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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of wastewater. For the infrastructure to transport sewage, see <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewerage</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Sewage (or domestic sewage, domestic wastewater, municipal wastewater) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> that is produced by a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> of people. It is typically transported through a <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tilley-2014-1">[1]</a>: 175 Sewage consists of wastewater discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 10 Sub-types of sewage are <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> (from sinks, bathtubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers) and <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a> (the water used to flush <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a>, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human waste</a> that it flushes away). Sewage also contains soaps and detergents. Food waste may be present from <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">dishwashing</a>, and food quantities may be increased where <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">garbage disposal units</a> are used. In regions where <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a> is used rather than <a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidets</a>, that paper is also added to the sewage. Sewage contains macro-pollutants and micro-pollutants, and may also incorporate some <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a> and pollutants from <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>. Sewage usually travels from a building's <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a> either into a <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer</a>, which will carry it elsewhere, or into an <a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">onsite sewage facility</a>. Collection of sewage from several households together usually takes places in either <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewers</a>. The former is designed to exclude <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> flows whereas the latter is designed to also take stormwater. The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> options, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of the community, level of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">metering</a> of household consumption, water cost and water pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 20 The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess the sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and indicators of fecal contamination.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 33 These can be considered to be the main macro-pollutants in sewage. Sewage contains <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> which stem from <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">fecal matter</a>. The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage: pathogenic <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> (in the form of cysts or oocysts) and <a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">helminths</a> (in the form of eggs).<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2006-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-4">[4]</a> In order to quantify the organic matter, indirect methods are commonly used: mainly the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical Oxygen Demand</a> (BOD) and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical Oxygen Demand</a> (COD).<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 36 Management of sewage includes collection and transport for release into the environment, after a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">treatment level</a> that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil or for reuse applications.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 156 Disposal options include dilution (self-purification of water bodies, making use of their <a href="/wiki/Assimilative_capacity" title="Assimilative capacity">assimilative capacity</a> if possible), <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">marine outfalls</a>, land disposal and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">sewage farms</a>. All disposal options may run risks of causing <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Sewage_and_wastewater">1.1 Sewage and wastewater</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Blackwater">1.2 Blackwater</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Greywater">1.3 Greywater</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Overall_appearance">2 Overall appearance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Pollutants">3 Pollutants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Organic_matter">3.1 Organic matter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Nutrients">3.2 Nutrients</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pathogens">3.3 Pathogens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Solid_waste">3.4 Solid waste</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Micro-pollutants">3.5 Micro-pollutants</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Typical_sewage_composition">4 Typical sewage composition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Factors_that_determine_composition">4.1 Factors that determine composition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Concentrations_and_loads">4.2 Concentrations and loads</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Flowrates">5 Flowrates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Analytical_methods">6 Analytical methods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#General_quality_indicators">6.1 General quality indicators</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Specific_organisms_and_substances">6.2 Specific organisms and substances</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Collection">7 Collection</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sanitary_sewer">7.1 Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Combined_sewer">7.2 Combined sewer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Dilution_in_the_sewer">8 Dilution in the sewer</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Infiltration_of_groundwater_into_the_sewerage_system">8.1 Infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Stormwater">8.2 Stormwater</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Industrial_wastewater">8.3 Industrial wastewater</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Disposal_and_dilution">9 Disposal and dilution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Assimilative_capacity_of_receiving_water_bodies_or_land">9.1 Assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies or land</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Other_disposal_methods">9.2 Other disposal methods</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Marine_outfall">9.2.1 Marine outfall</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Global_situation">9.3 Global situation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Treatment">10 Treatment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Reuse_and_reclamation">11 Reuse and reclamation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Sewage_farm">11.1 Sewage farm</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Regulations">12 Regulations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage_and_wastewater">Sewage and wastewater</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sewage and wastewater" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sewage (or domestic wastewater) consists of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> discharged from residences and from commercial, institutional and public facilities that exist in the locality.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 10 Sewage is a mixture of water (from the community's <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>), <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human excreta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>), used water from <a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">bathrooms</a>, food preparation wastes, laundry wastewater, and other waste products of normal living. Sewage from municipalities contains wastewater from commercial activities and institutions, e.g. wastewater discharged from <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">laundries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">offices</a>, stores and establishments serving the local area of larger communities.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 21 Sewage can be distinguished into "untreated sewage" (also called "raw sewage") and "treated sewage" (also called "effluent" from a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plant</a>). The term "sewage" is nowadays often used interchangeably with "wastewater" – implying "municipal wastewater" – in many textbooks, policy documents and the literature.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henze-2008-6">[6]</a> To be precise, wastewater is a broader term, because it refers to any <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> after it has been used in a variety of applications.