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title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">查看“︁呼吸”︁的源代码</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="这篇条目只存在于此语言中。添加其他语言的条目" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">添加语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%2591%25BC%25E5%2590%25B8%26action%3Dedit"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%25E5%2591%25BC%25E5%2590%25B8%26action%3Dedit"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9530" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">←<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="呼吸">呼吸</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>根据以下的原因,您并无权限去编辑该页面: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <table id="mw-blocked-text" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,rgba(0,0,0,0.4)); border-radius: 3px; width:100%; margin:0 auto 6px auto; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin: 1.3em 0 1.3em 0;"><div style="font-size:1.6em; color:var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1));"><b>您現在使用的IP地址目前不能編輯維基百科</b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; padding: 0 2em; border-radius: 3px;"><b>您可以瀏覽頁面</b>,但不能編輯或建立頁面</div></div> </div> <div style="margin:auto; width:70%;"> <div style="text-align:justify;"> <p>目前,IP地址區段「<u>8.222.0.0/16</u>」已被Jimmy-abot<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BLOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BLOCK">封禁</a></b>,而您所使用的IP地址正位於被封禁的範圍內。該IP地址區段被封禁的 </p> <div style="margin:1em; background: var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0); padding:0.6em 2em; border:0px var(--border-color-notice,#666) solid; border-radius: 3px;" id="mw-blocked-text-reason"> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">封禁理由:</div> <div style="color: var(--color-error,rgba(221,51,51,1)); margin:0.5em 1em"> <table class="user-block" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); padding: 0.5em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banned_proxys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/50px-Banned_proxys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/75px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Banned_proxys.svg/100px-Banned_proxys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>您正在使用的<a href="/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="IP位址">IP地址</a>被判定用于代理工具,因此这一IP已经被封禁。 <p>为防止破坏,<b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/No_open_proxies/zh" class="extiw" title="m:No open proxies/zh">维基媒体基金会禁止使用部分代理工具来编辑维基百科</a></b>。 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; padding-top: 0.5em;"> <p><b>为什么?</b> </p><p>您当前访问维基百科使用的IP被我们判定为代理(包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" title="突破网络审查">突破网络审查</a>)工具所使用的IP。因代理工具可以隐藏用户的真实IP,使破坏者可以以人工或程序对维基百科进行破坏,故禁止使用公共代理工具进行编辑。 </p><p><b>怎么办?</b> </p> <ul><li>直接访问维基百科,不经过代理服务。