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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Offices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legal authority </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_authority-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal authority subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Related legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Programs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Programs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Core_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Core programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_quality_and_radiation_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality_and_radiation_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Air quality and radiation protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality_and_radiation_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ambient_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambient_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.1 Ambient standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambient_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stationary_air_pollution_source_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stationary_air_pollution_source_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.2 Stationary air pollution source standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stationary_air_pollution_source_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_source_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_source_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3 Mobile source standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_source_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiation_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiation_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.4 Radiation protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiation_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Water quality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_regulatory_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_regulatory_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.1 Science and regulatory standards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_regulatory_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.2 Infrastructure financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land,_waste_and_cleanup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land,_waste_and_cleanup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Land, waste and cleanup </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land,_waste_and_cleanup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_manufacture_and_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_manufacture_and_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Chemical manufacture and usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_manufacture_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.5 Enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Additional programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Past programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scope_and_fulfillment_of_agency's_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_and_fulfillment_of_agency's_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Scope and fulfillment of agency's authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_and_fulfillment_of_agency's_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Environmental justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_Information_Act_processing_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_Information_Act_processing_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Freedom of Information Act processing performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_Information_Act_processing_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pebble_Mine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pebble_Mine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pebble Mine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pebble_Mine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality_in_East_Palestine,_Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality_in_East_Palestine,_Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Water quality in East Palestine, Ohio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_quality_in_East_Palestine,_Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">United States Environmental Protection Agency</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وكالة حماية البيئة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وكالة حماية البيئة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Американска агенция за опазване на околната среда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американска агенция за опазване на околната среда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_de_Protecci%C3%B3_Ambiental_dels_Estats_Units" title="Agència de Protecció Ambiental dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agència de Protecció Ambiental dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentura_pro_ochranu_%C5%BEivotn%C3%ADho_prost%C5%99ed%C3%AD" title="Agentura pro ochranu životního prostředí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Agentura pro ochranu životního prostředí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Keskkonnakaitseagentuur" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Keskkonnakaitseagentuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Keskkonnakaitseagentuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_de_Protecci%C3%B3n_Ambiental_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="آژانس حفاظت محیط زیست ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آژانس حفاظت محیط زیست ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%ADomhaireacht_um_Chaomhn%C3%BA_Comhshaoil_(St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe)" title="Gníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil (Stáit Aontaithe) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil (Stáit Aontaithe)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8%EC%B2%AD" title="미국 환경보호청 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 환경보호청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुक्त राज्य पर्यावरण संरक्षण संस्था – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य पर्यावरण संरक्षण संस्था" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A4l%E1%BB%8D_%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%A5_Na-ah%E1%BB%A5_Maka_Nchebe_Gburugburu_Ebe_Obibi_nke_United_States" title="Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Perlindungan_Lingkungan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhverfisverndarstofnun_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Umhverfisverndarstofnun Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umhverfisverndarstofnun Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia_statunitense_per_la_protezione_dell%27ambiente" title="Agenzia statunitense per la protezione dell'ambiente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agenzia statunitense per la protezione dell'ambiente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="הסוכנות להגנת הסביבה (ארצות הברית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסוכנות להגנת הסביבה (ארצות הברית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agensi_Perlindungan_Alam_Sekitar_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%81" title="アメリカ合衆国環境保護庁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国環境保護庁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency_(USA)" title="Environmental Protection Agency (USA) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency (USA)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_de_Prote%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Ambiental_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Агентство по охране окружающей среды США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агентство по охране окружающей среды США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="United States Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencija_za_za%C5%A1titu_%C5%BEivotne_sredine_Sjedinjenih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine Sjedinjenih Država – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine Sjedinjenih Država" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencija_za_za%C5%A1titu_%C5%BEivotne_sredine_Sjedinjenih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine Sjedinjenih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Agencija za zaštitu životne sredine Sjedinjenih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_ymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6nsuojeluvirasto" title="Yhdysvaltain ympäristönsuojeluvirasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain ympäristönsuojeluvirasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Environmental Protection Agency" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சுற்றுச்சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க சுற்றுச்சூழல் பாதுகாப்பு நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&params=38.8939_N_77.0289_W_">38°53′38″N 77°01′44″W / 38.8939°N 77.0289°W / 38.8939; -77.0289</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Protection_Agency&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. federal government agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"EPA" and "Environmental Protection Agency" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/EPA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="EPA (disambiguation)">EPA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Environmental Protection Agency</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Seal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:EPA_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/EPA_logo.svg/150px-EPA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/EPA_logo.svg/225px-EPA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/EPA_logo.svg/300px-EPA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="309" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> Flag</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2, 1970; 53 years ago (1970-12-02)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&params=38.8939_N_77.0289_W_">38°53′38″N 77°01′44″W / 38.8939°N 77.0289°W / 38.8939; -77.0289</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">14,581<a href="#cite_note-EPA_budget-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$9,559,485,000<a href="#cite_note-EPA_budget-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Regan" title="Michael S. Regan">Michael S. Regan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Nishida" title="Jane Nishida">Jane Nishida</a>, Acting Deputy Administrator</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov">epa.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agency_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency of the United States government">independent agency of the United States government</a> tasked with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> matters.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> proposed the establishment of EPA on July 9, 1970; it began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reorg-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">order establishing the EPA</a> was ratified by committee hearings in the House and Senate. The agency is led by its <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">administrator</a>, who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> and approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reorg-3">[3]</a> The current administrator is <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Regan" title="Michael S. Regan">Michael S. Regan</a>. The EPA is not a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> department, but the administrator is normally given <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States#Cabinet-level_officials" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet rank</a>. The EPA has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> There are regional offices for each of the agency's ten regions, as well as 27 laboratories around the country.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The agency conducts <a href="/wiki/Environmental_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental assessment">environmental assessment</a>, research, and education. It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental laws</a>, in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments. EPA enforcement powers include fines, <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_(law)" title="Sanctions (law)">sanctions</a>, and other measures. It delegates some permitting, monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a>. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a wide variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs and energy conservation efforts. The agency's budgeted employee level in 2023 is 16,204.1 <a href="/wiki/Full-time_equivalent" title="Full-time equivalent">full-time equivalent</a> (FTE).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> More than half of EPA's employees are engineers, scientists, and environmental protection specialists; other employees include legal, public affairs, financial, and information technologists. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._(FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT,_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT%2C_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg/220px-BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT%2C_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT%2C_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg/330px-BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT%2C_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT%2C_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg/440px-BURNING_DISCARDED_AUTOMOBILE_BATTERIES._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER_IMAGES_IN_THIS_ASSIGNMENT%2C_SEE_FICHE..._-_NARA_-_553841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>Stacks emitting smoke from burning discarded automobile batteries, photo taken in Houston in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Marc_St._Gil" title="Marc St. Gil">Marc St. Gil</a>, official photographer of recently founded EPA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR,_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR%2C_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg/220px-SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR%2C_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR%2C_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg/330px-SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR%2C_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR%2C_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg/440px-SMOKESTACKS_OF_THE_HOLMES_ROAD_INCINERATOR%2C_NO_LONGER_POLLUTE_THE_ATMOSPHERE._THE_PLANT_PREVIOUSLY_BURNED_OLD..._-_NARA_-_557411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Same smokestacks in 1975 after the plant was closed in a push for greater environmental protection</figcaption></figure> Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA-guardian-8">[8]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Murray" title="James E. Murray">James E. Murray</a> introduced a bill, the Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) of 1959, in the <a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">86th Congress</a>. The bill would have established a Council on Environmental Quality in the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a>, declared a national environmental policy, and required the preparation of an annual environmental report. The conservation movement was weak at the time and the bill did not pass Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Luther-9">[9]</a> The 1962 publication of <a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a>, a best-selling book by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>, alerted the public about the detrimental effects on animals and humans of the indiscriminate use of <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the years following, Congress discussed possible solutions. In 1968, a joint House–Senate colloquium was convened by the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a>, and the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Representative <a href="/wiki/George_P._Miller" title="George P. Miller">George P. Miller</a>, to discuss the need for and means of implementing a national environmental policy. Congress enacted the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act of 1969</a> (NEPA) and the law was based on ideas that had been discussed in the 1959 and subsequent hearings.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luther-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">The Richard Nixon administration</a> made the environment a policy priority in 1969-1971 and created two new agencies, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a> (CEQ) and EPA.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1, 1970. The law established the CEQ in the Executive Office of the President. NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The "detailed statement" would ultimately be referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statement</a> (EIS).<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg/220px-William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg/330px-William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg/440px-William_Ruckelshaus_Swearing_In_as_EPA_Administrator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Ruckelshaus sworn in as first EPA Administrator</figcaption></figure> On July 9, 1970, Nixon proposed an <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">executive reorganization</a> that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency, a new Environmental Protection Agency.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This proposal included merging <a href="/wiki/Pollution#Pollution_control" title="Pollution">pollution control</a> programs from a number of departments, such as the combination of pesticide programs from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-14">[14]</a>: 5  After conducting hearings during that summer, the House and Senate approved the proposal. The EPA was created 90 days before it had to operate,<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-14">[14]</a>: 11  and officially opened its doors on December 2, 1970. The agency's first administrator, <a href="/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus">William Ruckelshaus</a>, took the oath of office on December 4, 1970.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-guardian-8">[8]</a> EPA's primary predecessor was the former <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Divisions" title="Environmental Health Divisions">Environmental Health Divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">U.S. Public Health Service</a> (PHS), and its creation caused one of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service_reorganizations_of_1966%E2%80%931973" title="U.S. Public Health Service reorganizations of 1966–1973">a series of reorganizations of PHS</a> that occurred during 1966–1973. From PHS, EPA absorbed the entire National Air Pollution Control Administration, as well as the Environmental Control Administration's Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Bureau of Water Hygiene, and part of its Bureau of Radiological Health. It also absorbed the Federal Water Quality Administration, which had previously been transferred from PHS to the Department of the Interior in 1966. A few functions from other agencies were also incorporated into EPA: the formerly independent Federal Radiation Council was merged into it; pesticides programs were transferred from the Department of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>; and some functions were transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatArchives-2016-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reorg3-1970-16">[16]</a> Upon its creation, EPA inherited 84 sites spread across 26 states, of which 42 sites were laboratories. The EPA consolidated these laboratories into 22 sites.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> In its first year, the EPA had a budget of $1.4 billion and 5,800 employees.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-14">[14]</a>: 5  At its start, the EPA was primarily a technical assistance agency that set goals and standards. Soon, new acts and amendments passed by Congress gave the agency its regulatory authority.<a href="#cite_note-Elkins-14">[14]</a>: 9  A major expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_of_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act of 1963">Clean Air Act</a> was approved in December 1970.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> EPA staff recall that in the early days there was "an enormous sense of purpose and excitement" and the expectation that "there was this agency which was going to do something about a problem that clearly was on the minds of a lot of people in this country," leading to tens of thousands of resumes from those eager to participate in the mighty effort to clean up America's environment.