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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charter Change</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_laws" title="List of Philippine laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Constitutional reform in the Philippines</b>, colloquially known as <b>charter change</b> (<b>cha-cha</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the political and legal processes needed to amend the current 1987 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>. Under the common interpretation of the Constitution, amendments can be proposed by one of three methods: a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_initiative" title="People's initiative">people's initiative</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly_(Philippines)" title="Constituent assembly (Philippines)">constituent assembly</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(Philippines)" title="Constitutional convention (Philippines)">constitutional convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fourth method, by both houses passing a joint <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">concurrent resolution</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of at least 75%, has been proposed by House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Feliciano_Belmonte_Jr." title="Feliciano Belmonte Jr.">Feliciano Belmonte Jr.</a> who subsequently submitted to the House of Representatives "Resolution of Both Houses No. 1".<sup id="cite_ref-ABSCBNPuno_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSCBNPuno-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "simple legislation as the means to amend" would only require approval by both Houses voting separately.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilStarVillanueva_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilStarVillanueva-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All proposed amendment methods must be <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Majority_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority vote">majority vote</a> in a national <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilStarVillanueva_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilStarVillanueva-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While no amendment to the 1987 Constitution has succeeded, there have been several high-profile attempts since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">Ramos administration</a>. None reached the ratification by referendum stage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_charter_change">Methods of charter change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Methods of charter change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:auto; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Method </th> <th>Proposal </th> <th>Ratification </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly (Philippines)">Constituent Assembly</a> </td> <td>Vote by three-fourths of all its members, with both houses voting separately.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">Plebiscite, not earlier than sixty days no later than ninety days after the submission of the amendments or revision </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VotingSeparately_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VotingSeparately-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Philippines)">Constitutional Convention</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Called into existence by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>, with a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, with both houses voting separately.</li> <li>Majority vote of all of the Members of Congress, with both houses voting separately, submitting to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.</li></ul> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-VotingSeparately_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VotingSeparately-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Initiative">People's Initiative</a> </td> <td>Petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least 3% of the registered voters therein </td> <td>Plebiscite, not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification by the Commission on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Supreme Court ruled in 1997 that the People's Initiative method of amending the constitution is "fatally defective", or inoperable. Another ruling in 2006 on another attempt at a People's Initiative was ruled unconstitutional by the court <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This only leaves the Constituent Assembly and the Constitutional Convention as the valid ways to amend the constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consultative_body">Consultative body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consultative body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The President, through official proclamation or executive order, may create a consultative body that will study and propose amendments or revisions to the constitution. However, the draft of the consultative committee will only serve as a guide for the constitutional body that will propose amendments or revisions to the Constitution. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:auto; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="10%">President </th> <th width="8%">Consultative Body </th> <th width="8%">Legal Basis </th> <th width="10%">Chairperson </th> <th width="35%">Composition </th> <th width="15%">Proposed form of government </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_Committee_for_Philippine_Independence" title="Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence">Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a> </td> <td>20 members <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_R._Quirino" class="mw-redirect" title="Elpidio R. Quirino">Elpidio R. Quirino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino, Sr.">Benigno Aquino, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Avance%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Avanceña">Ramon Avanceña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_B._Vargas" title="Jorge B. Vargas">Jorge B. Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_las_Alas" title="Antonio de las Alas">Antonio de las Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claro_M._Recto" title="Claro M. Recto">Claro M. Recto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Paredes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Paredes">Quintin Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yulo" title="José Yulo">José Yulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Madrigal" title="Vicente Madrigal">Vicente Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a></li> <li>Sa Ramain (Alauya Alonto)</li> <li>Emiliano Tria Tirona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melecio_Arranz" title="Melecio Arranz">Melecio Arranz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Os%C3%ADas" title="Camilo Osías">Camilo Osías</a></li> <li>Rafael Alunan Sr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sabido" title="Pedro Sabido">Pedro Sabido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofilo_Sison" class="mw-redirect" title="Teofilo Sison">Teofilo Sison</a></li> <li>Manuel C. Briones</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Single-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-party">Single-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> </td> <td>Preparatory Commission on Constitutional Reforms </td> <td>Executive Order No. 43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andres_Narvasa" title="Andres Narvasa">Andres Narvasa</a> </td> <td>19 out of 25 members<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>Raul Daza</li> <li>Margarito Teves</li> <li>Raul Concepcion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gozon" title="Felipe Gozon">Felipe Gozon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Fenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Fenix (page does not exist)">Alberto Fenix</a> Jr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Vasquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrado Vasquez">Conrado Vasquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Villegas" title="Bernardo Villegas">Bernardo Villegas</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Paderanga_Jr." title="Cayetano Paderanga Jr.">Cayetano Paderanga Jr.</a></li> <li>Ceferino Padua</li> <li>Froilan Bacunan</li> <li>Cicero Calderon</li> <li>Ramon Felipe,</li> <li>Ricardo Romulo.</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> constitutional <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade economy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> </td> <td>2005 Consultative Commission </td> <td>Executive Order No. 453 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abueva" title="José Abueva">José Abueva</a> </td> <td>33 out of 50 members<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li>Carmen Pedrosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarius_Bondoc" title="Jarius Bondoc">Jarius Bondoc</a></li> <li>Alexander Magno</li> <li>Anthony Acevedo</li> <li>Ronald Adamat</li> <li>Emmanuel Angeles</li> <li>Rene Azurin</li> <li>Jose Bello Jr.</li> <li>Ma. Romela Bengzon</li> <li>Francis Chua</li> <li>Donald Dee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Duavit_Jr." title="Gilberto Duavit Jr.">Gilberto Duavit Jr.</a></li> <li>Gerado Espina Sr.</li> <li>Pablo Garcia</li> <li>Nelia Gonzales</li> <li>Joji Ilagan-Bian</li> <li>Gonzalo Jurado</li> <li>Jose Leviste Jr.</li> <li>James Marty Lim</li> <li>Lito Monico Lorenzana</li> <li>Sergio Luiz-Ortiz Jr.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Matula" title="Sonny Matula">Sonny Matula</a></li> <li>Democrito Mendoza</li> <li>David Naval</li> <li>Victor Ortega</li> <li>Vicente Paterno</li> <li>San Fernando</li> <li>Oscar Rodriguez</li> <li>Pedro Romualdo</li> <li>Efraim Tendero</li> <li>Ray Teves</li> <li>Antonio Vilar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Yuchengco" title="Alfonso Yuchengco">Alfonso Yuchengco</a>.</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> constitutional republic </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td> <td>Consultative Commission </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Executive_Order_10" title="Philippine Executive Order 10">Executive Order No. 10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reynato_Puno" title="Reynato Puno">Reynato Puno</a> </td> <td>21 out of 25 members<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr">Aquilino Pimentel Jr</a></li> <li>Randolph Climaco Parcasio</li> <li>Antonio Arellano</li> <li>Susan Ubalde-Ordinario</li> <li>Arthur Aguilar</li> <li>Reuben Canoy</li> <li>Roan Libarios</li> <li>Laurence Wacnang</li> <li>Ali Pangalian Balindong</li> <li>Edmund Soriano Tayao</li> <li>Eddie Mapag Alih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_Reyes" title="Bienvenido Reyes">Bienvenido Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_C._Teehankee" title="Julio C. Teehankee">Julio Cabral Teehankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Nachura" title="Antonio Nachura">Antonio Nachura</a></li> <li>Rodolfo Dia Robles</li> <li>Virgilio Bautista</li> <li>Ranhilio Aquino</li> <li>Victor de la Serna</li> <li>Jose Martin Azcarraga Loon</li> <li>Rex Cambronero Robles</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> constitutional republic </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_amendments_or_revision_to_the_1987_Constitution">Proposed amendments or revision to the 1987 Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proposed amendments or revision to the 1987 Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">Federalism in the Philippines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramos_administration">Ramos administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ramos administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first attempt to amend the 1987 Constitution was under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a>. Among the proposed changes