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class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Chosun Ilbo</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Coson_Ilbo" title="Čoson Ilbo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čoson Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88" title="چوسان ایلبو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چوسان ایلبو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4" title="조선일보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조선일보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Ilbo" title="Joseon Ilbo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseon Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="The Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Чосун илбо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чосун илбо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" title="朝鮮日報 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮日報" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="The Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Чосон ильбо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чосон ильбо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Чосон Ільбо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чосон Ільбо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosun_Ilbo" title="Chosun Ilbo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chosun Ilbo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="朝鲜日报 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朝鲜日报" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1" title="朝鮮日報 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朝鮮日報" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South Korean daily newspaper</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250428316">.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-newspaper"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Chosun Ilbo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg/240px-Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg/360px-Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg/480px-Chosun_IIbo_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="76" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg/220px-Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg/330px-Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg/440px-Chosun_Ilbo_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2032" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Chosun Ilbo Building in <a href="/wiki/Gwanghwamun_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwanghwamun Plaza">Gwanghwamun Plaza</a> (2012)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Daily <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Format</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">ChosunMedia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Sin Sogu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Bang Sang-Hun</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Park Doo-Sik</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political alignment</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_partisan_newspapers_represented_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_partisan_newspapers_represented-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">Conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><sup id="cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>Historical:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">Far-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Pro-military</a><sup id="cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Pro-<i><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Chinilpa</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-친일파_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-친일파-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Pro-<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-일제_협력_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-일제_협력-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Jung_District,_Seoul" title="Jung District, Seoul">Jung District, Seoul</a>, South Korea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">Circulation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li>5,262,070 news subscribers <ul><li>4,000,000+ digital-only</li> <li>1,212,208 print</li> <li>49,862 print for child</li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/">chosun.com</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/">english.chosun.com</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>Korean name</b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">조선일보</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">朝鮮日報</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Joseon Ilbo</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Chosŏn Ilbo</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Conservatism in South Korea">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea"><span style="color: #FFF;">Conservatism<br />in South Korea</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism#State-aligned_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">State-aligned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#South_Korea" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditional</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hongik_Ingan" title="Hongik Ingan">Hongik Ingan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism#In_Korea" title="Neo-Confucianism">neo-Confucian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#South_Korea" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#North_Korea–South_Korea" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Anti-North sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Japanophilia</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">Japanophobia</a> <ul><li>"Old Right"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism#South_Korea" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Major_Rivers_Project" title="Four Major Rivers Project">Four Major Rivers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>Bukjin Tongil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Treaty_(United_States%E2%80%93South_Korea)" title="Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–South Korea)">Mutual Defense Treaty</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Restoration" title="October Restoration">October Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Supreme Council for National Reconstruction">Supreme Council for National Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegukgi_rallies" title="Taegukgi rallies">Taegukgi rallies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon">Choe Nam-seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Seong-su" title="Kim Seong-su">Kim Seong-su</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">B. R. Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Heong-joon" title="Park Heong-joon">Park Heong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Munyeol" title="Yi Munyeol">Yi Munyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoo_Seong-min" title="Yoo Seong-min">Yoo Seong-min</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Mong-joon" title="Chung Mong-joon">Chung Mong-joon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choung_Byoung-gug" title="Choung Byoung-gug">Choung Byoung-gug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwang_Kyo-ahn" title="Hwang Kyo-ahn">Hwang Kyo-ahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Du-han" title="Kim Du-han">Kim Du-han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee Beom-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hoi-chang" title="Lee Hoi-chang">Lee Hoi-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jun-seok" title="Lee Jun-seok">Lee Jun-seok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chong-in" title="Kim Chong-in">Kim Chong-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Gu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Gu">Kim Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jin-pyo_(politician)" title="Kim Jin-pyo (politician)">Kim Jin-pyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-pil" title="Kim Jong-pil">Kim Jong-pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kyu-sik" title="Kim Kyu-sik">Kim Kyu-sik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Moo-sung" title="Kim Moo-sung">Kim Moo-sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Kyung-won" title="Na Kyung-won">Na Kyung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suh_Chung-won" title="Suh Chung-won">Suh Chung-won</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_Tae-keung" title="Ha Tae-keung">Ha Tae-keung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Sang-hak" title="Park Sang-hak">Park Sang-hak</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (mainstream)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bareun_Party" title="Bareun Party">Bareun Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)">Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Justice_Party" title="Democratic Justice Party">Democratic Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Korea_Party" title="Future Korea Party">Future Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">Democratic Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Grand National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_(South_Korea)" title="National Association (South Korea)">National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(South_Korea)" title="New Conservative Party (South Korea)">New Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korea_Party" title="New Korea Party">New Korea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Future_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Future Party">People's Future Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Saenuri Party</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">United Future Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties (minor)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Liberty_Party" title="Dawn of Liberty Party">Dawn of Liberty Party</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Korea_21" title="Free Korea 21">Free Korea 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Democratic_Party" title="Korea Democratic Party">Korea Democratic Party</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Independence_Party" title="Korea Independence Party">Korea Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Party" title="Korean National Party">Korean National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">National Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Participation_Party" title="New National Participation Party">New National Participation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2017)" title="Our Republican Party (2017)">Our Republican Party (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Republican_Party_(2020)" title="Our Republican Party (2020)">Our Republican Party (2020)</a> (present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People First Party (South Korea)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party_(South_Korea,_2020)" title="People Party (South Korea, 2020)">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenuri_Party_(2017)" title="Saenuri Party (2017)">Saenuri Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_National_Party" title="Unification National Party">Unification National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Liberal_Democrats" title="United Liberal Democrats">United Liberal Democrats</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chosun Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Chosun" title="TV Chosun">TV Chosun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dong-a Ilbo">Dong-a Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_A_(TV_channel)" title="Channel A (TV channel)">Channel A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JTBC" title="JTBC">JTBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Economic_Daily" title="The Korea Economic Daily">The Korea Economic Daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukmin_Ilbo" title="Kukmin Ilbo">Kukmin Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Business_Newspaper" title="Maeil Business Newspaper">Maeil Business Newspaper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maeil_Broadcasting_Network" title="Maeil Broadcasting Network">MBN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Ilbo" title="Munhwa Ilbo">Munhwa Ilbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segye_Ilbo" title="Segye Ilbo">Segye Ilbo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Free_Enterprise" title="Center for Free Enterprise">Center for Free Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Council_of_Korea" title="Christian