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 1 Thus it may also refer to "<a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>", <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater</a> and other flows that are not related to household activities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blackwater">Blackwater</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blackwater" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackwater_(waste)&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> context denotes <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> from toilets which likely contains <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> that may spread by the <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal–oral route</a>. Blackwater can contain <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">feces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, water and toilet paper from <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a>. Blackwater is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwater_(waste)_:0-7">[7]</a> Blackwater and greywater are kept separate in "ecological buildings", such as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">autonomous buildings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicles</a> often have separate holding tanks for greywater from showers and sinks, and blackwater from the toilet.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greywater">Greywater</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greywater" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greywater&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a> (or grey water, sullage, <a href="/wiki/Spelling_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling differences">also spelled</a> gray water in the United States) refers to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic wastewater">domestic wastewater</a> generated in households or office buildings from streams without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for the wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include <a href="/wiki/Sinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinks">sinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">showers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">baths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washing_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Washing machines">washing machines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dishwashers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishwashers">dishwashers</a>. As greywater contains fewer <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> than <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a>, it is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> onsite for <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">toilet flushing</a>, landscape or crop <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and other non-<a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable</a> uses. Greywater may still have some pathogen content from laundering soiled clothing or cleaning the <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anal area</a> in the shower or bath. The application of greywater reuse in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_urban_water_management" title="Integrated urban water management">urban water systems</a> provides substantial benefits for both the <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> subsystem, by reducing the demand for fresh <a href="/wiki/Clean_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean water">clean water</a>, and the wastewater subsystems by reducing the amount of conveyed and treated wastewater.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Treated greywater has many uses, such as toilet flushing or irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_(6908385151).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/220px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/220px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/330px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg/440px-Pumping_station_lifting_the_wastewater_%286908385151%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pumping station lifting sewage to the treatment plant in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>, Burundi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_(3109542163).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/170px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/170px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/255px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg/340px-Greywater_settling_tank_and_grease_trap_%283109542163%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a> (a component of sewage) in a settling tank</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Overall_appearance">Overall appearance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overall appearance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The overall appearance of sewage is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 30 The temperature tends to be slightly higher than in drinking water but is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black. The <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> of fresh sewage is "oily" and relatively unpleasant, whereas older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas and other decomposition by-products.<a href="#cite_note-lcu-10">[10]</a>: 9–38 Sewage can have high <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> from suspended solids. The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH value</a> of sewage is usually near neutral, and can be in the range of 6.7–8.0.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 57 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Pollutants">Pollutants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pollutants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Sewage consists primarily of water and usually contains less than one part of solid matter per thousand parts of water. In other words, one can say that sewage is composed of around 99.9% pure water, and the remaining 0.1% are solids, which can be in the form of either dissolved solids or <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 28 The thousand-to-one ratio is an order of magnitude estimate rather than an exact percentage because, aside from variation caused by dilution, solids may be defined differently depending upon the mechanism used to separate those solids from the liquid fraction. <a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludges</a> of settleable solids removed by <a href="/wiki/Settling" title="Settling">settling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a> removed by <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> may contain significant amounts of entrained water, while dried solid material remaining after evaporation eliminates most of that water but includes dissolved minerals not captured by filtration or gravitational separation.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The suspended and dissolved solids include organic and inorganic matter plus microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 28 About one-third of this solid matter is suspended by <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>, while the remainder is <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">dissolved</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a>. For the situation in the United States in the 1950s it was estimated that the waste contained in domestic sewage is about half <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic</a> and half <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lcu-10">[10]</a>: 9–38 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_matter">Organic matter</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organic matter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The organic matter in sewage can be classified in terms of form and size: Suspended (particulate) or dissolved (soluble). Secondly, it can be classified in terms of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a>: either inert or biodegradable.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 35 The organic matter in sewage consists of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> compounds (about 40%), <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (about 25–50%), oils and grease (about 10%) and <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> and others (lower quantity).<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 35 In order to quantify the organic matter content, it is common to use "indirect methods" which are based on the consumption of oxygen to oxidize the organic matter: mainly the <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical Oxygen Demand</a> (BOD) and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical Oxygen Demand</a> (COD).<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 36 These indirect methods are associated with the major impact of the discharge of organic matter into water bodies: the organic matter will be food for microorganisms, whose population will grow, and lead to the consumption of oxygen, which may then affect aquatic living organisms. The mass load of organic content is calculated as the sewage flowrate multiplied with the concentration of the organic matter in the sewage.