in the constitution included a shift to a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senatorial_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senatorial system (page does not exist)">senatorial system</a> and the lifting of term limits of public officials. Ramos argued that the changes will bring more accountability, continuity, and responsibility to the "gridlock"-prone Philippine version of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> system. Some politically active religious groups, opposition politicians, business tycoons and left-wing organizations opposed the process that was supposed to lead to a national referendum. Critics argued that the proposed constitutional changes for one would benefit the incumbent, Ramos. On September 21, 1997, a church-organized rally brought in an estimated half a million people to <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, on September 23, 1997, the advocates suffered a setback when the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Andres_Narvasa" title="Andres Narvasa">Andres Narvasa</a>, narrowly dismissed a petition filed by the People's Initiative for Reform, Modernization and Action (PIRMA), which sought to amend the Constitution through a signature campaign or People's Initiative. The Supreme Court dismissed the petition on the grounds that the People's Initiative mode does not have enough enabling law for the proposed revisions or amendments in the 1987 constitution. Had the petition been successful, a national plebiscite would have been held for proposed changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estrada_administration">Estrada administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Estrada administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution. The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Constitutional Reform under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal, according to its proponents, would amend only the restrictive economic provisions of the constitution that are considered to impede the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines. </p><p>There were, once again, objections from opposition politicians, religious sects and left-wing organizations based on diverse arguments such as national patrimony and the proposed constitutional changes would be self-serving. Again, the government was accused of pushing constitutional reform for its own vested interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arroyo_administration">Arroyo administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arroyo administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the term of <a href="/wiki/President_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" title="President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, multiple attempts were made to change the 1987 Constitution. Arroyo issued Executive Order No. 453 in August 2005 to create the Consultative Commission,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abueva" title="José Abueva">José Abueva</a>. After holding consultations with different sectors of society, the commission proposed revisions to the 1987 constitution relating to a shift to a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> form of government; <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a>; further <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a> of national government, and more <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a> of local governments through a transition to a parliamentary-<a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">federal government</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While constitutional reform and "opening up" of the Philippine economy were supported by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a> and the Employers Confederation of the Philippines,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these were opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Makati_Business_Club" title="Makati Business Club">Makati Business Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sigaw_ng_Bayan_initiative">Sigaw ng Bayan initiative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sigaw ng Bayan initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sigaw ng Bayan (Cry of the People), led by former Consultative Commission member Atty. Raul Lambino, and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Local_Authorities_of_the_Philippines" title="Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines">Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines</a> campaigned in 2005–2006 for the amendments proposed by the Consultative Commission. Sigaw ng Bayan aimed to gather enough signatures to call for a plebiscite on the proposed constitutional changes by a People's Initiative. </p><p>Religious, business, and political groups, and coalitions such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=One_Voice_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One Voice (organization) (page does not exist)">One Voice</a>, opposed the proposed amendments, citing untimeliness and contending that the incumbent President and her allies would directly benefit from the proposed changes by extending the President's term of office.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> (CPP) called the cha-cha process "anti-masses". </p><p>On October 25, 2006, the Supreme Court, under <a href="/wiki/Artemio_Panganiban" title="Artemio Panganiban">Chief Justice Artemio Panganiban</a>, by a vote of 8–7, rejected Sigaw ng Bayan's initiative on two grounds: </p> <ul><li>The initiative failed to comply with the basic requirements of the Constitution for conducting a people's initiative.</li> <li>The initiative proposed revisions and not amendments. Under the 1987 Constitution, a people's initiative cannot introduce constitutional revisions but only amendments. The Court held that changing the form of government, from presidential to parliamentary, or abolishing a house of Congress, such as the Senate, are revisions, which cannot be done by a people's initiative.