</li> <li>如果您在中国大陆而必须使用代理服务器,或是有特殊需要,请您 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Unblock-zh/Blocked proxy"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用网站</span></a></span> 或者 <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IPBEMAIL"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive" role="button">使用电邮</span></a></span> 申请IP封禁豁免。带有此权限的用户可以使用被封禁的代理编辑维基百科。</li> <li>如果您相信自己并未运行或使用代理,那很可能是因为上一个从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E4%BE%9B%E5%BA%94%E5%95%86" title="互联网服务供应商">互联网服务供应商</a>分配到此IP地址的用户运行了代理。那么请在您的<a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:讨论页">讨论页</a>使用{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>}}模板申请解除封禁。极少数情况下,您的网络设备或服务提供商可能未进行正确配置,或已被恶意软件(如病毒)入侵。</li> <li>您如果无法自行解决问题,可至<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" title="Wikipedia:IRC聊天频道">IRC聊天频道</a>寻求其他编者的帮助。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="color: var(--color-progressive--active,rgba(42,75,141,1))">這次封禁的結束時間是:<b>2025年7月23日 (三) 10:52 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" 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class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>您的IP地址属于已<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">在所有维基媒体基金会维基受到封禁</a>的地址段。</b> <p>封禁执行者是<a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">Jon Kolbert</a>。封禁原因是<i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>。 </p> <ul><li>封禁开始时间:2023年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li> <li>封禁期满时间:2028年8月27日 (日) 15:12</li></ul> <p>您当前的IP地址是8.222.208.146。封禁的地址段是8.222.128.0/17。 </p> 请在进行咨询时提供上面所有详情。如果您认为您受到错误封禁,您可以在<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">禁止公开代理</a>全域方针里找到更多信息和说明。您也可以<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">到元维基发布复查申请</a>讨论该封禁。您还可以给<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">监管员</a><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a>队列(<kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>)发送提供上面所有详情的电子邮件。</li></ul><hr /> <p>您可以查看和复制此页面的源代码。 </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="zh" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Other uses}} [[File:Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg|thumb|人類的呼吸系統]] [[File:X-ray video of a female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) while breathing - pone.0004497.s009.ogv|thumb|一隻雌性[[美洲短吻鱷]]呼吸的X光照片。]] '''呼吸'''({{lang-en|breathing}})是移動[[空氣]]進出[[肺]]部的過程,用以促進體內環境的氣體交換,主要在於吸入[[氧氣]]及呼出[[二氧化碳]]。 所有[[好氧生物|有氧生物]]都需要氧氣進行細胞呼吸,細胞呼吸利用氧氣分解食物作為能量,並產生二氧化碳作為廢物。呼吸,或 "外部呼吸",將空氣帶入肺部,通過擴散在肺泡中進行氣體交換。身體的循環系統將這些氣體輸送到細胞和細胞之間,在那里進行 "細胞呼吸"。 每分鐘的呼吸周期數就是呼吸或呼吸頻率,是[[生命]]的四個主要[[生命徵象]]之一。在正常情況下,呼吸的深度和速度是由幾種穩態機制自動地、不自覺地控制的,這些機制使[[动脉|動脈]]血中二氧化碳和氧氣的[[分壓]]保持不變。在各種生理情況下,保持動脈血中二氧化碳分壓不變,對嚴格控制細胞外液(ECF)的pH值有很大的貢獻。[[過度換氣]]和[[換氣不足]]分別降低和增加動脈二氧化碳分壓,在第一種情況下會導致ECF的pH值升高,在第二種情況下會導致pH值降低。這兩種情況都會引起痛苦的癥狀。 而呼吸的另一個重要的部份為循環系統把二氧化碳排放掉再把新的氧氣由血液送到需要的細胞。氣體交換是在[[肺]]的[[肺泡]]中由氣體粒子[[被动运输|被動擴散]]所達成的,所以不需要使用能量。當氣體溶於血液中時,左心臟把血液打到全身體各個細胞。