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<span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-呼吸原理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#呼吸原理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>呼吸原理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-呼吸原理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-控制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#控制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>控制</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-控制-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关控制子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-控制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-有意識控制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有意識控制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>有意識控制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有意識控制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-無意識" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#無意識"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>無意識</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-無意識-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-互相的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#互相的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>互相的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-互相的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成份" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成份"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>成份</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成份-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氣壓" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氣壓"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>氣壓</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氣壓-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化上的重要性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化上的重要性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>文化上的重要性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化上的重要性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文化上的重要性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文化上的重要性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-呼吸和情緒" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#呼吸和情緒"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>呼吸和情緒</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-呼吸和情緒-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">呼吸</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。110种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemhaling" title="Asemhaling – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asemhaling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atem" title="Atem – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n" title="Respiración – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Respiración" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82" title="استنشاق – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استنشاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE" title="উশাহ লোৱা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উশাহ লোৱা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n" title="Respiración – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Respiración" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99f%C9%99s_alma" title="Nəfəs alma – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəfəs alma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Һулыш – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һулыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsav%C4%97ms" title="Alsavėms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alsavėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghangos" title="Paghangos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paghangos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дыханне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыханне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дыханьне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыханьне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дишане – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дишане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="শ্বাসক্রিয়া – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বাসক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Disanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosa" title="Mosa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Mosa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3" title="Respiració – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Respiració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%AD-ng%C3%A9k" title="Hŭ-ngék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭ-ngék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80" title="СадеӀар – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="СадеӀар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەناسەدان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەناسەدان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDch%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Dýchání – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dýchání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadlu" title="Anadlu – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anadlu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ndedr%C3%A6t" title="Åndedræt – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åndedræt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungenventilation" title="Lungenventilation – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lungenventilation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AE" title="Αναπνοή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναπνοή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Breathing" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirado" title="Spirado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spirado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n" title="Respiración – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Respiración" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingamine" title="Hingamine – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hingamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnasketa" title="Arnasketa – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arnasketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="تنفس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنفس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengitys" title="Hengitys – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hengitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_pulmonaire" title="Ventilation pulmonaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ventilation pulmonaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykheljen" title="Sykheljen – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sykheljen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A1l%C3%BA" title="Análú – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Análú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiraci%C3%B3n_pulmonar" title="Respiración pulmonar – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Respiración pulmonar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numfashi" title="Numfashi – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Numfashi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="נשימה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="श्वसन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saans_lena" title="Saans lena – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saans lena" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Disanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8n" title="Alèn – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gz%C3%A9s" title="Légzés – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Légzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շնչառություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շնչառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շնչառութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շնչառութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration" title="Respiration – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Respiration" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernapasan" title="Pernapasan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pernapasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaganges" title="Panaganges – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panaganges" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ndun" title="Öndun – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öndun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirazione_(fisiologia_umana)" title="Respirazione (fisiologia umana) – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Respirazione (fisiologia umana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="呼吸 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="呼吸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vasxu" title="vasxu – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vasxu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="სუნთქვა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუნთქვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Тыныс алу – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тыныс алу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F" title="ಉಸಿರಾಟ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಸಿರಾಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%ED%9D%A1" title="호흡 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호흡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekan%C3%AEzmaya_henasedan%C3%AA" title="Mekanîzmaya henasedanê – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mekanîzmaya henasedanê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Дем алуу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дем алуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratio" title="Respiratio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Respiratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respia%C3%A7ion" title="Respiaçion – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Respiaçion" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C4%97pavimas" title="Kvėpavimas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvėpavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpo%C5%A1ana" title="Elpošana – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elpošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ваймонь тарксемась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ваймонь тарксемась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baangok" title="Baangok – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baangok" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Дишење – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дишење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്വസനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വസനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernafasan" title="Pernafasan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pernafasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B0%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အသက်ရှူခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသက်ရှူခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aten" title="Aten – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naojem" title="Naojem – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Naojem" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ademhalingsstelsel_(mens)" title="Ademhalingsstelsel (mens) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ademhalingsstelsel (mens)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anding" title="Anding – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anding" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirasjon" title="Respirasjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Respirasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiracion_(movement)" title="Respiracion (movement) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Respiracion (movement)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਾਹ ਲੈਣਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹ ਲੈਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamangisnawa" title="Pamangisnawa – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pamangisnawa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddychanie" title="Oddychanie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddychanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%84%DB%8C%DD%A8%D8%A7" title="ساہ لیݨا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساہ لیݨا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respira%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Respiração – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Respiração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samay" title="Samay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Samay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respira%C8%9Bie" title="Respirație – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Respirație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Дыхание – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дыхание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дыханя – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дыханя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Тыыныы – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тыыныы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disanje" title="Disanje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Disanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Breathing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDchanie" title="Dýchanie – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dýchanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plju%C4%8Dno_dihanje" title="Pljučno dihanje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pljučno dihanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufema" title="Kufema – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kufema" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frym%C3%ABmarrja" title="Frymëmarrja – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Frymëmarrja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Дисање – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дисање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andning" title="Andning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upumuo" title="Upumuo – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upumuo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hanhan" title="hanhan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hanhan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மூச்சுவிடல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூச்சுவிடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8" title="శ్వాస – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శ్వాస" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88" title="การหายใจ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหายใจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluma" title="Soluma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soluma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Сулыш – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сулыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дихання – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дихання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="تنفس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تنفس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafas" title="Nafas – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nafas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADt_th%E1%BB%9F" title="Hít thở – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hít thở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghinga" title="Paghinga – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paghinga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%AA%97%E6%B0%94" title="㪗气 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="㪗气" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="אטעם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטעם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diemheiq" title="Diemheiq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Diemheiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%99%93%E5%99%8F" title="噓噏 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="噓噏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chho%C3%A1n-kh%C3%B9i" title="Chhoán-khùi – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhoán-khùi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="唞氣 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="唞氣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9530#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于与「<b>呼吸</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="呼吸 (消歧義)">呼吸 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/220px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/330px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg/440px-Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>人類的呼吸系統</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/220px--X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_(Alligator_mississippiensis)_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_(Alligator_mississippiensis)_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv/X-ray_video_of_a_female_American_alligator_%28Alligator_mississippiensis%29_while_breathing_-_pone.0004497.s009.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>一隻雌性<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%9F%AD%E5%90%BB%E9%B1%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="美洲短吻鱷">美洲短吻鱷</a>呼吸的X光照片。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>呼吸</b>（英語：<span lang="en">breathing</span>）是移動<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>進出<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>部的過程，用以促進體內環境的氣體交換，主要在於吸入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氧氣">氧氣</a>及呼出<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>。 </p><p>所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%B0%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="好氧生物">有氧生物</a>都需要氧氣進行細胞呼吸，細胞呼吸利用氧氣分解食物作為能量，並產生二氧化碳作為廢物。呼吸，或 "外部呼吸"，將空氣帶入肺部，通過擴散在肺泡中進行氣體交換。身體的循環系統將這些氣體輸送到細胞和細胞之間，在那里進行 "細胞呼吸"。 </p><p>每分鐘的呼吸周期數就是呼吸或呼吸頻率，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>的四個主要<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%BE%B5%E8%B1%A1" title="生命徵象">生命徵象</a>之一。在正常情況下，呼吸的深度和速度是由幾種穩態機制自動地、不自覺地控制的，這些機制使<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89" title="动脉">動脈</a>血中二氧化碳和氧氣的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="分壓">分壓</a>保持不變。在各種生理情況下，保持動脈血中二氧化碳分壓不變，對嚴格控制細胞外液（ECF）的pH值有很大的貢獻。<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%8F%9B%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="過度換氣">過度換氣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9B%E6%B0%A3%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3" title="換氣不足">換氣不足</a>分別降低和增加動脈二氧化碳分壓，在第一種情況下會導致ECF的pH值升高，在第二種情況下會導致pH值降低。這兩種情況都會引起痛苦的癥狀。 </p><p>而呼吸的另一個重要的部份為循環系統把二氧化碳排放掉再把新的氧氣由血液送到需要的細胞。氣體交換是在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1" title="肺泡">肺泡</a>中由氣體粒子<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93" title="被动运输">被動擴散</a>所達成的，所以不需要使用能量。當氣體溶於血液中時，左心臟把血液打到全身體各個細胞。由於肺泡呼吸的表面需要易於空氣的穿越，所以表面並不是完全乾燥的，由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺泡二類細胞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="alveolar type II"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E4%BA%8C%E9%A1%9E%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺泡二類細胞（页面不存在）">肺泡二類細胞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alveolar_type_II" class="extiw" title="en:alveolar type II"><span lang="en" dir="auto">alveolar type II</span></a></span>）</span></span>所產生的液體，讓表面濕介而增加空氣的穿透力，所以呼吸會導致水分的流失，尤其是排放二氧化碳的時候。 </p><p>呼吸還有其他重要功能，它為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%91" title="笑">笑</a>聲和類似的情感表達提供了一種機制。呼吸還用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%93%88%E6%AC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="打哈欠">打哈欠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD" title="咳嗽">咳嗽</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%99%B4%E5%9A%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="打噴嚏">打噴嚏</a>等反射動作。由於缺乏足夠的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%97%E8%85%BA" title="汗腺">汗腺</a>，不能通過排汗來調節體溫的動物，可能會通過喘氣蒸發來失去熱量。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="呼吸原理"><span id=".E5.91.BC.E5.90.B8.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>呼吸原理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：呼吸原理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg/250px-Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg/375px-Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg/500px-Ribcage_during_inhalation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>吸入空氣時輔助肌肉將肋骨前方往上提。因此增加了胸腔前後之間的距離，讓胸部得以擴張。肋骨的側面也有類似的效果，增加胸腔的橫向距離</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="哺乳類動物">哺乳類動物</a>在休息時吸入空氣的原理是將分隔胸腔及腹腔的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a>收縮及變平。橫膈膜收縮時會將腹腔往下壓，但因為有骨盆底的存在，使下腹部器官無法再往下移動，腹腔會往前擴張，胸腔也隨之往前擴張，胸腔容量增加，壓力隨之下降，因此造成肺部的擴張。在休息時呼出空氣的原理則是讓橫膈膜放鬆，讓橫膈膜、胸腔和腹腔回到其解剖彈性位置（也就是在像麻醉或施打肌肉鬆弛劑時的位置）。這是胸腔的「休息中位」，此時肺部的氣體量稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%99%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F" title="功能余气量">功能余气量</a>，成人約為2.5公升<sup id="cite_ref-tortora1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tortora1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。休息時呼出空氣需要的時間約為吸入空氣時間的二倍，因為在呼出時的橫膈膜放鬆會比吸入時的收縮動作要緩和，這可以避免空氣太過輕易地離開肺泡，呼出體外。 </p><p>若是劇烈呼吸（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94" title="过度换气">过度换气</a>，例如運動後），輔助吸入肌肉（最早用到的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E9%96%93%E8%82%8C" title="肋間肌">肋間肌</a>，但也會用到許多其他的肌肉，如本段以下所述）會將肋骨在前面及側面往上推動，因此可以增加<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E5%BB%93" title="胸廓">肋架</a>的容積，讓在橫膈膜下移時胸腔可以增加更大的體積。在呼出時腹部的肌肉會將肋架（從前面及側面）往下拉，一方面減少肋架容積。也讓腹腔器官往上推擠橫膈膜，使呼氣結束後的胸腔容積遠小於休息中位，肺部容積也會比<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%99%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F" title="功能余气量">功能余气量</a>要少很多。不過哺乳類動物在正常情形下肺部是不會完全排空的。成人在呼出氣體達到最高量時，呼出後肺部仍會有至少一公升的容積。 </p><p>生物的生存是靠完全無意識及自主的呼吸，不過呼吸會暫時的被有意識的控制或是情緒下的反應所影響。人類的說話就是靠特殊型式的呼出空氣，不過其他的溝通方式（哭泣、打呵欠、尖叫、大笑）等也是需要在呼吸（維持血液中氣體平衡所必要的）以及當時需傳達的情感及訊息之間取得平衡。 </p><p>以下是十條在用力吸氣時會用到的肌肉<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E9%96%93%E8%82%8C" title="肋間肌">肋間肌</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斜角肌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scalenes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%9C%E8%A7%92%E8%82%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斜角肌（页面不存在）">斜角肌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalenes" class="extiw" title="en:Scalenes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scalenes</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E5%B0%8F%E8%82%8C" title="胸小肌">胸小肌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%8B%B8%E8%82%8C" title="前鋸肌">前鋸肌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E9%8E%96%E4%B9%B3%E7%AA%81%E8%82%8C" title="胸鎖乳突肌">胸鎖乳突肌</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="提肋肌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Levatores costarum muscles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E8%82%8B%E8%82%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提肋肌（页面不存在）">提肋肌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levatores_costarum_muscles" class="extiw" title="en:Levatores costarum muscles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Levatores costarum muscles</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E6%96%B9%E8%82%8C" title="斜方肌">斜方肌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E9%97%8A%E8%82%8C" title="背闊肌">背闊肌</a>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="锁骨下肌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subclavius muscle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%81%E9%AA%A8%E4%B8%8B%E8%82%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="锁骨下肌（页面不存在）">锁骨下肌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclavius_muscle" class="extiw" title="en:Subclavius muscle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subclavius muscle</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p><p>以下是八條在用力呼氣時會用到的肌肉<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E9%96%93%E5%85%A7%E8%82%8C" title="肋間內肌">肋间内肌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%85%A7%E6%96%9C%E8%82%8C" title="腹內斜肌">腹內斜肌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%A4%96%E6%96%9C%E8%82%8C" title="腹外斜肌">腹外斜肌</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="提肛肌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Levator Ani"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E8%82%9B%E8%82%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提肛肌（页面不存在）">提肛肌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator_Ani" class="extiw" title="en:Levator Ani"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Levator Ani</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胸橫肌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transversus thoracis muscle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B8%E6%A9%AB%E8%82%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胸橫肌（页面不存在）">胸橫肌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_thoracis_muscle" class="extiw" title="en:Transversus thoracis muscle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transversus thoracis muscle</span></a></span>）</span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腹横肌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transversus abdominis muscle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E6%A8%AA%E8%82%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹横肌（页面不存在）">腹横肌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversus_abdominis_muscle" class="extiw" title="en:Transversus abdominis muscle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transversus abdominis muscle</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A5%E7%8A%B6%E8%82%8C" title="锥状肌">锥状肌</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%8C" title="腹直肌">腹直肌</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="控制"><span id=".E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6"></span>控制</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：控制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>呼吸是人的身體機能中，少數可以有意識（部份）控制，也可以在無意識下進行的機能之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有意識控制"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E6.84.8F.E8.AD.98.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6"></span>有意識控制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：有意識控制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>人類的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%B3%B3" title="游泳">游泳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%A7%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="有氧运动">有氧运动</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%81%A9%E8%83%BD" title="體適能">體適能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B" title="演講">演講</a>訓練及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%B2" title="人聲">發聲</a>訓練中都會練習呼吸的控制，一開始是有意識的控制，之後要慢慢的轉換為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="潛意識">潛意識</a>下的行為。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%A9%B1" title="說話">說話</a>也和有意識的控制呼吸有關。 </p><p>有些<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽">瑜伽</a>（例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑜伽呼吸法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pranayama"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑜伽呼吸法（页面不存在）">瑜伽呼吸法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pranayama" class="extiw" title="en:pranayama"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pranayama</span></a></span>）</span></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>會採用有意識的控制呼吸。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="替代療法">替代療法</a>中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布捷伊科法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buteyko method"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%8D%B7%E4%BC%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布捷伊科法（页面不存在）">布捷伊科法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteyko_method" class="extiw" title="en:Buteyko method"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buteyko method</span></a></span>）</span></span>中也提到呼吸的控制，布捷伊科法中建議用有意識的控制呼吸來治療哮喘及其他症狀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="無意識"><span id=".E7.84.A1.E6.84.8F.E8.AD.98"></span>無意識</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：無意識"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>無意識的呼吸是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%B9%B9" title="腦幹">腦幹</a>的特定部位控制，會依身體隨時的需要調整呼及的速率及深淺。例如在運動時，肌肉的運動會使產生的二氧化碳量增加，因此會讓肺泡（及動脈中）<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d82e4550d225df94fcdd29d80b06085c67c63d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.021ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}"></span>的濃度增加，位在腦幹中<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93" title="延髓">延髓</a>部位的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d82e4550d225df94fcdd29d80b06085c67c63d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.021ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}"></span>感測器（以及在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="主動脈">主動脈</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E9%AB%94" title="頸動脈體">頸動脈體</a>的氣體感測器）會感測到，這些血液氣體感測器會送出神經脈衝訊號給延髓中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸中心" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="respiratory center"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸中心（页面不存在）">呼吸中心</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/respiratory_center" class="extiw" title="en:respiratory center"><span lang="en" dir="auto">respiratory center</span></a></span>）</span></span>以及腦部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E8%85%A6" title="橋腦">橋腦</a>，會再透過<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%88%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="膈神經">膈神經</a>及其他體細胞運動神經送訊號到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a>以及其他和呼吸有關的肌肉，因此會增加呼吸的速率及深度（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94" title="过度换气">过度换气</a>）。這可以讓身體從休息狀態到劇烈運動的過程中，動脈中<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d82e4550d225df94fcdd29d80b06085c67c63d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.021ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {CO} }_{2}}}"></span>及<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56408d4ddb34143c47f3af7b9636bf44930b4943" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.835ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{{\mathrm {O} }_{2}}}"></span>的分壓可以維持一定值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="互相的影響"><span id=".E4.BA.92.E7.9B.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>互相的影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：互相的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>健康的人不可能無限制的自願停止呼吸。若人不呼吸，血液中的二氧化碳濃度會提高，會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难">呼吸困难</a>的症狀，若真的一段時間沒有呼吸，人體內的氧氣會在幾分鐘內降低到有危險性的水準，會造成腦部的永久損傷以及死亡，因此健康的人會有呼吸<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="反射 (生理学)">反射</a>。不過也有一些例子是有人在二個小時沒有呼吸的情形下仍然存活的例子，這只可能出現在淹沒在冷水中，觸發了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哺乳動物潛水反射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mammalian diving reflex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哺乳動物潛水反射（页面不存在）">哺乳動物潛水反射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mammalian_diving_reflex" class="extiw" title="en:mammalian diving reflex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mammalian diving reflex</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因此讓人體進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%AB%E5%81%9C%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="暫停生命">暫停生命</a>的狀態。 </p><p>若健康的人真的自願不呼吸一段夠長的時間，這個人會失去<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="意識">意識</a>，身體會自動繼續呼吸。因此人無法用自願不呼吸的方式來<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="自殺">自殺</a>，除非其呼吸受到其他物體影響（例如水，像是<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%87%E6%BA%BA" title="遇溺">遇溺</a>）。西班牙巴賽隆納的Aleix Segura Vendrell在2016年2月28日停止呼吸達24分3秒，是停止呼吸最長紀錄的保持者<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自願的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94" title="过度换气">过度换气</a>會讓動脈中的二氧化碳濃度降低到會造成危險的濃度，會造成口部及手腳的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8" title="感覺異常">感覺異常</a>（會有針刺感），而手，手臂，腳和臉部也會有特殊形式的肌肉<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3" title="痙攣">痙攣</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="手足強直" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tetany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E8%B6%B3%E5%BC%B7%E7%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手足強直（页面不存在）">手足強直</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany" class="extiw" title="en:Tetany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tetany</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%8F%9B%E6%B0%A3%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="過度換氣症候群">過度換氣症候群</a>常常在生氣及激動下出現，非常痛苦，會讓人以為是窒息，其實是因為過度呼吸，讓血液中的氧氣及二氧化碳濃度以及血液酸鹼性脫離<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="稳态">稳态</a>，進入會造成人體危險的程度。此時血液會呈鹼性，而血液在鹼性時鈣離子的溶解程度會比酸性時要差，因此若过度换气，引起<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%80%A7%E9%B9%BC%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" title="呼吸性鹼中毒">鹼中毒</a>，血漿中的鈣離子Ca<sup>2+</sup>降低，讓許多的蛋白質改變其<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="蛋白質三級結構">三級結構</a>。