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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_service_for_conscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service_for_conscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military service for conscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service_for_conscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_in_Civil_Protection_Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_Civil_Protection_Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Service in Civil Protection Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_Civil_Protection_Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Conscientious objection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_and_payment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_and_payment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Duration and payment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_and_payment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemption_from_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemption_from_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Exemption from service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemption_from_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_services_to_Zivildienst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_services_to_Zivildienst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Alternative services to <i>Zivildienst</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_services_to_Zivildienst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_resisters_(Totalverweigerung)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_resisters_(Totalverweigerung)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Total resisters (<i>Totalverweigerung</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_resisters_(Totalverweigerung)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_debate_to_suspend_conscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_debate_to_suspend_conscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political debate to suspend conscription</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_debate_to_suspend_conscription-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political debate to suspend conscription subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_debate_to_suspend_conscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Historical arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Financial arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Civic arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_mandatory_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_mandatory_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further mandatory services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_mandatory_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further mandatory services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_mandatory_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_Guard_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_Guard_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Border Guard Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_Guard_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compulsory_Fire_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compulsory_Fire_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Compulsory Fire Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compulsory_Fire_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyke_Relief_Service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyke_Relief_Service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dyke Relief Service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyke_Relief_Service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand_and_hitch-up_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_and_hitch-up_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hand and hitch-up services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_and_hitch-up_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of conscription in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;"><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1780 caricature of a press gang"><img alt="1780 caricature of a press gang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/250px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/375px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg/500px-Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="954" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">1780 caricature of a <a href="/wiki/Press_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Press gang">press gang</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">Alternative civilian service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis" title="Conscription crisis">Conscription crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft-card_burning" title="Draft-card burning">Draft-card burning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Military service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service" title="National service">National service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By historical country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Conscription in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Conscription in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Conscription#By_country" title="Conscription">By modern country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Argentina" title="Conscription in Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Azerbaijan" title="Conscription in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_service#Bermuda" title="Military service">Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Brazil" title="Conscription in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_China" title="Conscription in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Conscription in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo-Kinshasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">child soldiers</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cuba" title="Conscription in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reduction_of_military_conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Reduction of military conscription in Cyprus">reduction</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Eritrea" title="Conscription in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Georgia" title="Conscription in Georgia">Georgia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_North_Korea" title="Conscription in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Korea" title="Conscription in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces#Conscription" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Myanmar" title="Conscription in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_training_in_New_Zealand" title="Compulsory military training in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mexico" title="Conscription in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Monaco" title="Conscription in Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Mozambique" title="Conscription in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Philippines" title="Conscription in the Philippines">the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_South_Africa" title="Conscription in South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Conscription in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Conscription in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Vietnam" title="Conscription in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By geographical area</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ireland" title="Conscription in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conscription" title="Template:Conscription"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conscription" title="Template talk:Conscription"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Between 1956 and 2011, Germany <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a> men subject to mandatory military service (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wehrpflicht</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈveːɐ̯ˌp͡flɪçt]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/De-Wehrpflicht.ogg\/De-Wehrpflicht.