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 55 Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage is provided further down below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nutrients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Apart from organic matter, sewage also contains nutrients. The major nutrients of interest are <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. If sewage is discharged untreated, its nitrogen and phosphorus content can lead to pollution of lakes and reservoirs via a process called <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 77 In raw sewage, nitrogen exists in the two forms of organic nitrogen or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The ammonia stems from the <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed and therefore not usually found in raw sewage.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 43 Total phosphorus is mostly present in sewage in the form of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>.They are either inorganic (polyphosphates and orthophosphates) and their main source is from <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a> and other household chemical products. The other form is organic phosphorus, where the source is organic compounds to which the organic phosphorus is bound.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 45 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pathogens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">Human feces</a> in sewage may contain <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> capable of transmitting diseases.<a href="#cite_note-lcu-10">[10]</a>: 9–38 The following four types of pathogens are found in sewage:<a href="#cite_note-WHO-2006-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-4">[4]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> like <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enteroviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroviruses">enteroviruses</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> like <a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">Helminths</a> and their eggs including <a href="/wiki/Ascaris" title="Ascaris">Ascaris</a> (roundworm), <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma" title="Ancylostoma">Ancylostoma</a> (hookworm), and <a href="/wiki/Trichuris" title="Trichuris">Trichuris</a> (whipworm)</li></ul> In most practical cases, pathogenic organisms are not directly investigated in laboratory analyses. An easier way to assess the presence of fecal contamination is by assessing the <a href="/wiki/Most_probable_number" title="Most probable number">most probable numbers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform" title="Fecal coliform">fecal coliforms</a> (called thermotolerant coliforms), especially <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>. Escherichia coli are intestinal bacteria excreted by all warm blooded animals, including human beings, and thus tracking their presence in sewage is easy, because of their substantially high concentrations (around 10 to 100 million per 100 mL).<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 52 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid_waste">Solid waste</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solid waste" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._(6845984661).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/220px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/220px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/330px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg/440px-Screening_of_the_wastewater_to_remove_larger_objects._%286845984661%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Screening of the sewage with bar screens at a sewage treatment plant to remove larger objects in Norton, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Screen_(6619766435).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/220px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/220px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/330px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg/440px-Screen_%286619766435%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Screening of sewage at a sewage treatment plant in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>, Burundi</figcaption></figure> The ability of a <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilet</a> to make things "disappear" is soon recognized by young children who may experiment with virtually anything they can carry to the toilet.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Adults may be tempted to dispose of <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">wet wipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">diapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary napkin">sanitary napkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampons</a>, tampon applicators, <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, and expired <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>, even at the risk of causing blockages. The privacy of a toilet offers a clandestine means of removing embarrassing evidence by flushing such things as <a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">drug paraphernalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy test</a> kits, <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a> dispensers, and the packaging for those devices. There may be reluctance to retrieve items like children's toys or toothbrushes which accidentally fall into toilets, and items of clothing may be found in sewage from prisons or other locations where occupants may be careless.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Trash and garbage in streets may be carried to combined sewers by stormwater runoff. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micro-pollutants">Micro-pollutants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Micro-pollutants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sewage contains <a href="/wiki/Environmental_persistent_pharmaceutical_pollutant" title="Environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant">environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trihalomethane" title="Trihalomethane">Trihalomethanes</a> can also be present as a result of past <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">disinfection</a>. Sewage may contain <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> such as polyethylene and polypropylene beads, or polyester and polyamide fragments<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> from synthetic clothing and bedding fabrics abraded by wear and laundering, or from <a href="/wiki/Plastic_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic packaging">plastic packaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">plastic-coated paper</a> products disintegrated by <a href="/wiki/Lift_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift station">lift station</a> pumps. <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a>, endocrine disrupting compounds, and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> may be excreted in urine or feces if not <a href="/wiki/Catabolized" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabolized">catabolized</a> within the human body. Some residential users tend to pour unwanted liquids like used <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 228 <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 228 <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 228 and <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectants</a> into their sewer connections. This behavior can result in problems for the treatment plant operation and is thus discouraged. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Typical_sewage_composition">Typical sewage composition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Typical sewage composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_that_determine_composition">Factors that determine composition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Factors that determine composition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The composition of sewage varies with climate, social and economic situation and population habits.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 28 In regions where water use is low, the strength of the sewage (or pollutant concentrations) is much higher than that in the United States where water use per person is high.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 183 Household income and diet also plays a role: For example, for the case of Brazil, it has been found that the higher the household income, the higher is the BOD load per person and the lower is the BOD concentration.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 57 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concentrations_and_loads">Concentrations and loads</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Concentrations and loads" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Typical values for physical–chemical characteristics of raw sewage in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> have been published as follows: 180 g/person/d for total solids (or 1100 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 50 g/person/d for BOD (300 mg/L), 100 g/person/d for COD (600 mg/L), 8 g/person/d for total nitrogen (45 mg/L), 4.5 g/person/d for ammonia-N (25 mg/L) and 1.0 g/person/d for total phosphorus (7 mg/L).