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href="#Role_of_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role of the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of the United Nations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_treaty_under_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_treaty_under_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Peace treaty under the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_treaty_under_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-conflict_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-conflict_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-conflict elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-conflict_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_peace_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_peace_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historic peace treaties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historic_peace_treaties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic peace treaties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_peace_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peace treaty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="معاهدة سلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة سلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A1u_de_paz" title="Tratáu de paz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tratáu de paz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClh_m%C3%BCqavil%C9%99si" title="Sülh müqaviləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sülh müqaviləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="শান্তি চুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শান্তি চুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-p%C3%AAng_ti%C3%A2u-iok" title="Hô-pêng tiâu-iok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-pêng tiâu-iok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мірны дагавор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мірны дагавор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мирен договор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мирен договор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_pau" title="Tractat de pau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de pau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrov%C3%A1_smlouva" title="Mírová smlouva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mírová smlouva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredsaftale" title="Fredsaftale – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fredsaftale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedensvertrag" title="Friedensvertrag – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedensvertrag" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahuleping" title="Rahuleping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahuleping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Συνθήκη ειρήνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθήκη ειρήνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_paz" title="Tratado de paz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de paz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packontrakto" title="Packontrakto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Packontrakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake-itun" title="Bake-itun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bake-itun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%AD" title="پیمان صلح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان صلح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_paix" title="Traité de paix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de paix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="강화 조약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강화 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirovni_sporazum" title="Mirovni sporazum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mirovni sporazum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persetujuan_damai" title="Persetujuan damai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persetujuan damai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הסכם שלום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכם שלום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkataba_wa_amani" title="Mkataba wa amani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkataba wa amani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peymana_a%C5%9Ftiy%C3%AA" title="Peymana aştiyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peymana aştiyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miera_l%C4%ABgums" title="Miera līgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miera līgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikos_sutartis" title="Taikos sutartis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taikos sutartis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_damai" title="Perjanjian damai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian damai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Миронь ладямась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Миронь ладямась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vredesverdrag" title="Vredesverdrag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vredesverdrag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%8C%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="平和条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="平和条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredsavtale" title="Fredsavtale – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fredsavtale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulh_shartnomasi" title="Sulh shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulh shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_pokojowy" title="Traktat pokojowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat pokojowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_paz" title="Tratado de paz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de paz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratat_de_pace" title="Tratat de pace – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratat de pace" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мирный договор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мирный договор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktati_i_paqes" title="Traktati i paqes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Traktati i paqes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peace treaty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پەیمانی ئاشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانی ئاشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Мировни споразум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мировни споразум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirovni_ugovor" title="Mirovni ugovor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mirovni ugovor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauhansopimus" title="Rauhansopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rauhansopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredsf%C3%B6rdrag" title="Fredsfördrag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fredsfördrag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agreement to formally end hostilities between two or more warring parties</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the X-Sinner album, see <a href="/wiki/X-Sinner#Discography" title="X-Sinner">Peace Treaty (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Versailles,_English_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="6074" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Treaty of Versailles">The Treaty of Versailles</a>, signed at the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>peace