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Wehrpflicht.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/De-Wehrpflicht.ogg/De-Wehrpflicht.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Wehrpflicht.ogg" title="File:De-Wehrpflicht.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>). After a proposal on 22 November 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg" title="Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg">Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defence (Germany)">Minister of Defence</a> at the time, Germany put conscription into <a href="/wiki/Abeyance" title="Abeyance">abeyance</a> on 1 July 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc10_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc10-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">German constitution</a> retains the legal instruments for reintroducing <b>conscription in Germany</b>, currently only men over 18 years of age can be conscripted whilst women cannot under any circumstance (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">auf keinen Fall</i></span>) be required to "serve with a weapon" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dienst mit der Waffe</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-bw23_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-gg22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gg22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gg22-ws_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gg22-ws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constitution (called <i>Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-gg22_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gg22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gg22-ws_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gg22-ws-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several special laws (e.g., <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrpflichtgesetz</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) regulate these duties and exceptions. In the last year of active conscription, men were obliged to either (1) serve six months in the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">military</a>, which they could refuse, or alternatively (2) complete a civilian or honorary service of at least six months in a <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defence</a> organisation. Families of those who were victims of or oppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jews</a>) were exempted from conscription, although some volunteered to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-dw07_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">From 2025, 400,000 German men who have reached the age of 18 will have to complete a mandatory questionnaire. Male questionnaire recipients must provide information about their motivation for military service, and 40,000 men will then be compelled to attend a muster.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2025)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> While military service itself will continue to be on a voluntary basis, the government hopes to recruit at least 5,000 additional German citizens of all genders for military service each year in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The participation of women and other genders in equality to men,<sup id="cite_ref-bw23_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as regulated by the Self-Determination Act from 1 November 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will remain a subject of discussion from 2024 but requires a change to the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_conscription">History of conscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of conscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service_for_conscripts">Military service for conscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service for conscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men who did not state that they were <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a> and did not request civil service were by default conscripted into military service (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrdienst</i></span>) in the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></span></span>. Basic training (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Allgemeine Grundausbildung</i></span>) comprised three months of <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> training, then three months' service at an assigned post. The conscript would normally reach the rank of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Obergefreiter" title="Obergefreiter">Obergefreiter</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> code OR-3, comparable to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_First_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Private First Class">Private First Class</a>). During his service, he received free <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, housing, food, and railway travel between his home and military base. Conscripts were paid between <span class="nowrap">€9.41</span> and <span class="nowrap">€10.95</span> per day of basic pay (depending on rank) plus several bonus payments such as distance-from-home pay, additional food pay for days absent from service. </p><p>Conscripts could not be deployed to active service in conflicts against their will. The German contributions to forces such as <a href="/wiki/ISAF" class="mw-redirect" title="ISAF">ISAF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> exclusively comprised professional soldiers and volunteers. Conscripts who wished to partake in such missions had to volunteer for it; this included volunteering for a service extension (because at the time compulsory service duration, nine months at the time, would not have sufficed for recruit training, post-specific training, mission-specific training, mission, and post-processing the mission put together).