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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Życiorys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Życiorys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Życiorys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Życiorys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Spis treści" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tongzhi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 42 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 języki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%DA%98%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="تونقژی (ایمپیراتور) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تونقژی (ایمپیراتور)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng-t%C4%AB_H%C3%B4ng-t%C3%A8" title="Tông-tī Hông-tè – minnański" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông-tī Hông-tè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8B_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Тунчжы (імператар) – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тунчжы (імператар)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D_(%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D)" title="ཐུང་ཙི། (གོང་མ།) – tybetański" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐུང་ཙི། (གོང་མ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tybetański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchung-%C4%8D%E2%80%99" title="Tchung-č’ – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tchung-č’" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tongzhi Emperor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%DA%98%DB%8C" title="امپراتور تونگ‌ژی – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتور تونگ‌ژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9ng-chh%E1%B9%B3_F%C3%B2ng-ti" title="Thùng-chhṳ Fòng-ti – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thùng-chhṳ Fòng-ti" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%B9%98%EC%A0%9C" title="동치제 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동치제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar_Tongzhi" title="Kaisar Tongzhi – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaisar Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טונגזי, קיסר סין – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונגזי, קיסר סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zai%C4%8Dunas" title="Zaičunas – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zaičunas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung-cse_k%C3%ADnai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Tung-cse kínai császár – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tung-cse kínai császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B9ng-d%C3%AA_Hu%C3%B2ng-d%C3%A1%CC%A4" title="Dùng-dê Huòng-dá̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dùng-dê Huòng-dá̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Бүрэн засагч – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүрэн засагч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" title="同治帝 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同治帝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi-keiseren" title="Tongzhi-keiseren – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tongzhi-keiseren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%98%DB%8C" title="شہنشاہ تونگژی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہنشاہ تونگژی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83ratul_Tongzhi" title="Împăratul Tongzhi – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împăratul Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B8_(%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Тунчжи (император) – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тунчжи (император)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%9F%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%8B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3)" title="Тунгџи (династија Ћинг) – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тунгџи (династија Ћинг)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi-kejsaren" title="Tongzhi-kejsaren – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tongzhi-kejsaren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="จักรพรรดิถงจื้อ – tajski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิถงจื้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Tongzhi – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tongzhi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзайчунь – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цзайчунь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%98%DB%8C" title="شہنشاہ تونگژی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہنشاہ تونگژی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungzcw_Vuengzdaeq" title="Dungzcw Vuengzdaeq – czuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dungzcw Vuengzdaeq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="czuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Đồng Trị – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng Trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97" title="清穆宗 – chiński klasyczny" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="清穆宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chiński klasyczny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" title="同治帝 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="同治帝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E6%B7%B3" title="載淳 – kantoński" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="載淳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%9D" title="同治帝 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="同治帝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318811#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi" title="Zobacz stronę treści [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artykuł</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja:Tongzhi" rel="discussion" title="Dyskusja o zawartości tej strony [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Zmień wariant języka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">polski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Widok"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=history" title="Starsze wersje tej strony [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Narzędzia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Więcej opcji" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Działania </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi"><span>Czytaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&veaction=edit" title="Edytuj tę stronę [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Edytuj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=edit" title="Edycja kodu źródłowego strony [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edytuj kod źródłowy</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=history"><span>Wyświetl historię</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ogólne </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Linkuj%C4%85ce/Tongzhi" title="Pokaż listę wszystkich stron linkujących do tej strony [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Linkujące</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Zmiany_w_linkowanych/Tongzhi" rel="nofollow" title="Ostatnie zmiany w stronach, do których ta strona linkuje [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Zmiany w linkowanych</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Prześlij_plik" title="Prześlij pliki [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Prześlij