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> When EPA first began operation, members of the private sector felt strongly that the environmental protection movement was a passing fad. Ruckelshaus stated that he felt pressure to show a public which was deeply skeptical about government's effectiveness, that EPA could respond effectively to widespread concerns about pollution.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The burning <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_River" title="Cuyahoga River">Cuyahoga River</a> in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1969 led to a national outcry and criminal charges against major steel companies. The US Justice Department in late 1970 began pollution control litigation in cooperation with the new EPA. Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (CWA).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The CWA established a national framework for addressing water quality, including mandatory pollution control standards, to be implemented by the agency in partnership with the states.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a> Congress amended the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (FIFRA) in 1972, requiring EPA to measure every pesticide's risks against its potential benefits.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wayland_-2019-24">[24]</a> In 1973 President Nixon appointed <a href="/wiki/Russell_E._Train" title="Russell E. Train">Russell E. Train</a>, to be the next EPA Administrator.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 1974 Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a>, requiring EPA to develop mandatory federal standards for all <a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">public water systems</a>, which serve 90% of the US population. The law required EPA to enforce the standards with the cooperation of state agencies.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In October 1976, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (TSCA) which, like FIFRA, related to the manufacture, labeling and usage of commercial products rather than pollution.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> This act gave the EPA the authority to gather information on chemicals and require producers to test them, gave it the ability to regulate chemical production and use (with specific mention of <a href="/wiki/PCBs" class="mw-redirect" title="PCBs">PCBs</a>), and required the agency to create the National Inventory listing of chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> Congress also enacted the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (RCRA) in 1976, significantly amending the <a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> It tasked the EPA with setting national goals for waste disposal, conserving energy and natural resources, reducing waste, and ensuring environmentally sound management of waste. Accordingly, the agency developed <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation#Regulations_"with_the_force_of_law"" title="Primary and secondary legislation">regulations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">solid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> that were to be implemented in collaboration with states.<a href="#cite_note-Horinko-2016-31">[31]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Douglas_M._Costle" title="Douglas M. Costle">Douglas M. Costle</a> as EPA administrator in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> To manage the agency's expanding legal mandates and workload, by the end of 1979 the budget grew to $5.4 billion and the workforce size increased to 13,000.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_budget-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, following the discovery of many abandoned or mismanaged hazardous waste sites such as <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a>, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response,_Compensation,_and_Liability_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act</a>, nicknamed "Superfund." The new law authorized EPA to cast a wider net for parties responsible for sites contaminated by previous hazardous waste disposal and established a funding mechanism for assessment and cleanup.<a href="#cite_note-Voltaggio-2019-33">[33]</a> In a dramatic move to the right, President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1981 appointed <a href="/wiki/Anne_Gorsuch_Burford" title="Anne Gorsuch Burford">Anne Gorsuch</a> as EPA administrator.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Gorsuch based her administration of EPA on the <a href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</a> approach of downsizing federal agencies by delegating their functions and services to the individual states.<a href="#cite_note-epajournal-35">[35]</a> She believed that EPA was over-regulating business and that the agency was too large and not cost-effective. During her 22 months as agency head, she cut the budget of the EPA by 22%, reduced the number of cases filed against polluters, relaxed Clean Air Act regulations, and facilitated the spraying of restricted-use pesticides. She cut the total number of agency employees, and hired staff from the industries they were supposed to be regulating.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalists</a> contended that her policies were designed to placate polluters, and accused her of trying to dismantle the agency.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Assistant Administrator <a href="/wiki/Rita_Lavelle" title="Rita Lavelle">Rita Lavelle</a> was fired by Reagan in February 1983 because of her mismanagement of the <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_chronology-38">[38]</a> Gorsuch had increasing confrontations with Congress over Superfund and other programs, including her refusal to submit subpoenaed documents. Gorsuch was cited for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a> and the White House directed EPA to submit the documents to Congress. Gorsuch and most of her senior staff resigned in March 1983.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_chronology-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Reagan then appointed William Ruckelshaus as EPA Administrator for a second term. As a condition for accepting his appointment, Ruckleshaus obtained autonomy from the White House in appointing his senior management team. He then appointed experienced competent professionals to the top management positions, and worked to restore public confidence in the agency.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Thomas" title="Lee M. Thomas">Lee M. Thomas</a> succeeded Ruckelshaus as administrator in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_history_1970-1985-41">[41]</a> In 1986 Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a>, which authorized the EPA to gather data on toxic chemicals and share this information with the public.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> EPA also researched the implications of stratospheric ozone depletion. Under Administrator Thomas, EPA joined with several international organizations to perform a <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> of stratospheric ozone, which helped provide motivation for the Montreal Protocol, which was agreed to in August 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Thomas_interview-42">[42]</a>: 14  In 1988, during his first presidential campaign, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> was vocal about environmental issues. Following his election victory, he appointed <a href="/wiki/William_K._Reilly" title="William K. Reilly">William K. Reilly</a>, an environmentalist, as EPA Administrator in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> Under Reilly's leadership, the EPA implemented voluntary programs and initiated the development of a "cluster rule" for multimedia regulation of the pulp and paper industry.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> At the time, there was increasing awareness that some environmental issues were regional or localized in nature, and were more appropriately addressed with sub-national approaches and solutions. This understanding was reflected in the 1990 amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> and in new approaches by the agency, such as a greater emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>-based approaches in Clean Water Act programs.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> In 1992 EPA and the Department of Energy launched the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a> program, a voluntary program that fosters energy efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Browner" title="Carol Browner">Carol Browner</a> was appointed EPA administrator by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and served from 1993 to 2001.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-admin-46">[46]</a> Major projects during Browner's term included: <ul><li>Initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land#United_States" title="Brownfield land">Brownfields</a> pilot program in 1995<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li>Initial hazardous air pollution standards for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum refineries">petroleum refineries</a> in 1995<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Initial <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">lead paint</a> abatement regulations under TSCA in 1996<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>Update of the <a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Particulates#Health_effects" title="Particulates">particulate matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone#Ozone_air_pollution" title="Ozone">ozone</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li></ul> Since the passage of the Superfund law in 1980, an <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a> had been levied on the chemical and petroleum industries, to support the cleanup trust fund. Congressional authorization of the tax was due to expire in 1995. Although Browner and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton Administration</a> supported continuation of the tax, Congress declined to reauthorize it. Subsequently, the Superfund program was supported only by annual appropriations, greatly reducing the number of waste sites that are remediated in a given year.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> (In 2021 Congress reauthorized an excise tax on chemical manufacturers.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure_act_2021-52">[52]</a>) Major legislative updates during the Clinton Administration were the <a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the 1996 amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> as EPA administrator in 2001. Whitman was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> In March 2005 nine states (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico and Vermont) sued the EPA. The EPA's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">inspector general</a> had determined that the EPA's regulation of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> emissions did not follow the Clean Air Act, and that the regulations were influenced by top political appointees.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The EPA had suppressed a study it commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> which contradicted its position on mercury controls.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The suit alleged that the EPA's rule exempting coal-fired power plants from "maximum available control technology" was illegal, and additionally charged that the EPA's system of <a href="/wiki/Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-and-trade">cap-and-trade</a> to lower average mercury levels would allow power plants to forego reducing mercury emissions, which they objected would lead to dangerous local hotspots of mercury contamination even if average levels declined.<a href="#cite_note-Bustillo2005-58">[58]</a> Several states also began to enact their own mercury emission regulations. Illinois's proposed rule would have reduced mercury emissions from power plants by an average of 90% by 2009.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 2008—by which point a total of fourteen states had joined the suit—the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the EPA regulations violated the Clean Air Act.<a href="#cite_note-Baltimore2008-60">[60]</a> In response, EPA announced plans to propose such standards to replace the vacated Clean Air Mercury Rule, and did so on March 16, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_MATS2011-61">[61]</a> In July 2005 there was a delay in the issuance of an EPA report showing that auto companies were using loopholes to produce less fuel-efficient cars. The report was supposed to be released the day before a controversial energy bill was passed and would have provided backup for those opposed to it, but the EPA delayed its release at the last minute.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> EPA initiated its voluntary <a href="/wiki/WaterSense" class="mw-redirect" title="WaterSense">WaterSense</a> program in 2006 to encourage <a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">water efficiency</a> through the use of a special label on consumer products.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2007 the state of California sued the EPA for its refusal to allow California and 16 other states to raise fuel economy standards for new cars.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> EPA Administrator Stephen Johnson claimed that the EPA was working on its own standards, but the move has been widely considered an attempt to shield the auto industry from environmental regulation by setting lower standards at the federal level, which would then preempt state laws.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> California governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>, along with governors from 13 other states, stated that the EPA's actions ignored federal law, and that existing California standards (adopted by many states in addition to California) were almost twice as effective as the proposed federal standards.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It was reported that Johnson ignored his own staff in making this decision.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2007 it was reported that EPA research was suppressed by career managers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Supervisors at EPA's National Center for Environmental Assessment required several paragraphs to be deleted from a peer-reviewed journal article about EPA's <a href="/wiki/Integrated_risk_information_system" title="Integrated risk information system">integrated risk information system</a>, which led two co-authors to have their names removed from the publication, and the corresponding author, Ching-Hung Hsu, to leave EPA "because of the draconian restrictions placed on publishing".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The 2007 report stated that EPA subjected employees who author scientific papers to <a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">prior restraint</a>, even if those papers are written on personal time.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In December 2007 EPA administrator Johnson approved a draft of a document that declared that climate change imperiled the public welfare—a decision that would trigger the first national mandatory global-warming regulations. Associate Deputy Administrator Jason Burnett e-mailed the draft to the White House. White House aides—who had long resisted mandatory regulations as a way to address climate change—knew the gist of what Johnson's finding would be, Burnett said. They also knew that once they opened the attachment, it would become a public record, making it controversial and difficult to rescind. So they did not open it; rather, they called Johnson and asked him to take back the draft. Johnson rescinded the draft; in July 2008, he issued a new version which did not state that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> was danger to public welfare. Burnett resigned in protest.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></div> In April 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a> said that more than half of the nearly 1,600 EPA staff scientists who responded online to a detailed questionnaire reported they had experienced incidents of political interference in their work. The survey included chemists, toxicologists, engineers, geologists and experts in other fields of science. About 40% of the scientists reported that the interference had been more prevalent in the last five years than in previous years.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> as EPA administrator in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> In 2010 it was reported that a $3 million mapping study on <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Science_Program#Coastal_sensitivity_to_sea_level_rise_(SAP_4.1)" title="Climate Change Science Program">sea level rise</a> was suppressed by EPA management during both the Bush and Obama administrations, and managers changed a key interagency report to reflect the removal of the maps.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Between 2011 and 2012, some EPA employees reported difficulty in conducting and reporting the results of studies on <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> due to industry and governmental pressure, and were concerned about the censorship of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental reports">environmental reports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urbina_03Mar2011-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA_re_study-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_lobbying_docs-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Docs-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chesapeake-79">[79]</a> President Obama appointed <a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> as EPA administrator in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> In 2014, the EPA published its "Tier 3" standards for cars, trucks and other motor vehicles, which tightened air pollution emission requirements and lowered the sulfur content in gasoline.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2015, the EPA discovered <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">extensive violations</a> by <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> in its manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> diesel engine cars, for the 2009 through 2016 model years. Following notice of violations and potential criminal sanctions, Volkswagen later agreed to a legal settlement and paid billions of US dollars in criminal penalties, and was required to initiate a vehicle buyback program and modify the engines of the vehicles to reduce illegal air emissions.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In August 2015, the EPA finalized the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a> to regulate emissions from power plants, projecting a 15-year cut of 32%, or 789 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-Clean_Power_Plan-83">[83]</a> In 2019 it was voided and replaced by the Affordable Clean Energy rule under the Trump administration,<a href="#cite_note-ACE_rule-84">[84]</a> and in 2022 its constitutionality was ruled out by the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-NLC_2022-85">[85]</a> In August 2015, the <a href="/wiki/2015_Gold_King_Mine_waste_water_spill" title="2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill">2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill</a> occurred when EPA contractors examined the level of pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> mine,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and accidentally released over three million gallons of waste water into Cement Creek and the <a href="/wiki/Animas_River" title="Animas River">Animas River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aug10spillfox-87">[87]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC), a branch of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, cited research linking <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>, an ingredient of the weed killer Roundup manufactured by the chemical company <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin%27s_lymphoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma">non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</a>. In March 2017, the presiding judge in a litigation brought about by people who claim to have developed glyphosate-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma opened Monsanto emails and other documents related to the case, including email exchanges between the company and federal regulators. According to The New York Times, the "records suggested that Monsanto had ghostwritten research that was later attributed to academics and indicated that a senior official at the Environmental Protection Agency had worked to quash a review of Roundup's main ingredient, glyphosate, that was to have been conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a>." The records show that Monsanto was able to prepare "a public relations assault" on the finding after they were alerted to the determination by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jess_Rowland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jess Rowland (page does not exist)">Jess Rowland</a>, the head of the EPA's cancer assessment review committee at that time, months in advance. Emails also showed that Rowland "had promised to beat back an effort by the Department of Health and Human Services to conduct its own review."