Council of Korea">Christian Council of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters_for_a_Free_North_Korea" title="Fighters for a Free North Korea">FFNK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Federation_of_Teachers%27_Associations" title="Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations">Korean Federation of Teachers' Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_for_North_Korean_Democracy_and_Human_Rights" title="Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights">NKnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanahoe" title="Hanahoe">Hanahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Youth_Association" title="North-West Youth Association">North-West Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Shirts_Society" title="White Shirts Society">White Shirts Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chojoongdong" title="Chojoongdong">Chojoongdong</a></li> <li>Controversy over National Foundation Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilbe_Storehouse" title="Ilbe Storehouse">Ilbe Storehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(South_Korea)" title="National Security Act (South Korea)">National Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">Liberalism in South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Template:Liberalism in South Korea">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/16px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/24px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/260px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/390px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/520px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korea" title="Category:Korea">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color:#000000;">Society</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-drama</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Korea" title="Theater in Korea">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_traditional_festivals" title="List of Korean traditional festivals">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Tal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Korea" title="Sport in Korea">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_syriacus" title="Hibiscus syriacus">Mugunghwa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a>" <ul><li>North Korea</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a>" <ul><li>South Korea</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea">Emblem of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Cultural_Symbols_of_Korea" title="100 Cultural Symbols of Korea">100 Cultural Symbols of Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template talk:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Chosun Ilbo</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">조선일보</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Korea Daily Newspaper</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also known as <i><b>The Chosun Daily</b>,</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a> for South Korea<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_partisan_newspapers_represented_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_partisan_newspapers_represented-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and among the oldest active newspapers in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a daily circulation of more than 1,800,000,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The</i> <i>Chosun Ilbo</i> has been audited annually since the Audit Bureau of Circulations was established in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The</i> <i>Chosun Ilbo</i> and its subsidiary company, Digital Chosun, operate the <i>Chosun.com</i> news website, which also publishes news in English, Chinese, and Japanese. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chosun Ilbo Establishment Union was created in September 1919. <i>The</i> <i>Chosun Ilbo</i> newspaper was founded on 5 March 1920<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Sin Sogu with the financial support of the Daejong Business Association.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cho Jin-Tae, the vice-chairman of the Daejong Business Association was appointed the first President of the newspaper in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as the Business Association failed to pay promised finances, the relationship between the Association and <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> broke down five months after its founding, and Cho Jin-Tae was replaced by Yoo Moon-Hwan on 15 August 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 April 1921, after only a year of publishing, <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> went on hiatus due to financial troubles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1940, the newspaper published "Lessons of American Realism", the fourth part of an editorial series.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten days later<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – following issue 6,923 – the paper was declared officially discontinued by the Japanese ruling government. In the twenty years since its founding, the paper had been suspended by the Japanese government four times, and its issues confiscated over five hundred times before 1932. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Korea">Korea gained independence</a> in 1945, <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> resumed publication after a five-year, three-month hiatus. </p><p>On 1 March 1999, <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> announced that starting the following day (2 March 1999), it would be switching to the horizontal left-to-right writing style already adopted by most other newspapers by the time, ahead of the paper's 79th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also made a commitment to preserve and continue using <i><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a></i> characters despite the change. Consequently, the 1 March 1999 issue (Issue No. 24305) became the last issue of <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> written in the vertical right-to-left style and the last mainstream Korean paper that published in the style. All issues since 2 March 1999 have been in the modern horizontal left-to-right style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subsidiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the daily newspaper, the company also publishes the <i>Weekly Chosun</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Chosun" title="Monthly Chosun">Monthly Chosun</a></i>, <i>Digital Chosun</i>, <i>Edu-Chosun</i>, and <i>ChosunBiz</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chojoongdong" title="Chojoongdong">Chojoongdong</a></div> <p><i>The</i> <i>Chosun Ilbo</i> has historically taken a hardline stance against North Korea. For example, it opposed South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a>, aimed at engaging North Korea through cooperation, mitigating the gap in <a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">economic power</a> and restoring lost communication between the two Koreas. For this reason, the newspaper has attracted heavy criticism and threats from the North.