin (1996). <i>Imperial Rome at War</i>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-361-608-2" title="Special:BookSources/962-361-608-2"><bdi>962-361-608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+at+War&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=962-361-608-2&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner2003" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Graham (20 May 2003). <i>Roman Military Clothing (2) AD 200–400</i>. pp. 12–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-559-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-559-7"><bdi>1-84176-559-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Military+Clothing+%282%29+AD+200%E2%80%93400&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=2003-05-20&rft.isbn=1-84176-559-7&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkins1974" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, Michael (1974). <i>The Roman Army from Caesar to Trajan</i>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-191-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-191-4"><bdi>0-85045-191-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Army+from+Caesar+to+Trajan&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-85045-191-4&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Helen. <i>Knight Templar 1120-1312</i>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-670-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-670-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-670-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knight+Templar+1120-1312&rft.pages=27&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-670-6&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David. <i>Knight Hospitaller (1) 1100-1306</i>. pp. 25–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-214-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-214-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-214-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knight+Hospitaller+%281%29+1100-1306&rft.pages=25-27&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-214-2&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 21 The Oxford History of the British Army, David Chandler <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285333-3">0-19-285333-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2007" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Timothy (19 June 2007). <i>Byzantine Infantrymen. Eastern Roman Empire c.900-1204</i>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846031052" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846031052"><bdi>978-1846031052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Infantrymen.+Eastern+Roman+Empire+c.900-1204&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft.isbn=978-1846031052&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski1991" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Richard (25 July 1991). <i>The Army of Gustavus Adolphus 1 Infantry</i>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-997-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-997-4"><bdi>0-85045-997-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Gustavus+Adolphus+1+Infantry&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1991-07-25&rft.isbn=0-85045-997-4&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsquith198132_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsquith1981">Asquith 1981</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfanner2004105–107-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfanner2004105–107_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPfanner2004">Pfanner 2004</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson1911582_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson1911">Atkinson 1911</a>, p. 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mollo, pp. 44-49 "Military Fashion", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8">0-214-65349-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Stephen (2015). <i>Austrian Infantry of the Seven Years War</i>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907417-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907417-52-8"><bdi>978-1-907417-52-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian+Infantry+of+the+Seven+Years+War&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-907417-52-8&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mollo, p. 45 "Military Fashion", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8">0-214-65349-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage147_147]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage147_147]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKannik1968">Kannik 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryuniforms00kann/page/147">147</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mollo, p. 49 "Military Fashion", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8">0-214-65349-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerfield2015" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Stephen (2015). <i>Austrian Infantry of the Seven Years War</i>. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907417-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907417-52-8"><bdi>978-1-907417-52-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian+Infantry+of+the+Seven+Years+War&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-907417-52-8&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-napoleonistyka.atspace.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-napoleonistyka.atspace.com_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219013531/http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/napoleonic_uniforms.html"><i>Uniforms : Napoleonic Wars : French : Russian : Austrian : British : Prussian</i></a>, Napoleonistyka.atspace.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/napoleonic_uniforms.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+%3A+Napoleonic+Wars+%3A+French+%3A+Russian+%3A+Austrian+%3A+British+%3A+Prussian&rft.pub=Napoleonistyka.atspace.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoleonistyka.atspace.com%2Fnapoleonic_uniforms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968270-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968270_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKannik1968">Kannik 1968</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Amato2009" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raffaele (24 November 2009). <i>Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC-AD 500</i>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-317-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Roman+Naval+Forces+31+BC-AD+500&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-317-9&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeri2020" class="citation book cs1">Boeri, Giancarlo (October 2020). <i>Armies of the Polish War of Succession in Italy (1733-1736)</i>. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-93278959" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-93278959"><bdi>978-88-93278959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Polish+War+of+Succession+in+Italy+%281733-1736%29&rft.pages=41-42&rft.date=2020-10&rft.isbn=978-88-93278959&rft.aulast=Boeri&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaythornthwaite1993" class="citation book cs1">Haythornthwaite, Philip (30 September 1993). <i>Nelson's Navy</i>. pp. 15–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-334-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-334-6"><bdi>1-85532-334-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Navy&rft.pages=15-20&rft.date=1993-09-30&rft.isbn=1-85532-334-6&rft.aulast=Haythornthwaite&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1977" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (15 June 1977). <i>The Royal Navy 1790-1970</i>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-248-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-248-1"><bdi>0-85045-248-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+1790-1970&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1977-06-15&rft.isbn=0-85045-248-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson-Latham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tynan_2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tynan_2013_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tynan_2013_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynan2013" class="citation book cs1">Tynan, Jane (2013). <i>British Army Uniform and the First World War: Men in Khaki</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Army+Uniform+and+the+First+World+War%3A+Men+in+Khaki&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tynan&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage231_231]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage231_231]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKannik1968">Kannik 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryuniforms00kann/page/231">231</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 588, Volume 27, Encyclopædia Britannica – 11th edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1973" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, J.S. (1973). <i>Austro-Hungarian Infantry 1914-1918</i>. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85524-097-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85524-097-0"><bdi>0-85524-097-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austro-Hungarian+Infantry+1914-1918&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-85524-097-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8"><bdi>0-09-180178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-09-180178-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnotel1980" class="citation book cs1">Knotel, Richard (January 1980). <i>Uniforms of the World</i>. pp. 416–418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16304-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16304-7"><bdi>0-684-16304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+World&rft.pages=416-418&rft.date=1980-01&rft.isbn=0-684-16304-7&rft.aulast=Knotel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Koppen2015" class="citation book cs1">Von Koppen, Fedor (26 February 2015). <i>The Armies of Europe</i>. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78331-175-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78331-175-0"><bdi>978-1-78331-175-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+Europe&rft.pages=61-62&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.isbn=978-1-78331-175-0&rft.aulast=Von+Koppen&rft.aufirst=Fedor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaswell_Miller2009" class="citation book cs1">Haswell Miller, A.E. (17 November 2009). <i>Vanished Armies</i>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74780-739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74780-739-1"><bdi>978-0-74780-739-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vanished+Armies&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-74780-739-1&rft.aulast=Haswell+Miller&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Khaki Uniform 1848-49: First Introduction by Lumsden and Hodson", Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, JSAHR 82 (Winter 2004) pp 341-347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage235_235]-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage235_235]_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKannik1968">Kannik 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryuniforms00kann/page/235">235</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalbom-Pramvig1988" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Walbom-Pramvig, B. (1988), <i>Uniformer, Faner og Vaben i Den Danske Haer fra 1659 til 1980</i> (in Danish), Frederikssund: Thorsgaard, pp. 18 & 18, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-88165-47-7" title="Special:BookSources/87-88165-47-7"><bdi>87-88165-47-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniformer%2C+Faner+og+Vaben+i+Den+Danske+Haer+fra+1659+til+1980&rft.place=Frederikssund&rft.pages=18+%26+18&rft.pub=Thorsgaard&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=87-88165-47-7&rft.aulast=Walbom-Pramvig&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1979" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, John (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uniformsofimperi00moll"><i>Uniforms of the Imperial Russian Army</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uniformsofimperi00moll/page/47">47–48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0920-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-0920-0"><bdi>0-7137-0920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+Imperial+Russian+Army&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7137-0920-0&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiformsofimperi00moll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakanishi1991" class="citation cs2">Nakanishi, Ritta (1991), <i>Japanese Military Uniforms</i>, Tokyo: Dai Nihon Jaiga, pp. 6 & 22, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-499-20587-5" title="Special:BookSources/4-499-20587-5"><bdi>4-499-20587-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Military+Uniforms&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=6+%26+22&rft.pub=Dai+Nihon+Jaiga&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=4-499-20587-5&rft.aulast=Nakanishi&rft.aufirst=Ritta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnotel1980" class="citation book cs1">Knotel, Richard (January 1980). <i>Uniforms of the World</i>. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16304-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16304-7"><bdi>0-684-16304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniforms+of+the+World&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1980-01&rft.isbn=0-684-16304-7&rft.aulast=Knotel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirouze2007" class="citation book cs1">Mirouze, Laurent (2007). <i>The French Army in the First World War - to Battle 1914</i>. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902526-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902526-09-0"><bdi>978-3-902526-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+in+the+First+World+War+-+to+Battle+1914&rft.pages=49-50&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-902526-09-0&rft.aulast=Mirouze&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage236_236]-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKannik1968[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmilitaryuniforms00kannpage236_236]_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKannik1968">Kannik 1968</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryuniforms00kann/page/236">236</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBueno198326-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBueno198326_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBueno1983">Bueno 1983</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoune" class="citation book cs1">Coune, Frederic. <i>"Kepi. Une coiffure franchise".Tome 2</i>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-380-1340-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-380-1340-7"><bdi>979-10-380-1340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Kepi.