由於肺泡呼吸的表面需要易於空氣的穿越,所以表面並不是完全乾燥的,由{{link-en|肺泡二類細胞|alveolar type II}}所產生的液體,讓表面濕介而增加空氣的穿透力,所以呼吸會導致水分的流失,尤其是排放二氧化碳的時候。 呼吸還有其他重要功能,它為[[語言]]、[[笑]]聲和類似的情感表達提供了一種機制。呼吸還用於[[打哈欠]]、[[咳嗽]]和[[打噴嚏]]等反射動作。由於缺乏足夠的[[汗腺]],不能通過排汗來調節體溫的動物,可能會通過喘氣蒸發來失去熱量。 ==呼吸原理== [[File:ribcage during inhalation.jpg|thumb|250 px|right|吸入空氣時輔助肌肉將肋骨前方往上提。因此增加了胸腔前後之間的距離,讓胸部得以擴張。肋骨的側面也有類似的效果,增加胸腔的橫向距離]] [[哺乳類動物]]在休息時吸入空氣的原理是將分隔胸腔及腹腔的[[橫膈膜]]收縮及變平。橫膈膜收縮時會將腹腔往下壓,但因為有骨盆底的存在,使下腹部器官無法再往下移動,腹腔會往前擴張,胸腔也隨之往前擴張,胸腔容量增加,壓力隨之下降,因此造成肺部的擴張。在休息時呼出空氣的原理則是讓橫膈膜放鬆,讓橫膈膜、胸腔和腹腔回到其解剖彈性位置(也就是在像麻醉或施打肌肉鬆弛劑時的位置)。這是胸腔的「休息中位」,此時肺部的氣體量稱為[[功能余气量]],成人約為2.5公升<ref name=tortora1>{{cite book |last1= Tortora |first1= Gerard J. |last2=Anagnostakos|first2=Nicholas P.| title=Principles of anatomy and physiology |year= 1987 |url= https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort |pages=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofanat05tort/page/556 556]–557, 570–572|edition= Fifth |location= New York |publisher= Harper & Row, Publishers|publication-date= 1987 |isbn= 0-06-350729-3 }}</ref>。休息時呼出空氣需要的時間約為吸入空氣時間的二倍,因為在呼出時的橫膈膜放鬆會比吸入時的收縮動作要緩和<!--This prevents undue narrowing of the airways, from which the air escapes more easily than from the alveoli.-->,這可以避免空氣太過輕易地離開肺泡,呼出體外。 若是劇烈呼吸([[过度换气]],例如運動後),輔助吸入肌肉(最早用到的是[[肋間肌]],但也會用到許多其他的肌肉,如本段以下所述)會將肋骨在前面及側面往上推動,因此可以增加[[胸廓|肋架]]的容積,讓在橫膈膜下移時胸腔可以增加更大的體積。在呼出時腹部的肌肉會將肋架(從前面及側面)往下拉,一方面減少肋架容積。也讓腹腔器官往上推擠橫膈膜,使呼氣結束後的胸腔容積遠小於休息中位,肺部容積也會比[[功能余气量]]要少很多。不過哺乳類動物在正常情形下肺部是不會完全排空的。成人在呼出氣體達到最高量時,呼出後肺部仍會有至少一公升的容積。 生物的生存是靠完全無意識及自主的呼吸,不過呼吸會暫時的被有意識的控制或是情緒下的反應所影響。人類的說話就是靠特殊型式的呼出空氣,不過其他的溝通方式(哭泣、打呵欠、尖叫、大笑)等也是需要在呼吸(維持血液中氣體平衡所必要的)以及當時需傳達的情感及訊息之間取得平衡。 以下是十條在用力吸氣時會用到的肌肉<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory.html |title=All You Need to Know About Inspiratory Muscles Part I {{!}} Swimming Science<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2012-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927045553/http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>: [[橫膈膜]]、[[肋間肌]]、{{le|斜角肌|Scalenes}}、[[胸小肌]]、[[前鋸肌]]、[[胸鎖乳突肌]]、{{le|提肋肌|Levatores costarum muscles}}、[[斜方肌]]、[[背闊肌]]及{{le|锁骨下肌|Subclavius muscle}}。 以下是八條在用力呼氣時會用到的肌肉<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory-muscles-part-ii.html |title=All You Need to Know About Inspiratory Muscles Part II |accessdate=2017-04-25 |archive-date=2015-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202054353/http://www.swimmingscience.net/2011/10/all-you-need-to-know-about-inspiratory-muscles-part-ii.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>: [[肋间内肌]]、[[腹內斜肌]]、[[腹外斜肌]]、{{le|提肛肌|Levator Ani}}、{{le|胸橫肌|Transversus thoracis muscle}} {{le|腹横肌|Transversus abdominis muscle}}、[[锥状肌]]及[[腹直肌]]。 ==控制== 呼吸是人的身體機能中,少數可以有意識(部份)控制,也可以在無意識下進行的機能之一。 ===有意識控制=== 人類的[[游泳]]、[[有氧运动]]、[[體適能]]、[[演講]]訓練及[[人聲|發聲]]訓練中都會練習呼吸的控制,一開始是有意識的控制,之後要慢慢的轉換為[[潛意識]]下的行為。[[說話]]也和有意識的控制呼吸有關。 有些[[瑜伽]](例如{{le|瑜伽呼吸法|pranayama}})<ref>Swami Saradananda, The Power of Breath, Castle House: Duncan Baird Publishers, 2009</ref>會採用有意識的控制呼吸。 