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 April 2019, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> described <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> as "an outlet notorious for its dubious and politically motivated" reporting on North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 May 2019, the newspaper reported that, based on "an unidentified source", the head diplomat of North Korea's nuclear envoy <a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyok-chol" title="Kim Hyok-chol">Kim Hyok-chol</a>, had been executed by a North Korean Government firing squad.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, two days later, on 2 June 2019, the top diplomat was seen at a concert sitting a few seats away from North Korea's leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_System" title="Educational Broadcasting System">Educational Broadcasting System</a>'s popular instructor Choi Tae-seong, sued a <i>Chosun Ilbo</i> reporter for publishing an article that defamed him as a supporter of North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> has been accused of being "<i>chinilbanminjokhaengwi</i>" (친일반민족행위, 親日反民族行爲, "pro-Japanese anti-nationalist activist"), because of controversy over its advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-일제_협력_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-일제_협력-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">South Korean government</a> and Korean nationalist civic activists investigated whether Chosun Ilbo '<a href="/wiki/Chinilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">collaborated</a>' with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-친일파_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-친일파-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> published articles described<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as excessively praising the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House of Japan</a> every year from 1938 to 1940. Until 1987, the newspaper had reported favorably on South Korea's military dictatorships.<sup id="cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the prosecution sought a sentence of seven years in prison and a fine of 12 billion won for <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> chairman Bang Sang-hoon, who was indicted on charges of tax evasion and embezzlement. Chairman Bang was accused of evading 6.2 billion won in gift and corporate taxes, as well as embezzling 4.5 billion won in company funds. He was arrested in August of the previous year but was released on bail and has been on trial since. On June 29 2006, he was indicted for evading 2.35 billion won in gift taxes by transferring 65,000 shares of <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> to his son through a nominal trust, and for misusing 2.57 billion won in company funds under the names of family members to increase capital in affiliates like Jogwang Publishing and Sports Chosun. The Supreme Court sentenced Chairman Bang to three years in prison with a four-year suspended sentence and a fine of 2.5 billion won for tax evasion and the misappropriation of company funds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chojoongdong" title="Chojoongdong">Chojoongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_South_Korea" title="List of newspapers in South Korea">List of newspapers in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in South Korea">Communications in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_reporting_on_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Issues in reporting on North Korea">Issues in reporting on North Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">until 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">until 1940, it was forcibly closed from 1940 to 1945.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press_Freedom_in_Contemporary_Asia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurrettKingston2020" class="citation book cs1">Burrett, Tina; Kingston, Jeff (2020). <i>Press Freedom in Contemporary Asia</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138584839" title="Special:BookSources/9781138584839"><bdi>9781138584839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Press+Freedom+in+Contemporary+Asia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781138584839&rft.aulast=Burrett&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Kingston%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_partisan_newspapers_represented-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-How_partisan_newspapers_represented_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-How_partisan_newspapers_represented_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeePaik2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Sangwon; Paik, Jihyun (2017). "How partisan newspapers represented a pandemic: the case of the Middle East respiratory syndrome in South Korea". <i>Asian Journal of Communication</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01292986.2016.1235592">10.1080/01292986.2016.1235592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152142220">152142220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=How+partisan+newspapers+represented+a+pandemic%3A+the+case+of+the+Middle+East+respiratory+syndrome+in+South+Korea&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01292986.2016.1235592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152142220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sangwon&rft.au=Paik%2C+Jihyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-News_media's_framing_of_health_poli_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoYou2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jo, Wonkwang; You, Myoungsoon (2019). "News media's framing of health policy and its implications for government communication: A text mining analysis of news coverage on a policy to expand health insurance coverage in South Korea". <i>Health Policy</i>. <b>123</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1116–</span>1124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healthpol.2019.07.011">10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31495561">31495561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199026467">199026467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Policy&rft.atitle=News+media%27s+framing+of+health+policy+and+its+implications+for+government+communication%3A+A+text+mining+analysis+of+news+coverage+on+a+policy+to+expand+health+insurance+coverage+in+South+Korea&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1116-%3C%2Fspan%3E1124&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199026467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31495561&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.healthpol.2019.07.011&rft.aulast=Jo&rft.aufirst=Wonkwang&rft.au=You%2C+Myoungsoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ideological_parallelism:_toward_a_t_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimShahin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Kisun; Shahin, Saif (2019). "Ideological parallelism: toward a transnational understanding of the protest paradigm". <i>Social Movement Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14742837.2019.1681956">10.1080/14742837.2019.1681956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210459297">210459297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Movement+Studies&rft.atitle=Ideological+parallelism%3A+toward+a+transnational+understanding+of+the+protest+paradigm&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E407&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14742837.2019.1681956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210459297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Kisun&rft.au=Shahin%2C+Saif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChosunCriticism-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChosunCriticism_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/media/931992.html">"친일·독재 찬양 흑역사는 쏙 뺀 조선일보의 '반쪽 100년사'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Chosun Ilbo's '100-Year History of the Half', Excluding the Dark History of Praise of Pro-Japanese and Dictatorship]. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a>. 10 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>. 일제강점기엔 일왕 생일 충성 맹세 / 5·16쿠데타 비호, 5·18 항쟁 먹칠 / 김일성 사망 오보 34년 만에 정정 / 고비마다 진실 비틀며 왜곡 일삼다..</q> [.Pledge of allegiance on the birthday of the emperor during the Japanese colonial era / Protection of the 5/16 coup d'état, disgrace of the 5/18 uprising / Misinformation on the death of Kim Il-sung corrected after 34 years / Twisted and distorted the truth at every juncture...]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%EC%B9%9C%EC%9D%BC%C2%B7%EB%8F%85%EC%9E%AC+%EC%B0%AC%EC%96%91+%ED%9D%91%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%8A%94+%EC%8F%99+%EB%BA%80+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%98+%27%EB%B0%98%EC%AA%BD+100%EB%85%84%EC%82%AC%27&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fsociety%2Fmedia%2F931992.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF강준만1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">강준만, ed. (1998). <bdi lang="ko">지식 권력도 교체하자</bdi>. 개마 고원. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788985548267" title="Special:BookSources/9788985548267"><bdi>9788985548267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9D+%EA%B6%8C%EB%A0%A5%EB%8F%84+%EA%B5%90%EC%B2%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9E%90&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=%EA%B0%9C%EB%A7%88+%EA%B3%A0%EC%9B%90&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788985548267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-친일파-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-친일파_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-친일파_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>(pt. 1-3) 친일반민족행위 결정 이유서</i>. <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%EC%B9%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84%EC%A7%84%EC%83%81%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%85%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C" class="extiw" title="ko:대한민국 친일반민족행위진상규명위원회">대통령소속친일반민족행위진상규명위원회</a>. 2007. p. 2411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28pt.+1-3%29+%EC%B9%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84+%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95+%EC%9D%B4%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%9C&rft.pages=2411&rft.pub=%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9%EC%86%8C%EC%86%8D%EC%B9%9C%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84%EC%A7%84%EC%83%81%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%85%EC%9C%84%EC%9B%90%ED%9A%8C&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-일제_협력-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-일제_협력_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-일제_협력_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF조선일보_반민족・반통일_행위에_대한_민간_법정_추진_위원회2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">조선일보 반민족・반통일 행위에 대한 민간 법정 추진 위원회, ed. (2002). <bdi lang="ko">조선일보 반민족・반통일 행위에 대한 민간 법정 백서</bdi>. 인물 과 사상사. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788988410561" title="Special:BookSources/9788988410561"><bdi>9788988410561</bdi></a>. <q>조선일보의 위와 같은 보도는 일제의 침략 전쟁을 미화하고 나아가 일제 의 침략 전쟁에 조선을 후방 병참 기지화 ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4+%EB%B0%98%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%E3%83%BB%EB%B0%98%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%BC+%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84%EC%97%90+%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C+%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%84+%EB%B2%95%EC%A0%95+%EB%B0%B1%EC%84%9C&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=%EC%9D%B8%EB%AC%BC+%EA%B3%BC+%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81%EC%82%AC&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788988410561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMC_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoumKwak2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kyu_Ho_Youm" title="Kyu Ho Youm">Youm, Kyu Ho</a>; Kwak, Nojin (August 2018). "3". <i>Korean Communication, Media, and Culture: An Annotated Bibliography</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498583329" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498583329"><bdi>978-1498583329</bdi></a>. <q>The prominent "big three" publications — Chosun Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, and Joongang Ilbo — are newspapers of record with a combined three million subscribers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Korean+Communication%2C+Media%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2018-08&rft.isbn=978-1498583329&rft.aulast=Youm&rft.aufirst=Kyu+Ho&rft.au=Kwak%2C+Nojin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankHoareKöllnerPares2009" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Rüdiger; Hoare, Jim; Köllner, Patrick; Pares, Susan (2009). <i>Korea Yearbook (2009): Politics, Economy and Society</i>. Leiden: BRILL. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180192" title="Special:BookSources/9789004180192"><bdi>9789004180192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Yearbook+%282009%29%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Society&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004180192&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft.au=Hoare%2C+Jim&rft.au=K%C3%B6llner%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Pares%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chosun Iilbo <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/30/2010113001011.html">http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/30/2010113001011.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194545/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/30/2010113001011.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe.canterbury.ac.nz/appp/media_analysis/paper_sources.shtml">"The Asia-Pacific Perceptions Project"</a>. <i>National Centre for Research on Europe</i>. Christchurch, New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806195819/http://www.europe.canterbury.ac.nz/appp/media_analysis/paper_sources.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Centre+for+Research+on+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Perceptions+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europe.canterbury.ac.nz%2Fappp%2Fmedia_analysis%2Fpaper_sources.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, James E. (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea, Third Edition</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7163-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-7163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Korea%2C+Third+Edition&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7163-2&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrattRutt2013" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith; Rutt, Richard (2013). <i>Korea: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700704644" title="Special:BookSources/9780700704644"><bdi>9780700704644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+Historical+and+Cultural+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780700704644&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Rutt%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2009/12/31/2009123102852.html"><bdi lang="ko">[격동의 역사와 함께한 조선일보 90년] 3대 사장 남궁훈 "사이토 총독 사직하라" 4대 사장 이상재 취임 후 민족지로 '우뚝'</bdi></a>. <i>The Chosun Ilbo</i> (in Korean). 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%5B%EA%B2%A9%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%99%80+%ED%95%A8%EA%BB%98%ED%95%9C+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4+90%EB%85%84%5D+3%EB%8C%80+%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%A5+%EB%82%A8%EA%B6%81%ED%9B%88+%22%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%86%A0+%EC%B4%9D%EB%8F%85+%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%81%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC%22+4%EB%8C%80+%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%A5+%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EC%9E%AC+%EC%B7%A8%EC%9E%84+%ED%9B%84+%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1%EC%A7%80%EB%A1%9C+%27%EC%9A%B0%EB%9A%9D%27&rft.date=2020-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2009%2F12%2F31%2F2009123102852.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2020" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Choon-Hee (2020). <i>Jamesian Cultural Anxiety in the East and West: The Co-Constitutive Nature of the Cosmopolite Spirit</i>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4199-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4199-3"><bdi>978-1-5275-4199-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamesian+Cultural+Anxiety+in+the+East+and+West%3A+The+Co-Constitutive+Nature+of+the+Cosmopolite+Spirit&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-4199-3&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Choon-Hee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?publishDate=1999-03-01&officeId=00023&pageNo=1"><bdi lang="ko">네이버 뉴스 라이브러리</bdi></a>. <i>NAVER Newslibrary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAVER+Newslibrary&rft.atitle=%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84+%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4+%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewslibrary.naver.com%2Fviewer%2Findex.naver%3FpublishDate%3D1999-03-01%26officeId%3D00023%26pageNo%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/north-korea-fake-news-on-both-sides-is-the-norm/a-49042595">"North Korea: Fake news on both sides is the norm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=North+Korea%3A+Fake+news+on+both+sides+is+the+norm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fnorth-korea-fake-news-on-both-sides-is-the-norm%2Fa-49042595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/05/31/north-korea-executes-senior-officials-over-failed-trump-summit-report/1296383001/">"North Korea executes nuclear envoy to U.S. after failed Trump summit: report."