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_Civil_Protection_Services">Service in Civil Protection Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Service in Civil Protection Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conscripts could also opt for civil service, which was, by law, equal to military service, consisting mostly of medical ambulance organisations and organisations for <a href="/wiki/Disaster_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster relief">disaster relief</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Katastrophenschutz</i></span>). This was subject to validation by local authorities, who usually were allowed a certain contingent of such volunteers per year of birth. Thus, organizations such as the Technical Relief Service (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Technisches_Hilfswerk" title="Technisches Hilfswerk">Technisches Hilfswerk</a></i></span>, abbreviated to THW), volunteer fire services, and other emergency assistance and crisis management agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> were supported in performing their volunteer services in disaster response. In the ambulance services, their service could overlap with the service of conscientious objectors. </p><p>Conscripts that served in civil protection received no payment outside of compensations for clothing and transportation expenses, as they were performing an honorary service (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ehrenamtlich</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscientious_objection">Conscientious objection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conscientious objection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German constitution requires that <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a> be possible,<sup id="cite_ref-gg22_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gg22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: Art. 4">: Art. 4 </span></sup> and therefore conscripts were allowed to perform <a href="/wiki/Alternative_civilian_service" title="Alternative civilian service">civilian alternative service</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zivildienst" title="Zivildienst">Zivildienst</a></i></span> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrersatzdienst</i></span>). The conscientious objection had to be declared in a personal letter to the local branch (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreiswehrersatzamt</i></span>), with an appendix outlining one's moral objections. The branch then sent this appendix to the Federal Office for Civilian Service (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesamt für den Zivildienst</i></span>) for approval or denial. From 1983, denial of conscientious objection claims was quite rare, but prior to 1983 the objector had to defend the validity of his claim before a committee at the draft office. These claims must have been directed against war and military service in general, without regard to the circumstances, and, if they were rejected (which was then a common outcome), the only legal recourse was to challenge the decision in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative court</a>. While the option of conscientious objection is required by law, in the past there were several hurdles in place to discourage it. Until 1983 conscientious objectors had to undergo a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gewissensprüfung</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">conscience inspection</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), an oral examination before a board that tried their motivations, which could decide to deny them conscientious objector status. </p><p>Those who objected had to perform civilian alternative service, lasting the same amount of time as military service, plus one additional month, during which they may have found employment with a civilian institution that renders a public service, such as a <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">rehabilitation center</a> or <a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">assisted living</a> facility for the elderly. Alternative service could be more convenient than military service since the conscript could continue living at home rather than in military <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a>. </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990, residents of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> were exempt from conscription as West Berlin did not formally belong to the Federal Republic of Germany. Therefore some young men moved to West Berlin immediately upon their high school graduation in order to avoid conscription, and thus served neither in the military nor in an alternative service. A total of around 50,000 West German men evaded conscription by moving to West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, conscripts who were not willing to bear arms were drafted into the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a> as <i>construction soldiers</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bausoldat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bausoldat">Bausoldaten</a></i></span>). They were deployed to public construction projects, and sometimes also to fill worker shortages in various parts of the East German economy, such as the mining industry. Men who served as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bausoldaten</i></span> were frequently subjected to discrimination by the East German state, even after they had finished their service. For example, former <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bausoldaten</i></span> were often barred from enrolling at university.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration_and_payment">Duration and payment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duration and payment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German constitution also requires that the duration of civilian service does not exceed that of military service. Beginning in 2003, civilian service was of the same duration in months as military service. Until then there was a rate in hours both services had to serve, which was then divided by the average daily work hours in military and civil service. Thereby, civil service tended to be 1–3 months longer than military service, as the latter used to have 50 working hours a week (as opposed to 40 working hours in civil organisations). This made four "military weeks" equivalent to five "civil weeks". This practice was abolished when the conscription duration was reduced from 10/12<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What does this notation mean? 9 military or 12 civil? (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> months to 9/9 and later 6/6 months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exemption_from_service">Exemption from service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exemption from service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women were not conscripted, but they could serve voluntarily. Since 1975 women have been allowed to serve in medical and music band functions. In 2001 the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> ruled that limiting women to these functions was against European law. Subsequently, all positions in the Bundeswehr were opened up to women but without also changing the constitution that would have made all genders equal in this regard. </p><p>Under a deal between the German Defense Ministry and the Central Council of Jews in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> descending from Holocaust victims (up to the third generation) were exempted from military service obligations, but could still volunteer for military service. For decades, volunteering for military service was <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> in the German-Jewish community, but eventually, Jews began joining. In 2007, there were an estimated 200 Jewish soldiers serving in the Bundeswehr.