在[[替代療法]]中的{{le|布捷伊科法|Buteyko method}}中也提到呼吸的控制,布捷伊科法中建議用有意識的控制呼吸來治療哮喘及其他症狀。 ===無意識 === 無意識的呼吸是由[[腦幹]]的特定部位控制,會依身體隨時的需要調整呼及的速率及深淺。例如在運動時,肌肉的運動會使產生的二氧化碳量增加,因此會讓肺泡(及動脈中)<math>P_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}</math>的濃度增加,位在腦幹中[[延髓]]部位的<math>P_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}</math>感測器(以及在[[主動脈]]及[[頸動脈體]]的氣體感測器)會感測到,這些血液氣體感測器會送出神經脈衝訊號給延髓中的{{le|呼吸中心|respiratory center}}以及腦部的[[橋腦]],會再透過[[膈神經]]及其他體細胞運動神經送訊號到[[橫膈膜]]以及其他和呼吸有關的肌肉,因此會增加呼吸的速率及深度([[过度换气]])。這可以讓身體從休息狀態到劇烈運動的過程中,動脈中<math>P_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2}</math>及<math>P_{{\mathrm{O}}_2}</math>的分壓可以維持一定值。 ===互相的影響=== 健康的人不可能無限制的自願停止呼吸。若人不呼吸,血液中的二氧化碳濃度會提高,會有[[呼吸困难]]的症狀,若真的一段時間沒有呼吸,人體內的氧氣會在幾分鐘內降低到有危險性的水準,會造成腦部的永久損傷以及死亡,因此健康的人會有呼吸[[反射 (生理学)|反射]]。不過也有一些例子是有人在二個小時沒有呼吸的情形下仍然存活的例子,這只可能出現在淹沒在冷水中,觸發了{{le|哺乳動物潛水反射|mammalian diving reflex}}<ref>Ramey CA, Ramey DN, Hayward JS. Dive response of children in relation to cold-water near drowning. J Appl Physiol 2001;62(2):665-8.Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002).Adapted from Victoria E. McMillan (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001). See it cited here {{cite web |url=http://www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mart-CBE.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705140127/http://www.dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mart-CBE.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-05 |df= }}</ref>,因此讓人體進入[[暫停生命]]的狀態。 若健康的人真的自願不呼吸一段夠長的時間,這個人會失去[[意識]],身體會自動繼續呼吸。因此人無法用自願不呼吸的方式來[[自殺]],除非其呼吸受到其他物體影響(例如水,像是[[遇溺]])。西班牙巴賽隆納的Aleix Segura Vendrell在2016年2月28日停止呼吸達24分3秒,是停止呼吸最長紀錄的保持者<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-time-breath-held-voluntarily-(male)|title=Longest time breath held voluntarily (male)|newspaper=Guinness World Records|access-date=2016-11-29|archive-date=2016-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109173751/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-time-breath-held-voluntarily-(male)|dead-url=no}}</ref>。 自願的[[过度换气]]會讓動脈中的二氧化碳濃度降低到會造成危險的濃度,會造成口部及手腳的[[感覺異常]](會有針刺感),而手,手臂,腳和臉部也會有特殊形式的肌肉[[痙攣]]({{le|手足強直|Tetany}})。[[過度換氣症候群]]常常在生氣及激動下出現,非常痛苦,會讓人以為是窒息,其實是因為過度呼吸,讓血液中的氧氣及二氧化碳濃度以及血液酸鹼性脫離[[稳态]],進入會造成人體危險的程度。此時血液會呈鹼性,而血液在鹼性時鈣離子的溶解程度會比酸性時要差,因此若过度换气,引起[[呼吸性鹼中毒|鹼中毒]],血漿中的鈣離子Ca<sup>2+</sup>降低,讓許多的蛋白質改變其[[蛋白質三級結構|三級結構]]。其中最顯著受到影響的是神經纖維中的{{le|電壓門控鈉通道|voltage gated sodium channels}}<ref name=CMArmstrong1999>{{cite journal |author1=Armstrong CM |author2=Cota G | title = Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 96 | issue = 7 | pages = 4154–7 | date = Mar 1999 | pmid = 10097179 | pmc = 22436 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154 | bibcode = 1999PNAS...96.4154A }}</ref>,會讓神經隨機的產生不正當的[[动作电位]],因此造成異常的感覺([[感覺異常]])及自發性的肌肉收縮({{le|手足強直|Tetany}})。 ==成份== 氧氣是{{link-en|呼吸供气|Breathing gas}}的重要成份。 