<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 57 The typical ranges for these values are: 120–220 g/person/d for total solids (or 700–1350 mg/L when expressed as a concentration), 40–60 g/person/d for BOD (250–400 mg/L), 80–120 g/person/d for COD (450–800 mg/L), 6–10 g/person/d for total nitrogen (35–60 mg/L), 3.5–6 g/person/d for ammonia-N (20–35 mg/L) and 0.7–2.5 g/person/d for total phosphorus (4–15 mg/L).<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 57 For high income countries, the "per person organic matter load" has been found to be approximately 60 gram of BOD per person per day.<a href="#cite_note-Henze-2008-6">[6]</a> This is called the <a href="/wiki/Population_equivalent" title="Population equivalent">population equivalent</a> (PE) and is also used as a comparison parameter to express the strength of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a> compared to sewage. Values for households in the United States have been published as follows, whereby the estimates are based on the assumption that 25% of the homes have <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">kitchen waste-food grinders</a> (sewage from such households contain more waste): 95 g/person/d for total <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">suspended solids</a> (503 mg/L concentration), 85 g/person/d for BOD (450 mg/L), 198 g/person/d for COD (1050 mg/L), 13.3 g/person/d for the sum of organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen (70.4 mg/L), 7.8 g/person/d for ammonia-N (41.2 mg/L) and 3.28 g/person/d for total phosphorus (17.3 mg/L). The concentration values given here are based on a flowrate of 190 L per person per day.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 183 A United States source published in 1972 estimated that the daily dry weight of solid wastes <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> in sewage is estimated as 20.5 g (0.72 oz) in feces, 43.3 g (1.53 oz) of dissolved solids in urine, 20 g (0.71 oz) of toilet paper, 86.5 g (3.05 oz) of greywater solids, 30 g (1.1 oz) of food solids (if <a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">garbage disposal units</a> are used), and varying amounts of dissolved minerals depending upon salinity of local water supplies, volume of water use per capita, and extent of <a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">water softener</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 234 Sewage contains urine and feces. The mass of feces varies with dietary fiber intake. An average person produces 128 grams of wet feces per day, or a median dry mass of 29 g/person/day.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-2015-20">[20]</a> The median urine generation rate is about 1.42 L/person/day, as was determined by a global literature review.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-2015-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Flowrates">Flowrates</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flowrates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The volume of domestic sewage produced per person (or "<a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a>", abbreviated as "cap") varies with the water consumption in the respective locality.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 11 A range of factors influence water consumption and hence the sewage flowrates per person. These include: Water availability (the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> options, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> (warmer climates may lead to greater water consumption), community size, economic level of the community, level of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">metering</a> of household consumption, water cost and water pressure.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 20 The production of sewage generally corresponds to the water consumption. However water used for landscape irrigation will not enter the sewer system, while <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> may enter the sewer system in addition to sewage.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 22 There are usually two peak flowrates of sewage arriving at a treatment plant per day: One peak is at the beginning of the morning and another peak is at the beginning of the evening.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 24 With regards to water consumption, a design figure that can be regarded as "world average" is 35–90 L per person per day (data from 1992).<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 163 The same publication listed the water consumption in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> as 80 L per person per day, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> as 15–35 L per person per day, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> in Europe as 40–85 L per person per day and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> as 70–190 L per person per day.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 163 Even inside a country, there may be large variations from one region to another due to the various factors that determine the water consumption as listed above. A flowrate value of 200 liters of sewage per person per day is often used as an estimate in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high income countries</a>, and is used for example in the design of sewage treatment plants.<a href="#cite_note-Henze-2008-6">[6]</a> For comparison, typical sewage flowrates from urban residential sources in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are estimated as follows: 365 L/person/day (for one person households), 288 L/person/day (two person households), 200 L/person/day (four person households), 189 L/person/day (six person households).<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 156 This means the overall range for this example would be 189–365 L (42–80 imp gal; 50–96 US gal). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Analytical_methods">Analytical methods</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Analytical methods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_quality_indicators">General quality indicators</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General quality indicators" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wastewater_quality_indicators&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Wastewater quality indicators</a> are <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> test <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodologies</a> to assess suitability of <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> for disposal, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">treatment</a> or reuse. The main parameters in sewage that are measured to assess the sewage strength or quality as well as treatment options include: solids, indicators of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, indicators of fecal contamination.<a href="#cite_note-Wastewater_quality_indicators_Marcos-21">[21]</a>: 33 Tests selected vary with the intended use or discharge location. Tests can measure physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the wastewater. Physical characteristics include temperature and solids. Chemical characteristics include pH value, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">dissolved oxygen</a> concentrations, <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a> (BOD) and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorine. Biological characteristics are determined with <a href="/wiki/Bioassay" title="Bioassay">bioassays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">aquatic toxicology</a> tests.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_organisms_and_substances">Specific organisms and substances</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Specific organisms and substances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sewage can be monitored for both disease-causing and benign organisms with a variety of techniques. Traditional techniques involve filtering, staining, and examining samples under a microscope. Much more sensitive and specific testing can be accomplished with <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a>, such as when looking for rare organisms, attempting <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">eradication</a>, testing specifically for drug-resistant strains, or discovering new species.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Sequencing DNA from an environmental sample is known as <a href="/wiki/Metagenomics" title="Metagenomics">metagenomics</a>. Sewage has also been analyzed to determine relative rates of use of prescription and illegal drugs among municipal populations.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> General socioeconomic demographics may be inferred as well.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Collection">Collection</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Collection" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wastewater_in_street_(informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town),_South_Africa_(2937833876).