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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">River</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/River" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:River" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rivers" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rivers_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rivers (disambiguation)">Rivers (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="River (disambiguation)">River (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A river is a natural <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> that flows on <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> or inside <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">caves</a> towards another <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> at a lower <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>, such as an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, or another river. A river may run dry before reaching the end of its course if it runs out of water, or only flow during certain seasons. Rivers are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, the processes by which <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> moves around the Earth. Water first enters rivers through <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, whether from rainfall, the <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(hydrology)" title="Runoff (hydrology)">runoff</a> of water down a slope, the melting of <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, or seepage from <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a> beneath the surface of the Earth. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small boat (pirogue) running on the Mekong River as the sun is setting between Don Det and Don Khon, Laos." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg/290px-Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg/435px-Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg/580px-Pirogue_running_on_the_Mekong_at_golden_hour_between_Don_Det_and_Don_Khon_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5172" data-file-height="3448"></a><figcaption>A boat floats on the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, in Laos</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazonrivermap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Amazonrivermap.svg/220px-Amazonrivermap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Amazonrivermap.svg/330px-Amazonrivermap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Amazonrivermap.svg/440px-Amazonrivermap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></a><figcaption>South America's <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> (dark blue) and the rivers which flow into it (medium blue). The darker green marks the Amazon's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> or watershed</figcaption></figure> Rivers flow in channeled <a href="/wiki/Watercourses" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercourses">watercourses</a> and merge in <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluences</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage basins">drainage basins</a>, areas where surface water eventually flows to a common outlet. Rivers have a great effect on the landscape around them. They may regularly overflow their <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> the surrounding area, spreading nutrients to the surrounding area. Sediment or <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> carried by rivers shapes the landscape around it, forming <a href="/wiki/Deltas" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltas">deltas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">islands</a> where the flow slows down. Rivers rarely run in a straight line, instead, they bend or <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meander</a>; the locations of a river's banks can change frequently. Rivers get their alluvium from <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, which carves rock into <a href="/wiki/Canyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canyons">canyons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Valleys">valleys</a>. Rivers have sustained human and animal life for millennia, including the first human <a href="/wiki/Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizations">civilizations</a>. The organisms that live around or in a river such as <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic plants">aquatic plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> have different roles, including processing <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. Rivers have produced abundant resources for humans, including <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, and recreation. Humans have engineered rivers to prevent flooding, <a href="/wiki/Irrigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigate">irrigate</a> crops, perform work with <a href="/wiki/Water_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Water wheels">water wheels</a>, and produce <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> from dams. People associate rivers with <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and have strong religious, political, social, and mythological attachments to them. Rivers and <a href="/wiki/River_ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="River ecosystems">river ecosystems</a> are threatened by <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and human activity. The construction of dams, <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a>, and other engineered structures has eliminated habitats, has caused the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of some species, and lowered the amount of alluvium flowing through rivers. Decreased snowfall from climate change has resulted in less water available for rivers during the summer. Regulation of pollution, <a href="/wiki/Dam_removal" title="Dam removal">dam removal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> have helped to improve water quality and restore river habitats. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Topography">1 Topography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition">1.1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Source_and_drainage_basin">1.2 Source and drainage basin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_flow_of_rivers">1.3 The flow of rivers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Non-perennial_rivers">1.3.1 Non-perennial rivers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Subterranean_rivers">1.3.2 Subterranean rivers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_terminus">1.4 The terminus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Classification">2 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Ecology">3 Ecology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Models">3.1 Models</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#River_Continuum_Concept">3.1.1 River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Flood_pulse_concept">3.1.2 Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Fish_zonation_concept">3.1.3 Fish zonation concept</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Movement_of_organisms">3.2 Movement of organisms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Human_uses">4 Human uses</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Infrastructure">4.1 Infrastructure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#History">4.2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Pre-industrial_era">4.2.1 Pre-industrial era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Industrial_era">4.2.2 Industrial era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Politics_of_rivers">4.3 Politics of rivers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Religion_and_mythology">4.4 Religion and mythology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Threats">5 Threats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Extraterrestrial_rivers">6 Extraterrestrial rivers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Rivers_by_amount_of_discharge">7 Rivers by amount of discharge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#General">8.1 General</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Crossings">8.2 Crossings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Transport">8.3 Transport</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Topography">Topography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> A river is a natural flow of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">freshwater</a> that flows on or through <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> towards another body of water downhill.<a href="#cite_note-:26-1">[1]</a> This flow can be into a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, or another river.<a href="#cite_note-:26-1">[1]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> refers to water that flows in a natural <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channel</a>, a geographic feature that can contain flowing water.<a href="#cite_note-definitions-2">[2]</a> A stream may also be referred to as a watercourse.<a href="#cite_note-definitions-2">[2]</a> The study of the movement of water as it occurs on Earth is called <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, and their effect on the landscape is covered by <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-definitions-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_and_drainage_basin">Source and drainage basin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/200px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/200px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/300px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png/400px-NorthAmerica-WaterDivides.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The major drainage basins in North America</figcaption></figure> Rivers are part of the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a>, the continuous processes by which <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> moves about Earth.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> This means that all water that flows in rivers must ultimately come from <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> The sides of rivers have land that is at a higher <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> than the river itself, and in these areas, water flows downhill into the river.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Headwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwaters">headwaters</a> of a river are the smaller <a href="/wiki/Streams" class="mw-redirect" title="Streams">streams</a> that feed a river, and make up the river's source.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> These streams may be small and flow rapidly down the sides of <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> All of the <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> uphill of a river that feeds it with water in this way is in that river's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> or watershed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">ridge</a> of higher elevation land is what typically separates drainage basins; water on one side of a ridge will flow into one set of rivers, and water on the other side will flow into another.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> One example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide of the Americas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. Water on the western side of the divide flows into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, whereas water on the other side flows into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="The end of a glacier, which looks like a wall of ice. Blue water filled with snow and ice is at the bottom of the cliff." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/220px-Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/220px-Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG" data-alt="The end of a glacier, which looks like a wall of ice. Blue water filled with snow and ice is at the bottom of the cliff." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/330px-Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG/440px-Perito_Moreno_Glacier_Patagonia_Argentina_Luca_Galuzzi_2005.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Melting toe of the <a href="/wiki/Perito_Moreno_Glacier" title="Perito Moreno Glacier">Perito Moreno Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Glaciares_National_Park" title="Los Glaciares National Park">Los Glaciares National Park</a>, Argentina</figcaption></figure> Not all precipitation flows directly into rivers; some water seeps into underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> These, in turn, can still feed rivers via the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> beneath the surface of the land stored in the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. Water flows into rivers in places where the river's elevation is lower than that of the water table.