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On February 17, 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Scott_Pruitt" title="Scott Pruitt">Scott Pruitt</a> as EPA administrator.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> The Democratic Party saw the appointment as a controversial move, as Pruitt had spent most of his career challenging environmental regulations and policies. He did not have previous experience in the environmental protection field and had received financial support from the fossil fuel industry.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Presidency of Donald Trump</a> proposed a 31% cut to the EPA's budget to $5.7 billion from $8.1 billion and to eliminate a quarter of the agency jobs.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> However, this cut was not approved by Congress. Pruitt resigned from the position on July 5, 2018, citing "unrelenting attacks" due to ongoing ethics controversies.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> President Trump appointed <a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._Wheeler" title="Andrew R. Wheeler">Andrew R. Wheeler</a> as EPA Administrator in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_admin-32">[32]</a> On July 17, 2019, EPA management prohibited the agency's Scientific Integrity Official, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesca_Grifo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesca Grifo (page does not exist)">Francesca Grifo</a>, from testifying at a House committee hearing. EPA offered to send a different representative in place of Grifo and accused the committee of "dictating to the agency who they believe was qualified to speak." The hearing was to discuss the importance of allowing federal scientists and other employees to speak freely when and to whom they want to about their research without having to worry about any political consequences.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In September 2019 air pollution standards in California were once again under attack, as the Trump administration attempted to revoke a waiver issued to the state which allowed more stringent standards for auto and truck emissions than the federal standards.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Regan" title="Michael S. Regan">Michael S. Regan</a> to be administrator in 2021. Regan began serving on March 11, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In October 2021 EPA announced its "PFAS Strategic Roadmap." <a href="/wiki/PFASs" class="mw-redirect" title="PFASs">PFASs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Organofluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Organofluorine">organofluorine</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical compounds">chemical compounds</a> referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Forever_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Forever chemicals">forever chemicals</a>". The roadmap is a "whole-of-EPA" strategy and the agency will consider the full <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">life cycle</a> of PFAS, including preventing PFAS from entering the environment, holding polluters accountable, and remediation of contaminated sites. It also will include drinking water monitoring and risk assessment for <a href="/wiki/PFOA" class="mw-redirect" title="PFOA">PFOA</a> and <a href="/wiki/PFOS" class="mw-redirect" title="PFOS">PFOS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">biosolids</a> (processed <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> used as fertilizer).<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In December 2021 EPA issued new <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas</a> standards for passenger cars and light trucks. The standards, which will reduce climate pollution and improve public health, became effective for the 2023 vehicle model year.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In March 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> allowed California to again set stricter auto emissions standards.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In August 2022 the EPA was allotted a listed ~$53.216 billion in funding pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation Reduction Act of 2022">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (IRA). The EPA listed 24 total initiatives, the most notable among them being <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> reduction and monitoring, a superfund petroleum tax, replacing current heavy-duty vehicles with <a href="/wiki/Zero-emissions_vehicle" title="Zero-emissions vehicle">zero-emission vehicles</a>, and a methane incentive program.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On February 3, 2023, more than 100 train cars were derailed in <a href="/wiki/East_Palestine,_Ohio" title="East Palestine, Ohio">East Palestine</a>, and around half of those cars containing chemicals like <a href="/wiki/Butyl_acrylate" title="Butyl acrylate">butyl acrylate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">vinyl chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2-Ethylhexyl_acrylate" title="2-Ethylhexyl acrylate">ethylhexyl acrylate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Subsequently, the chemicals combusted into a flame being seen from miles around and the fumes filled the air with residents reporting animals falling ill and a burning sensation in their eyes and nose. The EPA is monitoring the situation and experts recommend that local residents take part in the EPA's at-home air screening.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On April 12, 2023, EPA proposed new federal vehicle <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_emission_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle emission standard">tailpipe emissions standards</a> that would accelerate the transition to <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a> (EVs). The standards would require at least two-thirds of all new cars sold in the United States to be zero-emissions vehicles by 2032. The rules seek to reduce air pollution and climate change. The EPA sought public comment by July 25, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> If the rules were approved it would have a significant impact on the transportation sector and public health.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In March 2024, EPA finalized the new rules and projected they would cut emissions by 7 billion metric tons, or 56% of 2026 levels, by 2032.<a href="#cite_note-Daly_Krisher_2024-106">[106]</a> In April 2024, EPA finalized new standards for power plant carbon emissions, projecting cuts of 65,000 tons by 2028 and 1.38 billion tons by 2047.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_power_plant_rules_2024-107">[107]</a> The agency also issued final drinking water standards for six PFAS compounds.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg/200px-EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg/300px-EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg/400px-EPA_HQ_-_WJ_Clinton_Building_-_Main_entrance_-_2018a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the EPA at the <a href="/wiki/William_Jefferson_Clinton_Federal_Building" title="William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building">William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building</a></figcaption></figure> The EPA is led by the administrator, appointed following nomination by the president and approval from Congress. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offices">Offices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Offices">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Office of the Administrator (OA). As of October 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, the office consisted of 12 divisions:<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <ul><li>Office of Administrative and Executive Services</li> <li>Office of Children's Health Protection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Health_Protection_Advisory_Committee" title="Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee">Children's Health Protection Advisory Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Office of Civil Rights</li> <li>Office of Congressional and Intergovernmental Relations</li> <li>Office of Continuous Improvement</li> <li>Office of the Executive Secretariat</li> <li>Office of Homeland Security</li> <li>Office of Policy<a href="#cite_note-About_Policy-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Office of Public Affairs</li> <li>Office of Public Engagement and Environmental Education</li> <li>Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Advisory_Board" title="Science Advisory Board">Science Advisory Board</a></li></ul></li> <li>Office of Air and Radiation (OAR)<a href="#cite_note-About_OAR-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP)<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>Office of the Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights<a href="#cite_note-About_OEJECR-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance</a> (OECA)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li>Office of General Counsel (OGC)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Office of <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general#United_States" title="Inspector general">Inspector General</a> (OIG)<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Office of Mission Support (OMS)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <ul><li>Office of Resources and Business Operations (ORBO)</li> <li>Environmental Appeals Board</li> <li>Office of Federal Sustainability</li> <li>Office of Administrative Law Judges</li> <li>Office of Acquisition Solutions (OAS)</li> <li>Office of Administration (OA)</li> <li>Office of Human Resources (OHR)</li> <li>Office of Grants and Debarment (OGD)</li> <li>Office of Customer Advocacy, Policy and Portfolio Management (OCAPPM)</li> <li>Office of Digital Services and Technical Architecture (ODSTA)</li> <li>Office of Information Management (OIM)Office of Information Security and Privacy (OISP)</li> <li>Office of Enterprise Information Programs (OEIP)</li> <li>Office of IT Operations (OITO)</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg/220px-EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg/330px-EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg/440px-EPA_Breidenbach_Laboratory_2019a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Breidenbach_Environmental_Research_Center" title="Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center">Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> is EPA's second-largest R&D center.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Office of Research and Development (ORD), which as of November 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, consisted of:<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <ul><li>Immediate Office of the Assistant Administrator</li> <li>Office of Science Advisor, Policy, and Engagement (OSAPE)</li> <li>Office of Science Information Management (OSIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Resource_Management" title="Office of Resource Management">Office of Resource Management</a></li> <li>Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Exposure_Research_Laboratory" title="National Exposure Research Laboratory">Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling</a> (CEMM)</li> <li>Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA)</li> <li>Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER)</li></ul></li> <li>Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM), which as of March 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, consisted of:<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <ul><li>Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation</li> <li>Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery</li> <li>Office of Underground Storage Tanks</li> <li>Office of Brownfields and Land Revitalization</li> <li>Office of Emergency Management</li> <li>Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office</li></ul></li> <li>Office of Water (OW)<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> which, as of March 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, consisted of:<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <ul><li>Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (OGWDW)</li> <li>Office of Science and Technology (OST)</li> <li>Office of Wastewater Management (OWM)</li> <li>Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds (OWOW)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg/220px-Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg/330px-Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg/440px-Regions_of_the_United_States_EPA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The administrative regions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency</figcaption></figure> Creating 10 EPA regions was an initiative that came from President Richard Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Standard_Federal_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Federal Regions">Standard Federal Regions</a>. Each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the agency's programs, except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states. <ul><li>Region 1: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>).</li> <li>Region 2: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. It is also responsible for the US territories of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>.</li> <li>Region 3: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a>.</li> <li>Region 4: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>.</li> <li>Region 5: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.</li> <li>Region 6: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.</li> <li>Region 7: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>.</li> <li>Region 8: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.</li> <li>Region 9: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, the territories of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>Region 10: responsible within the states of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>.</li></ul> Each regional office also implements programs on <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">Indian Tribal lands</a>, except those programs delegated to tribal authorities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_authority">Legal authority</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legal authority">edit</a>]</div> The Environmental Protection Agency can only act pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a>—the laws passed by Congress. <a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations statutes</a> authorize how much money the agency can spend each year to carry out the approved statutes. The agency has the power to issue <a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation#Regulations_"with_the_force_of_law"" title="Primary and secondary legislation">regulations</a>. A regulation interprets a statute, and EPA applies its regulations to various environmental situations and enforces the requirements. The agency must include a rationale of why a regulation is needed. (See <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Act_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative Procedure Act (United States)">Administrative Procedure Act</a>.) Regulations can be challenged in federal courts, either <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">district court</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">appellate court</a>, depending on the particular statutory provision.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_legislation">Related legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Related legislation">edit</a>]</div> EPA has principal implementation authority for the following federal environmental laws:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Environmental_Response,_Compensation_and_Liability_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act</a> ("Superfund")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act</a></li></ul> There are additional laws where EPA has a contributing role or provides assistance to other agencies. Among these laws are:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Independence and Security Act">Energy Independence and Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Pollution Act">Oil Pollution Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_Prevention_Act_of_1990" title="Pollution Prevention Act of 1990">Pollution Prevention Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programs">Programs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Programs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEregionalLab_069_(14411979858).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NEregionalLab_069_%2814411979858%29.jpg/220px-NEregionalLab_069_%2814411979858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NEregionalLab_069_%2814411979858%29.jpg/330px-NEregionalLab_069_%2814411979858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NEregionalLab_069_%2814411979858%29.jpg/440px-NEregionalLab_069_%2814411979858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>EPA scientists conducting a stream survey on the <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_River" title="Merrimack River">Merrimack River</a> in Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> EPA established its major programs pursuant to the primary missions originally articulated in the laws passed by Congress. Additional programs have been developed to interpret the primary missions. Some of the newer programs have been specifically authorized by Congress.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Former administrator William Ruckelshaus observed in 2016 that a danger for EPA was that air, water, waste and other programs would be unconnected, placed in "silos", a problem that persists more than 50 years later, albeit less so than at the start.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core_programs">Core programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Core programs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_quality_and_radiation_protection">Air quality and radiation protection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Air quality and radiation protection">edit</a>]</div> The Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) describes itself as the official authority in charge of "developing national programs, policies, and regulations for controlling air pollution and radiation exposure." The OAR is responsible for enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1954" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1954">Atomic Energy Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant" title="Waste Isolation Pilot Plant">Waste Isolation Pilot Plant</a> Land Withdrawal Act, and other applicable laws. The OAR is in charge of the Offices of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Atmospheric Protection, Transportation and Air Quality, and the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.<a href="#cite_note-About_OAR-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ambient_standards">Ambient standards</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ambient standards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> (NAAQS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Implementation_Plan" title="State Implementation Plan">State Implementation Plans</a> (SIPs)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stationary_air_pollution_source_standards">Stationary air pollution source standards</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stationary air pollution source standards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards#Clean_Air_Act" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a> (NESHAPs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_of_1963#Title_V:_Permits" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Air Act of 1963">Permits for industrial and commercial sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mobile_source_standards">Mobile source standards</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mobile source standards">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._(FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg/220px-AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg/330px-AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg/440px-AN_EPA_FACILITY_AT_ANN_ARBOR_MEASURES_ENGINE_EXHAUST_FROM_A_NEW_AUTOMOBILE._%28FROM_THE_SITES_EXHIBITION._FOR_OTHER..._-_NARA_-_553895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Testing automobile emissions at an EPA laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)#On-road_vehicles_regulations" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">On-road vehicles regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)#Non-road_vehicles_regulations" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Non-road vehicle regulation</a> (including aircraft, locomotives, marine transport, stationary engines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)#Fuel_controls" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Transportation fuel controls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-national-vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-laboratory-nvfel">National Vehicle Fuel and Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radiation_protection">Radiation protection</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Radiation protection">edit</a>]</div> The Radiation Protection Program comprises seven project groups.