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/220px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/220px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/330px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg/440px-Wastewater_in_street_%28informal_settlement_near_Cape_Town%29%2C_South_Africa_%282937833876%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lack of maintenance causing sewage to overflow from a manhole into the street of an informal settlement near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> Sewage is commonly collected and transported in <a href="/wiki/Gravity_sewer" title="Gravity sewer">gravity sewers</a>, either in a <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer</a>. The latter also conveys <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>) which means the sewage gets diluted during rain events.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 9 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitary_sewer">Sanitary sewer</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sanitary sewer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanitary_sewer&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sanitary sewer</a> is an underground pipe or tunnel system for transporting sewage from houses and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial building">commercial buildings</a> (but not <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>) to a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment plant</a> or disposal.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_sewer">Combined sewer</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Combined sewer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Combined_sewer&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">combined sewer</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Gravity_sewer" title="Gravity sewer">gravity sewer</a> with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">urban runoff</a> together to a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plant or disposal site. This means that during rain events, the sewage gets diluted, resulting in higher flowrates at the treatment site. Uncontaminated <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> simply dilutes sewage, but runoff may dissolve or suspend virtually anything it contacts on roofs, streets, and storage yards.<a href="#cite_note-Combined_sewer_mjh-27">[27]</a>: 296 As rainfall travels over roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> particles and other <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, heavy metals, <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>, animal waste, and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">grease</a>. Combined sewers may also receive dry weather drainage from landscape <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, construction <a href="/wiki/Dewatering" title="Dewatering">dewatering</a>, and washing <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a>.</div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Dilution_in_the_sewer">Dilution in the sewer</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dilution in the sewer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration_of_groundwater_into_the_sewerage_system">Infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage system</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Infiltration of groundwater into the sewerage system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Infiltration is <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> entering sewer pipes through defective pipes, connections, joints or <a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">manholes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 164 Contaminated or <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> groundwater may introduce additional pollutants to the sewage. The amount of such infiltrated water depends on several parameters, such as the length of the collection network, pipeline diameters, drainage area, soil type, water table depth, topography and number of connections per unit area.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 26 Infiltration is increased by poor construction procedures, and tends to increase with the age of the sewer. The amount of infiltration varies with the depth of the sewer in comparison to the local <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwater table">groundwater table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lcu-10">[10]</a>: 9–1, 9–9 Older sewer systems that are in need of rehabilitation may also exfiltrate sewage into groundwater from the leaking sewer joints and service connections.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 167 This can lead to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNWATER2015-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stormwater">Stormwater</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stormwater" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Combined sewers are designed to transport sewage and stormwater together. This means that sewage becomes diluted during rain events. There are other types of inflow that also dilute sewage, e.g. "water discharged from cellar and foundation drains, cooling-water discharges, and any direct stormwater runoff connections to the sanitary collection system".<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 163 The "direct inflows" can result in peak sewage flowrates similar to combined sewers during wet weather events.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 165 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_wastewater">Industrial wastewater</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Industrial wastewater" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></div> Sewage from communities with industrial facilities may include some <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>, generated by industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods. Volumes of industrial wastewater vary widely with the type of industry.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 27 Industrial wastewater may contain very different pollutants at much higher concentrations than what is typically found in sewage.<a href="#cite_note-Tchobanoglous-2003-5">[5]</a>: 188 Pollutants may be <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> or non-<a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a> waste including <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceuticals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>. An industry may treat its wastewater and discharge it into the environment (or even use the treated wastewater for specific applications), or, in case it is located in the urban area, it may discharge the wastewater into the public sewerage system. In the latter case, industrial wastewater may receive pre-treatment at the factories to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_pollutant_concentration" title="Measures of pollutant concentration">pollutant load</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 27 Mixing industrial wastewater with sewage does nothing to reduce the mass of pollutants to be treated, but the volume of sewage lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to industrial wastewater, and the volume of industrial wastewater lowers the concentration of pollutants unique to sewage. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Disposal_and_dilution">Disposal and dilution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Disposal and dilution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/170px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/170px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/255px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg/340px-FEMA_-_42863_-_Outfall_tubes_in_Ocean_City_beach.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Ocean outfall</a> pipes in <a href="/wiki/Cape_May,_New_Jersey" title="Cape May, New Jersey">Cape May, New Jersey</a>, United States – pipes exposed after the sand was removed by severe storm</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Disposal_or_treatment_options" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment § Disposal or treatment options</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilative_capacity_of_receiving_water_bodies_or_land">Assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies or land</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Assimilative capacity of receiving water bodies or land" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> When wastewater is discharged into a <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">water body</a> (river, lakes, sea) or land, its relative impact will depend on the <a href="/wiki/Assimilative_capacity" title="Assimilative capacity">assimilative capacity</a> of the water body or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 78 Water bodies have a self-purification capacity, so that the concentration of a pollutant may decrease along the distance from the discharge point. Furthermore, water bodies provide a dilution to the pollutants concentrations discharged, although it does not decrease their mass. In principle, the higher the dilution capacity (ratio of volume or flow of the receiving water and volume or flow of sewage discharged), the lower will be the concentration of pollutants in the receiving water, and probably the lower will be the negative impacts. But if the water body already arrives very polluted at the point of discharge, the dilution will be of limited value.