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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Science park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Технологичен парк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Технологичен парк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_cient%C3%ADfic" title="Parc científic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parc científic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bdeckotechnick%C3%BD_park" title="Vědeckotechnický park – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vědeckotechnický park" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forskerpark" title="Forskerpark – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forskerpark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaftspark" title="Wissenschaftspark – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissenschaftspark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaduspark" title="Teaduspark – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teaduspark" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Επιστημονικό πάρκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστημονικό πάρκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_cient%C3%ADfico" title="Parque científico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parque científico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پارک علم و فناوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارک علم و فناوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_scientifique" title="Parc scientifique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parc scientifique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8C%8C%ED%81%AC" title="사이언스 파크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이언스 파크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_sains" title="Taman sains – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taman sains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Технополис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Технополис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Технополис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Технополис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslo_ir_technologij%C5%B3_parkas" title="Mokslo ir technologijų parkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslo ir technologijų parkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technol%C3%B3giai_park" title="Technológiai park – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Technológiai park" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschapspark" title="Wetenschapspark – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschapspark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پوهنيز پارک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهنيز پارک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_naukowy" title="Park naukowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Park naukowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_de_ci%C3%AAncia_e_tecnologia" title="Parque de ciência e tecnologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parque de ciência e tecnologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_%C8%99tiin%C8%9Bific" title="Parc științific – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parc științific" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Science park" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="سائنس پارڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائنس پارڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedeck%C3%BD_park" title="Vedecký park – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vedecký park" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Научно-технолошки парк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Научно-технолошки парк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedepuisto" title="Tiedepuisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiedepuisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim_park%C4%B1" title="Bilim parkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilim parkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Науковий парк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Науковий парк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_vi%C3%AAn_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Công viên khoa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công viên khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80" title="科學園區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科學園區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1976594#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area designed to promote science or technology business development</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_(49911742618).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_%2849911742618%29.jpg/200px-20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_%2849911742618%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_%2849911742618%29.jpg/300px-20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_%2849911742618%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_%2849911742618%29.jpg/400px-20200517_Ideon_i_Lund_004_%2849911742618%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ideon_Science_Park" title="Ideon Science Park">Ideon</a>, the largest science park in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg/200px-Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg/300px-Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg/400px-Cambridge_Science_Park_Napp_fountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Park" title="Cambridge Science Park">Cambridge Science Park</a> in England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg/200px-%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg/300px-%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg/400px-%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%92%E5%8D%80%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hsinchu_Biomedical_Science_Park" title="Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park">Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg/200px-Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg/300px-Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg/400px-Technology_Centre_Teknia_Ltd_Microteknia_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Technology_Centre_Teknia_(Kuopio_Science_Park)" title="Technology Centre Teknia (Kuopio Science Park)">Kuopio Science Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg/200px-Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg/300px-Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg/400px-Science_technology_parc_Nis.IMG_4975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5648" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Science and technology park in <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, Serbia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg/200px-Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg/300px-Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg/400px-Congress_Center_of_Taguspark_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Congress center at <a href="/wiki/Taguspark" title="Taguspark">Taguspark</a> - Science and Technology Park, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Region" title="Lisbon Region">Lisbon Region</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>science park</b> (also called a "university <b>research park</b>", "technology park", "technopark", "technopolis", "technopole", or a "science and technology park" [STP]) is defined as being a property-based development that accommodates and fosters the growth of tenant firms and that are affiliated with a university (or government and private research bodies) based on proximity, ownership, and/or governance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is so that knowledge can be shared, innovation promoted, <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transferred</a>, and research outcomes progressed to viable commercial products. Science parks are also often perceived as contributing to national economic development, stimulating the formation of new high-technology firms, attracting foreign investment and promoting exports.