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <ol><li>Radioactive Waste<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Protective Action Guides And Planning Guidance for Radiological Incidents: EPA developed a manual as guideline for local and state governments to protect the public from a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accident</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> the 2017 version being a 15-year update.</li> <li>EPA's Role in Emergency Response – Special Teams<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) Program<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Radiation Standards for Air and Drinking Water Programs<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_quality">Water quality</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Water quality">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Science_and_regulatory_standards">Science and regulatory standards</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Science and regulatory standards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Pollutant_Discharge_Elimination_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System">National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System</a> (NPDES) permit program addresses <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> by regulating <a href="/wiki/Point_source" title="Point source">point sources</a> which discharge to US waters. Created in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the NPDES permit program authorizes state governments to perform its many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects.<a href="#cite_note-NPDES_Basics-140">[140]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, the EPA has approved 47 states to administer all or portions of the permit program.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> EPA regional offices manage the program in the remaining areas of the country.<a href="#cite_note-NPDES_Basics-140">[140]</a> The Water Quality Act of 1987 extended NPDES permit coverage to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_stormwater" title="Industrial stormwater">industrial stormwater</a> dischargers and municipal separate storm sewer systems.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In 2016, there were 6,700 major point source NPDES permits in place and 109,000 municipal and industrial point sources with general or individual permits.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_regulation_of_point_source_water_pollution" title="United States regulation of point source water pollution">United States regulation of point source water pollution</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a> (technology based standards) for industrial point sources<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act#Water_quality_standards" title="Clean Water Act">Water quality standards</a> (risk-based standards) for water bodies,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> under Title III of the CWA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a> programs<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>The CWA Section 404 Program regulates the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States. Permits are issued by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> and reviewed by EPA, and may be denied if they would cause unacceptable degradation or if an alternative does not exist that does not also have adverse impacts on waters.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a> Permit holders are typically required to restore or create wetlands or other waters to offset losses that cannot be avoided.</li> <li>EPA ensures safe <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> for the public, by setting standards for more than 148,000 <a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">public water systems</a> nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> EPA oversees states, local governments and water suppliers to enforce the standards under the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The program includes <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act#Underground_Injection_Control_(UIC)_Program" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">regulation of injection wells</a> to protect underground sources of drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Infrastructure_financing">Infrastructure financing</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Infrastructure financing">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_State_Revolving_Fund" title="Clean Water State Revolving Fund">Clean Water State Revolving Fund</a> provides grants to states which, along with matching state funds, are loaned to municipalities for wastewater and "green" infrastructure at below-market interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a> These loans are expected to be paid back, creating revolving loan funds. Cumulative assistance from the revolving fund has surpassed US$172 billion as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The revolving fund replaced the Construction Grants Program, which was phased out in 1990.</li> <li>The Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) provides financial assistance to local drinking water utilities.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The total appropriation of DWSRF funds available to states, which allocate funds to individual utilities, is US$3.5 billion in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land,_waste_and_cleanup">Land, waste and cleanup</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Land, waste and cleanup">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Regulation of solid waste (non-hazardous) and hazardous waste under RCRA. To implement the 1976 law, EPA published standards in 1979 for "sanitary" <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> that receive <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act#Subtitle_D:_Non-hazardous_Solid_Wastes" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">municipal solid waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The agency published national <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act#Subtitle_C:_"Cradle_to_Grave"_requirements_for_hazardous_waste" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">hazardous waste regulations</a> and established a nationwide permit and tracking system for managing hazardous waste. The system is largely managed by state agencies under EPA authorization. Standards were issued for <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act#Treatment,_storage,_and_disposal_facility_permits" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities</a> (TSDFs), and ocean dumping of waste was prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-RCRA_25_years-153">[153]</a>: 2–4  In 1984 Congress passed the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) which expanded several aspects of the RCRA program:<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <ul><li>The Land Disposal Restrictions Program sets treatment requirements for hazardous waste before it may be disposed on land.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> EPA began issuing treatment methods and levels of requirements in 1986 and these are continually adapted to new hazardous wastes and treatment technologies. The stringent requirements it sets and its emphasis on waste minimization practices encourage businesses to plan to minimize waste generation and prioritize reuse and <a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">recycling</a>. From the start of the program in 1984 to 2004, the volume of hazardous waste disposed in landfills had decreased 94% and the volume of hazardous waste disposed of by underground injection had decreased 70%.<a href="#cite_note-Horinko-2016-31">[31]</a></li> <li>The RCRA Corrective Action Program requires TSDFs to investigate and clean up hazardous releases at their own expense.<a href="#cite_note-Horinko-2016-31">[31]</a> In the 1980s, EPA estimated that the number of sites needing cleanup was three times more than the number of sites on the national Superfund list.<a href="#cite_note-RCRA_25_years-153">[153]</a>: 6  The program is largely implemented through permits and orders.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, the program has led to the cleanup of 18 million acres of land, of which facilities were primarily responsible for cleanup costs. The goal of EPA and states is to complete final remedies by 2020 at 3,779 priority facilities out of 6,000 that need to be cleaned up, according to EPA.<a href="#cite_note-Horinko-2016-31">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</li> <li>Beginning in the mid-1980s EPA developed standards for small quantity generators of hazardous waste, pursuant to HSWA.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li> <li>EPA was mandated to conduct a review of landfill conditions nationwide. The agency reported in 1988 that the effectiveness of environmental controls at landfills varied nationwide, which could lead to serious contamination of groundwater and surface waters. EPA published a national plan in 1989 calling for state and local governments to better integrate their municipal solid waste management practices with <a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">source reduction</a> and recycling programs.<a href="#cite_note-RCRA_25_years-153">[153]</a>: 8 </li> <li>Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks. The <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act#Subtitle_I:_Underground_Storage_Tanks" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Underground Storage Tank (UST) Program</a> was launched in 1985 and covers about 553,000 active USTs containing petroleum and hazardous chemicals. Since 1984, 1.8 million USTs have been closed in compliance with regulations.<a href="#cite_note-Horinko-2016-31">[31]</a> 38 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico manage UST programs with EPA authorization.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> When the program began, EPA had only 90 staff to develop a system to regulate more than 2 million tanks and work with 750,000 owners and operators. The program relies more on local operations and enforcement than other EPA programs.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Today, the program supports the inspection of all federally regulated tanks, cleans up old and new leaks, minimizes potential leaks, and encourages sustainable reuse of abandoned gas stations.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous site cleanup. In the late 1970s, the need to clean up sites such as <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> that had been highly contaminated by previous hazardous waste disposal became apparent. However the existing regulatory environment depended on owners or operators to perform environmental control. While the EPA attempted to use RCRA's section 7003 to perform this cleanup, it was clear a new law was needed. In 1980, Congress passed the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as "Superfund".<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> This law enabled the EPA to cast a wider net for responsible parties, including past or present generators and transporters as well as current and past owners of the site to find funding. The act also established some funding and a tax mechanism on certain industries to help fund such cleanup. Congress did not renew the Superfund tax in the 1990s, and subsequently funding for cleanup actions was supported only by general appropriations. Congress restored an excise tax on chemical manufacturers in 2021, which will eventually increase the available budget for site cleanups.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure_act_2021-52">[52]</a> Today, due to restricted funding, most cleanup activities are performed by responsible parties under the oversight of the EPA and states. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 1,700 sites had been put on the cleanup list since the creation of the program. Of these, 370 sites have been cleaned up and removed from the list, cleanup is underway at 535, cleanup facilities have been constructed at 790 but need to be operated in the future, and 54 are not yet in cleanup stage.<a href="#cite_note-Voltaggio-2019-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>]</li> <li>EPA's oil spill prevention program includes the Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) and the Facility Response Plan (FRP) rules. The SPCC Rule applies to all facilities that store, handle, process, gather, transfer, refine, distribute, use or consume oil or oil products. Oil products includes petroleum and non-petroleum oils as well as: animal fats, oils and greases; fish and marine mammal oils; and vegetable oils. It mandates a written plan for facilities that store more than 1,320 gallons of fuel above ground or more than 42,000 gallons below-ground, and which might discharge to navigable waters (as defined in the Clean Water Act) or adjoining shorelines. <a href="/wiki/Secondary_spill_containment" title="Secondary spill containment">Secondary spill containment</a> is mandated at oil storage facilities and oil release containment is required at oil development sites.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_manufacture_and_usage">Chemical manufacture and usage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chemical manufacture and usage">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>EPA regulates pesticides under the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (FIFRA) and the <a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wayland_-2019-24">[24]</a> The agency assesses, registers, regulates, and regularly reevaluates all <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> legally sold in the United States. A few challenges this program faces are transforming toxicity testing, screening pesticides for endocrine disruptors, and regulating biotechnology and nanotechnology.<a href="#cite_note-Wayland_-2019-24">[24]</a></li> <li>TSCA required EPA to create and maintain a national inventory of all existing chemicals in U.S. commerce. When the act was passed in 1976, there were more than 60,000 chemicals on the market that had never been comprehensively cataloged. To do so, the EPA developed and implemented procedures that have served as a model for Canada, Japan, and the European Union. For the inventory, the EPA also established a baseline for new chemicals that the agency should be notified about before being commercially manufactured. Today, this rule keeps the EPA updated on volumes, uses, and exposures of around 7,000 of the highest-volume chemicals via industry reporting.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventory" title="Toxics Release Inventory">Toxics Release Inventory</a> (TRI) is a resource established by the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> specifically for the public to learn about toxic chemical releases and pollution prevention activities reported by industrial and federal facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> TRI data support informed decision-making by communities, government agencies, companies, and others.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Annually, the agency collects data from more than 20,000 facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> The EPA has generated a range of tools to support the use of this inventory, including interactive maps and online databases such as ChemView.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: program summaries. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance#Office_of_Civil_Enforcement" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Civil enforcement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance#Office_of_Criminal_Enforcement,_Forensics_and_Training" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">criminal enforcement</a> programs. EPA develops and prosecutes administrative civil and judicial cases and provides legal support for cases and investigations initiated in its regional offices. Federal judicial actions (formal lawsuits) are filed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> on behalf of EPA.<a href="#cite_note-basic-info-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance#Office_of_Compliance" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Compliance assistance</a>. EPA identifies, prevents, and reduces noncompliance and environmental risks by establishing enforcement initiatives and ensuring effective monitoring and assessment of compliance.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance#Federal_Facilities_Enforcement_Office" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Federal facilities enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance#Office_of_Environmental_Justice" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Environmental Justice program</a></li></ul> In 2019 the Environmental Data & Governance Initiative, "a network of academics, developers, and non-profit professionals", published a report which compared EPA enforcement statistics over time.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The number of civil cases filed by EPA have gradually decreased, and in 2018 the criminal and civil penalties from EPA claims dropped over four times their amounts in 2013, 2016, and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In 2016 EPA issued $6,307,833,117 in penalties due to violations of agency requirements,<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> and in 2018 the agency issued $184,768,000 in penalties.<a href="#cite_note-2018_E+C-2019-169">[169]</a> EPA's inspections and evaluations have steadily decreased from 2015 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-2018_E+C-2019-169">[169]</a> Enforcement activity has decreased partially due to budget cuts within the agency.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_programs">Additional programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Additional programs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/EPA_Safer_Choice" title="EPA Safer Choice">EPA Safer Choice</a> label, previously known as the "Design for the Environment" (DfE) label, helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients, without sacrificing quality or performance. When a product has the Safer Choice label, it means that every intentionally-added ingredient in the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists. Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer Choice label.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative,<a href="#cite_note-sdsi-171">[171]</a> EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer <a href="/wiki/Surfactants" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfactants">surfactants</a>. Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. <a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol_ethoxylates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonylphenol ethoxylates">Nonylphenol ethoxylates</a>, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant. The Safer Choice program identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates. These alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available. The CleanGredients website<a href="#cite_note-cleangredients-172">[172]</a> is an information source about safer surfactants.</li> <li>The Energy Star program, initiated in 1992, motivated major companies to retrofit millions of square feet of building space with more efficient lighting.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 40,000 Energy Star products were available including major appliances, office equipment, lighting, home electronics, and more. In addition, the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings. In 2006, about 12 percent of new housing in the US displayed an Energy Star label.<a href="#cite_note-EPA2006-174">[174]</a> EPA estimates that the program saved about $14 billion in energy costs in 2006 alone. The program has helped spread the use of <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>, efficient <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent light">fluorescent lighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_management" title="Power management">power management</a> systems for office equipment, and low <a href="/wiki/Standby_power" title="Standby power">standby</a> energy use.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>EPA's Smart Growth Program began in 1998 and was created to help communities improve their land development practices and get the type of development they want. Together with local, state, and national experts, EPA encourages development strategies that protect human health and the environment, create economic opportunities, and provide attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income levels.<a href="#cite_note-epa.gov-176">[176]</a></li> <li>The Brownfields Program started as a pilot program in the 1990s and was authorized by law in 2002. The program provides grants and tools to local governments for the assessment, cleanup, and revitalization of <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfields</a>. As of September 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, the EPA estimates that program grants have resulted in 56,442 acres of land readied for reuse and leveraged 116,963 jobs and $24.2 billion to do so. Agency studies also found that property values around assessed or cleaned-up brownfields have increased 5.1 to 12.8 percent.