treaty</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">agreement</a> between two or more hostile parties, usually <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">countries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>, which formally ends a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">state of war</a> between the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is different from an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>, which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a>, in which an army agrees to give up arms; or a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire or truce</a>, in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting. </p><p>The need for a peace treaty in modern diplomacy arises from the fact that even when a war is actually over and fighting has ceased, the legal state of war is not automatically terminated upon the end of actual fighting and the belligerent parties are still legally defined as enemies. This is evident from the definition of a "state of war" as "a legal state created and ended by official declaration regardless of actual armed hostilities and usually characterized by operation of the rules of war".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, even when hostilities are over, a peace treaty is required for the former belligerents in order to reach agreement on all issues involved in transition to legal state of peace. The art of negotiating a peace treaty in the modern era has been referred to by legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Christine_Bell" title="Christine Bell">Christine Bell</a> as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lex_pacificatoria" title="Lex pacificatoria">lex pacificatoria</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a peace treaty potentially contributing to the legal framework governing the post conflict period, or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Jus_post_bellum" title="Jus post bellum">jus post bellum</a></i></span>. </p><p>Since 1950, the rate at which interstate wars end with a formal peace treaty has substantially declined.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_treaties">Elements of treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elements of treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg/220px-Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg/330px-Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg/440px-Kamen_v_Oreshke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The "Peace Memorial" about the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_N%C3%B6teborg" title="Treaty of Nöteborg">Treaty of Nöteborg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Orekhovy_Island" title="Orekhovy Island">Orekhovy Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The content of a treaty usually depends on the nature of the conflict being concluded. In the case of large conflicts between numerous parties, international treaty covering all issues or separate treaties signed between each party. </p><p>There are many possible issues that may be included in a peace treaty such as the following: </p> <ul><li>Formal designation of <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a></li> <li>Processes for resolving future <a href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">disputes</a></li> <li>Access to and apportioning of <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a></li> <li>Status of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a></li> <li>Status of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a></li> <li>Settling of existing <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debts</a></li> <li>Defining of as unjust <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a></li> <li>The re-application of existing treaties</li> <li>Revenge</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern history</a>, certain intractable conflict situations may be brought to a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> before they are dealt with via a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">peace process</a> in which a number of discrete steps are taken on each side to reach the mutually-desired eventual goal of peace and the signing of a treaty. </p><p>A peace treaty also is often not used to end a civil war, especially in cases of a failed <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a>, as it implies mutual recognition of statehood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In cases such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, it usually ends when the losing side's army surrenders and its government collapses. By contrast, a successful secession or <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> is often formalized by means of a peace treaty. </p><p>Treaties are often ratified in territories deemed <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> in the previous <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> conflict and delegates from the neutral countries acting as <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witnesses</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Signatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Signatory">signatories</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_United_Nations">Role of the United Nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its founding after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has sought to act as a forum for resolution in matters of international conflict. A number of <a href="/wiki/International_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="International treaty">international treaties</a> and obligations are involved in which member states seek to limit and control behavior during wartime. The action of <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaring war</a> is now very unlikely to be undertaken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_treaty_under_the_United_Nations">Peace treaty under the United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Peace treaty under the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the end of World War II, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> Article 2 restricts the use of <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> force.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN Charter allows only two exceptions: "military measures by UN <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> resolutions" and "exercise of <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a>" in countries subjected to armed attacks in relation to the use of force by states. Under the current UN system, war is triggered only by the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement" title="Enforcement">enforcement</a> of military measures under UN Security Council resolutions or the exercise of self-defense rights against illegal armed attacks. </p><p>Therefore, if the use of military force arises, it is called 'international armed conflict' instead of 'war'. The fact that the current <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> system avoids the use of the term 'war' also avoids the conclusion of a peace treaty based on the existence of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A peace treaty was not signed after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2003, and only the UN <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> <a href="/wiki/Resolution_1483" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution 1483">Resolution 1483</a>, adopted on May 22, 2003, stipulated the <a href="/wiki/Postwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar">postwar</a> regime for the stability and security of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> exclusively.