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's first university research park, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a> was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">City of Palo Alto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luger_Page_122_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luger_Page_122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mozingo_Page_166_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mozingo_Page_166-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early university research park was <a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Antipolis" title="Sophia Antipolis">Sophia Antipolis Science Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by the exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts. </p><p>Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global "<a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>". They provide concentration that foster innovation and the development and commercialization of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and where governments, universities and private companies may collaborate. The developers work in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>. Science parks may also offer a number of shared resources, such as incubators, programs and collaboration activities, <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> hubs, reception and <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>, management offices, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a> offices, <a href="/wiki/Convention_center" title="Convention center">convention center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">parking</a>, and internal transportation. </p><p>Science parks also aim to bring together people who assist the developers of technology to bring their work to commercial fruition, for example, experts in <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property law">intellectual property law</a>. They can be attractive to university students who may interact with prospective employers and encourage students to remain in the local area. </p><p>Science parks may be designed to enhance the quality of life of the workers. For example, they might be built with sports facilities, restaurants, crèches or pleasant outdoor areas. Apart from tenants, science parks create jobs for the local community.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science parks are specific locations and differ from the wider area <a href="/wiki/High-technology_business_district" class="mw-redirect" title="High-technology business district">high-technology business districts</a> in that they are more organized, planned, and managed. They differ from <a href="/wiki/Science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Science centre">science centres</a> in that they lead to commercialized products from research. They differ from <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial parks</a> which focus on manufacturing and from <a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">business parks</a> which focus on business office locations. </p><p>Science parks are found worldwide. They are most common in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> there are over 170 science parks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>, Raleigh lacked space. New possible sites included the state mental-health property and the Diocese of Raleigh property on 1,000 acres (4.0 km<sup>2</sup>) surrounding the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Raleigh_Reservoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Raleigh Reservoir (page does not exist)">Lake Raleigh Reservoir</a>. The university's <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Centennial Campus">Centennial Campus</a> was developed. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandia_Science_and_Technology_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandia Science and Technology Park (page does not exist)">Sandia Science and Technology Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA_Research_Park" title="NASA Research Park">NASA Research Park</a> at Ames and the <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_Technology_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="East Tennessee Technology Park">East Tennessee Technology Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> are examples of research parks that have been developed by or adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US Federal government</a> laboratories. </p><p>Science and technology park (STP) activity across the European Union has approximately doubled over the last 11–12 years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> driven by the growth of the longer standing parks and the emergence of new parks. There are now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> an estimated 366 STPs in the EU member states that manage about 28 million m2 of completed building floor space, hosting circa 40,000 organisations that employ approximately 750,000 people, mostly in high value added jobs. In the period from 2000 – 2012, total capital investment into EU STPs was circa €11.7 billion (central estimate). During the same period, STPs spent circa €3 billion on the professional business support and innovation services they either deliver or finance to assist both their tenants and other similar knowledge based businesses in their locality. </p><p>Increasingly, the reasons why STPs are sound investments for public sector support are becoming better understood and articulated. The evidence base shows that better STPs are not simply the landlords of attractive and well specified office style buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rather, they are complex organisations, often with multiple owners having objectives aligned with important elements of economic development public policy as well as an imperative to be financially self-sustaining in the longer term.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Association of University Research Parks</b> (<b>AURP</b>), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region."<sup id="cite_ref-AURP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AURP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AURP1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AURP1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation</b> (<b>IASP</b>), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets; it facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes; and provides other value-added services together with high quality space and facilities.".