CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Philadelphia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9ef3e7ee-22d2-4bb2-b28a-4b3389262626","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Philadelphia","wgTitle":"Philadelphia","wgCurRevisionId":1259982854,"wgRevisionId":1259982854,"wgArticleId":50585,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","Pages with reference errors","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: generic name","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Pages with broken reference names","Articles with short description", "Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use mdy dates from November 2023","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata", "Pages using Sister project links with default search","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Philadelphia","1682 establishments in Pennsylvania","Cities in Pennsylvania","Consolidated city-counties","County seats in Pennsylvania","Former capitals of the United States","Former state capitals in the United States","Pennsylvania populated places on the Delaware River","Planned communities in the United States","Populated places established in 1682","Populated places on the Schuylkill River","Port cities and towns of the Pennsylvania Atlantic coast","Ukrainian communities in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Philadelphia","wgRelevantArticleId":50585,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.9528,"lon":-75.1636},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1345","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.kartographer.staticframe","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg/1200px-Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1505"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg/800px-Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1003"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg/640px-Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="802"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Philadelphia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Philadelphia rootpage-Philadelphia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philadelphia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philadelphia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Philadelphia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Philadelphia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Native peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>American Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>City planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_Series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_Series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Time Series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_Series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_cultural_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_cultural_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Immigration and cultural diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_cultural_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finance_and_corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_and_corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Finance and corporations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_and_corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tech_and_biotech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tech_and_biotech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tech and biotech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tech_and_biotech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Trade and transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Law and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Law and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Law_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Environmental policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Public safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Police and law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firefighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firefighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Firefighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firefighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.3</span> <span>Bus service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.4</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_purity_and_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_purity_and_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Water purity and availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_purity_and_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.3</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.4</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philadelphia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 169 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">169 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%AB" title="ፊላዴልፊያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊላዴልፊያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro%C3%BEorlufeburh" title="Broþorlufeburh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Broþorlufeburh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلادلفيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلادلفيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia_(Pensilvania)" title="Filadelfia (Pensilvania) – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Filadelfia (Pensilvania)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Pennsylvania)" title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfiya" title="Filadelfiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Filadelfiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیلادلفیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلادلفیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphie" title="Philadelphie – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Philadelphie" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ফিলাডেলফিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলাডেলফিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филадельфия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Филадельфия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філадэльфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філадэльфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філадэлфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філадэлфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филаделфия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филаделфия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filad%C3%A8lfia" title="Filadèlfia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filadèlfia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Филадельфи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Филадельфи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfie" title="Filadelfie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filadelfie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfi,_Pennsilfaani" title="Filadelfi, Pennsilfaani – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Filadelfi, Pennsilfaani" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee%CA%BCeld%C3%AD%C3%ADls%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Beeʼeldíílsání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Beeʼeldíílsání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_(%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1)" title="Φιλαδέλφεια (Πενσυλβάνια) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλαδέλφεια (Πενσυλβάνια)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filad%C3%A8lfia" title="Filadèlfia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Filadèlfia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfio_(Pensilvanio)" title="Filadelfio (Pensilvanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filadelfio (Pensilvanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیلادلفیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلادلفیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphie" title="Philadelphie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philadelphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filideilfia,_Pennsylvania" title="Filideilfia, Pennsylvania – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Filideilfia, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="費城 