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In several cases, a community may treat partially its sewage, and still count on the assimilative capacity of the water body. However, this needs to be analyzed very carefully, taking into account the quality of the water in the receiving body before it receives the discharge of sewage, the resulting water quality after the discharge and the impact on the intended water uses after discharge. There are also specific legal requirements in each country. Different countries have different regulations regarding the specifications of the quality of the sewage being discharged and the quality to be maintained in the receiving water body.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 152 The combination of treatment and disposal must comply with existing local regulations. The assimilative capacity depends – among several factors – on the ability of the receiving water to sustain dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> concentrations necessary to support organisms <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolizing</a> organic waste.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 9, 673 For example, fish may die if dissolved oxygen levels are depressed below 5 mg/L.<a href="#cite_note-l&f-31">[31]</a>: 573 Application of sewage to land can be considered as a form of final disposal or of treatment, or both.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 189 Land disposal alternatives require consideration of land availability, groundwater quality, and possible soil deterioration.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disposal_methods">Other disposal methods</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other disposal methods" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Sewage may be discharged to an <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltration basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lcu-10">[10]</a>: 9–41 <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a> is used to reduce <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>, or replenish <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> used for agricultural <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>. Treatment is usually required to sustain <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolation</a> capacity of infiltration basins, and more extensive treatment may be required for aquifers used as <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 700–703 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_outfall">Marine outfall</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marine outfall" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">Marine outfall</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_outfall&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Marine_outfall" title="Marine outfall">marine outfall</a> (or ocean outfall) is a pipeline or tunnel that discharges municipal or industrial <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer_overflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined sewer overflow">combined sewer overflows</a> (CSOs), <a href="/wiki/Cooling_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling water">cooling water</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> effluents from <a href="/wiki/Water_desalination" class="mw-redirect" title="Water desalination">water desalination</a> plants to the sea. Usually they discharge under the sea's surface (submarine outfall). In the case of municipal wastewater, effluent is often being discharged after having undergone no or only primary <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">treatment</a>, with the intention of using the assimilative capacity of the sea for further treatment. Submarine <a href="/wiki/Outfall" title="Outfall">outfalls</a> are common throughout the world and probably number in the thousands. The light intensity and salinity in natural sea water disinfects the wastewater to ocean outfall system significantly.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> More than 200 outfalls alone have been listed in a single international database maintained by the Institute for Hydromechanics at <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsruhe University">Karlsruhe University</a> for the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Hydraulic_Engineering_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research">International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research</a> (IAHR) / <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">International Water Association</a> (IWA) Committee on Marine Outfall Systems.<a href="#cite_note-Marine_outfall_Database-34">[34]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_situation">Global situation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Global situation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Global_situation" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment § Global situation</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewage_treatment&action=edit#Global_situation">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Before the 20th century in Europe, sewers usually discharged into a <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> such as a river, lake, or ocean. There was no treatment, so the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human waste</a> was left to the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. This could lead to satisfactory results if the <a href="/wiki/Assimilative_capacity" title="Assimilative capacity">assimilative capacity</a> of the ecosystem is sufficient which is nowadays not often the case due to increasing population density.<a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_Marcos2-35">[35]</a>: 78 Today, the situation in urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized countries</a> is usually that sewers route their contents to a sewage treatment plant rather than directly to a body of water. In many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, however, the bulk of municipal and industrial wastewater is discharged to rivers and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> without any treatment or after preliminary treatment or primary treatment only. Doing so can lead to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. Few reliable figures exist on the share of the wastewater collected in sewers that is being treated worldwide. A global estimate by <a href="/wiki/UNDP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDP">UNDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/UN-Habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="UN-Habitat">UN-Habitat</a> in 2010 was that 90% of all wastewater generated is released into the environment untreated.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> A more recent study in 2021 estimated that globally, about 52% of sewage is treated.<a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_Jones-2021-37">[37]</a> However, sewage treatment rates are highly unequal for different countries around the world. For example, while <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income countries</a> treat approximately 74% of their sewage, <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> treat an average of just 4.2%.<a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_Jones-2021-37">[37]</a> As of 2022, without sufficient treatment, more than 80% of all wastewater generated globally is released into the environment. High-income nations treat, on average, 70% of the wastewater they produce, according to UN Water.<a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_European_Investment_Bank-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Only 8% of wastewater produced in low-income nations receives any sort of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Sewage_treatment_European_Investment_Bank-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Treatment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></div> Sewage treatment is beneficial in reducing environmental pollution. <a href="/wiki/Bar_screen" title="Bar screen">Bar screens</a> can remove large solid debris from sewage,<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 274–275 and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Primary_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">primary treatment</a> can remove floating and <a href="/wiki/Settleable_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Settleable matter">settleable matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 446 Primary treated sewage usually contains less than half of the original solids content and approximately two-thirds of the BOD in the form of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolved</a> organic compounds.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a> can reduce the BOD of organic waste in undiluted sewage,<a href="#cite_note-l&f-31">[31]</a>: 575 but is less effective for dilute sewage.