其中最顯著受到影響的是神經纖維中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="電壓門控鈉通道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="voltage gated sodium channels"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93%E9%96%80%E6%8E%A7%E9%88%89%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電壓門控鈉通道（页面不存在）">電壓門控鈉通道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/voltage_gated_sodium_channels" class="extiw" title="en:voltage gated sodium channels"><span lang="en" dir="auto">voltage gated sodium channels</span></a></span>）</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-CMArmstrong1999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMArmstrong1999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，會讓神經隨機的產生不正當的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%B5%E4%BD%8D" title="动作电位">动作电位</a>，因此造成異常的感覺（<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8" title="感覺異常">感覺異常</a>）及自發性的肌肉收縮（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="手足強直" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tetany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E8%B6%B3%E5%BC%B7%E7%9B%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手足強直（页面不存在）">手足強直</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetany" class="extiw" title="en:Tetany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tetany</span></a></span>）</span></span>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="成份"><span id=".E6.88.90.E4.BB.BD"></span>成份</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：成份"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>氧氣是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸供气" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Breathing gas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BE%9B%E6%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸供气（页面不存在）">呼吸供气</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gas" class="extiw" title="en:Breathing gas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Breathing gas</span></a></span>）</span></span>的重要成份。 </p><p>一般最常見的呼吸供气是空氣，吸入的氣體中，體積比例如下： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A3" title="氮氣">氮氣</a>佔78%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氧氣">氧氣</a>佔21%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氩气">氬氣</a>佔0.96%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>佔0.03%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氦气">氦氣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="水蒸氣">水蒸氣</a>及其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氣體">氣體</a>佔0.01%</li></ul> <p>除空氣外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4" title="潜水">潜水</a>者的呼吸供气是高含氧或高含氦的氣體混合物。有時會給予住院的病人氧氣或<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E7%97%9B%E8%8D%AF" title="镇痛药">镇痛</a>氣體。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%A1%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="太空衣">太空衣</a> 中的氣體是純氧。由於人類需要的氧氣量不高，在氧氣濃度太高的環境可能會出現過度活動或興奮的症狀。 </p><p>呼出的氣體成份如下： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A3" title="氮氣">氮氣</a>佔78%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="氧氣">氧氣</a>佔13—16%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>佔4—5.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氩气">氬氣</a>及其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氣體">氣體</a>佔1%</li></ul> <p>呼出的氣體中水蒸氣約佔5%，也含有其他痕量氣體：數<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%90%AC%E5%88%86%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百萬分率">ppm</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A3" title="氫氣">氫氣</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>、1ppm的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a>，小於1ppm的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE" title="丙酮">丙酮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%87" title="甲醇">甲醇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>（在沒有攝取酒精的情形下，若有攝取酒精，呼出氣體中會有較高濃度的乙醇及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="揮發有機化合物">揮發有機化合物</a>）。細胞<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">呼吸作用</a>需要氧氣，其產物是二氧化碳。呼出的氣體中氧氣及二氧化碳的量會隨飲食、運動和健康情形而定。 </p><p>人類每分鐘吸入和呼出約6升空氣。呼出氣體中的二氧化碳約是吸入氣體中二氧化碳的100倍。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="氣壓"><span id=".E6.B0.A3.E5.A3.93"></span>氣壓</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：氣壓"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在海拔較高的地區，由於上方的氣體較少，其氣壓會較海平面的氣壓要低。若呼吸空氣的氣壓過低，可能會會導致<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E7%97%87" title="高山症">高山症</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7" title="缺氧">缺氧</a>。 </p><p>在水中呼吸到的氣體，因為有額外水的重量，其氣壓會較海平面的氣壓要高，可能會導致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E9%86%89" title="氮醉">氮醉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="氧中毒">氧中毒</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B%E5%A3%93%E7%97%87" title="減壓症">減壓症</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化上的重要性"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E6.80.A7"></span>文化上的重要性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：文化上的重要性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在音樂上，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%A8%82%E5%99%A8" title="管樂器">管樂器</a>的演奏及<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E6%A8%82" title="聲樂">聲樂</a>都和呼吸有關。<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%91" title="笑">笑</a>可以視為是快速反覆的呼吸，<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%97%9D" title="打嗝">打嗝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%AC%A0" title="哈欠">哈欠</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B4%E5%9A%8F" title="噴嚏">噴嚏</a>都是和呼吸有關的現象。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8A%9F" title="气功">气功</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%9E%81%E6%8B%B3" title="太极拳">太极拳</a>中，呼吸的調整是其訓練方式之一。 </p><p>佛教冥想作法之一的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%88%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%BF%B5" title="安那般那念">安那般那念</a>，透過保持注意力在知道呼吸，達到禪定的狀態。 </p><p>古代文化會用呼吸或吹氣表示生命力，例如舊約聖經中提到「耶和華　神用地上的塵土造人，將生氣吹在他鼻孔裡，他就成了有靈的活人，名叫亞當。」（<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E4%B8%96%E8%A8%98" title="創世記">創世記</a>2章7節《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%B4%E8%A8%80" title="箴言">箴言</a>》第28章第17节<sub><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93_(%E5%92%8C%E5%90%88%E6%9C%AC)/%E7%AE%B4%E8%A8%80#第二十八章" class="extiw" title="s:聖經 (和合本)/箴言">参</a></sub>）。中華文化中會用「斷氣」表示<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="死亡">死亡</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="呼吸和情緒"><span id=".E5.91.BC.E5.90.B8.E5.92.8C.E6.83.85.E7.B7.92"></span>呼吸和情緒</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：呼吸和情緒"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一些特定的呼吸模式常伴隨特定的情緒出現。因為有這種關係，有許多不同領域的練習者認為可以透過調整呼吸來影響人的情緒。例如較多運用橫膈膜及腹部的深呼吸可以讓人比較放鬆而且有自信。替代醫學中的整体医学認為調整呼吸有助於身體整體的健康<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，商業顧問則認為有助於釋放工作造成的壓力。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸氣體分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Breath gas analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸氣體分析（页面不存在）">呼吸氣體分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath_gas_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Breath gas analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Breath gas analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸氣體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Breathing gas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸氣體（页面不存在）">呼吸氣體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_gas" class="extiw" title="en:Breathing gas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Breathing gas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="浅呼吸">浅呼吸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="腹式呼吸">腹式呼吸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳循環">碳循環</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平静呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eupnea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%99%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平静呼吸（页面不存在）">平静呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupnea" class="extiw" title="en:Eupnea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eupnea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="庫斯毛耳氏呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kussmaul breathing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%9B%E8%80%B3%E6%B0%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="庫斯毛耳氏呼吸（页面不存在）">庫斯毛耳氏呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kussmaul_breathing" class="extiw" title="en:Kussmaul breathing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kussmaul breathing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="瀕死呼吸">瀕死呼吸</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="切恩-斯托克斯氏呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cheyne–Stokes respiration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%87%E6%81%A9-%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B0%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="切恩-斯托克斯氏呼吸（页面不存在）">切恩-斯托克斯氏呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne%E2%80%93Stokes_respiration" class="extiw" title="en:Cheyne–Stokes respiration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cheyne–Stokes respiration</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="张口呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mouth breathing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%A0%E5%8F%A3%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="张口呼吸（页面不存在）">张口呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_breathing" class="extiw" title="en:Mouth breathing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mouth breathing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="鼻週期">鼻週期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%87%AD" title="口臭">口臭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="液體呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liquid breathing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="液體呼吸（页面不存在）">液體呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_breathing" class="extiw" title="en:Liquid breathing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liquid breathing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A2%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="睡眠呼吸中止症">睡眠呼吸中止症</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tortora1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tortora1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tortora, Gerard J.; Anagnostakos, Nicholas P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort">Principles of anatomy and physiology</a> Fifth. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers. 1987: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort/page/556">556</a>–557, 570–5721987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-350729-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-350729-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-06-350729-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.au=Anagnostakos%2C+Nicholas+P.&rft.aufirst=Gerard+J.