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="費城" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلادلفيا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فيلادلفيا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE,_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ફિલાડેલ્ફિયા, પેન્સિલવેનિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફિલાડેલ્ફિયા, પેન્સિલવેનિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍆𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍆𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B8%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84" title="필라델피아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필라델피아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆիլադելֆիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիլադելֆիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़िलाडेल्फ़िया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िलाडेल्फ़िया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ফিলাডেলফিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফিলাডেলফিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Филадельфи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Филадельфи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פילדלפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילדלפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಫಿಲಡೆಲ್ಫಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫಿಲಡೆಲ್ಫಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილადელფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილადელფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филадельфия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Филадельфия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsilvani" title="Philadelphia, Pennsilvani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Philadelphia, Pennsilvani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEladelfiya" title="Fîladelfiya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fîladelfiya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Филадельфи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Филадельфи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfija" title="Filadelfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filadelfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfija" title="Filadelfija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filadelfija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Pennsylvania)" title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Pennsylvania)" title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филаделфија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филаделфија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഫിലഡെൽഫിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലഡെൽഫിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiratarawhia" title="Whiratarawhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whiratarawhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फिलाडेल्फिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिलाडेल्फिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილადელფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილადელფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيلادلفيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلادلفيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیلادلفیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فیلادلفیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filad%C3%A9lfia" title="Filadélfia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Filadélfia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Филадельфи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Филадельфи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဖီလာဒဲလ်ဖီးယားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖီလာဒဲလ်ဖီးယားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Pennsylvania)" title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="फिलाडेल्फिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फिलाडेल्फिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="フィラデルフィア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィラデルフィア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Филадельфи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Филадельфи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filad%C3%A8lfia" title="Filadèlfia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filadèlfia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Филадельфий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Филадельфий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfiya" title="Filadelfiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Filadelfiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਫ਼ਿਲਾਡੈਲਫ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਿਲਾਡੈਲਫ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فلاڈیلفیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلاڈیلفیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="ភីឡាដេលផ្យា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភីឡាដេលផ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia_(Pennsylvania)" title="Filadelfia (Pennsylvania) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Filadelfia (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filad%C3%A9lfia" title="Filadélfia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filadélfia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_(Pennsylvania)" title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Philadelphia (Pennsylvania)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филаделфия – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Филаделфия" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филадельфия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филадельфия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Филаделфиа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Филаделфиа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfia" title="Filadelfia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filadelfia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pensilvanija" title="Philadelphia, Pensilvanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Philadelphia, Pensilvanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfijo" title="Filadelfijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Filadelfijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیلادێلفیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلادێلفیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филаделфија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филаделфија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பிலடெல்பியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலடெல்பியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филадельфия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Филадельфия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఫిలడెల్ఫియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫిలడెల్ఫియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ฟิลาเดลเฟีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิลาเดลเฟีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Филаделфия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Филаделфия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філадельфія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філадельфія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فلاڈیلفیا، پنسلوانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلاڈیلفیا، پنسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filad%C3%A9lfiye" title="Filadélfiye – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Filadélfiye" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadel%27fii" title="Filadel'fii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Filadel'fii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%9F%8E" title="费城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פילאדעלפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פילאדעלפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Philadelphia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="費城 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="費城" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfiya" title="Filadelfiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Filadelfiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="費城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="費城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filadelfij%C9%99" title="Filadelfijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Filadelfijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1345#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Philadelphia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Philadelphia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Philadelphia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&oldid=1259982854" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Philadelphia&id=1259982854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhiladelphia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhiladelphia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Philadelphia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Philadelphia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philadelphia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philadelphia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1345" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Philadelphia&params=39.9528_N_75.1636_W_region:US-PA_type:city(1603797)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°57′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°09′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.9528°N 