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Water disinfection">Water disinfection</a> may be attempted to kill pathogens prior to disposal, and is increasingly effective after more elements of the foregoing treatment sequence have been completed.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf_&_Eddy-19">[19]</a>: 359 </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Reuse_and_reclamation">Reuse and reclamation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Reuse and reclamation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></div> An alternative to discharge into the environment is to <a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reuse</a> the sewage in a productive way (for agricultural, urban or industrial uses), in compliance with local regulations and requirements for each specific reuse application. Public health risks of sewage reuse in agriculture can be minimized by following a "multiple barrier approach" according to guidelines by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2006-45">[45]</a> There is also the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">resource recovery</a> which could make <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture more sustainable</a> by using <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> recovered from sewage.<a href="#cite_note-Banwart-2021-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andersson-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sewage_farm">Sewage farm</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sewage farm" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farm</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sewage_farm&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_farm" title="Sewage farm">Sewage farms</a> use sewage for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and fertilizing agricultural land. The practice is common in warm, arid climates where irrigation is valuable while sources of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">fresh water are scarce</a>. Suspended solids may be converted to <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> by microbes and bacteria in order to supply <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrients</a> for crop growth. Many <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized nations</a> use conventional <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants nowadays instead of sewage farms. These reduce <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> problems; but sewage farming remains a low-cost option for some <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. Sewage farming should not be confused with sewage disposal through <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">infiltration basins</a> or subsurface <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drains</a>.</div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Regulations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></div> Sewage management includes collection and transport for release into the environment after a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">treatment level</a> that is compatible with the local requirements for discharge into water bodies, onto soil, or for reuse applications.<a href="#cite_note-Marcos-2">[2]</a>: 156 In most countries, uncontrolled discharges of wastewater to the environment are not permitted under law, and strict water quality requirements are to be met. For requirements in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act#Point_sources" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>. Sewage management regulations are often part of a country's broader <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> policies. These may also include the management of <a href="/wiki/Human_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Human excreta">human excreta</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">non-sewered collection systems</a>), <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">solid waste</a> and stormwater. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="18" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater-based_epidemiology" title="Wastewater-based epidemiology">Wastewater-based epidemiology</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tilley-2014-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley-2014_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTilleyUlrichLüthiReymond2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/">Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies</a> (2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0"><bdi>978-3-906484-57-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408021403/http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Sanitation+Systems+and+Technologies&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Aquatic+Science+and+Technology+%28Eawag%29%2C+Duebendorf%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-906484-57-0&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BCthi%2C+C.&rft.au=Reymond%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Zurbr%C3%BCgg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2Fsandec%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcos-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcos_2-36">ak</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Sperling2007" class="citation journal cs1">Von Sperling, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/72/Wastewater-Characteristics-Treatment-and-Disposal">"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"</a>. Water Intelligence Online. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2F9781780402086">10.2166/9781780402086</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78040-208-6"><bdi>978-1-78040-208-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-1777">1476-1777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Intelligence+Online&rft.atitle=Wastewater+Characteristics%2C+Treatment+and+Disposal&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1476-1777&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2F9781780402086&rft.isbn=978-1-78040-208-6&rft.aulast=Von+Sperling&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiwaponline.com%2Febooks%2Fbook%2F72%2FWastewater-Characteristics-Treatment-and-Disposal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-2006-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2006_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO-2006_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01B64IJhqY0C&pg=PA31">Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wasterwater, Excreta and Greywater</a>. World Health Organization. 2006. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-154685-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-154685-9"><bdi>92-4-154685-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71253096">71253096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+Safe+Use+of+Wasterwater%2C+Excreta+and+Greywater&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71253096&rft.isbn=92-4-154685-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01B64IJhqY0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andersson-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andersson_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson,_K.Rosemarin,_A.Lamizana,_B.Kvarnström,_E.2016" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, K.; Rosemarin, A.; Lamizana, B.; Kvarnström, E.; McConville, J.; Seidu, R.; Dickin, S.; Trimmer, C. 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Boston: McGraw-Hill. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-041878-0"><bdi>0-07-041878-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48053912">48053912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wastewater+engineering%3A+treatment+and+reuse&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48053912&rft.isbn=0-07-041878-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Henze-2008-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henze-2008_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenzevan_LoosdrechtEkamaBrdjanovic2008" class="citation book cs1">Henze, M.; van Loosdrecht, M. C. M.; Ekama, G.A.; Brdjanovic, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book/59/Biological-Wastewater-Treatment-Principles">Biological Wastewater Treatment: Principles, Modelling and Design</a>. 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Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154685-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154685-0"><bdi>978-92-4-154685-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017235811/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014. 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Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.leeds.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+agricultural+%E2%80%93+sanitation+circular+economy%3A+opportunities+and+benefits&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5518%2F100%2F71&rft.aulast=Banwart&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Carter%2C+L.&rft.au=Daniell%2C+T.&rft.au=Yong-Guan%2C+Z.&rft.au=Guo%2C+H.&rft.au=Guest%2C+J.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+S.&rft.au=Chen%2C+X.