<sup id="cite_ref-dw07_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw07-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Men could be exempted from conscription for various reasons. The most frequent reason was medical exemption (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ausmusterung</i></span>). All conscripts, including conscientious objectors but excluding those exempt for other reasons, had to attend a medical examination (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Musterung</i></span>) at the local conscription branch (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kreiswehrersatzamt</i></span>). Those who did not pass were exempted from conscription, both military and civilian. </p><p>Anyone sentenced to more than a year of imprisonment, or who was charged with a felony against peace, democracy, the state, or state security was not conscripted. Priests were also not drafted, and another provision released everyone from military service who had two siblings who had already served. The same was true for men whose fathers, mothers, or siblings died in military or civil service. Men who were married, living in a registered <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil union</a>, or had children were also free to choose. In addition, anyone employed in areas of significant public interest could be exempted from military service upon request. This mostly applied to policemen, career firemen, and specialists in telecommunication and engineering services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_services_to_Zivildienst">Alternative services to <i>Zivildienst</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alternative services to Zivildienst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another alternative was to become a foreign <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Entwicklungshelfer</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">development helper</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), which means that the person would be expected to work in a technical capacity in a recognized <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> for a period of not less than two years. To qualify for this option, the candidate had to meet the requests of the chosen agency which included formal vocational training or an educational program that granted a recognized qualification in a marketable skill making him a useful asset in a developing host country. Many men who chose this option became so engaged in the developmental needs of these countries that they stayed abroad many years longer than the legal requirement. The disproportionately high percentage of German nationals found in many <a href="/wiki/International_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="International aid">international aid</a>, conservation, medical and technical assistance organizations active in developing countries may be directly attributable to this. </p><p>Women and unconscripted men were able to opt into serving one year of voluntary service in a social or environmental institution, called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_social_year" title="Voluntary social year">Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr</a></i></span> (FSJ) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_ecological_year" title="Voluntary ecological year">Freiwilliges Ökologisches Jahr</a></i></span> (FÖJ), respectively. It was not a real alternative to military service, but for most practical purposes identical to the civilian alternative service that conscientious objectors were required to serve. This included social security coverage for the term of service and might have given the young attendee a direction for their later career as well as a certain improvement in soft skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_resisters_(Totalverweigerung)"><span id="Total_resisters_.28Totalverweigerung.29"></span>Total resisters (<i>Totalverweigerung</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Total resisters (Totalverweigerung)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a conscripted man refused to serve in the military and refused alternative service, he was subject to legal prosecution and imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sentence was dependent upon the way the conscript refused to serve. In the military it was prosecuted under military law as desertion (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fahnenflucht</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-WStG23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WStG23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §16">: §16 </span></sup> and insubordination (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gehorsamsverweigerung</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-WStG23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WStG23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §20">: §20 </span></sup> whereas in the civilian alternative service it was AWOL (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dienstflucht</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZDG19_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDG19-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: §53">: §53 </span></sup> It was never a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>. The accused man was often prosecuted under juvenile law and in theory could be fined or imprisoned for up to five years. In practice, the most frequent punishment was three months imprisonment, as longer first-time sentences would be recorded in a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Polizeiliches Führungszeugnis</i></span> (certificate of conduct). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_debate_to_suspend_conscription">Political debate to suspend conscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political debate to suspend conscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post-Cold-War</a> downsizing of the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> led to a considerable decrease in demand for young conscripts. Of all men reaching conscription age, less than one half actually served. In 2005, about 15% served in the military whilst 31% performed civilian service or some other form of alternative service. More than 36% were screened out for medical reasons. This percentage was lower in the past (15% in 2003), but to avoid conscripting more men than needed, medical standards were raised. The remainder included those that were exempted for various reasons, but was mostly made up of men who were not conscripted because the military had already met its recruitment goals. This led to discussions about "conscription equality" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrgerechtigkeit</i></span>) – the principle that conscription be applied equally and non-discriminatorily to all men. The issue of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrgerechtigkeit</i></span> was one aspect of the political debate over whether the <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> should be converted into a purely volunteer-based, professional army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_arguments">Historical arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historical arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of conscription reason that it