+Une+coiffure+franchise%22.Tome+2&rft.pages=10&rft.isbn=979-10-380-1340-7&rft.aulast=Coune&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalliac2012" class="citation book cs1">Galliac, Paul (2012). <i>L' Armee Francaise</i>. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-195-4"><bdi>978-2-35250-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27+Armee+Francaise&rft.pages=89-90&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-195-4&rft.aulast=Galliac&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalliac2012" class="citation book cs1">Galliac, Paul (2012). <i>L' Armee Francaise</i>. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-195-4"><bdi>978-2-35250-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27+Armee+Francaise&rft.pages=92-93&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-195-4&rft.aulast=Galliac&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaylor1992" class="citation book cs1">Gaylor, John (1992). <i>Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903-1991</i>. pp. 329–330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946771-98-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-946771-98-7"><bdi>0-946771-98-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sons+of+John+Company.+The+Indian+%26+Pakistan+Armies+1903-1991&rft.pages=329-330&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-946771-98-7&rft.aulast=Gaylor&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peraturan Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 Tentang Seragam Dinas Tentara Nasional Indonesia (National Armed Forces Commander Regulation 11) (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces">Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces</a>. 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peraturan+Panglima+Tentara+Nasional+Indonesia+Nomor+11+Tahun+2019+Tentang+Seragam+Dinas+Tentara+Nasional+Indonesia&rft.pub=Commander+of+the+Indonesian+National+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranuni-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranuni_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranuni_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2015/jul/22/iran-military-uniform-gomrok-shopping-spree">"How I learned to stop worrying and love the Iranian army"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+I+learned+to+stop+worrying+and+love+the+Iranian+army&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Firan-blog%2F2015%2Fjul%2F22%2Firan-military-uniform-gomrok-shopping-spree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806175901/http://www.arrse.co.uk/weapons-equipment-rations/12228-cs-95-big-issue.html"><i>cs 95 the big issue !</i></a>, Arrse.co.uk, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrse.co.uk/cpgn2/Forums/viewtopic/t=14543.html">the original</a> on 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=cs+95+the+big+issue+%21&rft.pub=Arrse.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrse.co.uk%2Fcpgn2%2FForums%2Fviewtopic%2Ft%3D14543.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a1/publication/dafi36-2903/dafi36-2903.pdf">DAFI 26-2903</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott2002126-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott2002126_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElliott2002">Elliott 2002</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanxin_Xiang2003207-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanxin_Xiang2003207_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanxin_Xiang2003">Lanxin Xiang 2003</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O363081/tunic-unknown/">Mahdist Tunic</a>. <i>V&A digital collection catalogue</i>. Retrieved December 19, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Warburg, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGPWGvlnpIC&q=1981&pg=PA171">Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya</a></i>, Hurst & Company, 2003, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1909-0315-3">Mahdist Shirt; jibba</a>. <i>British Museum digital collection catalogue</i>. Retrieved December 19, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-makingafricanconnections.org-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-makingafricanconnections.org_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makingafricanconnections.org_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makingafricanconnections.org/s/archive/item/1999">The jibba: clothing for Sufi and soldier</a>. <i>Making African Connections</i>. Retrieved December 19, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyperstealth.com/CADPAT-MARPAT.htm">"CADPAT or MARPAT Camouflage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CADPAT+or+MARPAT+Camouflage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyperstealth.com%2FCADPAT-MARPAT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manual-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manual_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Uniform Regulations</i>. United States Marine Corps. 1922. p. 1 sec. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniform+Regulations&rft.pages=1+sec.+4&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBueno1983" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bueno, José María (1983), <i>El Ejército de Alfonso XIII - La Infantería de Línea</i> (in Spanish), Madrid: Barreira, p. 26, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86071-02-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-86071-02-X"><bdi>84-86071-02-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Ej%C3%A9rcito+de+Alfonso+XIII+-+La+Infanter%C3%ADa+de+L%C3%ADnea&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Barreira&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-86071-02-X&rft.aulast=Bueno&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2002" class="citation cs2">Elliott, Jane E. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&q=muslim+soldiers+wore+traditional+uniform+weapons"><i>Some did it for civilisation, some did it for their country: a revised view of the boxer war</i></a>, Chinese University Press, p. 126, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-996-066-4" title="Special:BookSources/962-996-066-4"><bdi>962-996-066-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+did+it+for+civilisation%2C+some+did+it+for+their+country%3A+a+revised+view+of+the+boxer+war&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=962-996-066-4&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWvl9O4Gn1UC%26q%3Dmuslim%2Bsoldiers%2Bwore%2Btraditional%2Buniform%2Bweapons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannik1968" class="citation cs2">Kannik, Preben (1968), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryuniforms00kann"><i>Military Uniforms of the World</i></a></span>, London: Blandford P., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713704829" title="Special:BookSources/0713704829"><bdi>0713704829</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Uniforms+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blandford+P.