75.1636°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.9528; -75.1636</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest city in Pennsylvania, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Philly" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Philly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philly (disambiguation)">Philly (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philadelphia (disambiguation)">Philadelphia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consolidated city-county in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Philadelphia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:69px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_(rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skyline of Center City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_%28rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1%29.jpg/278px-Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_%28rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_%28rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1%29.jpg/417px-Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_%28rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_%28rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1%29.jpg/556px-Philadelphia_skyline_from_South_Street_Bridge_January_2020_%28rotate_2_degrees_perspective_correction_crop_4-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3816" data-file-height="954" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Skyline of <a href="/wiki/Center_City_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center City (Philadelphia)">Center City</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Independence National Historical Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg/141px-Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg/212px-Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg/282px-Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3313" data-file-height="4154" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_City_Hall,_aerial_view,_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Philadelphia City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Philadelphia_City_Hall%2C_aerial_view%2C_cropped.png/133px-Philadelphia_City_Hall%2C_aerial_view%2C_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Philadelphia_City_Hall%2C_aerial_view%2C_cropped.png/200px-Philadelphia_City_Hall%2C_aerial_view%2C_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Philadelphia_City_Hall%2C_aerial_view%2C_cropped.png/266px-Philadelphia_City_Hall%2C_aerial_view%2C_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2888" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Train in station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg/157px-Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg/236px-Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg/314px-Silverliner_V_SEPTA-811-philadelphia-22-6-2012-fws.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a> Rail</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elfreth%27s_Alley_(53572700168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elfreth's Alley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Elfreth%27s_Alley_%2853572700168%29.jpg/117px-Elfreth%27s_Alley_%2853572700168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Elfreth%27s_Alley_%2853572700168%29.jpg/176px-Elfreth%27s_Alley_%2853572700168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Elfreth%27s_Alley_%2853572700168%29.jpg/234px-Elfreth%27s_Alley_%2853572700168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elfreth%27s_Alley" title="Elfreth's Alley">Elfreth's Alley</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Philadelphia Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg/278px-PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg/417px-PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg/556px-PhiladelphiaMuseumOfArt2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3897" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Philadelphia"><img alt="Flag of Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/100px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/150px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/200px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Philadelphia" title="Flag of Philadelphia">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Philadelphia"><img alt="Official seal of Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/100px-Seal_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/150px-Seal_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seal_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/200px-Seal_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Philadelphia"><img alt="Official logo of Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg/150px-City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg/225px-City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg/300px-City_of_Philadelphia_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="135" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:φίλος">φίλος</a> <i>phílos</i> (beloved, dear) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀδελφός">ἀδελφός</a> <i>adelphós</i> (brother, brotherly)<br />———-———<br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Philly", "The City of Brotherly Love", <a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Philadelphia" title="Nicknames of Philadelphia">others</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Philadelphia maneto" ("Let brotherly love endure" or "... continue")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="300" data-zoom="8" data-lat="39.953" data-lon="-75.164" data-overlays="["_df0de172ae4b745c346ccfa3fd25bd2e1de4d37b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/39.953/-75.164/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,39.953,-75.164,250x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Philadelphia&revid=1259982854&groups=_df0de172ae4b745c346ccfa3fd25bd2e1de4d37b" width="250" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,39.953,-75.164,250x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Philadelphia&revid=1259982854&groups=_df0de172ae4b745c346ccfa3fd25bd2e1de4d37b 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Philadelphia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philadelphia is located in Pennsylvania"><img alt="Philadelphia is located in Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Pennsylvania_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="805" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.85%;left:89.297%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philadelphia"><img alt="Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Philadelphia</span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Pennsylvania">state of Pennsylvania</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Pennsylvania</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Philadelphia is located in the United States"><img alt="Philadelphia is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.844%;left:84.215%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philadelphia"><img alt="Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Philadelphia</span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philadelphia is located in North America"><img alt="Philadelphia is located in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1185" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.533%;left:72.668%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philadelphia"><img alt="Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Philadelphia</span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of North America</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philadelphia is located in Earth"><img alt="Philadelphia is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/250px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/375px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/500px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.804%;left:29.121%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Philadelphia"><img alt="Philadelphia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div><span class="nowrap">Philadelphia</span></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Earth</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Philadelphia&params=39.9528_N_75.1636_W_region:US-PA_type:city(1603797)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°57′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">75°09′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.9528°N 75.1636°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.9528; -75.1636</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historic countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Historic colony</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Province of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1682<span