<a href="#cite_note-Voltaggio-2019-33">[33]</a></li> <li>EPA's <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> Tools for Schools Program helps schools to maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor environmental contaminants. It helps school personnel identify, solve, and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment. Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the entire building, schools can lower their students' and staff's risk of exposure to <a href="/wiki/Asthma_trigger" title="Asthma trigger">asthma triggers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> of 1990 requires EPA to provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy. EPA established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this program.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li>Clean School Bus USA is a national partnership to reduce children's exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus idling, installing effective emission control systems on newer buses and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones. Its goal is to reduce both children's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount of air pollution created by diesel school buses.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li>The Green Chemistry Program encourages the development of products and processes that follow green chemistry principles.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> It has recognized more than 100 winning technologies.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> These reduce the use or creation of hazardous chemicals, save water, and reduce greenhouse gas release.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a></li> <li>The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act, was authorized in a 2000 amendment to the Clean Water Act. The program focus is on coastal recreational waters, and requires EPA to develop criteria to test and monitor waters and notify public users of any concerns.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The program involves states, local beach resource managers, and the agency in assessing risks of stormwater and wastewater overflows and enables better sampling, analytical methods, and communication with the public.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a></li> <li>The EPA has also established specific geographic programs for particular water resources such as the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program" title="Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Estuary_Program" title="National Estuary Program">National Estuary Program</a>, and the Gulf of Mexico Program.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a></li> <li>Advance identification, or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> and local states or <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American Tribes</a>. As of February 1993<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, 38 ADID projects had been completed, and 33 were ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li>EPA's "One Cleanup Program" initiative was designed to improve coordination across different agency programs that have a role in cleanup at a particular site. The coordination efforts apply to the brownfields, federal facilities, USTs, RCRA and Superfund programs.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li>EPA reviews environmental impact statements prepared by other agencies and maintains a national EIS filing system.<a href="#cite_note-About_Policy-111">[111]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_programs">Past programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Past programs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The former Construction Grants Program distributed federal grants for the construction of municipal wastewater treatment works from 1972 to 1990. While such grants existed before the 1972, the 1972 CWA expanded these grants dramatically. They were distributed through 1990, when the program and funding were replaced with the State Revolving Loan Fund Program.<a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">[22]</a></li> <li>In 1991 under Administrator William Reilly, the EPA implemented its voluntary 33/50 program.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> This was designed to encourage, recognize, and celebrate companies that voluntarily found ways to prevent and reduce pollution in their operations.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Specifically, it challenged industry to reduce Toxic Release Inventory emissions of 17 priority chemicals by 33% in one year and 50% in four years.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a> These results were achieved before the commitment deadlines.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Launched in 2006, the voluntary 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program worked with eight major companies to voluntarily reduce their global emissions of certain types of perfluorinated chemicals by 95% by 2010 and eliminate these emissions by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Auer-2019-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSV_Bold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/OSV_Bold.jpg/220px-OSV_Bold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/OSV_Bold.jpg/330px-OSV_Bold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/OSV_Bold.jpg/440px-OSV_Bold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USNS_Bold_(T-AGOS-12)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12)">OSV Bold</a> docked at <a href="/wiki/Port_Canaveral,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Canaveral, Florida">Port Canaveral, Florida</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In March 2004, the U.S. Navy transferred <a href="/wiki/USNS_Bold_(T-AGOS-12)" class="mw-redirect" title="USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12)">USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stalwart_class_ocean_surveillance_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship">Stalwart class ocean surveillance ship</a>, to the EPA. The ship had been used in anti-submarine operations during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, was equipped with sidescan sonar, underwater video, water and sediment sampling instruments used in study of ocean and coastline. One of the major missions of the Bold was to monitor for ecological impact sites where materials were dumped from dredging operations in U.S. ports.<a href="#cite_note-bold_brochure-188">[188]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> sold the Bold to <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Central_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle Central Community College">Seattle Central Community College</a> (SCCC), which demonstrated in a competition that they would put it to the highest and best purpose, at a nominal cost of $5,000.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_and_fulfillment_of_agency's_authority">Scope and fulfillment of agency's authority</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Scope and fulfillment of agency's authority">edit</a>]</div> Congress enacted laws such as the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and CERCLA with the intent of preventing and reconciling environmental damages. Beginning in 2018 under Administrator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._Wheeler" title="Andrew R. Wheeler">Andrew Wheeler</a>, EPA revised some pollution standards that resulted in less overall regulation.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Furthermore, the CAA's discretionary application<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> has caused a varied application of the law among states. In 1970, Louisiana deployed its Comprehensive Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Control Program to comply with federal law.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> This program does not require pollution monitoring that is equivalent to programs in other states.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_justice">Environmental justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environmental justice">edit</a>]</div> The EPA has been criticized for its lack of progress towards <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a>. Administrator <a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> was criticized for her changes to President Bill Clinton's <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive Order</a> 12898 during 2001, removing the requirements for government agencies to take the poor and minority populations into special consideration when making changes to environmental legislation, and therefore defeating the spirit of the Executive Order.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil_report-195">[195]</a> In a March 2004 report, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Inspector General">inspector general</a> of the agency concluded that the EPA "has not developed a clear vision or a comprehensive strategic plan, and has not established values, goals, expectations, and performance measurements" for environmental justice in its daily operations. Another report in September 2006 found the agency still had failed to review the success of its programs, policies, and activities toward environmental justice.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Studies have also found that poor and minority populations were underserved by the EPA's <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> program, and that this situation was worsening.<a href="#cite_note-O'Neil_report-195">[195]</a> In August 2022 the EPA was allotted a listed ~42.8 billion in funding from the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation Reduction Act of 2022">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (IRA) towards what the EPA classifies as "Advancing Environmental Justice", and published the statement "Through the Inflation Reduction Act, EPA will improve the lives of millions of Americans by reducing pollution in neighborhoods where people live, work, play, and go to school; accelerating environmental justice efforts in communities overburdened by pollution for far too long; and tackling our biggest climate challenges while creating jobs and delivering energy security."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In September 2022 EPA announced the creation of a new Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights that reports directly to the EPA administrator.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The new office has an expanded budget and staff with broader responsibilities than under the previous organizational arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-About_OEJECR-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_Information_Act_processing_performance">Freedom of Information Act processing performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Freedom of Information Act processing performance">edit</a>]</div> In the latest <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Effective_Government" title="Center for Effective Government">Center for Effective Government</a> analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) requests, published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the EPA earned a D by scoring 67 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pebble_Mine">Pebble Mine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pebble Mine">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Mine" title="Pebble Mine">Pebble Mine</a> is a copper and gold mining project located in the southwest region of Alaska in the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay" title="Bristol Bay">Bristol Bay</a> region organized by Northern Dynasty Minerals.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In 2014 the EPA released its statement on the impacts that mining would have on Bristol Bay and its tributaries. Among many things, the statement assesses <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a>, and economic data and determined that mining could negatively impact the salmon population.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Seeing as Bristol Bay and its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> provides around 46% of the world's sockeye salmon, the EPA did not want to risk an ecological disaster.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> In July 2014, before Northern Dynasty Minerals had submitted its EIS, EPA's Region 10 office proposed restrictions pursuant to section 404(c) of the Clean Water Act, restrictions that would effectively prohibit the project.<a href="#cite_note-epa72014-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-ab1407-204">[204]</a> Northern Dynasty Minerals protested this decision and on July 18, 2014, in a published statement, Pebble Partnership CEO Tom Collier said that the project would continue its litigation against EPA; noted that the EPA's action was under investigation by the EPA inspector general and by the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a>; and noted that two bills were pending in Congress seeking to clarify that EPA did not have the authority to preemptively veto or otherwise restrict development projects prior to the onset of federal and state permitting. Collier's statement also said that EPA's proposal was based on outdated mining scenarios that were not part of the project's approach.<a href="#cite_note-ab1407-204">[204]</a> Multiple journalists and organizations have reported on the controversy including the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> in support of the cancelation of the project and <a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a> in support of the development of the mine. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit">[update]</a>, the mine remains a controversial topic.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On January 30, 2023, the EPA vetoed the mine.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_quality_in_East_Palestine,_Ohio">Water quality in East Palestine, Ohio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Water quality in East Palestine, Ohio">edit</a>]</div> Ohio governor Mike DeWine and administrator of the EPA <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Regan" title="Michael S. Regan">Michael Regan</a> drank tap water in <a href="/wiki/East_Palestine,_Ohio" title="East Palestine, Ohio">East Palestine</a>, Ohio, on February 3, 2023, after a <a href="/wiki/2023_Ohio_train_derailment" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Ohio train derailment">train derailment</a> to show that the water was safe.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The derailment caused a fire and the release of toxic chemicals into the air and water making locals and environmental groups concerned for the quality of water in the area. Despite the EPA's assurance that the water is safe some residents do not trust the quality of the water and question its long-term effects.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history_of_the_United_States" title="Environmental history of the United States">Environmental history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration">Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_EPA_whistleblowers" title="List of EPA whistleblowers">List of EPA whistleblowers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EPA_budget-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_budget_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_budget_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_budget_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/planandbudget/budget">"EPA's Budget and Spending"</a>. 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Oral History Program. EPA Alumni Association. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093827/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/600A1DB1B9EF1E85.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Scenes+at+the+Creation+of+EPA%3A+An+interview+with+Chuck+Elkins&rft.series=Oral+History+Program&rft.pub=EPA+Alumni+Association&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epaalumni.org%2Fuserdata%2Fpdf%2F600A1DB1B9EF1E85.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatArchives-2016-15"><a href="#cite_ref-NatArchives-2016_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/412.html">"Records of the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]"</a>. National Archives. August 15, 2016. Section 412.2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419122728/https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/412.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Environmental+Protection+Agency+%5BEPA%5D&rft.pages=Section+412.2&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reorg3-1970-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Reorg3-1970_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/reorganization-plan-no-3-1970.html">"Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212130101/https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/reorganization-plan-no-3-1970.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Reorganization+Plan+No.+3+of+1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Fepa%2Faboutepa%2Freorganization-plan-no-3-1970.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1993" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Dennis C. (March 1, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/history/why-are-our-regional-offices-and-labs-located-where-they-are-historical-perspective-siting">"Why Are Our Regional Offices and Labs Located Where They Are? A Historical Perspective on Siting"</a>. EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510005954/https://www.epa.gov/history/why-are-our-regional-offices-and-labs-located-where-they-are-historical-perspective-siting">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Are+Our+Regional+Offices+and+Labs+Located+Where+They+Are%3F+A+Historical+Perspective+on+Siting&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=1993-03-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dennis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fwhy-are-our-regional-offices-and-labs-located-where-they-are-historical-perspective-siting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> United States. Clean Air Amendments of 1970. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. 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Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/92/500">92–500</a> Approved 1972-10-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanlon-2019-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon-2019_22-6">g</a> Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf">"Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070143/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/waterquality.pdf">Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> EPA Alumni Association. March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> United States. Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. 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Train and the Emergence of American Environmentalism (LSU Press, 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/93/523">93–523</a> Approved 1974-12-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems">"Information about Public Water Systems"</a>. Drinking Water Requirements for States and Public Water Systems. EPA. March 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727070236/https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/information-about-public-water-systems">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drinking+Water+Requirements+for+States+and+Public+Water+Systems&rft.atitle=Information+about+Public+Water+Systems&rft.date=2017-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fdwreginfo%2Finformation-about-public-water-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> United States. Toxic Substances Control Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/94/469">94–469</a> Approved 1976-10-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Auer-2019-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auer-2019_29-11">l</a> Auer, Charles, Frank Kover, James Aidala, Marks Greenwood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/toxics.pdf">"Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070300/https://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/toxics.pdf">Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. EPA Alumni Association. March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> United States. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/94/580">94–580</a> Approved 1976-10-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horinko-2016-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horinko-2016_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horinko-2016_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horinko-2016_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horinko-2016_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horinko-2016_31-4">e</a> Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf">Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022224142/http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf">Archived</a> October 22, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." EPA Alumni Association. March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_admin-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_admin_32-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/history/epas-administrators">"EPA's Administrators"</a>. EPA. March 23, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411045537/https://www.epa.gov/history/epas-administrators">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2022. 