</li></ul> <p>In November 2006, the Supreme Court denied with finality Sigaw ng Bayan's motions for reconsideration of the court's October 25, 2006, decision.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constituent_Assembly_under_De_Venecia">Constituent Assembly under De Venecia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Constituent Assembly under De Venecia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly (Philippines)">Constituent Assembly (Philippines)</a></div> <p>In December 2006, House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Venecia,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jose de Venecia, Jr.">Jose de Venecia, Jr.</a> attempted to push for the constitutional change process by convening the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate of the Philippines</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly (Philippines)">Constituent Assembly</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Con-ass" class="mw-redirect" title="Con-ass">con-ass</a>," one of the three modes by which the 1987 Constitution could be amended. </p><p>Former President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>; left-wing organizations such as <a href="/wiki/BAYAN" class="mw-redirect" title="BAYAN">BAYAN</a>, Bro. <a href="/wiki/Mike_Velarde" title="Mike Velarde">Mike Velarde</a> of <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai_(movement)" title="El Shaddai (movement)">El Shaddai</a>, Bro. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Villanueva" title="Eddie Villanueva">Eddie Villanueva</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Is_Lord_Church_Worldwide" title="Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide">Jesus is Lord Movement</a>, Butch Valdes of Philippines <a href="/wiki/LaRouche_Youth_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="LaRouche Youth Movement">LaRouche Youth Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> and other groups and personalities called on their followers to go home that will culminate in a major "eating rally"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on December 17, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days before the planned rally, House Speaker De Venecia retreated on the constituent assembly (con-ass) mode to give way for constitutional reform via <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Philippines)">constitutional convention</a> (con-con): the only mode of constitutional reform that many anti-constitutional reform groups said they will support. Speaker De Venecia "challenged" everyone to support his new proposal for the election of constitutional convention delegates to be held on the same day as the May 2007 local elections. Despite the concessions made by Speaker De Venecia, opponents ignored his new proposal and still pushed through with the rally of less than an estimated 15,000 protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the "eating rally," the religious leaders called on the whole nation to embrace "electric post," "face removal," and "character change" instead of systematic changes such as constitutional reform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constituent_Assembly_under_Nograles-Pimentel">Constituent Assembly under Nograles-Pimentel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constituent Assembly under Nograles-Pimentel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monico O. Puentevella on May 7, 2008, filed House Concurrent Resolution No. 15, which supported Senate Resolution No. 10 backed by 16 <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">senators</a>. Unlike the Nene Pimentel Senate Resolution, Puentevella included the option of holding a constitutional convention but excluded a People's Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Nograles" title="Prospero Nograles">Prospero Nograles</a>, a self-proclaimed advocate of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, announced on May 1, 2008: "This federal system of government is close to my heart as a Mindanaoan leader and I'm sure most of the leaders in Mindanao will agree that we have long clamored for it. Senate Resolution 10 is a pleasant surprise because the Senate has a long history of opposing any move to amend the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joint Senate resolution called for the creation of 11 federal states in the country by convening of Congress "into a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a> for the purpose of revising the Constitution to establish a federal system of government." </p><p>Arroyo stated to visiting Swiss President <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Couchepin" title="Pascal Couchepin">Pascal Couchepin</a>: "We advocate federalism as a way to ensure long-lasting peace in Mindanao."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Press Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Dureza" title="Jesus Dureza">Jesus Dureza</a>, on August 12, 2008, stated, "It's all systems go for Charter change. We are supporting Senate Joint Resolution No. 10. Naughty insinuations that she [Arroyo] was going for Cha-cha [Charter change] because she wants to extend her term in office prompted the President to make her position clear. She is calling for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a>... in order to bring about the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity. An opportunity should be given to the whole country to avail of the reform effects of federalism. The sentiment of many people there is to give local officials more authority in order to perform better. And the federal set-up is the way forward to this. The President has approved the way forward and there's no question about it. If she has the political will to do it she has to muster political will in spite of all these noises."