&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+and+physiology&rft.date=1987&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-350729-3&rft.pages=556-557%2C+570-572&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row%2C+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofanat05tort&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927045553/http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory.html">All You Need to Know About Inspiratory Muscles Part I | Swimming Science</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-25</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.btitle=All+You+Need+to+Know+About+Inspiratory+Muscles+Part+I+%7C+Swimming+Science&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swimmingscience.net%2F2011%2F10%2Fall-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory-muscles-part-ii.html">All You Need to Know About Inspiratory Muscles Part II</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-04-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202054353/http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory-muscles-part-ii.html">存档</a>于2015-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.btitle=All+You+Need+to+Know+About+Inspiratory+Muscles+Part+II&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swimmingscience.net%2F2011%2F10%2Fall-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory-muscles-part-ii.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Saradananda, The Power of Breath, Castle House: Duncan Baird Publishers, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramey CA, Ramey DN, Hayward JS. Dive response of children in relation to cold-water near drowning. J Appl Physiol 2001;62(2):665-8.Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002).Adapted from Victoria E. McMillan (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001). See it cited here <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705140127/http://www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mart-CBE.pdf">Archived copy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2007-05-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mart-CBE.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2007-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dianahacker.com%2Fpdfs%2FHacker-Mart-CBE.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-time-breath-held-voluntarily-(male)">Longest time breath held voluntarily (male)</a>. Guinness World Records. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-11-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109173751/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-time-breath-held-voluntarily-(male)">存档</a>于2016-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.atitle=Longest+time+breath+held+voluntarily+%28male%29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Flongest-time-breath-held-voluntarily-%28male%29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMArmstrong1999-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMArmstrong1999_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Armstrong CM; Cota G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22436">Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Mar 1999, <b>96</b> (7): 4154–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.4154A"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.4154A</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22436"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 22436</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10097179"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 10097179</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.4154"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.atitle=Calcium+block+of+Na%2B+channels+and+its+effect+on+closing+rate&rft.au=Armstrong+CM&rft.au=Cota+G&rft.date=1999-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=4154-7&rft.volume=96&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22436&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22436&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.4154A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.4154&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10097179&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">約翰·法恩登. 彩圖袖珍百科全書. 萬里書店出版. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/962-14-1538-1" title="Special:网络书源/962-14-1538-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 962-14-1538-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.au=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%81%A9%E7%99%BB&rft.btitle=%E5%BD%A9%E5%9C%96%E8%A2%96%E7%8F%8D%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=962-14-1538-1&rft.pub=%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hobert, Ingfried, 'Healthy Breathing - The Right Breathing' in <i>Guide to Holistic Healing in the New Millenium</i>, Munchen: Verlag Peter Erd, 1999, pp. 48–49</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Parkes M. Breath-holding and its breakpoint.. Exp Physiol. 2006, <b>91</b> (1): 1–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16272264"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16272264</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2005.031625"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031625</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&rft.atitle=Breath-holding+and+its+breakpoint.&rft.au=Parkes+M&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Exp+Physiol&rft.pages=1-15&rft.volume=91&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1113%2Fexpphysiol.2005.031625&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16272264&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/1">全文瀏覽</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090328130104/http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_physiology" title="Template talk:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Respiratory_physiology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Respiratory physiology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="呼吸的生理學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="呼吸 (生理學)">呼吸的生理學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">呼吸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">呼吸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E5%85%A5" title="吸入">吸入</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%87%BA" title="呼出">呼出</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸速率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="respiratory rate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%80%9F%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸速率（页面不存在）">呼吸速率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/respiratory_rate" class="extiw" title="en:respiratory rate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">respiratory rate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氧氣使用量測量計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="respirometer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%A3%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧氣使用量測量計（页面不存在）">氧氣使用量測量計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/respirometer" class="extiw" title="en:respirometer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">respirometer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="肺表面活性物质">肺表面活性物质</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺顺应性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pulmonary compliance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺顺应性（页面不存在）">肺顺应性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_compliance" class="extiw" title="en:Pulmonary compliance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pulmonary compliance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弹性反冲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="elastic recoil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E5%8F%8D%E5%86%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弹性反冲（页面不存在）">弹性反冲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/elastic_recoil" class="extiw" title="en:elastic recoil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">elastic recoil</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弹性滞后" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hysteresivity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B9%E6%80%A7%E6%BB%9E%E5%90%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弹性滞后（页面不存在）">弹性滞后</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hysteresivity" class="extiw" title="en:hysteresivity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hysteresivity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="气道阻力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="airway resistance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E9%81%93%E9%98%BB%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气道阻力（页面不存在）">气道阻力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/airway_resistance" class="extiw" title="en:airway resistance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">airway resistance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>支气管 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="支气管高反应性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="bronchial hyperresponsiveness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支气管高反应性（页面不存在）">高反應性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bronchial_hyperresponsiveness" class="extiw" title="en:bronchial hyperresponsiveness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">bronchial hyperresponsiveness</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="支气管收縮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="bronchoconstriction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E6%94%B6%E7%B8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支气管收縮（页面不存在）">收縮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bronchoconstriction" class="extiw" title="en:bronchoconstriction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">bronchoconstriction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="支气管舒张" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronchodilatation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E8%88%92%E5%BC%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支气管舒张（页面不存在）">舒张</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilatation" class="extiw" title="en:Bronchodilatation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronchodilatation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%A3" title="機械通氣">機械通氣</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Control of ventilation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸控制（页面不存在）">控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Control of ventilation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Control of ventilation</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E8%85%A6" title="橋腦">橋腦</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸调整中枢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pneumotaxic center"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E8%B0%83%E6%95%B4%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸调整中枢（页面不存在）">呼吸调整中枢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pneumotaxic_center" class="extiw" title="en:pneumotaxic center"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pneumotaxic center</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="长吸中枢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="apneustic center"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E5%90%B8%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长吸中枢（页面不存在）">长吸中枢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/apneustic_center" class="extiw" title="en:apneustic center"><span lang="en" dir="auto">apneustic center</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93" title="延髓">延髓</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="背部呼吸組" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="dorsal respiratory