plik</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&oldid=72274025" title="Stały link do tej wersji tej strony"><span>Link do tej wersji</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=info" title="Więcej informacji na temat tej strony"><span>Informacje o tej stronie</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Cytuj&page=Tongzhi&id=72274025&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacja o tym jak należy cytować tę stronę"><span>Cytowanie tego artykułu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Skr%C3%B3%C4%87_adres_URL&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTongzhi"><span>Zobacz skrócony adres URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Kod_QR&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTongzhi"><span>Pobierz kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Drukuj lub eksportuj </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tongzhi"><span>Utwórz książkę</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tongzhi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Pobierz jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&printable=yes" title="Wersja do wydruku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Wersja do druku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> W innych projektach </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tongzhi_Emperor" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tongzhi" hreflang="pl"><span>Wikicytaty</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318811" title="Link do powiązanego elementu w repozytorium danych [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidanych</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Narzędzia dla stron"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox"> <caption class="naglowek"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75562627">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Tongzhi</div> </caption> <tbody><tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oficjalny portret autorstwa anonimowego malarza dworskiego znajdujący się w Muzeum Pałacowym w Pekinie"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/250px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/330px-%E6%B8%85_%E4%BD%9A%E5%90%8D_%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="2467" /></a></span><br />Oficjalny portret autorstwa anonimowego malarza dworskiego znajdujący się w <a href="/wiki/Muzeum_Pa%C5%82acowe" title="Muzeum Pałacowe">Muzeum Pałacowym</a> w <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekinie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ddd; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Cesarze_Chin" title="Cesarze Chin">Cesarz Chin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Okres </th> <td> <p>od <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a><br />do <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poprzednik </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Xianfeng" title="Xianfeng">Xianfeng</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Następca </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Guangxu" title="Guangxu">Guangxu</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#ddd; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;">Dane biograficzne </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dynastia </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Dynastia_Qing" title="Dynastia Qing">Qing</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data urodzenia </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/27_kwietnia" title="27 kwietnia">27 kwietnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Data śmierci </th> <td> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/12_stycznia" title="12 stycznia">12 stycznia</a> <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; spacing:0px; padding:0px; height:0px;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ojciec </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Xianfeng" title="Xianfeng">Xianfeng</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Matka </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Cixi" title="Cixi">Cixi</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; spacing:0px; padding:0px; height:0px;"> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tongzhi_Emperor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tongzhi Emperor">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Tongzhi</b> (同治; ur. <a href="/wiki/27_kwietnia" title="27 kwietnia">27 kwietnia</a> <a href="/wiki/1856" title="1856">1856</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>, zm. <a href="/wiki/12_stycznia" title="12 stycznia">12 stycznia</a> <a href="/wiki/1875" title="1875">1875</a>) – dziewiąty cesarz Chin z dynastii <a href="/wiki/Dynastia_Qing" title="Dynastia Qing">Qing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Życiorys"><span id=".C5.BByciorys"></span>Życiorys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Życiorys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Życiorys"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Był starszym synem cesarza <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng" title="Xianfeng">Xianfenga</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>; matką jego była jedna z głównych cesarskich konkubin, później poślubiona, <a href="/wiki/Jehonala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehonala">Jehonala</a>. Jego imię prywatne brzmiało Zaichun<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199015-4">[4]</a></sup>. We wrześniu 1860 wraz z matką i resztą dworu odbył podróż z <a href="/wiki/Pekin" title="Pekin">Pekinu</a> do Rehe. Opiekowała się nim wówczas późniejsza cesarzowa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ci%E2%80%99an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ci’an (strona nie istnieje)">Ci’an</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199084_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199084-5">[5]</a></sup>. Na spotkaniu monarchy z najwyższymi rangą dostojnikami w sierpniu 1861 został mianowany następcą tronu. Jednocześnie cesarz utworzył przy nim ośmioosobową Radę Regencyjną. Jej czołową postacią stał się kanclerz i szef Centralnego Urzędu Podatkowego, <a href="/wiki/Su_Shun" title="Su Shun">Su Shun</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199086_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199086-6">[6]</a></sup>. Znacznemu osłabieniu uległa natomiast pozycja Jehonali, która została odsunięta od wpływu na syna. Ta jednak, będąc w posiadaniu wielkiej pieczęci cesarskiej, zawiązała, wraz z książętami <a href="/wiki/Yixin" title="Yixin">Gongiem</a> i <a href="/wiki/Yixuan" title="Yixuan">Chunem</a>, spisek mający na celu obalenie regentów<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>. W jego efekcie, na początku listopada 1861, Zaichun został wprowadzony na tron. Dewizą jego panowania ogłoszono Tongzhi (<i>Wspólne Rządy</i>). Regentkami ustanowiono cesarzowe wdowy, nadając im odpowiednio tytuły <a href="/wiki/Cixi" title="Cixi">Cixi</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ci%E2%80%99an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ci’an (strona nie istnieje)">Ci’an</a><sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199091_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199091-8">[8]</a></sup>. 