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> This phenomenon is why rivers can still flow even during times of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Rivers are also fed by the melting of <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> present in higher elevation regions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> months, higher temperatures melt snow and ice, causing additional water to flow into rivers. Glacier melt can supplement snow melt in times like the late summer, when there may be less snow left to melt, helping to ensure that the rivers downstream of the glaciers have a continuous supply of water.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_flow_of_rivers">The flow of rivers</h3></div> Rivers flow downhill, with their direction determined by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:29-6">[6]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Common_misconception" class="mw-redirect" title="Common misconception">common misconception</a> holds that all or most rivers flow from North to South, but this is not true.<a href="#cite_note-:29-6">[6]</a> As rivers flow downstream, they eventually merge to form larger rivers. A river that feeds into another is a <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a>, and the place they meet is a <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Rivers must flow to lower altitudes due to <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">bed</a> of a river is typically within a <a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">river valley</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Hills">hills</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">mountains</a>. Rivers flowing through an <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(materials_science)" title="Permeability (materials science)">impermeable</a> section of land such as rocks will <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erode</a> the slopes on the sides of the river.<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> When a river carves a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> or a similar high-elevation area, a <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyon</a> can form, with cliffs on either side of the river.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Areas of a river with softer rock <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weather</a> faster than areas with harder rock, causing a difference in elevation between two points of a river. This can cause the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfall</a> as the river's flow falls down a vertical drop.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4583" data-file-height="2899"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg/220px-Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg/330px-Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg/440px-Grand_Canyon_Powell_Point_Evening_Light_02_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> was carved by the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>.</figcaption></figure> A river in a permeable area does not exhibit this behavior and may even have raised <a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">banks</a> due to sediment.<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> Rivers also change their landscape through their transportation of <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, often known as <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a> when applied specifically to rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> This debris comes from erosion performed by the rivers themselves, debris swept into rivers by rainfall, as well as erosion caused by the slow movement of glaciers. The sand in deserts and the sediment that forms bar islands is from rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">particle size</a> of the debris is gradually sorted by the river, with heavier particles like <a href="/wiki/Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocks">rocks</a> sinking to the bottom, and finer particles like <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> carried further <a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">downriver</a>. This sediment may be deposited in river valleys or carried to the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> The sediment yield of a river is the quantity of sand per unit area within a watershed that is removed over a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-:30-11">[11]</a> The monitoring of the sediment yield of a river is important for ecologists to understand the health of its ecosystems, the rate of erosion of the river's environment, and the effects of human activity.<a href="#cite_note-:30-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A photo showing a wide river with a variety of low wetland vegetation on the sides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg/220px-Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg/220px-Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg" data-alt="A photo showing a wide river with a variety of low wetland vegetation on the sides." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg/330px-Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg/440px-Nile%27s_wildlife_in_Egypt1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> is known for its fertile floodplains, which flood annually.</figcaption></figure> Rivers rarely run in a straight direction, instead preferring to bend or <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a> This is because any natural impediment to the flow of the river may cause the current to deflect in a different direction. When this happens, the alluvium carried by the river can build up against this impediment, redirecting the course of the river. The flow is then directed against the opposite bank of the river, which will erode into a more concave shape to accommodate the flow. The bank will still block the flow, causing it to reflect in the other direction. Thus, a bend in the river is created.<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> Rivers may run through low, flat regions on their way to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> These places may have <a href="/wiki/Floodplains" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodplains">floodplains</a> that are periodically flooded when there is a high level of water running through the river. These events may be referred to as "wet seasons' and "dry seasons" when the flooding is predictable due to the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> The alluvium carried by rivers, laden with minerals, is deposited into the floodplain when the banks spill over, providing new nutrients to the soil, allowing them to support human activity like farming as well as a host of plant and animal life.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-4">[4]</a> Deposited sediment from rivers can form temporary or long-lasting <a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">fluvial islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:28-13">[13]</a> These islands exist in almost every river.<a href="#cite_note-:28-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-perennial_rivers">Non-perennial rivers</h4></div> About half of all waterways on Earth are <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent rivers">intermittent rivers</a>, which do not always have a continuous flow of water throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> This may be because an arid climate is too dry depending on the season to support a stream, or because a river is seasonally frozen in the winter (such as in an area with substantial <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>), or in the headwaters of rivers in mountains, where <a href="/wiki/Snowmelt" title="Snowmelt">snowmelt</a> is required to fuel the river.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> These rivers can appear in a variety of climates, and still provide a habitat for aquatic life and perform other ecological functions.<a href="#cite_note-:19-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subterranean_rivers">Subterranean rivers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A river of blue water flowing through a brown rock cave with sun peeking through." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png/200px-Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png/200px-Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png" data-alt="A river of blue water flowing through a brown rock cave with sun peeking through." data-width="200" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png/300px-Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png/400px-Blue_water_cave_underwater_river.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Blue Water Cave in <a href="/wiki/Quezon,_Bukidnon" title="Quezon, Bukidnon">Quezon</a>, Philippines features an underground river.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean rivers</a> may flow underground through flooded caves.<a href="#cite_note-:24-15">[15]</a> This can happen in <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> systems, where rock dissolves to form caves. These rivers provide a habitat for diverse <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> and have become an important target of study by <a href="/wiki/Microbiologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiologists">microbiologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-15">[15]</a> Other rivers and streams have been covered over or converted to run in tunnels due to human development.<a href="#cite_note-:25-16">[16]</a> These rivers do not typically host any life, and are often used only for <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> or flood control.<a href="#cite_note-:25-16">[16]</a> One such example is the <a href="/wiki/Sunswick_Creek" title="Sunswick Creek">Sunswick Creek</a> in New York City, which was covered in the 1800s and now exists only as a sewer-like pipe.<a href="#cite_note-:25-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_terminus">The terminus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A satellite photo of a large river delta with many branching paths." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/180px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="3100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/180px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg" data-alt="A satellite photo of a large river delta with many branching paths." data-width="180" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/270px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg/360px-Lena_River_Delta_-_Landsat_2000.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lena_(river)" title="Lena (river)">Lena</a> river delta in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> is formed from the river's sediment.</figcaption></figure> While rivers may flow into <a href="/wiki/Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes">lakes</a> or man-made features such as <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoirs">reservoirs</a>, the water they contain will always tend to flow down toward the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> However, if human activity siphons too much water away from a river for other uses, the riverbed may run dry before reaching the sea.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> The outlets <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">mouth</a> of a river can take several forms. <a href="/wiki/Tidal_river" title="Tidal river">Tidal rivers</a> (often part of an <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>) have their levels rise and fall with the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Since the levels of these rivers are often already at or near sea level, the flow of alluvium and the <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> that flows in these rivers may be either <a href="/wiki/Upriver" class="mw-redirect" title="Upriver">upriver</a> or downriver depending on the time of day.<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> Rivers that are not tidal may form <a href="/wiki/Deltas" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltas">deltas</a> that continuously deposit alluvium into the sea from their mouths.<a href="#cite_note-:32-7">[7]</a> Depending on the activity of waves, the strength of the river, and the strength of the tidal current, the sediment can accumulate to form new land.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> When viewed from above, a delta can appear to take the form of several <a href="/wiki/Triangular" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular">triangular</a> shapes as the river mouth appears to fan out from the original <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stream_order" title="Stream order">Stream order</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flussordnung_(Strahler).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg/180px-Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="198"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg/180px-Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg.png" data-width="180" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg/270px-Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg/360px-Flussordnung_%28Strahler%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A diagram of a possible river with the Strahler number of each tributary labeled.