class="noprint">; 342 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1682</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-weigley_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weigley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">October 25, 1701</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Philadelphia">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cherelle_Parker" title="Cherelle Parker">Cherelle Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">142.70 sq mi (369.59 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">134.36 sq mi (347.98 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">8.34 sq mi (21.61 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">39 ft (12 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,603,797</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-QuickFacts_city_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts_city-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,567,258</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">10th</a> in North America<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">6th</a> in the United States<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">1st</a> in Pennsylvania</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,936.92/sq mi (4,608.86/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-urban_area_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,696,125 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000.8/sq mi (1,158.6/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2020Pop_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,245,051 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Philadelphian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Philadelphia (MSA)</th><td class="infobox-data">$518.5 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%925" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−5">UTC−5</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_Eastern_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%924" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−4">UTC−4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">19092–19093, 19099, 191xx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_215,_267,_and_445" title="Area codes 215, 267, and 445">215, 267, 445</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standards" title="Federal Information Processing Standards">FIPS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42-60000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">1215531<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phila.gov/">www<wbr />.phila<wbr />.gov</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Philadelphia</b>, colloquially referred to as <b>Philly</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Pennsylvania">most populous city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a><sup id="cite_ref-QuickFacts_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">sixth-most populous city in the United States</a>, with a population of 1,603,797 in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>. The city is the urban core of the larger <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a>, also known as the Philadelphia metropolitan area, the nation's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">eighth-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> and seventh-largest <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area" title="Combined statistical area">combined statistical area</a> with 6.245 million residents and 7.366 million residents, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia has played an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia" title="History of Philadelphia">extensive role</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States history</a>. The city was founded in 1682 by <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>, an <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> and advocate of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>, and served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Colony</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">British colonial era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weigley_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weigley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city went on to play a historic and vital role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, serving as the central meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">nation's founding fathers</a>, hosting the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> in 1774, preserving the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell#Early_days_(1754–1777)" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>, and hosting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> during which the nation's 56 founders formed the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and elected <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> as its commander in 1775, and unanimously adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> on July 4, 1776. For nine months, from September 1777 to June 1778, the city fell under <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British occupation</a> during the war's <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Creation_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Creation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1787, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> was ratified in Philadelphia at the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a>. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, and it served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">four subsequent occasions</a> until 1800, when construction of the new national capital in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia maintains extensive contemporary influence in <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Philadelphia" title="Economy of Philadelphia">business and industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Philadelphia" title="Culture of Philadelphia">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">sports</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia" title="Music of Philadelphia">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Philadelphia" title="List of colleges and universities in Philadelphia">17 four-year universities and colleges</a> in the city, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">academic research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is a national cultural center, hosting more <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">outdoor sculptures</a> and murals than any other city in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, when combined with adjacent <a href="/wiki/Wissahickon_Valley_Park" title="Wissahickon Valley Park">Wissahickon Valley Park</a> in the same <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>, is 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_parks_by_size" title="List of urban parks by size">world's 54th-largest</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tplrank_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tplrank-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia is known for its arts, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Philadelphia" title="Culture of Philadelphia">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia cuisine">cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a> and Revolutionary-era history; in 2016, it attracted 42 million domestic tourists who spent $6.8 billion, representing $11 billion in economic impact to the city and its surrounding Pennsylvania counties.<sup id="cite_ref-Visit_Philadelphia_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visit_Philadelphia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">five professional sports teams</a> and one of the nation's most loyal and passionate fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has a culturally and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropically</a> active <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Philadelphia">LGBTQ+ community</a>. Philadelphia also has played an immensely <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia" title="Music of Philadelphia">influential historic and ongoing role</a> in the development and evolution of American music, especially <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Philadelphia metropolitan area had a <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP">gross metropolitan product</a> of US$518.5 billion<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is home to five <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> corporate headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metropolitan Philadelphia ranks as one of the Big Five U.S. <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> hubs, facilitated by its geographic proximity to both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tech_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="List of tech companies in the New York metropolitan area">entrepreneurial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">financial ecosystems</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal regulatory</a> environment of Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyVentureCapitalHub_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyVentureCapitalHub-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater Philadelphia is also a <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> hub. The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange" title="Philadelphia Stock Exchange">Philadelphia Stock Exchange</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> since 2008, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">options</a> trading.