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March 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Richard Lazarus and Andrew Slottje, "Justice Gorsuch and the Future of Environmental Law." Stanford Environmental Law Journal 43 (2023) pp.2–3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FINAL-Lazarus-Article.pdf">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-epajournal-35"><a href="#cite_ref-epajournal_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925054739/http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/views-former-administrators#Gorsuch">"Views from the Former Administrators"</a>. EPA. November 1985. 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Retrieved February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+the+Administrator&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-administrator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_Policy-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_Policy_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Policy_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-policy-op">"About the Office of Policy"</a>. EPA. February 7, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213184605/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-policy-op">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Policy&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-policy-op&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_OAR-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_OAR_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_OAR_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-air-and-radiation-oar">"About the Office of Air and Radiation"</a>. EPA. July 13, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313035320/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-air-and-radiation-oar">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Air+and+Radiation&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-air-and-radiation-oar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention-ocspp">"About the Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention"</a>. EPA. May 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140603223904/http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention-ocspp">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Chemical+Safety+and+Pollution+Prevention&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-chemical-safety-and-pollution-prevention-ocspp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo">"About the Office of the Chief Financial Officer"</a>. EPA. January 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013041423/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+the+Chief+Financial+Officer&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-chief-financial-officer-ocfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_OEJECR-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_OEJECR_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_OEJECR_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights">"About the Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights"</a>. EPA. October 6, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024205430/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Environmental+Justice+and+External+Civil+Rights&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca">"About the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance"</a>. EPA. November 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329024948/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Enforcement+and+Compliance+Assurance&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-enforcement-and-compliance-assurance-oeca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ogc.html">"About the Office of General Counsel"</a>. EPA. November 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501141448/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ogc.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+General+Counsel&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fogc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510195006/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/oig.html">"About EPA"</a>. EPA. January 18, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa">the original</a> on May 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+EPA&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita">"About the Office of International and Tribal Affairs"</a>. EPA. November 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329025052/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+International+and+Tribal+Affairs&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-international-and-tribal-affairs-oita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-organization-chart">"EPA Organization Chart"</a>. EPA. January 29, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710034347/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-organization-chart">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Organization+Chart&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fepa-organization-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/andrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc">"Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center (AWBERC)"</a>. EPA. September 18, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529143426/https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/andrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andrew+W.+Breidenbach+Environmental+Research+Center+%28AWBERC%29&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fgreeningepa%2Fandrew-w-breidenbach-environmental-research-center-awberc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epas-office-research-and-development-reorganizes-better-support-epas-mission">"EPA's Office of Research and Development Reorganizes to Better Support EPA's Mission"</a>. EPA. April 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106212415/https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epas-office-research-and-development-reorganizes-better-support-epas-mission">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA%27s+Office+of+Research+and+Development+Reorganizes+to+Better+Support+EPA%27s+Mission&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsciencematters%2Fepas-office-research-and-development-reorganizes-better-support-epas-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/organization-chart-office-research-and-development-ord">"Organization Chart for the Office of Research and Development"</a>. EPA. January 29, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106212415/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/organization-chart-office-research-and-development-ord">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organization+Chart+for+the+Office+of+Research+and+Development&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Forganization-chart-office-research-and-development-ord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-land-and-emergency-management-olem">"About the Office of Land and Emergency Management"</a>. EPA. November 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127120503/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-land-and-emergency-management-olem">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Land+and+Emergency+Management&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-land-and-emergency-management-olem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ow.html">"About the Office of Water"</a>. EPA. November 17, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501133930/http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/ow.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Water&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-water#wetlands">"About the Office of Water"</a>. EPA. January 29, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320233011/https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-water#wetlands">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Office+of+Water&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Faboutepa%2Fabout-office-water%23wetlands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> EPA Alumni Association: Former EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus and his senior assistants discuss integrating 10 regional offices into the fledgling agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id">= 16 Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072603/http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id">Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page">= 6 Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224944/http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page">= 6 Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see pp. 6, 9). </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Memorandum Of Agreement between The Navajo Nation and The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regions 6, 8, and 9 regarding the Implementation of Environmental Standards and Regulations on the Navajo Nation, October 9, 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvey2017" class="citation report cs1">Garvey, Todd (March 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41546.pdf">A Brief Overview of Rulemaking and Judicial Review</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congressional Research Service. R41546. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727111130/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41546.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Overview+of+Rulemaking+and+Judicial+Review&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.aulast=Garvey&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR41546.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFT.txt">FY 2013 Annual Performance Plan and President's Budget</a> (Report). EPA. 2012. EPA 190-R-12-005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030041141/https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100GCFT.txt">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=FY+2013+Annual+Performance+Plan+and+President%27s+Budget&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepis.epa.gov%2FExe%2FZyPURL.cgi%3FDockey%3DP100GCFT.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus comments on the "silos" problem that has dogged EPA from the start.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id">= 16 Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011072603/http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id">Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page">= 11 Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224944/http://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/605EA9C8EF2DD115.pdf#page">= 11 Archived</a> October 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see p. 11). </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/radiation/">"Radiation Protection"</a>. EPA. March 29, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914131227/https://www.epa.gov/radiation">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiation+Protection&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradiation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactive-waste">"Radioactive Waste"</a>. EPA. July 11, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207224622/http://www.epa.gov/radtown/radioactive-waste">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radioactive+Waste&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradtown%2Fradioactive-waste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiological-emergency-response">"Radiological Emergency Response"</a>. EPA. July 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174231/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiological-emergency-response">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radiological+Emergency+Response&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradiation%2Fradiological-emergency-response&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/epa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf">"EPA Protective Action Guide"</a> (PDF). EPA. January 11, 2017. p. 86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174648/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/epa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+Protective+Action+Guide&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2017-01%2Fdocuments%2Fepa_pag_manual_final_revisions_01-11-2017_cover_disclaimer_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-consequence-management">"Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management"</a>. Emergency Response. EPA. December 19, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330170507/https://www.epa.gov/emergency-response/chemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-consequence-management">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emergency+Response&rft.atitle=Chemical%2C+Biological%2C+Radiological%2C+and+Nuclear+Consequence+Management&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Femergency-response%2Fchemical-biological-radiological-and-nuclear-consequence-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/radiation/technologically-enhanced-naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials-tenorm">"Naturally-Occurring Radiation Program"</a>. EPA. July 5, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174445/https://www.epa.gov/radiation/technologically-enhanced-naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials-tenorm">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017. 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August 9, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819005726/https://www.epa.gov/npdes/npdes-state-program-authority">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2021. 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Retrieved July 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CleanGredients+Home+Page&rft.pub=Cleangredients.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleangredients.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Former Deputy Administrator Hank Habicht talks about management at EPA. An Interview with Hank Habicht <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id">= 17 Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131181856/https://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id&id">Archived</a> January 31, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page">= 10 Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070307/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page">= 10 Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see p 7, 10). December 21, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA2006-174"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA2006_174-0">^</a> EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energystar.gov/ia/news/downloads/annual_report_2006.pdf">"2006 Annual Report: Energy Star and Other Climate Protection Partnerships."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221050111/https://www.energystar.gov/ia/news/downloads/annual_report_2006.pdf">Archived</a> February 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 1, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> EnergyStar.gov, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c">= about.ab_history "History: Energy Star."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327061507/https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c">Archived</a> March 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved March 1, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-epa.gov-176"><a href="#cite_ref-epa.gov_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth">"Smart Growth"</a>. EPA. April 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128002119/https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smart+Growth&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsmartgrowth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/indoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit">"Creating Healthy Indoor Air Quality in Schools"</a>. EPA. November 28, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174743/https://www.epa.gov/iaq-schools/indoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creating+Healthy+Indoor+Air+Quality+in+Schools&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fiaq-schools%2Findoor-air-quality-tools-schools-action-kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearden2008" class="citation report cs1">Bearden, David M. (September 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814764/m2/1/high_res_d/97-97_2008Sep05.pdf">National Environmental Education Act of 1990: Overview, Implementation, and Issues for Congress</a> (PDF) (Report). CRS. 97-97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=National+Environmental+Education+Act+of+1990%3A+Overview%2C+Implementation%2C+and+Issues+for+Congress&rft.pub=CRS&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft.aulast=Bearden&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc814764%2Fm2%2F1%2Fhigh_res_d%2F97-97_2008Sep05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/education">"Environmental Education"</a>. EPA. July 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Education&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2024-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Feducation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/clean-school-bus">"Clean School Bus; Clean Diesel and DERA Funding"</a>. EPA. October 24, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128005855/https://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/clean-school-bus">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clean+School+Bus%3B+Clean+Diesel+and+DERA+Funding&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fcleandiesel%2Fclean-school-bus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge">"Information about the Green Chemistry Challenge"</a>. EPA. February 13, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221044518/https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/information-about-green-chemistry-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+about+the+Green+Chemistry+Challenge&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fgreenchemistry%2Finformation-about-green-chemistry-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/beach-tech/about-beach-act">"About the BEACH Act"</a>. EPA. February 28, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225030846/https://www.epa.gov/beach-tech/about-beach-act">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+BEACH+Act&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fbeach-tech%2Fabout-beach-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/wetlands/facts/fact28.html">"EPA – Wetlands – Wetlands Fact Sheet"</a>. EPA. June 28, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216182656/http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/facts/fact28.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+%E2%80%93+Wetlands+%E2%80%93+Wetlands+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2006-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2FOWOW%2Fwetlands%2Ffacts%2Ffact28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/oswer/onecleanupprogram/web/html/index.html">"One Cleanup Program"</a>. EPA. February 21, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216195605/https://archive.epa.gov/oswer/onecleanupprogram/web/html/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Cleanup+Program&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Foswer%2Fonecleanupprogram%2Fweb%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Former Deputy Administrator Hank Habicht talks about management at EPA. An Interview with Hank Habicht <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id">= 17 Video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240131181856/https://www.epaalumni.org/history/video/interview.cfm?id&id">Archived</a> January 31, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page">= 7 Transcript</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070307/https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/60772C611F145A4D.pdf#page">= 7 Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see p7). December 21, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.epa.gov/oppt/3350/web/pdf/3350-fnl.pdf">"33/50 Program"</a> (PDF). EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917105121/https://archive.epa.gov/oppt/3350/web/pdf/3350-fnl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=33%2F50+Program&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.epa.gov%2Foppt%2F3350%2Fweb%2Fpdf%2F3350-fnl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program">"Fact Sheet: 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program"</a>. EPA. May 10, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181208160450/https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+2010%2F2015+PFOA+Stewardship+Program&rft.pub=EPA&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fassessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca%2Ffact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bold_brochure-188"><a href="#cite_ref-bold_brochure_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224070656/http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html">"About the OSV Bold"</a>. EPA. EPA 842-F-05-004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/owow/osvbold/brochure.