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representative Victor Ortega of <a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a>, chairman of the House committee on constitutional amendments, said that his survey showed that 115 (94.26%) of the 123 solons were in favor of amending the Constitution. However, opposition and leftist lawmakers questioned the results and intent of Ortega's survey and called Arroyo's proposal a ploy for her "perpetuation in power" and the removal of protectionist provisions in the Charter. The survey showed 62 respondents favored constitutional reform by a constitutional assembly, and 89 respondents were in favor of shifting to a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> form of government, compared to 56 who voted for <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, and 70 respondents preferred to amend the Constitution after the 2010 presidential elections. Members of the committee on constitutional amendments would vote by the end August on whether to amend the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, nothing came out from the proposal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquino_III_administration">Aquino III administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aquino III administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belmonte's_joint_resolution_on_economic_provisions"><span id="Belmonte.27s_joint_resolution_on_economic_provisions"></span>Belmonte's joint resolution on economic provisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Belmonte's joint resolution on economic provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> several proposals were put forth by different members of Congress. Senate Resolution No. 10, by Senator Pimentel, called for constitutional reform to convert to a federal republic. Cagayan de Oro Representative <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Rodriguez" title="Rufus Rodriguez">Rufus Rodriguez</a> and Abante Mindanao (ABAMIN) party-list Representative Maximo Rodriguez Jr. filed a bill pushing for a federal and parliamentary government, in addition to economic liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaker of the House, <a href="/wiki/Feliciano_Belmonte,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.">Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.</a>, filed Resolution of Both Houses No. 1, pushing for economic liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution would add five words to seven economic provisions in the Constitution: "unless otherwise provided by law."<sup id="cite_ref-PhilStarVillanueva_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilStarVillanueva-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seven provisions are Section 2, Art. XII on exploration, development, and utilization of natural resources; Section 3, Art. XII on alienable lands on the public domain; Section 7, Art. XII on conveyance of private lands; Section 10, Art. XII on reserved investments; Section 11, Art. XII on grant of franchises, certificates, or any other forms of authorization for the operation of public entity; Section 4 (2), Art. XIV on ownership of educational institutions; and Section 11 (1 and 2), Art. XVI on ownership and management of mass media and on the policy for engagement in the advertising industry.<sup id="cite_ref-InterAksyonOct15_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterAksyonOct15-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting economic liberalism are business groups such as the Foundation for Economic Freedom, Arangkada Philippines, and the Makati Business Club.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governmental agencies like the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Philippines)" title="Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(Philippines)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> also are calling for economic liberalization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution made it through two readings in the House of Representatives but did not have a <a href="/wiki/Third_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Third reading">third reading</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duterte_administration">Duterte administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Duterte administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_and_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte">Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte</a></div> <p>During the May 2016 election, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> stated in May 2016 that a plebiscite on the proposed replacement of the unitary state with a federal one will be held in two years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After winning, Duterte proposed to revive the proposed form of Nene Pimentel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On December 7, 2016, President Duterte signed <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Executive_Order_10" title="Philippine Executive Order 10">Executive Order No. 10</a> creating a consultative committee (ConCom) to review the 1987 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-GMA_Macas_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMA_Macas-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then on July 3, 2018, the ConCom unanimously approved the draft constitution through voting. It was submitted to the President on or before July 9 of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Geducos_2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geducos_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charm_2018_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charm_2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Bayanihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayanihan">Bayanihan</a> Constitution" (referring to the Filipino value of communal work) by Duterte and the consultative committee,<sup id="cite_ref-Geducos_2018_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geducos_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the proposed federal charter includes an amendment that aims to prohibit elected officials from switching political parties during the first and last two years of their term, as a response to <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">turncoat</a> behavior. Also included are provisions that seek to ban political dynasties, barring "persons related within the second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity" from running for public office "simultaneously for more than one national and one regional or local position."