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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">====European regimental dress==== [[File:Lyonnais inf 1720.png|thumb|upright|[[Facing colour]]s were introduced to distinguish the various regiments. Here, the ''Régiment du [[Lyonnais]]'' with red and green facings on the standard grey uniform (1720–1734)]] The styles and decoration of military uniforms varied immensely with the status, image, and resources of the military throughout the ages. Uniform dress became the norm with the adoption of regimental systems, initially by the [[French army]] in the mid-17th century. Before 1600 a few German and Dutch regiments had worn red or yellow coats. From about 1626 onwards some Swedish infantry had been issued with standard coloured dress under [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustavus Adolphus]] (hence his "yellow" or "blue" regiments).<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Brzezinski|page=22|title=The Army of Gustavus Adolphus 1 Infantry|isbn=0-85045-997-4|date=25 July 1991}}</ref> However, most levies of the 15th and 16th centuries wore civilian dress and regiments were dressed at the expense of their colonels in whatever style and colours the colonel preferred. Even Royal guards would sometimes only be issued with distinctive coloured or embroidered surcoats to wear over ordinary clothing. To help armies distinguish friend from foe, scarves, pieces of foliage, or other makeshift identification known as "field signs" would be worn,{{sfn|Asquith|1981|p=32}} (a practice still recognised under international humanitarian law and the laws of war as a "distinctive sign").{{sfn|Pfanner|2004|pp=105–107}} Field signs were easily removed or donned,{{sfn|Asquith|1981|p=32}} as in the example of [[John Smith (Cavalier born 1616)|John Smith]], a squire on the Royalist side who at the [[Battle of Edgehill]] put on the orange scarf of the Parliamentarians and with no more elaborate disguise recaptured the royal standard from the [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Earl of Essex's]] own secretary.{{sfn|Atkinson|1911|p=582}} By this time, in France at least, the general character of the clothes and accoutrements to be worn on various occasions was strictly regulated by orders. But uniformity of clothing was not to be expected so long as the "enlistment" system prevailed and soldiers were taken in and dismissed at the beginning and end of every campaign. The beginnings of uniform are therefore to be found in truly national armies, in the Indelta of Gustavus Adolphus, and the English armies of the [[English Civil War]]. In the earlier years of the latter, though the richer colonels uniformed their men (for instance, the Marquess of Newcastle's "Whitecoats" and King [[Charles I of England|Charles's]] own red-coated Lifeguard of foot), the rustics and the citizens turned out for war in their ordinary rough clothes, donning armour and sword-belt. But in 1645 the [[Long Parliament]] raised an army for permanent service, and the colonels became officials rather than proprietors. The [[New Model Army]] was clothed in the civilian costume of the date—ample coat, waistcoat, breeches, stockings and shoes (in the case of cavalry, boots)—but with the distinctive colour throughout the army of red and with regimental facings of various colours and breeches of grey. Soon afterwards the helmet was replaced by a grey broad-brimmed hat. From the coat was eventually evolved the tunic of the mid-19th century, and the hat became the cocked hat of a later generation, which generally disappeared during the decade of 1800–1810 to reappear in the late 19th and early 20th century, by which time it had its original form of a "slouch-hat." For service in Ireland the New Model Army's red coat was exchanged for one of russet colour, just as scarlet gave way to [[khaki]] for Indian service in the 19th century. The [[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironsides cavalry]], however, wore [[buff leather coat]]s and armour long after the infantry had abandoned them.{{sfn|Atkinson|1911|p=582}} Thus the principle ever since followed — uniform coat and variegated facings — was established. By choice or convenience the majority of the corps out of which the New Model Army was formed had come to be dressed in red, with facings according to the colonel's taste. In Austria sixty years afterwards events took the same course. The colonels there uniformed their men as they saw fit, but had, probably to obtain "wholesale" prices, agreed upon a serviceable colour, pearl grey. When in 1707 [[Prince Eugene of Savoy|Prince Eugene]] procured the issue of uniform regulations, few line regiments had to be re-clothed. In France, as in England and Austria, the cavalry, still led by the wealthy classes rather than officered by the professional, was not uniformed upon an army system until after the infantry. But in 1688 six-sevenths of the French cavalry was uniformed in light grey with red facings; and about half the dragoon regiments had red uniforms and blue facings. The [[François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois|Marquis of Louvois]], in creating a standing army, had introduced an infantry uniform as a necessary consequence. The native French regiments had light grey coats, the Swiss red, the German black and the Italian blue, with various facings. The French grey was probably decided upon, like the Austrian grey, as being a good "service" colour, which could be cheaply manufactured.