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm</b>, was first presented by Regis Cabral in ten points in 1990. According to this management paradigm, a science park must: "have access to qualified research and development personnel in the areas of knowledge in which the park has its identity; be able to market its high valued products and services; have the capability to provide marketing expertise and managerial skills to firms, particularly <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>, lacking such a resource; be inserted in a society that allows for the protection of product or process secrets, via <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, security or any other means; be able to select or reject which firms enter the park". A science park should: "have a clear identity, quite often expressed symbolically, as the park's name choice, its logo or the management discourse; have a management with established or recognized expertise in financial matters, and which has presented long-term economic development plans; have the backing of powerful, dynamic and stable economic actors, such as a funding agency, political institution or local <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>; include in its management an active person of vision, with the power of decision and with the high and visible profile, who is perceived by relevant actors in society as embodying the interface between <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">industry</a>, long-term plans and good management; and include a prominent percentage of <a href="/wiki/Management_consulting" title="Management consulting">consultancy</a> firms, as well as technical service firms, including laboratories and quality control firms".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> defines Science technology parks as territories usually affiliated with a university or a research institution, which accommodate and foster the growth of companies based therein through <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">open innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_science_parks">List of science parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of science parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">List of research parks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">List of technology centers</a></div> <p>Some science parks include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small div-col-rules" style="column-width: 20em;column-gap: 2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NOVI_Science_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NOVI Science Park (page does not exist)">NOVI Science Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Science_and_Technology_Park_(NSTP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Science and Technology Park (NSTP) (page does not exist)">National Science and Technology Park (NSTP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abuja_Technology_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abuja Technology Village (page does not exist)">Abuja Technology Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, Nigeria</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accra_Digital_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accra Digital Centre (page does not exist)">Accra Digital Centre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Accra,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Accra, Ghana">Accra, Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Science_Park_Aston" title="Birmingham Science Park Aston">Birmingham Science Park Aston</a>, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick_Science_Park" title="University of Warwick Science Park">University of Warwick Science Park</a>, Coventry, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keele_University_Science_%26_Business_Park" title="Keele University Science & Business Park">Keele University Science & Business Park</a>, Keele, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Science_Park" title="York Science Park">York Science Park</a>, York, England, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalyst_(science_park)" title="Catalyst (science park)">Catalyst</a>, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Science_Park" title="Plymouth Science Park">Plymouth Science Park</a>, Plymouth, England, United Kingdom</li> <li>Isfahan Science and Technology Town (ISTT), <a href="/wiki/Isfahan,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan, Iran">Isfahan, Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haasrode_Research-Park" title="Haasrode Research-Park">Haasrode Research Park</a>, Leuven, Belgium</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Research_Park" title="Purdue Research Park">Purdue Research Park</a>, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSMC#Halo_Vista" title="TSMC">Sonoran Oasis Research and Technology Park</a> - developed around TSMC in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li>Innovation Campus Lemgo, <a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanneberg_Science_Park" title="Johanneberg Science Park">Johanneberg Science Park</a>, Gothenburg, Sweden</li> <li>Lindholmen Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden</li> <li>Sahlgrenska Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden</li> <li>Linköping Science Park, <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Science_Park" title="Turku Science Park">Turku Science Park</a>, Turku, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Science_Park" title="Hong Kong Science Park">Hong Kong Science Park</a>, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsinchu_Science_Park" title="Hsinchu Science Park">Hsinchu Science Park</a>, Hsinchu, Taiwan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Triangle_Park" title="Research Triangle Park">Research Triangle Park</a>, North Carolina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankang_Software_Park" title="Nankang Software Park">NanKang Software Park</a></li> <li>Advanced Manufacturing Park in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Science_Park" title="Cambridge Science Park">Cambridge Science Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NETPark" title="NETPark">NETPark</a>, County Durham, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolkovo_Innovation_Center" title="Skolkovo Innovation Center">Skolkovo Innovation Center</a>, Moscow, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarbayev_University" title="Nazarbayev University">Nazarbayev University</a> Research and Innovation System</li> <li>ABC Science Park in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innopolis" title="Innopolis">Innopolis</a>, Kazan, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedeok_Innopolis" title="Daedeok Innopolis">Daedeok Innopolis</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Centre_Teknia_(Kuopio_Science_Park)" title="Technology Centre Teknia (Kuopio Science Park)">Technology Centre Teknia</a>, Kuopio, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopark_Stellenbosch" title="Technopark Stellenbosch">Technopark, Stellenbosch</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Techno_Park" title="Bandung Techno Park">Bandung Techno Park</a>, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia</li> <li>Cimahi