&rft.au=Evans%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Finfo%2F130600%2Fpolicy_leeds%2F879%2Fpolicy_briefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASewage" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Sewage&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/sanitation-and-wastewater-atlas-africa">Sanitation and Wastewater Atlas of Africa</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sewage" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sewage">sewage</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" 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last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 October 2024, at 22:49 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81" title="مياه صرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مياه صرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сцёкавыя воды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцёкавыя воды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Отходни води – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отходни води" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obwossa" title="Obwossa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Obwossa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otpadna_voda" title="Otpadna voda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otpadna voda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%BCes_residuals_urbanes" title="Aigües residuals urbanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigües residuals urbanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%83_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аннă шывсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аннă шывсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spla%C5%A1kov%C3%A1_voda" title="Splašková voda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Splašková voda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spildevand" title="Spildevand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spildevand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolva%C4%8D%C3%A1hci" title="Duolvačáhci – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duolvačáhci" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwasser" title="Abwasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abwasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reovesi" title="Reovesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reovesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguas_residuales" title="Aguas residuales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aguas residuales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloaka_akvo" title="Kloaka akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kloaka akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_zikin" title="Ur zikin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur zikin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="فاضلاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاضلاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaux_us%C3%A9es" title="Eaux usées – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eaux usées" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offalwetter" title="Offalwetter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Offalwetter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augas_residuais" title="Augas residuais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Augas residuais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%88%98" title="폐수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կեղտաջրեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղտաջրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="अपजल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपजल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmiri_mkpofu" title="Mmiri mkpofu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmiri mkpofu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_limbah" title="Air limbah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air limbah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi_amdaka" title="Amanzi amdaka – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Amanzi amdaka" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3lp" title="Skólp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skólp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acque_reflue" title="Acque reflue – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acque reflue" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שפכים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפכים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჩამდინარე წყალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩამდინარე წყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Ағынды су – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ағынды су" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlo_ize" title="Dlo ize – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dlo ize" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ыплас суулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ыплас суулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuotekos" title="Nuotekos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nuotekos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szennyv%C3%ADz" title="Szennyvíz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szennyvíz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="सांडपाणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सांडपाणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%90%D8%AC%D9%90%D8%B1" title="پِجِر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پِجِر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbahan" title="Kumbahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumbahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%81" title="Бохир ус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бохир ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afvalwater" title="Afvalwater – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afvalwater" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%B4" title="生活排水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生活排水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avl%C3%B8psvann" title="Avløpsvann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avløpsvann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigassas" title="Aigassas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aigassas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="فاضلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فاضلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Acieki" title="Ścieki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ścieki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81guas_residuais" title="Águas residuais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Águas residuais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape_uzate" title="Ape uzate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ape uzate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27upa_yaku" title="Q'upa yaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'upa yaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Сточные воды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сточные воды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abas_residuales" title="Abas residuales – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abas residuales" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uj%C3%ABrat_e_zeza" title="Ujërat e zeza – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ujërat e zeza" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sewage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpadov%C3%A1_voda" title="Odpadová voda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odpadová voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odpadne_vode" title="Odpadne vode – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odpadne vode" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Отпадне воде – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отпадне воде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otpadne_vode" title="Otpadne vode – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otpadne vode" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4tevesi" title="Jätevesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jätevesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avloppsvatten" title="Avloppsvatten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avloppsvatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கழிவுநீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கழிவுநீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="น้ำเสีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำเสีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C4%B1k_su" title="Atık su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atık su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Стічні води – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стічні води" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_th%E1%BA%A3i" title="Nước thải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước thải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="污水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="污水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B1%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="生活污水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生活污水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 October 2024, at 22:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul 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