{{sfn|Atkinson|1911|p=582}} [[File:Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg|thumb|left|Uniforms used by European military forces from 1670 to 1865]] During the 18th century the normal military uniform in Europe comprised a standardised form of civilian dress ([[tricorn hat]], long-skirted coat, [[waistcoat]] and [[breeches]]).<ref>John Mollo, pp. 44-49 "Military Fashion", {{ISBN|0-214-65349-8}}</ref> One distinctively military feature were the long canvas [[gaiters]] which came up to mid-thigh and had multiple [[button]]s. Dress was surprisingly standardised between European armies in cut and general outline. The distinction normally lay in colours: red coats for the British and Danes, light grey then white for the French, Spanish, and Austrian<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=Summerfield|page=28|title=Austrian Infantry of the Seven Years War|isbn=978-1-907417-52-8|year=2015}}</ref> infantry, dark blue for the Prussians and Portuguese, green for the Russians, etc.<ref>John Mollo, p. 45 "Military Fashion", {{ISBN|0-214-65349-8}}</ref> Within each army different regiments were usually distinguished by "[[facings]]" — linings, turnbacks, and braiding on coats in colours that were distinctive to one or several regiments. The Royal Comtois Infantry Regiment of the French Army, for example, had large dark blue [[cuff]]s on its off-white coats. To a certain extent the functions required of a given group of soldiers were reflected in their dress. Thus artillery uniforms in most armies were usually of dark blue, for the practical reason that handling black powder would have soiled lighter coloured clothing.{{sfn|Kannik|1968|p=[https://archive.org/details/militaryuniforms00kann/page/147 147]}} Infantry drummers and cavalry trumpeters often had "reverse" colours with coats the colour of the regimental facings and facings the colour of the regimental coats. Officers (who paid for their own clothing) were slower to accept uniforms. During the late 17th century they were often dressed in individual styles and colours according to their own taste and means. In part this was because the uniform dress issued to the rank and file was considered a form of livery — the mark of a servant and demeaning to members of the social class from which officers came. One early practice in the French and other armies was for officers to wear coats of the facing colour of their regiments. Rank insignia as such was unknown until well into the 18th century. The [[gorget]] hanging from a chain around the neck (a last survival of medieval armour) was the only universally recognised mark of an officer until [[epaulettes]] developed from clusters of ribbons formerly worn on the shoulder.<ref>John Mollo, p. 49 "Military Fashion", {{ISBN|0-214-65349-8}}</ref> In the British army officers were ordered to adopt epaulettes by a clothing warrant dated 1768. Even when officers' uniforms became the subject of detailed regulation they remained easily distinguishable from those of other ranks, by the better quality and richness of the materials and trimmings used. Gold or silver braiding on the hats and coats of officers usually matched the bronze or pewter of the numerous buttons on regimental clothing.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen |last=Summerfield|pages=42–43|title=Austrian Infantry of the Seven Years War|isbn=978-1-907417-52-8|year=2015}}</ref> New uniforms were issued with surprising frequency in some 18th-century armies (once a year in the British service). It should, however, be remembered that a soldier had to march, parade, fight and sometimes sleep in the same garment and that such extras as [[greatcoats]] or working clothes were seldom issued until the end of the century. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military uniform</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_uniform&action=edit&section=6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ksxdk","wgBackendResponseTime":254,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.068","walltime":"0.092","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 64.659 1 -total"," 99.87% 64.575 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 40.26% 26.032 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.34% 25.437 2 Template:Replace"," 37.21% 24.057 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.33% 9.910 1 Template:Tlx"," 15.24% 9.857 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 3.66% 2.365 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.72% 1.756 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.98% 1.279 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.013","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043304,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ksxdk","timestamp":"20241124112916","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>