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-conflict_elections">Post-conflict elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-conflict elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the UN's roles in peace processes is to conduct post-conflict elections but, on the whole, they are thought to have no effect, or even a negative effect, on peace after civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when peace agreements transform rebel groups into political parties, the effect on peace is positive, especially if international interveners use their moments of power distribution to hold the former combatants to the terms of their peace agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_peace_treaties">Historic peace treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historic peace treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Kadesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption>Tablet of one of the earliest recorded <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a> in history, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian-Hittite_peace_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty">Treaty of Kadesh</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeology_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Archaeology Museum">Istanbul Archaeology Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><br /> Probably the earliest recorded peace treaty, although it is rarely mentioned or remembered, was between the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a> confederation, around 1350 BC. More famously, one of the earliest recorded peace treaties was concluded between the Hittite and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> Empires after 1274 BC <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Egyptian-Hittite_peace_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty">Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty</a>). The battle took place in what is modern-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the entire <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> being at that time contested between the two empires. After an extremely costly four-day battle, in which neither side gained a substantial advantage, both sides claimed victory. The lack of resolution led to further conflict between Egypt and the Hittites, with <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> capturing the city of Kadesh and Amurru in his 8th year as king.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the prospect of further protracted conflict between the two states eventually persuaded both their rulers, <a href="/wiki/Hatusili%C5%A1_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatusiliš III">Hatusiliš III</a> and Ramesses, to end their dispute and sign a peace treaty. Neither side could afford the possibility of a longer conflict since they were threatened by other enemies: Egypt was faced with the task of defending its long western border with Libya against the incursion of Libyan tribesmen by building a chain of fortresses stretching from Mersa Matruh to Rakotis, and the Hittites faced a more formidable threat in the form of the Assyrian Empire, which "had conquered Hanigalbat, the heartland of Mitanni, between the Tigris and the Euphrates" rivers, which had previously been a Hittite vassal state.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, and the other in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> using <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform (script)">cuneiform</a> script; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many subsequent treaties. The treaty differs from others, however, in that the two language versions are worded differently. Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> came suing for peace, and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> version claims the reverse. The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque, and the "pocket-book" version was taken back to Egypt and carved into the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Karnak" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Karnak">Temple of Karnak</a>. </p><p>The Treaty was concluded between <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatusili%C5%A1_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatusiliš III">Hatusiliš III</a> in the twenty-first year of Ramesses' reign<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1258 BC</span>). Its eighteen articles call for peace between Egypt and Hatti and then proceed to maintain that their respective people also demand peace. It contains many elements found in more modern treaties, but it is more far-reaching than later treaties' simple declaration of the end of hostilities. It also contains a mutual-assistance pact in case one of the empires should be attacked by a third party or in the event of internal strife. There are articles pertaining to the forced <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> and provisions that they should not be harmed, which might be thought of as the first <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> treaty. There are also threats of retribution, should the treaty be broken. </p><p>The treaty is considered of such importance in the field of international relations that a replica of it hangs in the UN's headquarters. </p><p> Following the five years war between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kushite</a> <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">Kandake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amanirenas" title="Amanirenas">Amanirenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a>, a peace treaty was conducted in the year 21/20 BC. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jaques2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaques2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson1928_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson1928-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mediators were sent from Kush to Augustus who was in Samos at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An entente between the two parties was beneficial to both. The Kushites were a regional power in their own right and resented paying tribute. The Romans also sought a quiet southern border for their absolutely essential Egyptian grain supplies, without constant war commitments, and welcomed a friendly buffer state in a border region beset with raiding nomads. The Kushites too appear to have found nomads like the Blemmyes to be a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conditions were ripe for a deal. During negotiations, Augustus granted the Kushite envoys all they asked for, and also cancelled the tribute earlier demanded by Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premmis (Qasr Ibrim), and areas north of Qasr Ibrim in the southern portion of the "Thirty-Mile Strip" were ceded to the Kushites. The Dodekaschoinos was established as a buffer zone, and Roman forces were pulled back to the old Greek Ptolemaic border at Maharraqa.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_At_EMpire's_Edge_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_At_EMpire's_Edge-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman emperor Augustus signed the treaty with the Kushites on Samos. The settlement bought Rome peace and quiet on its Egyptian frontier, as well as increased the prestige of Roman Emperor Augustus, demonstrating his skill and ability to broker peace without constant warfare, and do business with the distant Kushites, who a short time earlier had been fighting his troops. The respect accorded the emperor by the Kushite envoys as the treaty also created a favorable impression with other foreign ambassadors present on Samos, including envoys from India, and strengthened Augustus' hand in upcoming negotiations with the powerful Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG/260px-Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG/390px-Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG/520px-Peace-treaty_of_Zadar_1358.