group"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8C%E9%83%A8%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="背部呼吸組（页面不存在）">背部呼吸組</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dorsal_respiratory_group" class="extiw" title="en:dorsal respiratory group"><span lang="en" dir="auto">dorsal respiratory group</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="腹側呼吸組" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ventral respiratory group"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腹側呼吸組（页面不存在）">腹側呼吸組</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ventral_respiratory_group" class="extiw" title="en:ventral respiratory group"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ventral respiratory group</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="化学感受器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chemosensor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学感受器（页面不存在）">化学感受器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemosensor" class="extiw" title="en:Chemosensor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chemosensor</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中枢化学感受器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Central chemoreceptors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中枢化学感受器（页面不存在）">中枢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_chemoreceptors" class="extiw" title="en:Central chemoreceptors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Central chemoreceptors</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外周化学感受器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peripheral chemoreceptors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E5%91%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外周化学感受器（页面不存在）">外周</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_chemoreceptors" class="extiw" title="en:Peripheral chemoreceptors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peripheral chemoreceptors</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺牵张感受器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pulmonary stretch receptors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%89%B5%E5%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%97%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺牵张感受器（页面不存在）">牵张感受器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary_stretch_receptors" class="extiw" title="en:pulmonary stretch receptors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pulmonary stretch receptors</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫-布反射" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hering–Breuer reflex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB-%E5%B8%83%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫-布反射（页面不存在）">赫-布反射</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hering%E2%80%93Breuer_reflex" class="extiw" title="en:Hering–Breuer reflex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hering–Breuer reflex</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="肺容量">肺容量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E6%B4%BB%E9%87%8F" title="肺活量">肺活量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%99%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F" title="功能余气量">功能余气量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B0%94%E9%87%8F" title="潮气量">潮气量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无效腔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dead space (physiology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%95%88%E8%85%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无效腔（页面不存在）">无效腔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" class="extiw" title="en:Dead space (physiology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dead space (physiology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="闭合容量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Closing capacity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%AD%E5%90%88%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闭合容量（页面不存在）">闭合容量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closing_capacity" class="extiw" title="en:Closing capacity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Closing capacity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC" title="呼气流量峰值">呼气流量峰值</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>肺容量计算</dt> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸分鐘體積" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="respiratory minute volume"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%88%86%E9%90%98%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸分鐘體積（页面不存在）">呼吸分鐘體積</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/respiratory_minute_volume" class="extiw" title="en:respiratory minute volume"><span lang="en" dir="auto">respiratory minute volume</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="FEV1/FVC比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="FEV1/FVC ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEV1/FVC%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEV1/FVC比（页面不存在）">FEV1/FVC比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEV1/FVC_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:FEV1/FVC ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">FEV1/FVC ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺功能檢查" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lung function test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺功能檢查（页面不存在）">肺功能檢查</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_function_test" class="extiw" title="en:Lung function test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lung function test</span></a></span>）</span></span></dt> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺量测量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="spirometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺量测量（页面不存在）">肺量测量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spirometry" class="extiw" title="en:spirometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">spirometry</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%8F%8F%E8%AE%B0%E4%BB%AA" title="体积描记仪">体积描记仪</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%B0%94%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC" title="呼气流量峰值">呼气流量峰值</a></dd> <dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氮氣沖洗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="nitrogen washout"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A3%E6%B2%96%E6%B4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氮氣沖洗（页面不存在）">氮氣沖洗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nitrogen_washout" class="extiw" title="en:nitrogen washout"><span lang="en" dir="auto">nitrogen washout</span></a></span>）</span></span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">循環</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="肺循環">肺循環</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="缺氧性肺血管收缩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BA%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%94%B6%E7%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缺氧性肺血管收缩（页面不存在）">缺氧性肺血管收缩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypoxic_pulmonary_vasoconstriction" class="extiw" title="en:hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺内分流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pulmonary shunt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E5%86%85%E5%88%86%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺内分流（页面不存在）">肺内分流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary_shunt" class="extiw" title="en:pulmonary shunt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pulmonary shunt</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">交互作用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">通气</a> (V)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="血流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Perfusion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血流（页面不存在）">血流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion" class="extiw" title="en:Perfusion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Perfusion</span></a></span>）</span></span> (Q) <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="通气/血流比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ventilation/perfusion ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%94/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%81%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通气/血流比（页面不存在）">通气/血流比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Ventilation/perfusion ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ventilation/perfusion ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="V/Q掃描" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ventilation/perfusion scan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=V/Q%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V/Q掃描（页面不存在）">V/Q掃描</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ventilation/perfusion_scan" class="extiw" title="en:ventilation/perfusion scan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ventilation/perfusion scan</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺的分區" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="zones of the lung"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺的分區（页面不存在）">肺的各區域</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zones_of_the_lung" class="extiw" title="en:zones of the lung"><span lang="en" dir="auto">zones of the lung</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="氣體交換">氣體交換</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺氣壓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="pulmonary gas pressures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺氣壓（页面不存在）">肺氣壓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary_gas_pressures" class="extiw" title="en:pulmonary gas pressures"><span lang="en" dir="auto">pulmonary gas pressures</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺泡氣體方程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="alveolar gas equation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺泡氣體方程（页面不存在）">肺泡氣體方程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alveolar_gas_equation" class="extiw" title="en:alveolar gas equation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">alveolar gas equation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肺泡動脈血氧梯度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="alveolar–arterial gradient"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E8%A1%80%E6%B0%A7%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺泡動脈血氧梯度（页面不存在）">肺泡動脈血氧梯度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alveolar%E2%80%93arterial_gradient" class="extiw" title="en:alveolar–arterial gradient"><span lang="en" dir="auto">alveolar–arterial gradient</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血红蛋白">血红蛋白</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氧–血紅蛋白分離曲線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E2%80%93%E8%A1%80%E7%B4%85%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧–血紅蛋白分離曲線（页面不存在）">氧–血紅蛋白分離曲線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oxygen%E2%80%93haemoglobin_dissociation_curve" class="extiw" title="en:oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve"><span