8 listopada tego samego roku na mocy wyroku Trybunału Rodu Cesarskiego z księciem Gongiem na czele ścięto dotychczasowego przewodniczącego Rady Regencyjnej, Su Shuna. </p><p>Małoletni cesarz dorastał niemal wyłącznie w towarzystwie <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchów</a>. Matka nie starała się nawiązać z nim bliższych kontaktów, pochłonięta całkowicie sprawami państwa. Spowodowało to stopniowo narastającą niechęć chłopca do Cixi<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199096_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199096-9">[9]</a></sup>. Doskwierała mu także bezczynność, z którą starał się walczyć, nadużywając alkoholu<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> i podejmując wyprawy <i>incognito</i> do stołecznych domów publicznych<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199097_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199097-11">[11]</a></sup>. W 1869 osiągnął wiek uprawniający go do zawarcia małżeństwa. W przeciwieństwie do swojego ojca osobiście uczestniczył w dokonanym przez matkę<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990105-12">[12]</a></sup> wyborze kandydatki na swoją małżonkę. Została nią pochodząca ze znanego mongolskiego rodu <a href="/wiki/Alute" title="Alute">Alute</a>, córka uczonego Chong Qi. Ślub odbył się 16 października 1872. </p><p>Pożycie pary cesarskiej układało się wyjątkowo dobrze. Według informacji przekazywanych Cixi przez eunuchów spędzał on z żoną większość czasu, niemal nie zwracając uwagi na konkubiny. Niepokoiło to ambitną cesarzową wdowę, dlatego poprosiła syna o to, by mniej zajmował się małżonką. Tongzhi, który nie śmiał się jej sprzeciwić, zaczął ponownie spędzać noce w pekińskich domach publicznych. Wpłynęło to na znaczne pogorszenie stanu jego zdrowia (nabawił się między innymi <a href="/wiki/Syfilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Syfilis">syfilisu</a>, oficjalne źródła mówiły też o ospie). Po oficjalnym przekazaniu władzy przez regentki (23 lutego 1873)<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990100_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990100-13">[13]</a></sup> Cixi pozornie usunęła się w cień, zajmując się hodowlą kwiatów i jedwabników<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990101_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990101-14">[14]</a></sup>. Faktycznie jednak kontrolowała całość spraw zarówno na dworze, jak i w państwie, korzystając z rozgałęzionej sieci szpiegujących dla niej eunuchów. W połączeniu z konfrontacyjną postawą monarchy, który za wszelką cenę dążył do usamodzielnienia się, doprowadziło to do wydania przez niego tuż przed śmiercią edyktu odsuwającego od ewentualnej regencji matkę. Nie został on jednak wprowadzony w życie – prawdopodobnie zniszczono go na oczach umierającego cesarza<sup id="cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990106-15">[15]</a></sup>. </p><p>Tongzhi zmarł 12 stycznia 1875. Jego następcą został, z woli Cixi, <a href="/wiki/Guangxu" title="Guangxu">Guangxu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation open-access"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tongzhi-emperor-of-Qing-dynasty"><i>Tongzhi</i></a>, [w:] <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i><span class="accessdate"> [dostęp 2009-12-26]</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft.gengre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tongzhi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.btitle=%27%27%5B%5BEncyklopedia+Britannica%7CEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FTongzhi-emperor-of-Qing-dynasty" style="display:none"> </span> <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Books.google.pl: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.pl/books?id=5iN5J9G76h0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Last+Emperors:+A+Social+History+of+Qing+Imperial+Institutions&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false">The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions</a>. [dostęp 2010-02-05]. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Encyklopedia Historyczna Świata. Tom X</i>. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Opres, 2002, s. 125. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8385909729" title="Specjalna:Książki/8385909729">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-85909-72-9</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Historyczna+%C5%9Awiata.+Tom+X&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Opres&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=125&rft.isbn=83-85909-72-9"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199015_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199084-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199084_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199086-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199086_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Historia nowożytna Chin</i>. Warszawa: Wyd. "Książka i Wiedza", 1979, s. 243.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+nowo%C5%BCytna+Chin&rft.pub=Wyd.+%22Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza%22&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=243"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199091-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199091_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199096-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199096_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jonathan Fenby: <i>Chiny: upadek i narodziny wielkiej potęgi</i>. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2009, s. 103. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788324012596" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788324012596">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-240-1259-6</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chiny%3A+upadek+i+narodziny+wielkiej+pot%C4%99gi&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Znak&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=103&rft.isbn=978-83-240-1259-6"></span></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov199097-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov199097_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990105-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990105_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990100-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990100_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990101-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990101_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITEREFSidihmenov1990106-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CITEREFSidihmenov1990106_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="harvard-citation"><a href="#CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Sidihmenov 1990 ↓</a></span>, s. 106.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tongzhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFSidihmenov1990">Vasilij Âkovlevič Sidihmenov: <i>Ostatni cesarze Chin</i>. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Śląsk, 1990. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/8321609007" title="Specjalna:Książki/8321609007">ISBN <span class="isbn">83-216-0900-7</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ostatni+cesarze+Chin&rft.aulast=Sidihmenov&rft.aufirst=Vasilij+%C3%82kovlevi%C4%8D&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+%C5%9Al%C4%85sk&rft.place=Katowice&rft.isbn=83-216-0900-7"></span></cite></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r75675918">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output table.navbox:not(.pionowy){width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{border-top:0;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-page-title-main">Tongzhi</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>42 języki</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Dodaj temat</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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