<sup id="cite_ref-Charm_2018_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charm_2018-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcos_Jr._administration">Marcos Jr. administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marcos Jr. administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Presidency of Bongbong Marcos">administration</a> of President <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, several legislators have put forward proposals to amend the provisions of the constitution. In the <a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a>, members of the House of Representatives filed several proposals to amend the sections of the constitution regarding economic, political, and judicial reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in the Senate, several of its members rejected proposals to amend the constitution, with Senate President <a href="/wiki/Migz_Zubiri" title="Migz Zubiri">Migz Zubiri</a> stating that it was "too controversial" as the administration was just starting.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other key officials of the Marcos administration have also expressed support for charter change. Chief Presidential Legal Counsel <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> has proposed to scrap the current constitution and form a constitutional assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, former National Security Adviser <a href="/wiki/Clarita_Carlos" title="Clarita Carlos">Clarita Carlos</a> has pushed for a complete overhaul of the constitution and transition to a parliamentary government.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines">Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines</a> per <a href="/wiki/Broderick_Pabillo" title="Broderick Pabillo">Broderick Pabillo</a> on January 12, 2024, warns: "reject the ongoing signature campaign pushing for charter change through a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Initiative">people's initiative</a> xxx the campaign offers money in exchange for their signatures."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Severo_Caermare" title="Severo Caermare">Severo Caermare</a> echoes Pabillo (in his "Sulat Pamahayag" 14 January 2024 on "ongoing signature gathering wherein money was offered to the voters") joined by his hundred priests of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dipolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Dipolog">Diocese of Dipolog</a> said that "a people’s initiative not coming from the people and without prior consultation may only end up favoring a few interests."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RBH_No._6_and_RBH_No._7">RBH No. 6 and RBH No. 7</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: RBH No. 6 and RBH No. 7"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2024_constitutional_reform_attempts_in_the_Philippines" title="2024 constitutional reform attempts in the Philippines">2024 constitutional reform attempts in the Philippines</a></div> <p>On March 19, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_House_Committee_on_Constitutional_Amendments" title="Philippine House Committee on Constitutional Amendments">Philippine House Committee on Constitutional Amendments</a> approved on third and final reading "Resolution of Both Houses No. 7" the economic charter change (Cha-cha), that will amend economic provisions in the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>. RBH 7 removes the 40% foreign ownership limit for public utilities, education and advertising firms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolution of Both Houses No. 6, is still pending in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_Committee_on_Constitutional_Amendments_and_Revision_of_Codes" title="Philippine Senate Committee on Constitutional Amendments and Revision of Codes">Philippine Senate Committee on Constitutional Amendments and Revision of Codes</a>. RBH No. 6 and RBH No. 7 are both entitled, “A Resolution of Both Houses of Congress proposing amendments to certain economic provisions of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, particularly on Articles Xll, XlV and XVl.”<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGavilan2018" class="citation web cs1">Gavilan, Jodesz (January 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/193718-charter-change-explainer-philippine-constitution">"What You Need to Know about Charter Change"</a>. Rappler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153236/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/193718-charter-change-explainer-philippine-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+about+Charter+Change&rft.pub=Rappler&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.aulast=Gavilan&rft.aufirst=Jodesz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnewsbreak%2Fiq%2F193718-charter-change-explainer-philippine-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article XVII of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826051828/http://pcij.org/blog/2008/12/01/a-torrent-of-cha-cha-measures">"A Torrent of Cha-cha Measures"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Torrent+of+Cha-cha+Measures&rft.pub=Philippine+Center+for+Investigative+Journalism&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcij.org%2Fblog%2F2008%2F12%2F01%2Fa-torrent-of-cha-cha-measures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabacungan2008" class="citation news cs1">Cabacungan, Gil C. (December 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150417191343/http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/charterchange/view.php?db=1&article=20081210-177129">"Con-ass or Con-con? Arroyo Stand Sought"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquirer.net/specialreports/charterchange/view.php?db=1&article=20081210-177129">the original</a> on April 