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2009. 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Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EPA+administrator%2C+Ohio+Gov.+DeWine+visit+East+Palestine+residents%27+homes%2C+sip+tap+water&rft.pub=ABC+news&rft.date=2023-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fepa-administrator-ohio-gov-dewine-visit-east-palestine%2Fstory%3Fid%3D97362950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/02/20/east-palestine-ohio-air-water">"East Palestine, Ohio, residents concerned about water, air despite assurances both are safe"</a>. wbur. March 20, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404214311/https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2023/02/20/east-palestine-ohio-air-water">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Palestine%2C+Ohio%2C+residents+concerned+about+water%2C+air+despite+assurances+both+are+safe&rft.pub=wbur&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbur.org%2Fhereandnow%2F2023%2F02%2F20%2Feast-palestine-ohio-air-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Balint, Peter J.; James K. Conant. The life cycles of the Council on Environmental Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency: 1970–2035 (Oxford Univ Press, 2016).</li> <li>Bosso, Christopher. Environment, Inc.: From Grassroots to Beltway. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005</li> <li>Bosso, Christopher; Deborah Guber. "Maintaining Presence: Environmental Advocacy and the Permanent Campaign." pp. 78–99 in Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty First Century, 6th ed., eds. Norman Vig and Michael Kraft. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006.</li> <li>Brooks, Karl Boyd (ed.). The Environmental Legacy of Harry S. Truman (Truman State University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Carter, Neil. The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007</li> <li>Davies, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalhealthmovement.org">The Rise of the U.S. Environmental Health Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118144028/http://www.environmentalhealthmovement.org/">Archived</a> November 18, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2013). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield</li> <li>Demortain, David, The Science of Bureaucracy: Risk Decision-Making and the US Environmental Protection Agency. The MIT Press, 2020 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F12248.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/12248.001.0001</a>.</li> <li>Freedman, Jeri. The Establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (Cavendish Square. 2017)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottlieb,_Robert1993" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Robert (August 1, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forcingspringtra00gott">Forcing the spring: the transformation of the American environmental movement</a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-123-6"><bdi>1-55963-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forcing+the+spring%3A+the+transformation+of+the+American+environmental+movement&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1993-08-01&rft.isbn=1-55963-123-6&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforcingspringtra00gott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hays, Samuel P. A history of environmental politics since 1945 (2000)</li> <li>Hays, Samuel P. Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985 (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beautyhealthperm0000hays">online</a></li> <li>Mintz, Joel A. Enforcement at the EPA: High Stakes and Hard Choices (2nd ed. U of Texas Press, 2012).</li> <li>Portney, Paul R. "EPA and the Evolution of Federal Regulation." in Public policies for environmental protection (Routledge, 2010) pp. 11–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781936331482-2/epa-evolution-federal-regulation-paul-portney">online</a></li> <li>Richardson, Elmo. Dams, Parks and Politics: Resource Development and Preservation the Truman-Eisenhower Era (1973).</li> <li>Ruckelshaus, William D. "Environmental Regulation: The Early Days at EPA" EPA Journal (March 1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/archive/epa/aboutepa/environmental-regulation-early-days-epa.html">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong,_Douglas_Hillman1988" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Douglas Hillman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreamersdefender00stro">Dreamers & Defenders: American Conservationists</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9156-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-9156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreamers+%26+Defenders%3A+American+Conservationists&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9156-0&rft.au=Strong%2C+Douglas+Hillman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdreamersdefender00stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Suter, Glenn W. "Ecological risk assessment in the United States Environmental Protection Agency: A historical overview." Integrated environmental assessment and management 4.3 (2008): 285–289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Glenn-Suter/publication/5531485_Ecological_Risk_Assesment_in_the_United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency_A_Historical_Overview/links/5fd79d42a6fdccdcb8c92b6f/Ecological-Risk-Assesment-in-the-United-States-Environmental-Protection-Agency-A-Historical-Overview.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/overview.pdf">EPA Alumni Association, "Protecting the Environment, A Half Century of Progress"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006050850/http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/overview.pdf">Archived</a> October 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – an overview of EPA's environmental protection efforts over 50 years</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epaalumni.com/hcp">EPA Alumni Association individual Half Century of Progress reports for air, water, pesticides, drinking water, waste management, Superfund, and toxic substances</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311174528/https://www.epaalumni.com/hcp">Archived</a> March 11, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Surface Mining">Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">Ocean Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research">Oceanic and Atmospheric Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">Weather Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy</a></li> <li>Office of Environmental Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_national_laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Energy national laboratories">National Laboratories and Technology Centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service" title="Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Service_Agency" title="Farm Service Agency">Farm Service Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Nutrition_Service" title="Food and Nutrition Service">Food and Nutrition Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">Natural Resources Conservation Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Water_and_Climate_Center" title="National Water and Climate Center">National Water and Climate Center</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Utilities Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">Forest Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Directorate_for_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="DHS Directorate for Science and Technology">Science and Technology Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center" title="Joint Typhoon Warning Center">Joint Typhoon Warning Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command">Combat Capabilities Development Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Domestic_Climate_Policy" title="White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy">Climate Policy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_on_Clean_Energy_Innovation_and_Implementation" title="White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation">Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Special_Presidential_Envoy_for_Climate" title="U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate">U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_Services_Administration" title="Environmental Science Services Administration">Environmental Science Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_Commission" title="United States Fish Commission">United States Fish Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Office_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change_Policy" title="White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy">White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_research_agencies" title="Template talk:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_research_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States research agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_research_and_development_agencies_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Federal <a href="/wiki/Science_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Science policy of the United States">research and development agencies</a> of the United States (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_research_and_development_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States research and development agencies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental Protection Agency</a> Office of Research and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a> (IARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution#Smithsonian_research_centers_and_programs" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Research_Stations_and_Research_Work_Units" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service Research and Development</a> (R&D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command" title="United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command">Army Combat Capabilities Development Command</a> (CCDCOM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a> (ARL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Capabilities_Development_Command_Soldier_Center" title="Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center">Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center</a> (CCDCSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_CCDC_Armaments_Center" title="United States Army CCDC Armaments Center">CCDC Armaments Center</a> (CCDCAC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%A9t_Laboratories" title="Benét Laboratories">Benét Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_Arsenal" title="Watervliet Arsenal">Watervliet Arsenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command" title="United States Army Test and Evaluation Command">Test and Evaluation Command</a> (ATEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Research_and_Development_Command" title="United States Army Medical Research and Development Command">United States Army Medical Research and Development Command</a> (USAMRDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_Research_and_Development_Center" title="Engineer Research and Development Center">Engineer Research and Development Center</a> (ERDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Development_Command" title="Marine Corps Combat Development Command">Marine Corps Combat Development Command</a> (MCCDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Warfighting_Laboratory" title="United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory">Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory</a> (MCWL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Activity" title="Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity">Marine Corps Operational Test and Evaluation Activity</a> (MCOTEA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a> (ONR) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">Naval Research Laboratory</a> (NRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Center">Naval Medical Research Center</a> (NMRC)</li> <li>Naval Warfare Centers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Air Warfare Center">Air</a> (NAWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Surface Warfare Center">Surface</a> (NSWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Undersea_Warfare_Center" title="Naval Undersea Warfare Center">Undersea</a> (NUWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Command,_Control_and_Ocean_Surveillance_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center">Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance</a> (NCCOSC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Weapons_Station_China_Lake" title="Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake">Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake</a> (NAWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force" title="Operational Test and Evaluation Force">Operational Test and Evaluation Force</a> (OPTEVFOR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Materiel_Command" title="Air Force Materiel Command">Air Force Materiel Command</a> (AFMC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Armament_Center" title="Air Armament Center">Air Armament Center</a> (AAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> (AFRL)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Life_Cycle_Management_Center" title="Air Force Life Cycle Management Center">Air Force Life Cycle Management Center</a> (AFLCMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Nuclear_Weapons_Center" title="Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center">Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center</a> (NWC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Institute_of_Technology" title="Air Force Institute of Technology">Air Force Institute of Technology</a> (AFIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Center" title="Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center">Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center</a> (AFOTEC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Command" title="Space Systems Command">Space Systems Command</a> (SSC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> (USU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a> (IES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Disability,_Independent_Living,_and_Rehabilitation_Research" title="National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research">National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</a> (NIDILRR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a> (DOE SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARPA-E" title="ARPA-E">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">National Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#Science_and_research_programs" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration science and research programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> (AHRQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Advanced_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority">Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority</a> (BARDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Innovation" title="Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation">Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation</a> (CMMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Science_and_Technology_Directorate" title="DHS Science and Technology Directorate">Science and Technology Directorate</a> (S&T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Research_and_Development_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center">Coast Guard Research and Development Center </a> (CG RDC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> (NIJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Science_and_Technology_Branch" title="FBI Science and Technology Branch">FBI Science and Technology Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Innovative_Technology_Administration" title="Research and Innovative Technology Administration">Research and Innovative Technology Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> Research, Engineering, and Development</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> Research and Technology</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Financial_Research" title="Office of Financial Research">Office of Financial Research</a> (OFR)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_Office_of_Research_and_Development" title="Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development">Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development</a> (ORD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy" title="Office of Science and Technology Policy">Office of Science and Technology Policy</a> (OSTP) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a> (USGCRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_and_Information_Technology_Research_and_Development" title="Networking and Information Technology Research and Development">Networking and Information Technology Research and Development</a> Program (NITRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nanotechnology_Initiative" title="National Nanotechnology Initiative">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a> (NNI)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Office of Technology Assessment</a> (OTA) (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federal_law_enforcement_agencies_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Export_Enforcement" title="Office of Export Enforcement">Office of Export Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration_Fisheries_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office of Law Enforcement">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Fisheries: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Commerce_Office_of_Security" title="U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Security">Office of Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Defense Criminal Investigative Service">Defense Criminal Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_police" title="Department of Defense police">Department of Defense police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Logistics_Agency#DLA_Police" title="Defense Logistics Agency">Defense Logistics Agency Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Force_Protection_Agency" title="Pentagon Force Protection Agency">Pentagon Force Protection Agency</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Pentagon_Police" title="United States Pentagon Police">Pentagon Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA_police" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA police">National Security Agency Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Intelligence_and_Security_Command" title="United States Army Intelligence and Security Command">Intelligence and Security Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Army Criminal Investigation Division">Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)" title="Military Police Corps (United States)">Military Police Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army_Civilian_Police" title="Department of the Army Civilian Police">Army Department Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corrections_Command" title="United States Army Corrections Command">Corrections Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Criminal_Investigative_Service" title="Naval Criminal Investigative Service">Criminal Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Criminal_Investigation_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division">Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master-at-arms (United States Navy)">Master-at-Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Navy_Police" title="Department of the Navy Police">Navy Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Civilian_Police" title="United States Marine Corps Civilian Police">Marine Corps Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy#Police" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department of the Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations">Office of Special Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Security_Forces" title="United States Air Force Security Forces">Security Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Air_Force_Police" title="Department of the Air Force Police">Department of the Air Force Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Office_of_Criminal_Investigations" title="Office of Criminal Investigations">Office of Criminal Investigations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Police" title="National Institutes of Health Police">National Institutes of Health Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Law_Enforcement_Training_Centers" title="Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers">Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Investigative_Service" title="Coast Guard Investigative Service">Investigative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Police" title="United States Coast Guard Police">Coast Guard Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Protective_Service_(United_States)" title="Federal Protective Service (United