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, a stream order is a positive integer used to describe the level of river branching in a drainage basin.<a href="#cite_note-:27-18">[18]</a> Several systems of stream order exist, one of which is the <a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number</a>. In this system, the first tributaries of a river are 1st order rivers. When two 1st order rivers merge, the resulting river is 2nd order. If a river of a higher order and a lower order merge, the order is incremented from whichever of the previous rivers had the higher order.<a href="#cite_note-:27-18">[18]</a> Stream order is correlated with and thus can be used to predict certain data points related to rivers, such as the size of the drainage basin (drainage area), and the length of the channel.<a href="#cite_note-:27-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models">Models</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="River_Continuum_Concept">River Continuum Concept</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wey_source_farringdon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A few leafy trees around a small stream" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wey_source_farringdon.jpg/220px-Wey_source_farringdon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wey_source_farringdon.jpg/220px-Wey_source_farringdon.jpg" data-alt="A few leafy trees around a small stream" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wey_source_farringdon.jpg/330px-Wey_source_farringdon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wey_source_farringdon.jpg/440px-Wey_source_farringdon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wey" title="River Wey">River Wey</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> provide organic matter for organisms to process.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">ecosystem of a river</a> includes the life that lives in its water, on its banks, and in the surrounding land.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The width of the channel of a river, its velocity, and how shaded it is by nearby trees. Creatures in a river ecosystem may be divided into many roles based on the <a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a>. "Shredders" are organisms that consume this organic material. The role of a "grazer" or "scraper" organism is to feed on the <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> that collects on rocks and plants. "Collectors" consume the <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> of dead organisms. Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Predators">predators</a> feed on living things to survive.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The river can then be modeled by the availability of resources for each creature's role. A shady area with <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees might experience frequent deposits of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> in the form of leaves. In this type of ecosystem, collectors and shredders will be most active.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> As the river becomes deeper and wider, it may move slower and receive more <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>. This supports <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, as well as scrapers feeding on algae.<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[20]</a> Further downstream, the river may get most of its energy from organic matter that was already processed upstream by collectors and shredders. Predators may be more active here, including fish that feed on plants, <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, and other fish.<a href="#cite_note-:7-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flood_pulse_concept">Flood pulse concept</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0,82km_-_NE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A small channel of water in the late fall or winter, surrounded by brown marsh-like vegetation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG/200px-Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG/200px-Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG" data-alt="A small channel of water in the late fall or winter, surrounded by brown marsh-like vegetation" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG/300px-Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG/400px-Podlaskie_-_Choroszcz_-_Rz%C4%99dziany-Pa%C5%84ki_Narew_floodplains_-_0%2C82km_-_NE.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This marsh is a floodplain of the <a href="/wiki/Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">flood pulse concept</a> focuses on habitats that flood seasonally, including <a href="/wiki/Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a>. The land that interfaces with a water body is that body's <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">riparian zone</a>. Plants in the riparian zone of a river help stabilize its banks to prevent erosion and filter alluvium deposited by the river on the shore, including processing the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and other nutrients it contains. Forests in a riparian zone also provide important animal <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish_zonation_concept">Fish zonation concept</h4></div> River ecosystems have also been categorized based on the variety of aquatic life they can sustain, also known as the fish zonation concept.<a href="#cite_note-:23-21">[21]</a> Smaller rivers can only sustain smaller fish that can comfortably fit in its waters, whereas larger rivers can contain both small fish and large fish. This means that larger rivers can host a larger variety of species.<a href="#cite_note-:23-21">[21]</a> This is analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Species-area_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Species-area relationship">species-area relationship</a>, the concept of larger habitats being host to more species. In this case, it is known as the species-discharge relationship, referring specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Discharge_regime" title="Discharge regime">discharge</a> of a river, the amount of water passing through it at a particular time.<a href="#cite_note-:23-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_of_organisms">Movement of organisms</h3></div> The flow of a river can act as a means of transportation for plant and animal species, as well as a barrier. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> is so wide in parts that the variety of species on either side of its <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">basin</a> are distinct.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Some fish may swim upstream to <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> as part of a seasonal <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">migration</a>. Species that travel from the sea to breed in <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> rivers are anadromous. <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a> are an anadromous fish that may die in the river after spawning, contributing nutrients back to the river ecosystem.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A road over a raised embankment of earth, a marsh on the left side, and some small farms on the other." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG/220px-Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG/220px-Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG" data-alt="A road over a raised embankment of earth, a marsh on the left side, and some small farms on the other." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG/330px-Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG/440px-Xintan_Town_-_on_the_levee_-_P1540379.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This levee protects the city of <a href="/wiki/Honghu" title="Honghu">Honghu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> province of China from flooding.</figcaption></figure> Modern river engineering involves a large-scale collection of independent river engineering structures that have the goal of <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>, improved navigation, recreation, and ecosystem management.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> Many of these projects have the effect of normalizing the effects of rivers; the greatest floods are smaller and more predictable, and larger sections are open for navigation by boats and other watercraft.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> A major effect of river engineering has been a reduced sediment output of large rivers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> produced 400 million tons of sediment per year.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> Due to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoirs">reservoirs</a>, sediment buildup in man-made <a href="/wiki/Levees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levees">levees</a>, and the removal of natural banks replaced with <a href="/wiki/Revetments" class="mw-redirect" title="Revetments">revetments</a>, this sediment output has been reduced by 60%.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> The most basic river projects involve the clearing of obstructions like fallen trees. This can scale up to <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>, the excavation of sediment buildup in a channel, to provide a deeper area for navigation.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> These activities require regular maintenance as the location of the river banks changes over time, floods bring foreign objects into the river, and natural sediment buildup continues.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> Artificial <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a> are often constructed to "cut off" winding sections of a river with a shorter path, or to direct the flow of a river in a straighter direction.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> This effect, known as channelization, has made the distance required to traverse the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> in 116 kilometres (72 mi) shorter.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Hang_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A grey dam in the distance spilling water from its center. Mountains are in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Na_Hang_Dam.jpg/220px-Na_Hang_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Na_Hang_Dam.jpg/220px-Na_Hang_Dam.jpg" data-alt="A grey dam in the distance spilling water from its center. Mountains are in the background." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Na_Hang_Dam.jpg/330px-Na_Hang_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Na_Hang_Dam.jpg/440px-Na_Hang_Dam.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Na_Hang_Dam" title="Na Hang Dam">Na Hang Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> provides hydroelectric power.</figcaption></figure> Dikes are channels built perpendicular to the flow of the river beneath its surface. These help rivers flow straighter by increasing the speed of the water at the middle of the channel, helping to control floods.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> Levees are also used for this purpose. They can be thought of as dams constructed on the sides of rivers, meant to hold back water from flooding the surrounding area during periods of high rainfall. They are often constructed by building up the natural terrain with soil or clay.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> Some levees are supplemented with floodways, channels used to redirect floodwater away from farms and populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dams" class="mw-redirect" title="Dams">Dams</a> restrict the flow of water through a river. They can be built for navigational purposes, providing a higher level of water upstream for boats to travel in. They may also be used for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a>, or power generation from rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> Dams typically transform a section of the river behind them into a lake or reservoir. This can provide nearby cities with a predictable supply of drinking water. Hydroelectricity is desirable as a form of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> that does not require any inputs beyond the river itself.<a href="#cite_note-:182-23">[23]</a> Dams are very common worldwide, with at least 75,000 higher than 6 feet (1.8 m) in the U.S. Globally, reservoirs created by dams cover 193,500 square miles (501,000 km2).<a href="#cite_note-:182-23">[23]</a> Dam-building reached a peak in the 1970s, when between two or three dams were completed every day, and has since begun to decline. New dam projects are primarily focused in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and other areas in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:202-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumer_Detailed.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumer_Detailed.png/220px-Sumer_Detailed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumer_Detailed.png/220px-Sumer_Detailed.png" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumer_Detailed.png/330px-Sumer_Detailed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sumer_Detailed.png/440px-Sumer_Detailed.