lang="en" dir="auto">oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B0%A7%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%BA%A6" title="血氧饱和度">血氧饱和度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3-%E4%BA%8C%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E9%85%B8" title="2,3-二磷酸甘油酸">2,3-二磷酸甘油酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="玻尔效应">玻尔效应</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍爾丹效應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haldane effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%B9%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍爾丹效應（页面不存在）">霍爾丹效應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Haldane effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haldane effect</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%85%90%E9%85%B6" title="碳酸酐酶">碳酸酐酶</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氯轉移" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="chloride shift"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯轉移（页面不存在）">氯轉移</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chloride_shift" class="extiw" title="en:chloride shift"><span lang="en" dir="auto">chloride shift</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸商數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="respiratory quotient"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%95%86%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸商數（页面不存在）">呼吸商數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/respiratory_quotient" class="extiw" title="en:respiratory quotient"><span lang="en" dir="auto">respiratory quotient</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="動脈血液氣體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="arterial blood gas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動脈血液氣體（页面不存在）">動脈血液氣體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arterial_blood_gas" class="extiw" title="en:arterial blood gas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">arterial blood gas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E6%95%A3%E9%87%8F" title="弥散量">弥散量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E7%80%B0%E6%BC%AB%E9%87%8F" title="一氧化碳瀰漫量">D<sub>LCO</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">不足</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高海拔对人类的影响" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Effects of high altitude on humans"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%94%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高海拔对人类的影响（页面不存在）">高海拔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" class="extiw" title="en:Effects of high altitude on humans"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Effects of high altitude on humans</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" title="氧气中毒">氧气中毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7" title="缺氧">缺氧</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="關於呼吸系統的症狀與徵象（R04–R07,_786）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Respiratory system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template talk:Respiratory system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Respiratory_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Respiratory system symptoms and signs"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="關於呼吸系統的症狀與徵象（R04–R07,_786）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">關於<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="呼吸系統">呼吸系統</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80%E5%92%8C%E5%BE%B5%E5%80%99#症狀" title="症狀和徵候">症狀</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80%E5%92%8C%E5%BE%B5%E5%80%99#徵候" title="症狀和徵候">徵象</a>（<a href="/wiki/ICD-10_%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%9A%E7%97%87%E7%8A%B6%E3%80%81%E4%BD%93%E5%BE%81%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E6%89%80%E8%A7%81" title="ICD-10 第十八章：症状、体征和临床与实验室异常所见">R04–R07</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(780%E2%80%93799)" title="ICD-9编码列表 (780–799)">786</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_records_and_physical_exam" title="Template:Medical records and physical exam">理學檢查和病史</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A8%BA" title="聽診">聽診</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BD%E8%A8%BA%E5%99%A8" title="聽診器">聽診器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%9F%B3" title="呼吸音">呼吸音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%98%E9%B3%B4" title="喘鳴">喘鳴</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="湿罗音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crackles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湿罗音（页面不存在）">湿罗音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crackles" class="extiw" title="en:Crackles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crackles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="干性罗音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rhonchi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B2%E6%80%A7%E7%BD%97%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="干性罗音（页面不存在）">干性罗音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhonchi" class="extiw" title="en:Rhonchi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rhonchi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鼾声" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stertor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BE%E5%A3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼾声（页面不存在）">鼾声</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stertor" class="extiw" title="en:Stertor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stertor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尖声" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Squawk (sound)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%96%E5%A3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尖声（页面不存在）">尖声</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squawk_(sound)" class="extiw" title="en:Squawk (sound)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Squawk (sound)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胸膜摩擦音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pleural friction rub"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胸膜摩擦音（页面不存在）">胸膜摩擦音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_friction_rub" class="extiw" title="en:Pleural friction rub"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pleural friction rub</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="震顫音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fremitus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%87%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="震顫音（页面不存在）">震顫音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremitus" class="extiw" title="en:Fremitus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fremitus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="支气管语音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronchophony"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支气管语音（页面不存在）">支气管语音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchophony" class="extiw" title="en:Bronchophony"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronchophony</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="死前的喉声" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Death rattle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%BB%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%96%89%E5%A3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="死前的喉声（页面不存在）">死前的喉声</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rattle" class="extiw" title="en:Death rattle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Death rattle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>引出的发现 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A9%E8%AF%8A" title="叩诊">叩诊</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胸语音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pectoriloquy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%B8%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胸语音（页面不存在）">胸语音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoriloquy" class="extiw" title="en:Pectoriloquy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pectoriloquy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耳语音增强" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Whispered pectoriloquy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%B3%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耳语音增强（页面不存在）">耳语音增强</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whispered_pectoriloquy" class="extiw" title="en:Whispered pectoriloquy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Whispered pectoriloquy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="支气管羊音" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Egophony"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E7%BE%8A%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支气管羊音（页面不存在）">支气管羊音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egophony" class="extiw" title="en:Egophony"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Egophony</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">呼吸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">速率</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A2" title="呼吸中止">呼吸中止</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="未成年的呼吸中止" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apnea of prematurity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="未成年的呼吸中止（页面不存在）">未成年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apnea_of_prematurity" class="extiw" title="en:Apnea of prematurity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apnea of prematurity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难">呼吸困难</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E6%8D%A2%E6%B0%94" title="过度换气">过度换气</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="通气不足" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hypoventilation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%94%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通气不足（页面不存在）">通气不足</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoventilation" class="extiw" title="en:Hypoventilation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hypoventilation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸深快" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hyperpnea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%B7%B1%E5%BF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸深快（页面不存在）">呼吸深快</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpnea" class="extiw" title="en:Hyperpnea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hyperpnea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%80%A5%E4%BF%83" title="呼吸急促">呼吸急促</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E9%80%9A%E6%B0%A3" title="低通氣">低通氣</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸徐缓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bradypnea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%BE%90%E7%BC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸徐缓（页面不存在）">呼吸徐缓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradypnea" class="extiw" title="en:Bradypnea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bradypnea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">型態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E6%AD%BB%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="瀕死呼吸">痛苦呼吸</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="陈-施氏呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cheyne–Stokes