conserved the military's firm rooting in civilian society and warn that a professional army might return to the <a href="/wiki/Militaristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Militaristic">militaristic</a>, anti-democratic and <a href="/wiki/Elitist" class="mw-redirect" title="Elitist">elitist</a> traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> eras – despite the fact that those regimes also practiced conscription. Conscription is sometimes defended as a tradition dating back to the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">1848 revolution</a>, intended to ensure the continuity of the democratic state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_arguments">Military arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military detractors of conscription reasoned that shortening the service to six months, which was necessary to accommodate a constant number of conscripts in a shrinking army, had made conscription worthless because conscripts receive too little training. Military proponents countered that some service is better than none at all, bringing citizens in contact with their military and thereby countering fears of an increasing disconnect between military and society. </p><p>Another factor was the armed forces' difficulty to find volunteers for senior positions beyond the conscript level. Many soldiers in advanced ranks were recruited from former conscripts who volunteer to extend their service. Abolishing conscription could close this pathway into the military. Therefore, military leaders feared that the abolition of conscription would lead to recruitment shortages even for higher ranking positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_arguments">Financial arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Financial arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some detractors of conscription expected considerable savings in defence spending from abolishing conscription, because it would allow a downsizing of the armed forces, which owe much of their current size to the need to accommodate large numbers of conscripts. It was arguable how such a reduction in size would affect the Bundeswehr's capabilities. Those in favour of a downsizing claimed that it would not affect the ability to act in conflict <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatres</a>, since conscripts at the time could not be involuntarily deployed to such theatres, which were therefore the domain of a quasi-professional army only anyway. </p><p>Experiences of countries who have abolished conscription, especially the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a>, show that professional armed forces can be more expensive than a conscription-based military. Professional armies need to pay their soldiers higher wages, and have large advertising expenses to attract sufficient numbers of able recruits. The difficulties in recruiting soldiers for advanced ranks without conscription, as well as difficulties in retaining such higher-ranking soldiers whose term of service time ends, indicates that a professional army might have to make considerable financial efforts to be competitive as an employer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_arguments">Civic arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Civic arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Civilian detractors argued that conscription was simply anachronistic, instilling an undue sense of militarism in young men, and also delaying their entry into the workforce. Others argued that especially young people often detached themselves from their community, consuming its benefits but trying to avoid its duties. Conscription obliged at least the male portion of the population to pay society back through military and civilian service. </p><p>Furthermore, abolishing conscription also meant abolishing civilian service. A purely civilian compulsory service would be incompatible with the <a href="/wiki/Grundgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">German basic law</a>, which permitted conscription only for the purpose of defense. This caused a considerable drop in the number of people working in the care of children and elderly people. Such care facilities often relied on civilian service to furnish them with large numbers of very low-paid workers. </p><p>Apart from that, professional forces tend to recruit largely from underprivileged groups in society. In 2007 for example, a disproportionate number of soldiers (about 4 out of 10) who volunteer beyond their basic service came from the poorer eastern parts of Germany. It was feared that a professional force would increase this trend, disconnecting the armed forces from the more affluent groups in society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_mandatory_services">Further mandatory services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further mandatory services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, beside the suspended military service, a few other <a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">mandatory services</a> are possible and implemented by law in some municipalities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_Guard_Service">Border Guard Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Border Guard Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By constitutional law a <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Border_Guard_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Border Guard Service">Compulsory Border Guard Service</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_(Germany)" title="Federal Police (Germany)">Federal Police</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundespolizei</i></span>), the renamed Federal Border Guard (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">Bundesgrenzschutz</a></i></span>) can be implemented. Currently conscription is suspended in peacetime, similar to conscription for military service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compulsory_Fire_Service">Compulsory Fire Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Compulsory Fire Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Fire_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory Fire Service">Compulsory Fire Service</a> for a local <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire department</a> is in force in a handful of <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">municipalities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyke_Relief_Service">Dyke Relief Service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dyke Relief Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of floodings and crevasse the <i>Dyke Relief Service</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deichhilfe</i></span>) can be enforced where citizens can be drafted by municipalities for cleanup services or to make dykes safe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_and_hitch-up_services">Hand and hitch-up services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hand and hitch-up services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>So-called <i><a href="/wiki/Hand_and_hitch-up_services" title="Hand and hitch-up services">hand and hitch-up services</a></i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hand- und Spanndienste</i></span>) or more contemporary the (mandatory) <i>municipal services</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gemeindedienste</i></span>) is