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602171515/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/05/31/north-korea-executes-senior-officials-over-failed-trump-summit-report/1296383001/">Archived</a> 2 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Kim Hjelmgaard. <i>USA Today</i>. 31 May 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-north-korea-purge-hanoi-20190531-story.html?amp"><i>North Korea executed top negotiator, purged others over failed Trump summit, report says.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112033150/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-north-korea-purge-hanoi-20190531-story.html?amp">Archived</a> 12 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Victoria Kim. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 31 May 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190531-north-korea-executed-officials-kim-trump-summit-vietnam-usa">"North Korea 'executed' officials after failed Trump summit: report."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604022002/https://www.france24.com/en/20190531-north-korea-executed-officials-kim-trump-summit-vietnam-usa">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> France 24 TV. 31 May 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-05-30/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-carrying-out-purge-after-hanoi-summit-collapse-chosun-ilbo">"North Korea Executes Envoy to Failed U.S. Summit -Media; White House Monitoring."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604022003/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-05-30/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-carrying-out-purge-after-hanoi-summit-collapse-chosun-ilbo">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hyonhee Shin and Joyce Lee. U.S. News & World Report. 31 May 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/31/north-korea-executes-envoy-to-us-after-trump-summit-failures">"US checking reports North Korea executed envoy, says Pompeo: South Korean paper claims Kim Hyok-chol has been killed and a negotiator put in forced labour."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604124453/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/31/north-korea-executes-envoy-to-us-after-trump-summit-failures">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Justin McCurry. <i>The Guardian</i>. London, England. 31 May 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_6296d295e0e3f2014fdfcc1b013de43a">"US checking reports North Korea executed top official after Trump summit, Pompeo says."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604022004/https://m.cnn.com/en/article/h_6296d295e0e3f2014fdfcc1b013de43a">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN. 1 June 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/top-north-korean-official-reappears-days-purge-report-63442387"><i>Top North Korean official reappears days after purge report.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603194638/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/top-north-korean-official-reappears-days-purge-report-63442387">Archived</a> 3 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Kim Tong-Hyung, Associated Press. 3 June 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/03/senior-north-korean-official-kim-yong-chol-reappears-after-forced-labour-report">"Senior North Korean official reappears after 'forced labour' report: Photo shows Kim Yong-chol attended an art performance with Kim Jong-un on Sunday."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604014347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/03/senior-north-korean-official-kim-yong-chol-reappears-after-forced-labour-report">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Daniel Hurst. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 June 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/purged-not-purged-leading-north-korean-official-re-emerges-in-public/2019/06/03/fbb55d02-85f6-11e9-98c1-e945ae5db8fb_story.html"><i>Purged? Not purged. Leading North Korean official reemerges in public.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604022014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/purged-not-purged-leading-north-korean-official-re-emerges-in-public/2019/06/03/fbb55d02-85f6-11e9-98c1-e945ae5db8fb_story.html">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Min Joo Kim and Simon Denyer . 3 June 2019. Accessed 3 June 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Hui-jin_(이희진)2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee Hui-jin (이희진) (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/show.asp?idx=1885827">"EBS 강사, 명예훼손 혐의로 조선일보 기자 고소"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/No_Cut_News" title="No Cut News">No Cut News</a></i> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325085313/http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/show.asp?idx=1885827">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=No+Cut+News&rft.atitle=EBS+%EA%B0%95%EC%82%AC%2C+%EB%AA%85%EC%98%88%ED%9B%BC%EC%86%90+%ED%98%90%EC%9D%98%EB%A1%9C+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4+%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90+%EA%B3%A0%EC%86%8C&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.au=Lee+Hui-jin+%28%EC%9D%B4%ED%9D%AC%EC%A7%84%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nocutnews.co.kr%2Fshow.asp%3Fidx%3D1885827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/media/137057.html"><bdi lang="ko">방상훈 조선일보사장 '유죄'…"족벌언론 범죄" 단죄</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%9C%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="한겨레신문 (page does not exist)">한겨레신문</a></i> (in Korean). 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B2%A8%EB%A0%88%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%B8&rft.atitle=%EB%B0%A9%EC%83%81%ED%9B%88+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%A5+%27%EC%9C%A0%EC%A3%84%27%E2%80%A6%22%EC%A1%B1%EB%B2%8C%EC%96%B8%EB%A1%A0+%EB%B2%94%EC%A3%84%22+%EB%8B%A8%EC%A3%84&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fsociety%2Fmedia%2F137057.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Chosun+Ilbo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Chosun_Ilbo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span 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