Techno Park, <a href="/wiki/Cimahi" title="Cimahi">Cimahi</a>, West Java, Indonesia</li> <li>Solo Techno Park, <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, Central Java, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia-Antipolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia-Antipolis">Sophia-Antipolis</a>, Côte d'Azur, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopark_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Technopark Zürich">Technopark Zürich</a>, Zürich, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagmane_Tech_Park" title="Bagmane Tech Park">Bagmane Tech Park</a>, BangaloreKarnataka, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopark,_Trivandrum" title="Technopark, Trivandrum">Technopark, Trivandrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome_Valley" title="Genome Valley">Genome Valley</a>, Hyderabad, Telangana, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Software_Technology_Park" title="Arfa Software Technology Park">Arfa Software Technology Park</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_Research_Park" title="Cummings Research Park">Cummings Research Park</a>, Huntsville, Alabama</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wisconsin_Research_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Wisconsin Research Park (page does not exist)">University of Wisconsin Research Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gateway_University_Research_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gateway University Research Park (page does not exist)">Gateway University Research Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Science_Park" title="Amsterdam Science Park">Amsterdam Science Park</a>, Amsterdam, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uithof" class="mw-redirect" title="Uithof">Utrecht Science Park</a>, Utrecht, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISTA" title="WISTA"> WISTA Science and Technology Park</a>, Berlin, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Science_Park" title="Singapore Science Park">Singapore Science Park</a>, Singapore</li> <li>ESADE Creapolis <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.esadecreapolis.com/">https://www.esadecreapolis.com/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</li> <li>Sofia Tech Park</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regional_Science_Centre_and_Science_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regional Science Centre and Science Park (page does not exist)">Regional Science Centre and Science Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, Rajasthan</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thescienceexhibit.com/categories/science-park-3">Science Parks For School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_incubator" title="Business incubator">Business incubator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega-Site">Mega-Site</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthySilvestrevon_NordenflychtBreznitz2018" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, Ian P.; Silvestre, Bruno S.; von Nordenflycht, Andrew; Breznitz, Shiri M. (2018). "A typology of university research park strategies: What parks do and why it matters". <i>Journal of Engineering and Technology Management</i>. <b>47</b>: <span class="nowrap">110–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jengtecman.2018.01.004">10.1016/j.jengtecman.2018.01.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-4748">0923-4748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96429706">96429706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Engineering+and+Technology+Management&rft.atitle=A+typology+of+university+research+park+strategies%3A+What+parks+do+and+why+it+matters&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96429706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0923-4748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jengtecman.2018.01.004&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Ian+P.&rft.au=Silvestre%2C+Bruno+S.&rft.au=von+Nordenflycht%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Breznitz%2C+Shiri+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 584. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415252256" title="Special:BookSources/9780415252256"><bdi>9780415252256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=584&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415252256&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luger_Page_122-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luger_Page_122_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugerGoldstein1991" class="citation book cs1">Luger, Michael I.; Goldstein, Harvey A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fdmj3_XcqmMC&pg=PA122"><i>Technology in the Garden: Research Parks and Regional Economic Development</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807843451" title="Special:BookSources/9780807843451"><bdi>9780807843451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+in+the+Garden%3A+Research+Parks+and+Regional+Economic+Development&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780807843451&rft.aulast=Luger&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Harvey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdmj3_XcqmMC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScience+park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mozingo_Page_166-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mozingo_Page_166_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozingo2011" class="citation book cs1">Mozingo, Louise A. 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European Union. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-37274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-37274-2"><bdi>978-92-79-37274-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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S. (1993) "Science parks in developing countries: the case of BIORIO in Brazil" in <i>Biotechnology Review</i>, vol 1, p 165 - 178.</li> <li>Cabral R. (1998) "Refining the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm" in <i>Int. J. Technology Management</i> vol 16 p 813 - 818.</li> <li>Cabral R. (ed.) (2003) <i>The Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm in Asia-Pacific, Europe and the Americas</i> Uminova Centre, Umeå, Sweden.</li> <li>Echols A. E. and Meredith J. W. (1998) "A case study of the Virginia Tech Corporation Research Centre in the context of the Cabral-Dahab Paradigm, with comparison to other US research parks" in <i>Int. J. Technology Management</i> vol 16 p 761 - 777.</li> <li>Flaghouse (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://estateintel.com/development-flaghouse-abuja-technology-village-abuja/">https://estateintel.com/development-flaghouse-abuja-technology-village-abuja/</a> retrieved 20/6/19.</li> <li>Gregory, C. and Zoneveld, J. (2015) <i>ULI Netherlands: Greg Clark discusses technology, real estate and the innovation economy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://europe.uli.org/uli-netherlands-greg-clark-discusses-technology-real-estate-innovation-economy/">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Heilbron J. (ed.) and Cabral R. (2003) "Development, Science" in <i>The Oxford Companion to The History of Modern Science</i> Oxford University Press, New York, p 205 - 207.