一般最常見的呼吸供气是空氣,吸入的氣體中,體積比例如下: *[[氮氣]]佔78% *[[氧氣]]佔21% *[[氬氣]]佔0.96% *[[二氧化碳]]佔0.03% *[[氦氣]]、[[水蒸氣]]及其他[[氣體]]佔0.01% 除空氣外,[[潜水]]者的呼吸供气是高含氧或高含氦的氣體混合物。有時會給予住院的病人氧氣或[[镇痛药|镇痛]]氣體。[[太空衣]] 中的氣體是純氧。由於人類需要的氧氣量不高,在氧氣濃度太高的環境可能會出現過度活動或興奮的症狀。 呼出的氣體成份如下: *[[氮氣]]佔78% *[[氧氣]]佔13—16% *[[二氧化碳]]佔4—5.3% *[[氬氣]]及其他[[氣體]]佔1% 呼出的氣體中水蒸氣約佔5%,也含有其他痕量氣體:數[[百萬分率|ppm]]的[[氫氣]]及[[一氧化碳]]、1ppm的[[氨]],小於1ppm的[[丙酮]]、[[甲醇]]、[[乙醇]](在沒有攝取酒精的情形下,若有攝取酒精,呼出氣體中會有較高濃度的乙醇及[[揮發有機化合物]])。細胞[[呼吸作用]]需要氧氣,其產物是二氧化碳。呼出的氣體中氧氣及二氧化碳的量會隨飲食、運動和健康情形而定。 人類每分鐘吸入和呼出約6升空氣。呼出氣體中的二氧化碳約是吸入氣體中二氧化碳的100倍。<ref>{{cite book |author = 約翰·法恩登 |title = 彩圖袖珍百科全書 |publisher = 萬里書店出版 |isbn = 962-14-1538-1 }}</ref> == 氣壓 == 在海拔較高的地區,由於上方的氣體較少,其氣壓會較海平面的氣壓要低。若呼吸空氣的氣壓過低,可能會會導致[[高山症]]或[[缺氧]]。 在水中呼吸到的氣體,因為有額外水的重量,其氣壓會較海平面的氣壓要高,可能會導致[[氮醉]]、[[氧中毒]]或[[減壓症]]。 ==文化上的重要性== 在音樂上,[[管樂器]]的演奏及[[聲樂]]都和呼吸有關。[[笑]]可以視為是快速反覆的呼吸,[[打嗝]]、[[哈欠]]及[[噴嚏]]都是和呼吸有關的現象。而[[气功]]及[[太极拳]]中,呼吸的調整是其訓練方式之一。 佛教冥想作法之一的[[安那般那念]],透過保持注意力在知道呼吸,達到禪定的狀態。 古代文化會用呼吸或吹氣表示生命力,例如舊約聖經中提到「 耶和華 神用地上的塵土造人,將生氣吹在他鼻孔裡,他就成了有靈的活人,名叫亞當。」([[創世記]]2章7節{{cuv||28|17}})。中華文化中會用「斷氣」表示[[死亡]]。 ===呼吸和情緒=== 一些特定的呼吸模式常伴隨特定的情緒出現。因為有這種關係,有許多不同領域的練習者認為可以透過調整呼吸來影響人的情緒。例如較多運用橫膈膜及腹部的深呼吸可以讓人比較放鬆而且有自信。替代醫學中的整体医学認為調整呼吸有助於身體整體的健康<ref>Hobert, Ingfried, 'Healthy Breathing - The Right Breathing' in ''Guide to Holistic Healing in the New Millenium'', Munchen: Verlag Peter Erd, 1999, pp. 48–49</ref>,商業顧問則認為有助於釋放工作造成的壓力。 == 參見 == {{div col|2}} *{{link-en|呼吸氣體分析|Breath gas analysis}} * {{le|呼吸氣體|Breathing gas}} * [[浅呼吸]] * [[腹式呼吸]] * [[碳循環]] * {{le|平静呼吸|Eupnea}} * {{le|庫斯毛耳氏呼吸|Kussmaul breathing}} * [[瀕死呼吸]] * {{le|切恩-斯托克斯氏呼吸|Cheyne–Stokes respiration}} *{{le|张口呼吸|Mouth breathing}} * [[鼻週期]] * [[口臭]] * {{link-en|液體呼吸|Liquid breathing}} * [[睡眠呼吸中止症]] {{div col end}} == 參考文獻 == ===引用=== {{Reflist}} ===来源=== * {{cite journal | author=Parkes M | title=Breath-holding and its breakpoint. | journal=Exp Physiol | volume=91 | issue=1 | pages=1–15 | year=2006 | pmid=16272264 | doi=10.1113/expphysiol.2005.031625}} ''[http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/1 全文瀏覽]{{Wayback|url=http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/91/1/1 |date=20090328130104 }}'' == 外部連結 == {{Respiratory physiology}} {{Respiratory system symptoms and signs}} [[Category:呼吸]] [[Category:反射]] [[Category:人體]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>本页<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB" title="Wikipedia:嵌入包含">嵌入包含</a>了78个页面: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:CUV1" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CUV1">Template:CUV1</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CUV1&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:CUV1">编辑</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:CUV2" title="Template:CUV2">Template:CUV2</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CUV2&action=edit" title="Template:CUV2">编辑</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">查看源代码</a>)(<a 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