an obligatory service, that can be requested by a local government and is still enforced in small townships to maintain municipal properties and infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Pacifism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Agreement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bw23-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bw23_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bw23_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Women and <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ+ people</a>, just like men, are able to serve in the military,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but unlike men during the constitutional states of tension and <a href="/wiki/State_of_defence" title="State of defence">defence</a> only on a voluntary basis. To achieve proper and complete equality with men by being just as required to protect and defend the country as men are, a change to the constitution is necessary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2007, a 20-year-old man was arrested by the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Bundeswehr</span></span> for being <a href="/wiki/AWOL" class="mw-redirect" title="AWOL">AWOL</a> (Absent Without Official Leave).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175455/https://www.faz.net/s/Rub594835B672714A1DB1A121534F010EE1/Doc~E623BE7711422485FAD399811217F5118~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html">"Wehrpflicht wird zum 1. Juli 2011 ausgesetzt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German). 22 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/s/Rub594835B672714A1DB1A121534F010EE1/Doc~E623BE7711422485FAD399811217F5118~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Wehrpflicht+wird+zum+1.+Juli+2011+ausgesetzt&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Fs%2FRub594835B672714A1DB1A121534F010EE1%2FDoc~E623BE7711422485FAD399811217F5118~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc10-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc10_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-11817312">"German army 'to suspend' conscription in 2011"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=German+army+%27to+suspend%27+conscription+in+2011&rft.date=2010-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-11817312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswehr.de/en/about-bundeswehr/identity-of-the-bundeswehr/equal-opportunities/diversity-bundeswehr">"Diversity in the Bundeswehr"</a>. <i>Bundeswehr</i>. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundeswehr&rft.atitle=Diversity+in+the+Bundeswehr&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fen%2Fabout-bundeswehr%2Fidentity-of-the-bundeswehr%2Fequal-opportunities%2Fdiversity-bundeswehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gg22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gg22_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gg22_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gg22_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/">"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"</a>. 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Berlin: Federal Republic of Germany. 19 December 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Law+for+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.date=2022-12-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/wehrpflg/index.html">"Wehrpflichtgesetz (WPflG) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 15. August 2011 (BGBl. I S. 1730), das zuletzt durch Artikel 2 des Gesetzes vom 20. Dezember 2023 (BGBl. 2023 I Nr. 392) geändert worden ist"</a> (in German). Berlin: Federal Republic of Germany. 20 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wehrpflichtgesetz+%28WPflG%29+in+der+Fassung+der+Bekanntmachung+vom+15.+August+2011+%28BGBl.+I+S.+1730%29%2C+das+zuletzt+durch+Artikel+2+des+Gesetzes+vom+20.+Dezember+2023+%28BGBl.+2023+I+Nr.+392%29+ge%C3%A4ndert+worden+ist&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fwehrpflg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw07-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw07_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw07_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/more-jews-opt-to-serve-in-german-military/a-2299443">"Jews in the Bundeswehr"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 7 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Jews+in+the+Bundeswehr&rft.date=2007-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmore-jews-opt-to-serve-in-german-military%2Fa-2299443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerStollStrompen2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Metzger, Nils; Stoll, Ulrich; Strompen, Michael (16 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdf.de/politik/frontal/wehrpflicht-light-bedingt-abwehrbereit-bundeswehr-wehrdienst-100.html">"Bedingt abwehrbereit"</a> [Conditionally Ready for Defence]. <i>ZDF</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDF&rft.atitle=Bedingt+abwehrbereit&rft.date=2024-07-16&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft.au=Stoll%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Strompen%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdf.de%2Fpolitik%2Ffrontal%2Fwehrpflicht-light-bedingt-abwehrbereit-bundeswehr-wehrdienst-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/pistorius-will-neuen-wehrdienst-mit-pflichtanteil-18-jaehrige-sollen-fragebogen-ausfuellen-108.html">"Pistorius will neuen Wehrdienst mit 'Pflichtanteil' – 18-Jährige sollen Fragebogen ausfüllen"</a> [Pistorius wants new Military Service with 'Compulsory Component' – 18-year-olds to complete Questionnaires]. <i>Deutschlandradio</i> (in German). 12 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandradio&rft.atitle=Pistorius+will+neuen+Wehrdienst+mit+%27Pflichtanteil%27+%E2%80%93+18-J%C3%A4hrige+sollen+Fragebogen+ausf%C3%BCllen&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fpistorius-will-neuen-wehrdienst-mit-pflichtanteil-18-jaehrige-sollen-fragebogen-ausfuellen-108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=SBGG&a=9">"§ 9 Zuordnung zum männlichen Geschlecht im Spannungs- und Verteidigungsfall"</a> [§ 9 Assignment to the Male Gender during the Constitutional States of Tension and Defence]. <i>buzer.de</i> (in German). 19 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buzer.de&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+9+Zuordnung+zum+m%C3%A4nnlichen+Geschlecht+im+Spannungs-+und+Verteidigungsfall&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzer.de%2Fs1.htm%3Fg%3DSBGG%26a%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/wehrpflicht-frauen-100.html">"Generalinspekteur will Wehrpflicht auch für Frauen"</a> [Inspector General wants compulsory military service for women as well]. <i>Tagesschau</i> (in German). 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tagesschau&rft.atitle=Generalinspekteur+will+Wehrpflicht+auch+f%C3%BCr+Frauen&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Finland%2Finnenpolitik%2Fwehrpflicht-frauen-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRzepka2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rzepka, Dominik (12 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/wehrpflicht-modell-pistorius-bundeswehr-wehrdienst-musterung-100.html">"So soll der neue Wehrdienst aussehen"</a> [This is what the new military service is intended look like]. <i>ZDF</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDF&rft.atitle=So+soll+der+neue+Wehrdienst+aussehen&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft.aulast=Rzepka&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdf.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Fwehrpflicht-modell-pistorius-bundeswehr-wehrdienst-musterung-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonnenberg2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sonnenberg, Ralf (29 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/open-source/argumente-gegen-eine-wehrpflicht-fuer-frauen-sind-realitaetsfremd-und-inkonsequent-li.2228362">"Eine Wehrpflicht nur für Männer? Das 'verrät ein gewisses Potenzial an Menschenverachtung'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Conscription only for men? This 'reveals a certain potential for contempt for humanity']. <i>Berliner Zeitung</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Eine+Wehrpflicht+nur+f%C3%BCr+M%C3%A4nner%3F+Das+%27verr%C3%A4t+ein+gewisses+Potenzial+an+Menschenverachtung%27&rft.date=2024-06-29&rft.aulast=Sonnenberg&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fopen-source%2Fargumente-gegen-eine-wehrpflicht-fuer-frauen-sind-realitaetsfremd-und-inkonsequent-li.2228362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrömsdörfer2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strömsdörfer, Hans (21 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/stadt-der-verweigerer-1355059.html">"Berlin: Stadt der Verweigerer"</a>. <i>Tagesspiegel</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Berlin%3A+Stadt+der+Verweigerer&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6msd%C3%B6rfer&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fberlin%2Fstadt-der-verweigerer-1355059.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauersbergerStandtke2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mauersberger, Kerstin; Standtke, Nicole (24 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070930200929/http://www.mdr.de/doku/1213814.html">"Die Spatensoldaten"</a> [The Shovelsoldiers]. <i>Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdr.de/doku/1213814.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteldeutscher+Rundfunk&rft.atitle=Die+Spatensoldaten&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.aulast=Mauersberger&rft.aufirst=Kerstin&rft.au=Standtke%2C+Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdr.de%2Fdoku%2F1213814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHägler2007" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hägler, Max (8 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taz.de/!272463/">"Bundeswehr versteckt Totalverweigerer"</a>. <i>TAZ</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TAZ&rft.atitle=Bundeswehr+versteckt+Totalverweigerer&rft.date=2007-06-08&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gler&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaz.de%2F%21272463%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WStG23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WStG23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WStG23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/wstrg/BJNR002980957.html">"Wehrstrafgesetz (WStG) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 24. Mai 1974 (BGBl. I S. 1213), das zuletzt durch Artikel 3 des Gesetzes vom 26. Juli 2023 (BGBl. 2023 I Nr. 203) geändert worden ist"</a> (in German). Berlin: Federal Republic of Germany. 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wehrstrafgesetz+%28WStG%29+in+der+Fassung+der+Bekanntmachung+vom+24.+Mai+1974+%28BGBl.+I+S.+1213%29%2C+das+zuletzt+durch+Artikel+3+des+Gesetzes+vom+26.+Juli+2023+%28BGBl.+2023+I+Nr.+203%29+ge%C3%A4ndert+worden+ist&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fwstrg%2FBJNR002980957.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZDG19-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZDG19_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ersdig/BJNR000100960.html">"Zivildienstgesetz (ZDG) in der Fassung der Bekanntmachung vom 17. Mai 2005 (BGBl. I S. 1346), das zuletzt durch Artikel 7 des Gesetzes vom 12. Dezember 2019 (BGBl. I S. 2652) geändert worden ist"</a> (in German). Berlin: Federal Republic of Germany. 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zivildienstgesetz+%28ZDG%29+in+der+Fassung+der+Bekanntmachung+vom+17.+Mai+2005+%28BGBl.+I+S.+1346%29%2C+das+zuletzt+durch+Artikel+7+des+Gesetzes+vom+12.+Dezember+2019+%28BGBl.+I+S.+2652%29+ge%C3%A4ndert+worden+ist&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fersdig%2FBJNR000100960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rechtslexikon.net/d/hand-und-spanndienste/hand-und-spanndienste.htm">"Hand- und Spanndienste"</a>. <i>Rechtslexikon</i> (in German). 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rechtslexikon&rft.atitle=Hand-+und+Spanndienste&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rechtslexikon.net%2Fd%2Fhand-und-spanndienste%2Fhand-und-spanndienste.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConscription+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/en/parliament/commissioner/">The Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English and German)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Conscription in Germany</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Conscription_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Conscription in Germany">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conscription_in_Europe122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conscription_in_Europe" title="Template:Conscription in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conscription_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Conscription in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conscription in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conscription_in_Europe122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conscription in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Azerbaijan" title="Conscription in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Cyprus" title="Conscription in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Denmark" title="Conscription in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Finland" title="Conscription in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_France" title="Conscription in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Greece" title="Conscription in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Monaco" title="Conscription in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Netherlands" title="Conscription in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Serbia" title="Conscription in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Sweden" title="Conscription in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Ukraine" title="Conscription in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conscription in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription in Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&oldid=1258147554">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Germany&oldid=1258147554</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conscription_in_Germany" title="Category:Conscription in Germany">Conscription in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conscription_by_country" title="Category:Conscription by country">Conscription by country</a></li></ul></div><div 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