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Con-ass+or+Con-con%3F+Arroyo+Stand+Sought&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.aulast=Cabacungan&rft.aufirst=Gil+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.net%2Fspecialreports%2Fcharterchange%2Fview.php%3Fdb%3D1%26article%3D20081210-177129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABSCBNPuno-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABSCBNPuno_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuno2015" class="citation news cs1">Puno, Reynato S. (June 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/focus/06/07/15/how-amend-1987-constitution">"How to Amend the 1987 Constitution"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611120016/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/focus/06/07/15/how-amend-1987-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=How+to+Amend+the+1987+Constitution&rft.date=2015-06-07&rft.aulast=Puno&rft.aufirst=Reynato+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Ffocus%2F06%2F07%2F15%2Fhow-amend-1987-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilStarVillanueva-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhilStarVillanueva_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilStarVillanueva_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilStarVillanueva_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillanueva2015" class="citation news cs1">Villanueva, Marichu A. (September 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/09/14/1499548/costly-mistake">"Costly 'Mistake'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017152244/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/09/14/1499548/costly-mistake">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Costly+%27Mistake%27&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft.aulast=Villanueva&rft.aufirst=Marichu+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2F1499548%2Fcostly-mistake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/photo_release/2021/0127_04.asp">"Voting Separately on Cha-Cha"</a>. <i>legacy.senate.gov.ph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legacy.senate.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Voting+Separately+on+Cha-Cha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.senate.gov.ph%2Fphoto_release%2F2021%2F0127_04.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Gonzales vs. COMELEC</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1967/nov1967/gr_l-28196_1967.html"> G. R. No. L-28196</a> (Supreme Court of the Philippines November 15, 1967) ("<i>Senators and Members of the House of Representatives act, not as members of Congress, but as component elements of a constituent assembly. When acting as such, the members of Congress derive their authority from the Constitution.</i>").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1947/mar1947/gr_l-1123_1947.html"> G. R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Duterte+Appoints+19+Members+of+Charter+Change+Consultative+Committee&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.aulast=Ranada&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2Fduterte-appoints-members-consultative-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuhLopez" class="citation web cs1">Suh, Sangwon; Lopez, Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/1003/nat1.html">"Showdown in Manila"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011213257/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/1003/nat1.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inq7.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=37929">the original</a> on November 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inq7.net/breakingnews/view.php?story_id=38791">the original</a> on January 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2008</span> – via gmanews.tv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=House+Resolution+Supports+Change+in+Form+of+Government&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanews.tv%2Fstory%2F93727%2FHouse-resolution-supports-change-in-form-of-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryID=116791">"House, Senate Begin Cha-cha Talks Next Week"</a>. <i>abs-cbnnews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=abs-cbnnews.com&rft.atitle=House%2C+Senate+Begin+Cha-cha+Talks+Next+Week&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fstorypage.aspx%3FStoryID%3D116791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitutional+reform+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvendaño2008" class="citation news cs1">Avendaño, Christine (December 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080812160751/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080812-154032/Arroyo-resurrects-Charter-change">"Arroyo Resurrects Charter Change, Dureza: Federalism Needs Constitutional Amendment"</a>. <i>inquirer.net</i>. 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Abueva</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818155246/http://www.concom.ph/news/oct192005whychange.php">[10]</a></li> <li><i>Why Change Our Unitary Republic to the Federal Republic of the Philippines? by José V. Abueva</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://i-site.ph/Focus/ConCom/Abueva-Why-Change-from-Unitary-to-Federal-Republic.pdf">[11]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=106789">Abs-Cbn Interactive, New people's initiative drive eyes revision, not amendment</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080830110042/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/images/news/newspics/downloads/Joint%20Senate%20Resolution%20No.%2010%20Federal%20System%20of%20Government.pdf">Joint Senate Resolution No. 10: Federal System of Government</a></li> <li><i>A repository of reference materials on the need for Constitutional Reform in the Philippines</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://correctphilippines.org">[12]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batasngpilipinas.com/">The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (in Filipino and English Version)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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