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Sumerian civilization was made possible by the floodplains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-industrial_era">Pre-industrial era</h4></div> The first <a href="/wiki/Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilizations">civilizations</a> of Earth were born on floodplains between 5,500 and 3,500 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The freshwater, fertile soil, and transportation provided by rivers helped create the conditions for complex societies to emerge. Three such civilizations were the <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">Ancient Egyptian</a> civilization in the Nile, and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:112-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> climates of the surrounding areas made these societies especially reliant on rivers for survival, leading to people clustering in these areas to form the first <a href="/wiki/Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities">cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> It is also thought that these civilizations were the first to organize the irrigation of desert environments for growing food.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Growing food at scale allowed people to specialize in other roles, form hierarchies, and organize themselves in new ways, leading to the birth of civilization.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien,_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A drawing of a man raising water from a river with a bowl mounted on the end of a large rod with a counterweight on the other end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg/180px-Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg/180px-Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg" data-alt="A drawing of a man raising water from a river with a bowl mounted on the end of a large rod with a counterweight on the other end" data-width="180" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg/270px-Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg/360px-Chadouf_%C3%A9gyptien%2C_dessin_de_voyageur_de_1890..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The counterweight system of the shadoof is an early example of the engineering of river water.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial society</a>, rivers were a source of transportation and abundant resources.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Many civilizations depended on what resources were local to them to survive. <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">Shipping</a> of commodities, especially the floating of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> on rivers to transport it, was especially important. Rivers also were an important source of <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>. For civilizations built around rivers, fish were an important part of the diet of humans.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Some rivers supported fishing activities, but were ill-suited to farming, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Other animals that live in or near rivers like <a href="/wiki/Frogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogs">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beavers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beavers">beavers</a> could provide food and valuable goods such as <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Humans have been building <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> to use rivers for thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sadd_el-Kafara" title="Sadd el-Kafara">Sadd el-Kafara</a> dam near <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt, is an ancient dam built on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> 4,500 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">Ancient Roman</a> civilization used aqueducts to transport water to <a href="/wiki/Urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban areas">urban areas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Muslims">Spanish Muslims</a> used mills and water wheels beginning in the seventh century. Between 130 and 1492, larger dams were built in Japan, Afghanistan, and India, including 20 dams higher than 15 metres (49 ft).<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Canals began to be cut in Egypt as early as 3000 BC, and the mechanical <a href="/wiki/Shadoof" title="Shadoof">shadoof</a> began to be used to raise the elevation of water.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Drought years harmed crop yields, and leaders of society were incentivized to ensure regular water and food availability to remain in power. Engineering projects like the shadoof and canals could help prevent these crises.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> Despite this, there is evidence that floodplain-based civilizations may have been abandoned occasionally at a large scale. This has been attributed to unusually large floods destroying infrastructure; however, there is evidence that permanent changes to climate causing higher <a href="/wiki/Aridity" title="Aridity">aridity</a> and lower river flow may have been the determining factor in what river civilizations succeeded or dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-:15-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A red brick building built over a waterfall. The waterfall is a concrete dam structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg/220px-Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg/220px-Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg" data-alt="A red brick building built over a waterfall. The waterfall is a concrete dam structure." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg/330px-Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg/440px-Cocheco_Mill_with_falls.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cochecho_River" title="Cochecho River">Cochecho</a> mill in <a href="/wiki/Dover,_New_Hampshire" title="Dover, New Hampshire">Dover, New Hampshire</a>, United States was a textile mill powered by the pictured hydroelectric dam.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Water_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Water wheels">Water wheels</a> began to be used at least 2,000 years ago to harness the energy of rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Water wheels turn an <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> that can supply <a href="/wiki/Rotational_energy" title="Rotational energy">rotational energy</a> to move water into <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a>, work metal using a <a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">trip hammer</a>, and grind grains with a <a href="/wiki/Millstone" title="Millstone">millstone</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, water mills began to automate many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Manual_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual labor">manual labor</a>, and spread rapidly. By 1300, there were at least 10,000 mills in England alone. A medieval watermill could do the work of 30–60 human workers.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Water mills were often used in conjunction with dams to focus and increase the speed of the water.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Water wheels continued to be used up to and through the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> as a source of power for <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mills</a> and other factories, but were eventually supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">steam power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_era">Industrial era</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A small boat pushes a large flat barge down a wide river in the fall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg/220px-Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg/220px-Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg" data-alt="A small boat pushes a large flat barge down a wide river in the fall" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg/330px-Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg/440px-Mississippi_barge_petroleum_tanker.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> is one of the primary means of shipping goods on the Mississippi and other rivers.</figcaption></figure> Rivers became more <a href="/wiki/Industrialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized">industrialized</a> with the growth of technology and the <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> As fish and water could be brought from elsewhere, and goods and people could be transported via <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, pre-industrial river uses diminished in favor of more complex uses. This meant that the local ecosystems of rivers needed less protection as humans became less reliant on them for their continued flourishing. <a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a> began to develop projects that enabled industrial <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a> for the more efficient movement of goods, as well as projects for <a href="/wiki/Flood_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood prevention">flood prevention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:202-24">[24]</a> River transportation has historically been significantly cheaper and faster than transportation by land.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Rivers helped fuel <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> as goods such as grain and fuel could be floated downriver to supply cities with resources.<a href="#cite_note-:212-27">[27]</a> River transportation is also important for the <a href="/wiki/Lumber_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber industry">lumber industry</a>, as logs can be shipped via river. Countries with dense forests and networks of rivers like <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> have historically benefited the most from this method of trade. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> has made this practice less common.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A small flat section of canal in the French countryside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg/220px-Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7060" data-file-height="4412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg/220px-Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg" data-alt="A small flat section of canal in the French countryside" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg/330px-Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg/440px-Canal_du_Midi_Tr%C3%A8bes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Canal du Midi was one of the first large canal projects in the world.</figcaption></figure> One of the first large canals was the <a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a>, connecting rivers within France to create a path from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:202-24">[24]</a> The nineteenth century saw canal-building become more common, with the U.S. building 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of canals by 1830. Rivers began to be used by <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo ships">cargo ships</a> at a larger scale, and these canals were used in conjunction with river engineering projects like dredging and straightening to ensure the efficient flow of goods.<a href="#cite_note-:202-24">[24]</a> One of the largest such projects is that of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, whose drainage basin covers 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">contiguous United States</a>. The river was then used for shipping crops from the <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a> and cotton from the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> to other states as well as the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:202-24">[24]</a> The role of <a href="/wiki/Urban_stream" title="Urban stream">urban rivers</a> has evolved from when they were a center of trade, food, and transportation to modern times when these uses are less necessary.<a href="#cite_note-:212-27">[27]</a> Rivers remain central to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> of cities and nations. Famous examples include the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>'s relationship to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:212-27">[27]</a> The restoration of water quality and recreation to urban rivers has been a goal of modern administrations. For example, <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a> was banned in the Seine for over 100 years due to concerns about pollution and the spread of <a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a>, until cleanup efforts to allow its use in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Another example is the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Isar" title="Isar">Isar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> from being a fully canalized channel with hard embankments to being wider with naturally sloped banks and vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-:22-29">[29]</a> This has improved wildlife habitat in the Isar, and provided more opportunities for recreation in the river.