respiration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%88-%E6%96%BD%E6%B0%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陈-施氏呼吸（页面不存在）">陈-施氏呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne%E2%80%93Stokes_respiration" class="extiw" title="en:Cheyne–Stokes respiration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cheyne–Stokes respiration</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库斯毛耳氏呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kussmaul breathing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%9B%E8%80%B3%E6%B0%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库斯毛耳氏呼吸（页面不存在）">库斯毛耳氏呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kussmaul_breathing" class="extiw" title="en:Kussmaul breathing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kussmaul breathing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%A5%A5%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="比奥呼吸">比奥呼吸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难">呼吸困难</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼吸驟停" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Respiratory arrest"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%A9%9F%E5%81%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呼吸驟停（页面不存在）">呼吸驟停</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" class="extiw" title="en:Respiratory arrest"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Respiratory arrest</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="端坐呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orthopnea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%AF%E5%9D%90%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="端坐呼吸（页面不存在）">端坐呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopnea" class="extiw" title="en:Orthopnea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orthopnea</span></a></span>）</span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斜卧呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Platypnea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%9C%E5%8D%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斜卧呼吸（页面不存在）">斜卧呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypnea" class="extiw" title="en:Platypnea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Platypnea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="转卧呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trepopnea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%8D%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转卧呼吸（页面不存在）">转卧呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepopnea" class="extiw" title="en:Trepopnea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trepopnea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吞气症" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aerophagia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9E%E6%B0%94%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吞气症（页面不存在）">吞气症</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophagia" class="extiw" title="en:Aerophagia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aerophagia</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF" title="窒息">窒息</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="憋氣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Breath-holding spell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%8B%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="憋气">憋氣</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath-holding_spell" class="extiw" title="en:Breath-holding spell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Breath-holding spell</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="用嘴巴呼吸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mouth breathing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%A8%E5%98%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="用嘴巴呼吸（页面不存在）">用嘴巴呼吸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_breathing" class="extiw" title="en:Mouth breathing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mouth breathing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%BC%BE" title="鼻鼾">鼻鼾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E7%97%9B" title="胸痛">胸痛</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心前区俘获综合征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Precordial catch syndrome"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E5%89%8D%E5%8C%BA%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心前区俘获综合征（页面不存在）">心前区俘获综合征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precordial_catch_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Precordial catch syndrome"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Precordial catch syndrome</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C%E7%82%8E" title="胸膜炎">胸膜炎</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="指甲棒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nail clubbing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%87%E7%94%B2%E6%A3%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="指甲棒（页面不存在）">指甲棒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_clubbing" class="extiw" title="en:Nail clubbing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nail clubbing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%B4%BA" title="發紺">發紺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD" title="咳嗽">咳嗽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%B0" title="痰">痰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E8%A1%80" title="咳血">咳血</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%BC%BB%E8%A1%80" title="流鼻血">流鼻血</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="边缘轮廓征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Silhouette sign"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E8%BD%AE%E5%BB%93%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="边缘轮廓征（页面不存在）">边缘轮廓征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette_sign" class="extiw" title="en:Silhouette sign"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Silhouette sign</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%90%8E%E6%BB%B4%E6%B5%81%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="鼻后滴流综合征">鼻后滴流综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%97%9D" title="打嗝">打嗝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E9%98%BB%E5%A1%9E%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BA%E7%97%85" title="慢性阻塞性肺病">慢性阻塞性肺病</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胡佛氏征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hoover's sign (pulmonary)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%B0%8F%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡佛氏征（页面不存在）">胡佛氏征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover%27s_sign_(pulmonary)" class="extiw" title="en:Hoover's sign (pulmonary)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hoover's sign (pulmonary)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AE%E5%96%98" title="哮喘">哮喘</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库施曼氏螺旋物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Curschmann's spirals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%96%BD%E6%9B%BC%E6%B0%8F%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库施曼氏螺旋物（页面不存在）">库施曼氏螺旋物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curschmann%27s_spirals" class="extiw" title="en:Curschmann's spirals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Curschmann's spirals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夏科-雷登结晶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charcot–Leyden crystals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E7%A7%91-%E9%9B%B7%E7%99%BB%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夏科-雷登结晶（页面不存在）">夏科-雷登结晶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Leyden_crystals" class="extiw" title="en:Charcot–Leyden crystals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charcot–Leyden crystals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E9%98%BB%E5%A1%9E%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BA%E7%97%85" title="慢性阻塞性肺病">慢性阻塞性肺病</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Reid指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reid index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reid%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reid指數（页面不存在）">Reid指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_index" class="extiw" title="en:Reid index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reid index</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E8%8A%82%E7%97%85" title="结节病">结节病</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克韋姆試驗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kveim test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%9F%8B%E5%A7%86%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克韋姆試驗（页面不存在）">克韋姆試驗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveim_test" class="extiw" title="en:Kveim test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kveim test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E6%A0%93%E5%A1%9E" title="肺栓塞">肺栓塞</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="驼峰征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hampton hump"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%BC%E5%B3%B0%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驼峰征（页面不存在）">驼峰征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_hump" class="extiw" title="en:Hampton hump"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hampton hump</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="韦特马克氏征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Westermark sign"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A6%E7%89%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%B0%8F%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韦特马克氏征（页面不存在）">韦特马克氏征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westermark_sign" class="extiw" title="en:Westermark sign"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Westermark sign</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E6%B0%B4%E8%85%AB" title="肺水腫">肺水腫</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%B7%9A" title="克利線">克利線</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑曼征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hamman's sign"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑曼征（页面不存在）">黑曼征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamman%27s_sign" class="extiw" title="en:Hamman's sign"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hamman's sign</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戈尔登氏征" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Golden S sign"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%B0%8F%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈尔登氏征（页面不存在）">戈尔登氏征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_S_sign" class="extiw" title="en:Golden S sign"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Golden S sign</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=呼吸&oldid=85009025">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=呼吸&oldid=85009025</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="Category:呼吸">呼吸</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="Category:反射">反射</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93" title="Category:人体">人体</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 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