&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0713704829&rft.aulast=Kannik&rft.aufirst=Preben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryuniforms00kann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanxin_Xiang2003" class="citation cs2">Lanxin Xiang (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWvl9O4Gn1UC&pg=PA126"><i>The origins of the Boxer War: a multinational study</i></a>, Psychology Press, p. 207, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1563-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1563-0"><bdi>0-7007-1563-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Boxer+War%3A+a+multinational+study&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1563-0&rft.au=Lanxin+Xiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWvl9O4Gn1UC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lAxresT12ogC&q=beijing+zhuozhou+railway+line">scroll down to next page from 206 to get to 208</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfanner2004" class="citation cs2">Pfanner, Toni (March 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_853_pfanner.pdf">"Military uniforms and the law of war"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>International Review of the Red Cross</i>, <b>86</b> (853): 93–124, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1560775500180113">10.1017/S1560775500180113</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144589400">144589400</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Military+uniforms+and+the+law+of+war&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=853&rft.pages=93-124&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1560775500180113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144589400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pfanner&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fother%2Firrc_853_pfanner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsquith1981" class="citation cs2">Asquith, Stuart (1981), <i>New Model Army 1645-60</i> (illustrated ed.), Osprey, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8lbzKJxqnWEC&pg=PA32">32</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850453850" title="Special:BookSources/9780850453850"><bdi>9780850453850</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Model+Army+1645-60&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780850453850&rft.aulast=Asquith&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Uniforms" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Uniforms">Uniforms</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 582–593.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uniforms&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=582-593&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military uniforms">Military uniforms</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?keyword=military+uniform%2A">"Images of military uniforms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NYPL_Digital_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPL Digital Gallery">NYPL Digital Gallery</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYPL+Digital+Gallery&rft.atitle=Images+of+military+uniforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fnypldigital%2Fdgkeysearchresult.cfm%3Fkeyword%3Dmilitary%2Buniform%252A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+uniform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.lib.brown.edu/libweb/collections/askb/">Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://military-historians.org">Company of Military Historians Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121152107/http://www.familyoldphotos.com/civil/index.html">{US} Civil War Old Photographs Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://battleofolustee.org/uniforms/uniforms.html">U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paris1814.com/tankmuseum/">Soviet and Russian Federation uniforms and insignias</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raff.com.tr/blog-en/the-evolution-of-military-camouflage/">The Evolution of Military Camouflage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196123#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196123#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1351917/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562605">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vojenské uniformy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127202&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560925505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675204">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&oldid=1259137421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&oldid=1259137421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_uniforms" title="Category:Military uniforms">Military uniforms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7ztkk","wgBackendResponseTime":225,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.177","walltime":"1.538","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5694,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":142029,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4463,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":29,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":179270,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1241.812 1 -total"," 35.00% 434.661 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.87% 209.556 28 Template:Cite_book"," 11.43% 141.933 2 Template:Langx"," 8.54% 106.046 1 Template:War"," 8.36% 103.769 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.16% 101.356 1 Template:Cite_act"," 7.93% 98.516 14 Template:Sfn"," 6.39% 79.301 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.88% 60.589 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.715","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28312634,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAsquith1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoeri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrzezinski1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBueno1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoune\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Amato2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalliac2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGaylor1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaswell_Miller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaythornthwaite1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKannik1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnotel1980\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLanxin_Xiang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirouze2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollo1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakanishi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfanner2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimkins1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummerfield2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSumner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTynan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Koppen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalbom-Pramvig1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson-Latham1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindrow1996\"] = 1,\n [\"Uniform_of_the_day\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Military Uniform\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"NYPL Digital Gallery keyword\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c8xbz","timestamp":"20241124053140","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Military uniform","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_uniform","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1196123","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1196123","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-09-11T20:26:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T15:48:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fc\/2june_2007_154.jpg","headline":"standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of various nations"}</script> </body> </html>