<a href="#cite_note-:22-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal,_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An evening in Paris overlooking the Seine. Old buildings are built up to the shore, and the banks have been replaced with stone walls." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg/510px-Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="510" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11745" data-file-height="3406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 510px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg/510px-Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg" data-alt="An evening in Paris overlooking the Seine. Old buildings are built up to the shore, and the banks have been replaced with stone walls." data-width="510" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg/765px-Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg/1020px-Musee_d%27Orsay_and_Pont_Royal%2C_North-West_view_140402_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Seine in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> is famous for its relationship to the city, from industry to recreation.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_of_rivers">Politics of rivers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water rights law">Water rights law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection,_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_(11934552524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A medium-sized boat leaving a wake as it travels through murky waters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg/220px-U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg/220px-U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg" data-alt="A medium-sized boat leaving a wake as it travels through murky waters" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg/330px-U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg/440px-U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection%2C_Riverine_Unit_Patrols_Rio_Grande_River_Border_in_Safe-Boat_%2811934552524%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> boat is attempting to prevent crossings of the Rio Grande river from Mexico into the U.S.</figcaption></figure> As a <a href="/wiki/Natural_barrier" title="Natural barrier">natural barrier</a>, rivers are often used as a border between <a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">countries</a>, cities, and other <a href="/wiki/Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Territories">territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:112-25">[25]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Lamari_River" title="Lamari River">Lamari River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> separates the <a href="/wiki/Angu" title="Angu">Angu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fore_people" title="Fore people">Fore</a> people in New Guinea. The two cultures speak different languages and rarely mix.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> 23% of international borders are large rivers (defined as those over 30 meters wide).<a href="#cite_note-:112-25">[25]</a> The traditional northern border of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, a river that today forms the border of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Since the flow of a river is rarely static, the exact location of a river border may be called into question by countries.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> between the United States and Mexico is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> to manage the right to fresh water from the river, as well as mark the exact location of the border.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Up to 60% of fresh water used by countries comes from rivers that cross international borders.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> This can cause disputes between countries that live upstream and downstream of the river. A country that is downstream of another may object to the upstream country diverting too much water for agricultural uses, pollution, as well as the creation of dams that change the river's flow characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> For example, Egypt has an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> requiring a specific minimum volume of water to pass into the Nile yearly over the <a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a>, to maintain both countries access to water.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A slow moving river at sunset reflecting the sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg/220px-OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg/220px-OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg" data-alt="A slow moving river at sunset reflecting the sky" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg/330px-OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg/440px-OGUN_RIVER_ABEOKUTA_OGUN_STATE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Ogun River in Nigeria is sacred to the Yoruba.</figcaption></figure> The importance of rivers throughout <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a> has given them an association with <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>. They have also become associated with the reverse, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> and destruction, especially through <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a>. This power has caused rivers to have a central role in <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">underworld</a> is bordered by several rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Ancient Greeks believed that the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> of those who perished had to be borne across the <a href="/wiki/River_Styx" class="mw-redirect" title="River Styx">River Styx</a> on a boat by <a href="/wiki/Charon" title="Charon">Charon</a> in exchange for money.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Souls that were judged to be good were admitted to <a href="/wiki/Elysium" title="Elysium">Elysium</a> and permitted to drink water from the <a href="/wiki/Lethe" title="Lethe">River Lethe</a> to forget their previous life.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Rivers also appear in descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">paradise</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, beginning with the story of <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> A river beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> waters the garden and then splits into four rivers that flow to provide water to the world. These rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris and Euphrates</a>, and two rivers that are possibly apocryphal but may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> describes these four rivers as flowing with water, milk, wine, and honey, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The book of Genesis also contains a <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">story of a great flood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Similar myths are present in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> mythology, and in other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In Genesis, the flood's role was to cleanse Earth of the wrongdoing of humanity. The act of water working to cleanse humans in a ritualistic sense has been compared to the Christian ritual of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, famously the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Floods also appear in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, where the world is said to emerge from a void that eleven rivers flowed into. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal Australian</a> religion and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> mythology also have stories of floods, some of which contain no survivors, unlike the Abrahamic flood.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A castle built into the side of a river with a series of steps leading down into it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/220px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2629" data-file-height="1833"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/220px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg" data-alt="A castle built into the side of a river with a series of steps leading down into it." data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/330px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg/440px-Varanasi_Munshi_Ghat3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghats</a> along the Ganges river are the steps that allow people to bathe and release the ashes of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-:9-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> Along with mythological rivers, religions have also cared for specific rivers as sacred rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a> saw rivers as goddesses. The Nile had many gods attached to it. The tears of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> were said to be the cause of the river's yearly flooding, itself personified by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a>. Many African religions regard certain rivers as the originator of life. In <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yem%E1%BB%8Dja" title="Yemọja">Yemọja</a> rules over the <a href="/wiki/Ogun_River" title="Ogun River">Ogun River</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and is responsible for creating all children and fish.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Some sacred rivers have religious prohibitions attached to them, such as not being allowed to drink from them or ride in a boat along certain stretches. In these religions, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the river is considered a living being that must be afforded respect.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Rivers are some of the most sacred places in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> There is archeological evidence that mass ritual bathing in rivers at least 5,000 years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus river valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> While most rivers in India are revered, the Ganges is most sacred.<a href="#cite_note-:9-31">[31]</a> The river has a central role in various Hindu myths, and its water is said to have properties of healing as well as <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a> from sins.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Hindus believe that when the <a href="/wiki/Cremated" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremated">cremated</a> remains of a person is released into the Ganges, their soul is released from the mortal world.<a href="#cite_note-:9-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A satellite image of a river running dry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg/220px-Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="894"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg/220px-Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg" data-alt="A satellite image of a river running dry." data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg/330px-Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg/440px-Endpoint_of_the_Colorado_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> now runs dry in the deserts of Mexico, rather than running to the sea, due to diversion of water for agricultural uses.<a href="#cite_note-:16-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a> make up 40% of the world's fish species, but 20% of these species are known to have gone extinct in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a> Human uses of rivers make these species especially vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a> Dams and other engineered changes to rivers can block the migration routes of fish and destroy habitats.<a href="#cite_note-:13-34">[34]</a> Rivers that flow freely from headwaters to the sea have better water quality, and also retain their ability to transport nutrient-rich alluvium and other organic material downstream, keeping the ecosystem healthy.<a href="#cite_note-:13-34">[34]</a> The creation of a lake changes the habitat of that portion of water, and blocks the transportation of sediment, as well as preventing the natural meandering of the river.<a href="#cite_note-:182-23">[23]</a> Dams block the migration of fish such as <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> for which <a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">fish ladder</a> and other bypass systems have been attempted, but these are not always effective.<a href="#cite_note-:182-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a> from factories and urban areas can also damage water quality.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-:212-27">[27]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances</a> (PFAS) is a widely used chemical that breaks down at a slow rate.