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zadar" title="Treaty of Zadar">Peace-treaty of Zadar</a> (1358), which ended the war between the <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_the_union_with_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatia in the union with Hungary">Croato-Hungarian Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, forcing the latter to withdraw from Croatian coast</figcaption></figure><p> The settlement ushered in a period of peace between the two empires for around three centuries. Inscriptions erected by Queen Amanirenas on an ancient temple at Hamadab, south of Meroe, record the war and the favorable outcome from the Kushite perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with his signature on the official treaty, Roman emperor Augustus marked the agreement by directing his administrators to collaborate with regional priests in the erection of a temple at Dendur, and inscriptions depict the emperor himself celebrating local deities.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famous examples include the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris (1815)</a>, signed after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, formally ending the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> between <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. Despite popular belief, the war did not end completely until the Allies concluded peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1919 at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, and even then the reaction to this treaty caused the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. Upon the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a> in that conflict and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, the last major diplomatic extension of the First World War came to an end. </p><p>The Treaty of Versailles, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kellogg-Briand_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg-Briand Pact">Kellogg-Briand Pact</a>, is possibly the most notorious of peace treaties, and is blamed by many historians for the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in Germany and the eventual outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. The costly <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> that Germany was forced to pay the victors, the fact that Germany had to accept sole responsibility for starting the war, and the harsh restrictions on German rearmament were all listed in the Treaty of Versailles and caused massive resentment in Germany. Whether or not the treaty can be blamed for starting another war, it exemplifies the difficulties involved in making peace. However, no such conflict resulted from the more punitive settlement with the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>Another famous example would be the series of peace treaties known as the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. It initiated modern diplomacy, involving the modern system of <a href="/wiki/Nation-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-states">nation-states</a>. Subsequent wars were no longer over religion but revolved around issues of state. That encouraged Catholic and Protestant powers to ally, leading to a number of major realignments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> is an example of a conflict that was ended by an armistice, rather than a peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a>. However, that war has never technically ended, because a final peace treaty or settlement has never been achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent example of a peace treaty is the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a> that sought to end the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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bellum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties" title="List of treaties">List of treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_treaties" title="List of ancient treaties">List of ancient treaties</a></li> <li>Pact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty_on_Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula">Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zadar" title="Treaty of Zadar">Treaty of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual peace">Perpetual peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">Separate peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a>, a dataset of all comprehensive agreements, partial agreements or peace process agreements between actors in armed conflict since 1975</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNaraghi-Anderlini2007" class="citation web cs1">Naraghi-Anderlini, Sanan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107189171" title="Special:BookSources/9781107189171"><bdi>9781107189171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electing+Peace%3A+From+Civil+Conflict+to+Political+Participation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781107189171&rft.aulast=Matanock&rft.aufirst=Aila+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimal,_Nicolas-Christopher1992" class="citation book cs1">Grimal, Nicolas-Christopher (1992). <i>A history of ancient Egypt</i>. Shaw, Ian. Oxford, UK. pp. 256–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17472-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17472-9"><bdi>0-631-17472-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25410477">25410477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=256-257&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25410477&rft.isbn=0-631-17472-9&rft.au=Grimal%2C+Nicolas-Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, op. cit., p. 256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal, op. cit., p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Grady 79-88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaques2007-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaques2007_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA713"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges</i></a>. Vol. F–O. Greenwood. pp. 713–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33538-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33538-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges&rft.pages=713-&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33538-9&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26pg%3DPA713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1928-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1928_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1928" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Arthur E. (1928). "The Arab Dynasty of Dar for (Darfur) Part II". <i><a href="/wiki/African_Affairs" title="African Affairs">African Affairs</a></i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (CIX): 55–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a100377">10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100377</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2621">1468-2621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Arab+Dynasty+of+Dar+for+%28Darfur%29+Part+II&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=CIX&rft.pages=55-67&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.afraf.a100377&rft.issn=1468-2621&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Grady 79-88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lobban 2004. Historical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Nubia, 2004. p70-78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, Empire's Edge, p 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson,_At_EMpire's_Edge-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_At_EMpire's_Edge_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, At Empire's Edge p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raoul McLaughlin, 2014. The ROman Empire and the Indian Ocean. p61-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean 61-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bianchi, 2004. Daily Life of the Nubians, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asaninst.org/contents/%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84-%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95-%EC%B2%B4%EA%B2%B0-%EA%B3%BC%EC%97%B0-%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C%EA%B0%80">"Is it necessary to sign the "Peace Agreement" on the Korean peninsula?"