</li> <li>National Research Council. (2009) <i>Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global Best Practices: Report of a Symposium</i> Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.17226/12546">[3]</a>.</li> <li>Morisson A. (August 2005) <i>Economic zones in the ASEAN. Industrial Parks, Special Economic Zones, Eco-Industrial Parks, Innovation Districts as Strategies for Industrial Competitiveness</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2015-08/UCO_Viet_Nam_Study_FINAL_0.pdf">[4]</a>, UNIDO Country Office in Vietnam.</li> <li>University Economic Development Association. (2019) <i>Higher Education Engagement in Economic Development: Foundations for Strategy and Practice</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://universityeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/UEDA-POGS-Foundations-2019-Web.pdf">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thescienceexhibit.com/">Ankidyne Science Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasp.ws">International Association of Science Parks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aurp.net">Association of University Research Parks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukspa.org.uk">UK Science Park Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceparksincubatorsreviews.blogspot.com">Cabral Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.science-park.eu.org/">[6]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Real_estate_developments467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">Office building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">inland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_center_(retail)" title="Power center (retail)">Power center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_park" title="Retail park">Retail park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverfront" title="Riverfront">Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_center" title="Shopping center">Shopping center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">Shopping mall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_streets_and_districts_by_city" title="List of shopping streets and districts by city">Shopping streets and districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_industrial_developments" title="Category:Planned industrial developments">Industrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">Business cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">Industrial district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">Industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">Technology centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_residential_developments" title="Category:Planned residential developments">Residential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrihood" title="Agrihood">Agrihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_house" title="Boarding house">Boarding house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">Bungalow court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">City block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_community" title="Closed community">Closed community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_home" title="Executive home">Executive home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_course_community" title="Golf course community">Golf course community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">Housing estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_apartment" title="Luxury apartment">Luxury apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion" title="McMansion">McMansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_dwellings_company" title="Model dwellings company">Model dwellings for the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifamily_residential" title="Multifamily residential">Multifamily residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthouse_apartment" title="Penthouse apartment">Penthouse apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_community" title="Private community">Private community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airpark" title="Airpark">Residential airpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">Residential area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_community" title="Retirement community">Retirement community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_house" title="Revenue house">Revenue house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooming_house" title="Rooming house">Rooming house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-room_occupancy" title="Single-room occupancy">Single-room occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted Living">Assisted Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification_facility" title="Behavior modification facility">Behavior modification facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_treatment_center" title="Residential treatment center">Residential treatment center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_boarding_school" title="Therapeutic boarding school">Therapeutic boarding school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">Elderly care</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age-restricted_community" title="Age-restricted community">Age-restricted community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Retirement Home">Retirement Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Living">Senior Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science/education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus" title="Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">Research park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">Satellite campus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_municipal_developments" title="Category:Planned municipal developments">Municipal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_center" title="Civic center">Civic center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">Planned cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Urban green space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_building_types" title="List of building types">types</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">Tower block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_cluster_development" title="Residential cluster development">Residential cluster development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">Greenfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfield_land" title="Greyfield land">Greyfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundscraper" title="Groundscraper">Groundscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-building_structure_types" title="List of non-building structure types">Nonbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIMBY" title="NIMBY">NIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Multistorey_car_park" title="Multistorey car park">Multistorey car park</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_permission" title="Planning permission">Planning permission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/16px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/24px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" 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