<a href="#cite_note-:14-35">[35]</a> It has been found in the bodies of humans and animals worldwide, as well as in the soil, with potentially negative health effects.<a href="#cite_note-:14-35">[35]</a> Research into how to remove it from the environment, and how harmful exposure is, is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-:14-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a> from farms can lead to a proliferation of algae on the surface of rivers and oceans, which prevents <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and light from dissolving into water, making it impossible for underwater life to survive in these so-called <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:172-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_stream" title="Urban stream">Urban rivers</a> are typically surrounded by impermeable surfaces like stone, <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>, and concrete.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> Cities often have <a href="/wiki/Storm_drains" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm drains">storm drains</a> that direct this water to rivers. This can cause flooding risk as large amounts of water are directed into the rivers. Due to these impermeable surfaces, these rivers often have very little alluvium carried in them, causing more erosion once the river exits the impermeable area.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> It has historically been common for <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> to be directed directly to rivers via <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer systems</a> without being treated, along with pollution from industry. This has resulted in a loss of animal and plant life in urban rivers, as well as the spread of <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">waterborne diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> and controls on pollution from factories have improved the water quality of urban rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:65-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Snow-capped mountains above a lake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg/220px-Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1289"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg/220px-Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg" data-alt="Snow-capped mountains above a lake" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg/330px-Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg/440px-Rocky_Mountain_Ranges_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Retreating snow in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> is expected to reduce the level of waters in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> can change the flooding cycles and water supply available to rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a> Floods can be larger and more destructive than expected, causing damage to the surrounding areas. Floods can also wash unhealthy chemicals and sediment into rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:13-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">Droughts</a> can be deeper and longer, causing rivers to run dangerously low.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a> This is in part because of a projected loss of <a href="/wiki/Snowpack" title="Snowpack">snowpack</a> in mountains, meaning that melting snow can't replenish rivers during warm summer months, leading to lower water levels.<a href="#cite_note-:13-34">[34]</a> Lower-level rivers also have warmer temperatures, threatening species like salmon that prefer colder upstream temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-:13-34">[34]</a> Attempts have been made to regulate the exploitation of rivers to preserve their ecological functions.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> areas have become protected from development. Water restrictions can prevent the complete draining of rivers. Limits on the construction of dams, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dam_removal" title="Dam removal">dam removal</a>, can restore the natural habitats of river species.<a href="#cite_note-:182-23">[23]</a> Regulators can also ensure regular releases of water from dams to keep animal habitats supplied with water.<a href="#cite_note-:182-23">[23]</a> Limits on pollutants like <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> can help improve water quality.<a href="#cite_note-:122-33">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_rivers">Extraterrestrial rivers</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="An orange moonscape, showing the rusty Mars soil. Impressions in the sand show where rivers once flowed, in a fractal-like form." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9796" data-file-height="3600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 81px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff.jpg" data-alt="An orange moonscape, showing the rusty Mars soil. Impressions in the sand show where rivers once flowed, in a fractal-like form." data-width="220" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Dried_out_river_valley_network_on_Mars_ESA19255459.tiff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A dried out network of river valleys on Mars</figcaption></figure> Today, the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> does not have liquid water. All <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water on Mars</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> ice caps, or trace amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, there is evidence that rivers flowed on Mars for at least 100,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a> is a crater left behind by an impact from an asteroid. It has <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> that was formed 3.7 billion years ago, and <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">lava fields</a> that are 3.3 billion years old.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a> High resolution images of the surface of the plain show evidence of a river network, and even river deltas.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> These images reveal <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a> formed in the rock, recognized by geologists who study rivers on Earth as being formed by rivers,<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a> as well as "bench and slope" landforms, outcroppings of rock that show evidence of river erosion. Not only do these formations suggest that rivers once existed, but that they flowed for extensive time periods, and were part of a water cycle that involved precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Flumen_(planetary_geology)" title="Flumen (planetary geology)">flumen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">planetary geology</a>, refers to channels on <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> that may carry liquid.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[40]</a> Titan's rivers flow with liquid <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>. There are river valleys that exhibit <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">wave erosion</a>, seas, and oceans.<a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[40]</a> Scientists hope to study these systems to see how coasts erode without the influence of human activity, something that isn't possible when studying terrestrial rivers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-40">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Rivers_by_amount_of_discharge">Rivers by amount of discharge</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">List of rivers by discharge</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-overlay"> <li class="gallerycaption">Ten largest rivers by discharge (excluding tributaries):</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amazon River"><noscript><img alt="Amazon River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/180px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/180px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" data-alt="Amazon River" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/270px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/360px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Varanasiganga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganges"><noscript><img alt="Ganges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Varanasiganga.jpg/274px-Varanasiganga.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 183px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Varanasiganga.jpg/274px-Varanasiganga.jpg" data-alt="Ganges" data-width="183" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Varanasiganga.jpg/411px-Varanasiganga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Varanasiganga.jpg/547px-Varanasiganga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 163px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Congo River"><noscript><img alt="Congo River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg/293px-Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="5544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 196px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg/293px-Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg" data-alt="Congo River" data-width="196" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg/439px-Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg/585px-Aerial_view_of_the_Congo_River_near_Kisangani.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 176px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orinoco_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orinoco"><noscript><img alt="Orinoco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Orinoco_Bridge.jpg/270px-Orinoco_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Orinoco_Bridge.jpg/270px-Orinoco_Bridge.jpg" data-alt="Orinoco" data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Orinoco_Bridge.jpg/405px-Orinoco_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Orinoco_Bridge.jpg/540px-Orinoco_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 160px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yangtze"><noscript><img alt="Yangtze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/271px-Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/271px-Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg" data-alt="Yangtze" data-width="181" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/406px-Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg/542px-Dusk_on_the_Yangtze_River.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 161px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Río de la Plata"><noscript><img alt="Río de la Plata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/272px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 182px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/272px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG" data-alt="Río de la Plata" data-width="182" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/408px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/544px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 162px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brahmaputra River"><noscript><img alt="Brahmaputra River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg/250px-Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 167px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg/250px-Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg" data-alt="Brahmaputra River" data-width="167" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg/376px-Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg/501px-Brahmaputra_River_Homeward_bound.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 147px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mississippi River"><noscript><img alt="Mississippi River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/240px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/240px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg" data-alt="Mississippi River" data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/360px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg/480px-Efmo_View_from_Fire_Point.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yenisey"><noscript><img alt="Yenisey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/277px-%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 185px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/277px-%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg" data-alt="Yenisey" data-width="185" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/415px-%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/554px-%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 165px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 277.