</a> (in Korean). The Asian Institute for Policy Studies. pp. 8–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+it+necessary+to+sign+the+%22Peace+Agreement%22+on+the+Korean+peninsula%3F&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=The+Asian+Institute+for+Policy+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asaninst.org%2Fcontents%2F%25ED%2595%259C%25EB%25B0%2598%25EB%258F%2584-%25ED%258F%2589%25ED%2599%2594%25ED%2598%2591%25EC%25A0%2595-%25EC%25B2%25B4%25EA%25B2%25B0-%25EA%25B3%25BC%25EC%2597%25B0-%25ED%2595%2584%25EC%259A%2594%25ED%2595%259C%25EA%25B0%2580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellBadanjak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Christine; Badanjak, Sanja (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/76908142/BellBadanjakJPR2018IntroducingPAX.pdf">"Introducing PA-X: A new peace agreement database and dataset"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>56</b> (3): 452–466. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343318819123">10.1177/0022343318819123</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2Fa8385bbe-69b0-4453-9f74-982a890f67cc">20.500.11820/a8385bbe-69b0-4453-9f74-982a890f67cc</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117170451">117170451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Introducing+PA-X%3A+A+new+peace+agreement+database+and+dataset&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=452-466&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2Fa8385bbe-69b0-4453-9f74-982a890f67cc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117170451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343318819123&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Badanjak%2C+Sanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pure.ed.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F76908142%2FBellBadanjakJPR2018IntroducingPAX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontanaKartsonakiNeudorferWalsh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fontana, Giuditta; Kartsonaki, Argyro; Neudorfer, Natascha S; Walsh, Dawn; Wolff, Stefan; Yakinthou, Christalla (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0738894220944123">"The dataset of Political Agreements in Internal Conflicts (PAIC)"</a>. <i>Conflict Management and Peace Science</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 338–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0738894220944123">10.1177/0738894220944123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-8942">0738-8942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Management+and+Peace+Science&rft.atitle=The+dataset+of+Political+Agreements+in+Internal+Conflicts+%28PAIC%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=338-364&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0738894220944123&rft.issn=0738-8942&rft.aulast=Fontana&rft.aufirst=Giuditta&rft.au=Kartsonaki%2C+Argyro&rft.au=Neudorfer%2C+Natascha+S&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Dawn&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Yakinthou%2C+Christalla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0738894220944123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeace+treaty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peace_treaty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacemaker.un.org">UN Peacemaker, United Nations Database of Peace Agreements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaceagreements.org/">Peace Agreement Access Tool (PA-X), 1990–2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129093328/https://www.usip.org/library/pa.html">United States Institute of Peace Digital Peace Agreements Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724031739/http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_peace_agreement_dataset">Uppsala Conflict Data Program's Peace Agreement Dataset v. 2.0, 1975–2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120034130/http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/paris/">The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U33FAAAAMAAJ"><i>The peace treaties: comprising the league of nations covenant, digest of the German treaty, digest of the Austrian treaty, with annotations by the American mission at the peace conference; milestones on the road to victory</i> indexed, authors Publicity Corporation, Continental National Bank. Publisher The Federal trade information service, 1919</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-23.html">The Treaty of Versailles, 1919</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transitionaljustice.ulster.ac.uk/tji_database.html">Peace Agreements Database</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Justice_Institute" title="Transitional Justice Institute">Transitional Justice Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peace" title="Template:Peace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Peace (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">Peace enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">Peacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">Separate peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_termination" title="War termination">War termination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system_approach_to_peace_and_armed_conflict" title="Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict">Complex system approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">Conflict continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_peacebuilding" title="Environmental peacebuilding">Environmental peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_for_Peace" title="Infrastructure for Peace">Infrastructure for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional peacebuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">Arab–Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_peace_process" title="Cyprus peace process">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israel–Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">Kurdish/Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_peace_process" title="Yemeni peace process">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">List of periods of regional peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="post-WWII_Europe" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">post-WWII Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li>human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Mechanism" title="Moscow Mechanism">Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms</a> (1989/1991)</li></ul></li> <li>military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Document" title="Vienna Document">Vienna Document</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties" title="Category:Peace treaties">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_by_country" title="Category:Peace treaties by country">Index by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace" title="Category:Peace">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific<br />wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> 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