States)">Federal Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">United States Secret Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service_Uniformed_Division" title="United States Secret Service Uniformed Division">Uniformed Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">Transportation Security Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Air_Marshal_Service" title="Federal Air Marshal Service">Office of Law Enforcement/Federal Air Marshal Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs_Police" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs Police">Bureau of Indian Affairs Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management#Law_enforcement_and_security" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam_Police" title="Hoover Dam Police">Hoover Dam Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_ranger" title="National Park Service ranger">Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Park_Police" title="United States Park Police">United States Park Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_Office_of_Law_Enforcement" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service Office of Law Enforcement">Fish and Wildlife Service: Office of Law Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge System: Division of Refuge Law Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Police" title="FBI Police">FBI Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Bureau of Diplomatic Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Security_Service" title="Diplomatic Security Service">Diplomatic Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Missions" title="Office of Foreign Missions">Office of Foreign Missions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Tobacco_Tax_and_Trade_Bureau" title="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing#BEP_Police" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">Financial Crimes Enforcement Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS_Criminal_Investigation" title="IRS Criminal Investigation">Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint_Police" title="United States Mint Police">United States Mint Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other executive department agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service#Law_Enforcement_.26_Investigations" title="United States Forest Service">US Forest Service: Law Enforcement & Investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Energy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Secure_Transportation" title="Office of Secure Transportation">Office of Secure Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Transportation</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy#Department_of_Public_Safety" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">United States Merchant Marine Academy Department of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_Police" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police">Department of Veterans Affairs Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office#GPO_Police" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Probation_and_Pretrial_Services_System" title="U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System">U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal of the United States Supreme Court</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other federal law enforcement agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Police_Department" title="Amtrak Police Department">Amtrak Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency#Directorate_of_Support" title="Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency: Security Protective Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Enforcement_and_Compliance_Assurance" title="Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance">Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Police" title="Federal Reserve Police">Federal Reserve Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia">Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">Postal Inspection Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Inspection_Service#Postal_Police_Force" title="United States Postal Inspection Service">U.S. Postal Police</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Office_of_Protection_Services#Positions" title="Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services">National Zoological Park Police</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_environmental_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#BBDDCC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_environmental_law" title="Template talk:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_environmental_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States environmental law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_environmental_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_environmental_law" title="United States environmental law">United States environmental law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Holland" title="Missouri v. Holland">Missouri v. Holland</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Vermont Yankee v. NRDC</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Oklahoma" title="Hughes v. Oklahoma">Hughes v. Oklahoma</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lujan_v._National_Wildlife_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation (page does not exist)">Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP_P.L.C._v._Mayor_and_City_Council_of_Baltimore" title="BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore">BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">NEPA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. SCRAP</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Edison_Co._v._People_Against_Nuclear_Energy" title="Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy">Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_v._Southern_Utah_Wilderness_Alliance" title="Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance">Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Co._v._Geertson_Seed_Farms" title="Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms">Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">CAA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_U.S.A.,_Inc._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Ass%27ns,_Inc." title="Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation_v._EPA" title="Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA">Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_v._Public_Citizen" title="Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen">Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._EPA" title="Massachusetts v. EPA">Massachusetts v. EPA</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Defense_v._Duke_Energy_Corp." title="Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.">Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Electric_Power_Co._v._Connecticut" title="American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut">American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Air_Regulatory_Group_v._EPA" title="Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA">Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._EPA" title="Michigan v. EPA">Michigan v. EPA</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HollyFrontier_Cheyenne_Refining,_LLC_v._Renewable_Fuels_Assn." title="HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining, LLC v. Renewable Fuels Assn.">HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_v._EPA" title="West Virginia v. EPA">West Virginia v. EPA</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">RCRA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Union_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Union Co. v. United States">Southern Union Co. v. United States</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">ESA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority_v._Hill" title="Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill">Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babbitt_v._Sweet_Home_Chapter_of_Communities_for_a_Great_Oregon" title="Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon">Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_v._Sierra_Club" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club">United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">CWA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Riverside_Bayview" title="United States v. Riverside Bayview">United States v. Riverside Bayview</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Agency_of_Northern_Cook_County_v._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers">SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Florida_Water_Management_District_v._Miccosukee_Tribe" title="South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe">South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._D._Warren_Co._v._Maine_Board_of_Environmental_Protection" title="S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection">S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapanos_v._United_States" title="Rapanos v. United States">Rapanos v. United States</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ass%27n_of_Home_Builders_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife">National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entergy_Corp._v._Riverkeeper_Inc." title="Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.">Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_Alaska,_Inc._v._Southeast_Alaska_Conservation_Council" title="Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council">Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2012)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2012)">Sackett v. EPA I</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Flood_Control_District_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council,_Inc." title="Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.">Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Corps_of_Engineers_v._Hawkes_Co." title="Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.">Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers_v._Department_of_Defense" title="National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense">National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Maui_v._Hawaii_Wildlife_Fund" title="County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund">County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackett_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency_(2023)" title="Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency (2023)">Sackett v. EPA II</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA</a> cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bestfoods" title="United States v. Bestfoods">United States v. Bestfoods</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam_v._United_States" title="Guam v. United States">Guam v. United States</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">federal legislation</a>, treaties, and lower court decisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park_Protection_Act" title="Yellowstone National Park Protection Act">Yellowstone National Park Protection Act</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Act_of_1897" title="Organic Act of 1897">Forest Service Organic Administration Act</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1899" title="Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899">Rivers and Harbors Act</a> (1899) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Act" title="Refuse Act">Refuse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Act_of_1900" title="Lacey Act of 1900">Lacey Act</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks%E2%80%93McLean_Act" title="Weeks–McLean Act">Weeks–McLean Act</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty_Act_of_1918" title="Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918">Migratory Bird Treaty Act</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarke%E2%80%93McNary_Act" title="Clarke–McNary Act">Clarke–McNary Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1924" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1924">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McSweeney-McNary_Act_of_1928" title="McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928">McSweeney-McNary Act</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_Protection_and_Flood_Prevention_Act_of_1954" title="Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of 1954">Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Control_Act_of_1955" title="Air Pollution Control Act of 1955">Air Pollution Control Act</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Act">Fish and Wildlife Act</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Rain_Program" title="Acid Rain Program">Acid Rain Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_Hudson_Preservation_Conference_v._Federal_Power_Commission" title="Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission">Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission</a> (2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Waste_Disposal_Act_of_1965" title="Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965">Solid Waste Disposal Act</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Quality_Improvement_Act" title="Environmental Quality Improvement Act">Environmental Quality Improvement Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> (1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Act" title="Coastal Zone Management Act">Coastal Zone Management Act</a> (1972) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Zone_Management_Program" title="Coastal Zone Management Program">Coastal Zone Management Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974, 1986, 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act" title="Water Resources Development Act">Water Resources Development Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1974" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1974">1974</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1976" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1976">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1986" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1986">1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1988" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1990" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1990">1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1992" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1992">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1996" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1996">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_1999" title="Water Resources Development Act of 1999">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2000" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2000">2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Development_Act_of_2007" title="Water Resources Development Act of 2007">2007</a>, 2014, 2016, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Noxious_Weed_Act_of_1974" title="Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974">Federal Noxious Weed Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Radiation_Control_Act" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act">Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">CERCLA (Superfund)</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Wetlands_Resources_Act" title="Emergency Wetlands Resources Act">Emergency Wetlands Resources Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Change_Research_Act_of_1990" title="Global Change Research Act of 1990">Global Change Research Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Education_Act" title="National Environmental Education Act">National Environmental Education Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Species_Prevention_and_Enforcement_Act_of_1992" title="Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992">Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_Protection_Act" title="Food Quality Protection Act">Food Quality Protection Act</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA</a> (D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Water_Infrastructure_Act_of_2018" title="America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018">America's Water Infrastructure Act</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Louisiana v. Biden</a> (5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Toxic_Substances_and_Disease_Registry" title="Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Environmental_Quality" title="Council on Environmental Quality">Council on Environmental Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Surface_Mining_Reclamation_and_Enforcement" title="Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement">Office of Surface Mining</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Global_Change_Research_Program" title="U.S. Global Change Research Program">U.S. Global Change Research Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BBDDCC;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Regulations</a> and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_available_technology" title="Best available technology">Best available technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_suit" title="Citizen suit">Citizen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">Corporate average fuel economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_Monitoring_Report" title="Discharge Monitoring Report">Discharge Monitoring Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effluent_guidelines" title="Effluent guidelines">Effluent guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental impact statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Executive Order 13432</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">LDV Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">Maximum contaminant level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emissions_Standards_for_Hazardous_Air_Pollutants" title="National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants">National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Priorities_List" title="National Priorities List">National Priorities List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Performance_Standards" title="New Source Performance Standards">New Source Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Source_Review" title="New Source Review">New Source Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not-To-Exceed" title="Not-To-Exceed">Not-To-Exceed (NTE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACE_financing" title="PACE financing">PACE financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Climate_Action_Plan" title="Presidential Climate Action Plan">Presidential Climate Action Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuel_Standard_(United_States)" title="Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)">Renewable Fuel Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_know" title="Right to know">Right to know</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_608" title="Section 608">Section 608 Certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_New_Alternatives_Policy" title="Significant New Alternatives Policy">Significant New Alternatives Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Climate" title="State of the Climate">State of the Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Tailoring Rule</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_maximum_daily_load" title="Total maximum daily load">Total maximum daily load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity_category_rating" title="Toxicity category rating">Toxicity category rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_Mill_Tailings_Remedial_Action" title="Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action">Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Nixon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Nixon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises">Six Crises (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)">Millhouse (1971 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a> (1972 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years">Four More Years (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President">Impeach the President (1973 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness">White House Madness (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">All the President's Men (1976 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a> (1977 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor">Secret Honor (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)">Nixon (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon">Elvis Meets Nixon (1997 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)">Dick (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a> (2000 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a> (2002 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon">Our Nixon (2013 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a> (2014 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon">Elvis & Nixon (2016 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a> (2017 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. 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href="https://www.idref.fr/079008291">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pd3rcb">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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