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paraná River"><noscript><img alt="Paraná River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paran%C3%A1.jpg/413px-Paran%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5811" data-file-height="2534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 276px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paran%C3%A1.jpg/413px-Paran%C3%A1.jpg" data-alt="Paraná River" data-width="276" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paran%C3%A1.jpg/620px-Paran%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paran%C3%A1.jpg/826px-Paran%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 256px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Lists of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tide" title="Salt tide">Salt tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamology" title="Potamology">Potamology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossings">Crossings</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="River transport">River transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">Steamboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sci.News%3A+Breaking+Science+News&rft.atitle=Deep%2C+Perennial+or+Semi-Perennial+Rivers+Flowed+on+Early+Mars+%7C+Sci.News&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci.news%2Fspace%2Frivers-early-mars-08404.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E2%2580%259COur%2520study%2520demonstrates%2520sustained%2520river%2Cprecipitation-driven%2520hydrological%2520cycle.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerard2023" class="citation web cs1">Berard, Adrienne (23 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/curiosity-rover-finds-new-evidence-ancient-mars-rivers-key-signal-life">"Curiosity rover finds new evidence of ancient Mars rivers, a key signal for life | Penn State University"</a>. psu.edu. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psu.edu&rft.atitle=Curiosity+rover+finds+new+evidence+of+ancient+Mars+rivers%2C+a+key+signal+for+life+%7C+Penn+State+University&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft.aulast=Berard&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psu.edu%2Fnews%2Fresearch%2Fstory%2Fcuriosity-rover-finds-new-evidence-ancient-mars-rivers-key-signal-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargitai2021" class="citation cs2">Hargitai, Henrik (2021), Hargitai, Henrik; Kereszturi, Ákos (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_167-1">"[Flumen], Flumina"</a>, Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1–1, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_167-1">10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_167-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-9213-9"><bdi>978-1-4614-9213-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 October 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Planetary+Landforms&rft.atitle=%5BFlumen%5D%2C+Flumina&rft.pages=1-1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_167-1&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-9213-9&rft.aulast=Hargitai&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-9213-9_167-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2024" class="citation web cs1">Chu, Jennifer (19 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2024/study-titans-lakes-may-be-shaped-by-waves-0619">"Study: Titan's lakes may be shaped by waves"</a>. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> River at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River&oldid=1256618069">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River&oldid=1256618069</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=River&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 November 2024, at 20:09 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C3%ABng" title="Kruëng – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kruëng" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivier" title="Rivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluss" title="Fluss – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fluss" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ወንዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1" title="نهر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo" title="Río – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܢܗܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܗܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%A2u" title="Arâu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arâu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revi%C3%A9re" title="Reviére – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Reviére" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="নদী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নদী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu" title="Ríu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ríu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipi" title="Sipi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Sipi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysyry" title="Ysyry – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ysyry" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80" title="ГӀор – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀор" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawira" title="Jawira – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jawira" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ay_(co%C4%9Frafiya)" title="Çay (coğrafiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çay (coğrafiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_(%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7)" title="چای (جوغرافیا) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چای (جوغرافیا)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukad" title="Tukad – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tukad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sungai" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khe" title="Khe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0" title="Йылға – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йылға" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рака – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рака – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog" title="Salog – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Salog" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Река – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Река" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu%C3%9F" title="Fluß – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fluß" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ་རྒྱུན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ་རྒྱུན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rijeka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAr" title="Stêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гол мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гол мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu" title="Riu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Юханшыв – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юханшыв" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba" title="Suba – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Suba" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eka" title="Řeka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řeka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje" title="Mtsinje – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwizi" title="Rwizi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rwizi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiume" title="Fiume – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fiume" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon" title="Afon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flod" title="Flod – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flod" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewwer" title="Rewwer – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Rewwer" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluss" title="Fluss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fluss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bka" title="Rěka – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rěka" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5gi" title="Jõgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jõgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ποταμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποταμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B2mm" title="Fiòmm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fiòmm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Лей – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лей" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo" title="Río – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivero" title="Rivero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rivero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu" title="Ríu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ríu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibai" title="Ibai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ibai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="رود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naddi" title="Naddi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naddi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Rivière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rivière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivier" title="Rivier – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rivier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flum" title="Flum – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Flum" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn" title="Abhainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awin" title="Awin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Awin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn" title="Abhainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Abhainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo" title="Río – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дода хий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дода хий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F" title="江 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="江" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="رۊبار – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊبار" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2" title="Hò – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95" title="강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogin" title="Kogin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kogin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Գետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%9Bka" title="Rěka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rěka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka_(vodotok)" title="Rijeka (vodotok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rijeka (vodotok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutula" title="Dutula – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Dutula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivero" title="Rivero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rivero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osimiri" title="Osimiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osimiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karayan" title="Karayan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karayan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvio" title="Fluvio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fluvio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuk" title="Kuuk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kuuk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цæугæдон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæугæдон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlambo" title="Umlambo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umlambo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umfula" title="Umfula – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umfula" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Á" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiume" title="Fiume – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiume" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8" title="נהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%94%C9%94" title="Pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ನದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83_(%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Суу (черек, къобан) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Суу (черек, къобан)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="მდინარე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მდინარე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Өзен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өзен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avon" title="Avon – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Avon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzi" title="Uruzi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uruzi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruzi" title="Uruzi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Uruzi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mto" title="Mto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE" title="Ю – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ю" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubu" title="Mubu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mubu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuksa" title="Kuksa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kuksa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivy%C3%A8" title="Rivyè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rivyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larivy%C3%A8" title="Larivyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Larivyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87em" title="Çem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дарыя – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дарыя" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruf" title="Ruf – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ruf" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flumen" title="Flumen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Flumen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upe" title="Upe – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Upe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floss" title="Floss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Floss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ВацӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ВацӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up%C4%97" title="Upė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Upė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reveer" title="Reveer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Reveer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mot%C3%ADma" title="Motíma – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Motíma" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio" title="Rio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogi" title="Jogi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jogi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rirxe" title="rirxe – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rirxe" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fium" title="Fium – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fium" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foly%C3%B3" title="Folyó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Folyó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songay" title="Songay – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Songay" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Река – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Река" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renirano" title="Renirano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Renirano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3" title="წყარმალუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარმალუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1" title="نهر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%87" title="روخنه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روخنه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sungai" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu" title="Riu – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Riu" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ляйсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ляйсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Гол мөрөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гол мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မြစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uciwai" title="Uciwai – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Uciwai" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivier" title="Rivier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rivier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revier" title="Revier – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Revier" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="खुसि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D" title="川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciummo" title="Sciummo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sciummo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Эрк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struum" title="Struum – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Struum" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riveh" title="Riveh – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Riveh" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elv" title="Elv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elv" title="Elv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivi%C3%A9the_-_Rivyire" title="Riviéthe - Rivyire – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Riviéthe - Rivyire" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribi%C3%A8ra" title="Ribièra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ribièra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D2%A5%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эҥер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Эҥер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ନଦୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryo" title="Daryo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daryo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਦਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawadan" title="Tarawadan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tarawadan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ခြောင် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခြောင်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu" title="Riu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Riu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سيند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba" title="Riba – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Riba" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81" title="ទន្លេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទន្លេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroom_(Water)" title="Stroom (Water) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stroom (Water)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeka" title="Rzeka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio" title="Rio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1rya" title="Dárya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Dárya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zen" title="Özen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Özen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2u" title="Râu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Râu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasho" title="Nasho – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Nasho" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flum" title="Flum – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Flum" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayu" title="Mayu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mayu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ріка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ріка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Река – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Река" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Өрүс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өрүс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="नदी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नदी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱜᱟᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱟᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/River" title="River – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="River" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84i" title="Äi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Äi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noka" title="Noka – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Noka" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noka" title="Noka – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Noka" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi" title="Lumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciumi" title="Ciumi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciumi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F" title="ගංගා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගංගා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River" title="River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="درياھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="درياھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieka" title="Rieka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rieka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reka" title="Reka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Reka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzyka" title="Rzyka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Rzyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webiyada" title="Webiyada – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Webiyada" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕووبار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووبار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Река – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Река" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rijeka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walungan" title="Walungan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Walungan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joki" title="Joki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flod" title="Flod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Flod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog" title="Ilog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif" title="Asif – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Asif" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif" title="Asif – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asif" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jume" title="Jume – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Jume" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Елга – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Елга" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/llyung" title="llyung – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="llyung" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="నది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="แม่น้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91" title="Дарё – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Дарё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%B4" title="ᎤᏪᏴ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏪᏴ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%27he%27e" title="Ó'he'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ó'he'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86" title="ಸುದೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸುದೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehir" title="Nehir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%C3%BDa" title="Derýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Derýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ghyui" title="A̱ghyui – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ghyui" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Річка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dah" title="Dah – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dah" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiume" title="Fiume – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiume" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogi" title="Jogi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jogi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng" title="Sông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5gi" title="Jõgi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jõgi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCchi" title="Süchi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Süchi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%9D" title="川 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="川" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riviere" title="Riviere – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Riviere" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salog" title="Salog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dex" title="Dex – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dex" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="河流" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="טייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%B2" title="Odò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Odò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3" title="河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro" title="Ro – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ro" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C4%97s" title="Opės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Opės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="河流" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suang" title="Suang – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Suang" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sungai" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangari" title="Batangari – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Batangari" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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