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a>, the city's primary rail station, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_Amtrak_stations" title="List of busiest Amtrak stations">third-busiest Amtrak hub</a> in the nation, and the city's <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal transportation">multimodal transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> infrastructure also includes <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic</a> gateway and transcontinental hub;<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyMajorTransAtlanticHub_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyMajorTransAtlanticHub-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rapidly-growing <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia" title="Port of Philadelphia">PhilaPort seaport</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-RapidlyGrowingPhiladelphiaSeaport_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RapidlyGrowingPhiladelphiaSeaport-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_(Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 95 (Pennsylvania)">Interstate 95</a>, the spine of the north–south highway system along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">U.S. East Coast</a>. </p><p>Philadelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first <a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">library</a> (1731),<sup id="cite_ref-Firsts_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firsts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">hospital</a> (1751),<sup id="cite_ref-Firsts_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firsts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania">medical school</a> (1765),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">national capital</a> (1774),<sup id="cite_ref-senate_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States" title="First university in the United States">university (by some accounts)</a> (1779),<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America" title="Bank of North America">central bank</a> (1781),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange" title="Philadelphia Stock Exchange">stock exchange</a> (1790),<sup id="cite_ref-Firsts_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firsts-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Zoo" title="Philadelphia Zoo">zoo</a> (1874),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania">business school</a> (1881).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia contains 67 <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia">National Historic Landmarks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the city's 17th century founding through the present, Philadelphia has been the birthplace or home to an extensive number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia" title="List of people from Philadelphia">prominent and influential Americans</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia" title="History of Philadelphia">History of Philadelphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philadelphia" title="Timeline of Philadelphia">Timeline of Philadelphia</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia">List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Philadelphia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia">National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_peoples">Native peoples</h3></div> <p>Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century, the Philadelphia area was home to the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon" title="Treaty of Shackamaxon">Shackamaxon</a>. They were also called the Delaware Indians,<sup id="cite_ref-josephy_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their historical territory was along the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Lower Hudson Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Lenape were pushed out of the region during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-josephy_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-josephy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and conflict with Europeans. The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> basin. Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and subsequent formation of an independent United States, the Lenape began moving further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most remaining Lenape in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">eastern United States</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and surrounding territories as part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial">Colonial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg/220px-The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg/330px-The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg/440px-The_Birth_of_Pennsylvania_1680_cph.3g07157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> (holding paper) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> depicted in <i>The Birth of Pennsylvania 1680</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leon_Gerome_Ferris" title="Jean Leon Gerome Ferris">Jean Leon Gerome Ferris</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Penn_with_Indians_by_Benjamin_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>'s 1682 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon" title="Treaty of Shackamaxon">Treaty of Shackamaxon</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> tribe depicted in <i><a href="/wiki/Penn%27s_Treaty_with_the_Indians" title="Penn's Treaty with the Indians">Penn's Treaty with the Indians</a></i>, a 1772 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Portraiture of the City of Philadelphia, by Thomas Holme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Original_City_of_Philadelphia_in_1682_by_Thomas_Holme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5330" data-file-height="3761" /></a><figcaption>A 1683 portrait of Philadelphia by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holme" title="Thomas Holme">Thomas Holme</a>, believed to be the city's first map</figcaption></figure> <p>Europeans first entered Philadelphia and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> in the early 17th century. The first settlements were founded by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch colonists</a>, who built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(South_River)" title="Fort Nassau (South River)">Fort Nassau</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> in 1623 in what is now <a href="/wiki/Brooklawn,_New_Jersey" title="Brooklawn, New Jersey">Brooklawn, New Jersey</a>. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Christina" title="Fort Christina">Fort Christina</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>, and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannocks</a> in their war against <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1648, the Dutch built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beversreede" title="Fort Beversreede">Fort Beversreede</a> on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> near the present-day <a href="/wiki/Eastwick,_Philadelphia" title="Eastwick, Philadelphia">Eastwick</a> section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> responded by building <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden#Forts" title="New Sweden">Fort Nya Korsholm</a>, or New <a href="/wiki/Korsholm" title="Korsholm">Korsholm</a>, named after a town in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> with a Swedish majority. </p><p>In 1655, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch armed forces">Dutch military</a> campaign led by New Netherland Director-General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a> took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence. The Swedish and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finnish people</a> settlers continued to have their own <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. An English fleet captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, though the situation did not change substantially until 1682, when the area was included in <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>'s charter for Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> granted Penn a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> for what would become the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania colony</a>. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> in an effort to establish good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penn made a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon" title="Treaty of Shackamaxon">treaty of friendship</a> with Lenape chief <a href="/wiki/Tamanend" title="Tamanend">Tammany</a> under an elm tree at <a href="/wiki/Shackamaxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shackamaxon">Shackamaxon</a>, in what is now the city's <a href="/wiki/Fishtown,_Philadelphia" title="Fishtown, Philadelphia">Fishtown</a> neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-weigley_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weigley-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "brotherly love", derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> terms <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:φίλος">φίλος</a> <i>phílos</i> (beloved, dear) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀδελφός">ἀδελφός</a> <i>adelphós</i> (brother, brotherly). There were a number of cities named <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philadelphia (disambiguation)">Philadelphia</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> during the Greek and Roman periods, including modern <a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Alaşehir</a>, mentioned as the site of an early Christian congregation in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a>, Penn had experienced <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, which exceeded that of other colonies, led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> to keep houses and businesses spread far apart with areas for gardens and <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a>. </p><p>The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, however, and instead crowded the present-day <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia" title="Port of Philadelphia">Port of Philadelphia</a> on the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Penn left Philadelphia for the final time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. Though poor at first, Philadelphia became an important trading center with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones that were among the first in the nation, including a <a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">fire company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">hospital</a>. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical societies</a> were formed, which were centers of the city's intellectual life, including the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785), the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts (1787), the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University" title="Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University">Academy of Natural Sciences</a> (1812), and the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> (1824).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These societies developed and financed new industries that attracted skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania in the American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> presenting their draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> on June 28, 1776, depicted in <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">an 1818 painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>; historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a> called the Declaration "the most potent and consequential words in American history."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> served as the presidential mansion for the nation's first two <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, from 1790 to 1800 prior to the completion of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> as the nation's new capital.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall,_Aug_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg/220px-Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg/330px-Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg/440px-Exterior_of_the_Independence_Hall%2C_Aug_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut Street</a> between 5th and 6th streets, where the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> was signed and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> was ratified, on July 4, 1776, and June 21, 1788, respectively</figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">America's revolutionaries</a>. By the 1750s, Philadelphia surpassed <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> as the largest city and busiest <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, and the second-largest city in the entire <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1774, as resentment of <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonial</a> practices and support for independence was burgeoning in the colonies, Philadelphia hosted the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>. </p><p>From 1775 to 1781, Philadelphia hosted the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in what was then called the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Pennsylvania State House</a> and was later renamed Independence Hall. Historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Joseph Ellis</a>, in 2007, described the Declaration of Independence, written predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, as "the most potent and consequential words in American history,"<sup id="cite_ref-American_Creation_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Creation-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its adoption represented a declaration of war against the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a>, which was then the world's most powerful military force. Since the Declaration's July 4, 1776, adoption, its signing has been cited globally and repeatedly by various peoples of the world seeking independence and liberty. It also has been, since its adoption, the basis for annual celebration by Americans; in 1938, this celebration of the Declaration was formalized as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>, one of only <a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">eleven designated U.S. federal holidays</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chadds_Ford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania">Chadds Ford Township</a>, on September 11, 1777, during the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a>, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless and the city prepared for what was perceived to be an inevitable British attack. Because bells could easily be recast into munitions, the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>, then known as the Pennsylvania State Bell, and bells from two Philadelphia churches, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Philadelphia)">St. Peter's Church</a>, were hastily taken down and transported by heavily guarded wagon train out of the city. The Liberty Bell was taken to <a href="/wiki/High_German_Evangelical_Reformed_Church" title="High German Evangelical Reformed Church">Zion German Reformed Church</a> in Northampton Town, which is present-day <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>, where it was hidden under the church's floor boards for nine months from September 1777 until the British Army's departure from Philadelphia in June 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Revolutionary War battles, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mifflin" title="Siege of Fort Mifflin">Siege of Fort Mifflin</a>, fought between September 26 and November 16, 1777, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a>, fought on October 4, 1777, took place within Philadelphia's city limits. </p><p>In Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress adopted the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> on November 15, 1777, and the city later served as the meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a>, which ratified the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> in Independence Hall in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. </p><p>Philadelphia served as capital of the United States for much of the colonial and early post-colonial periods, including for a decade, from 1790 to 1800, while <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, was being constructed and prepared to serve as the new national capital.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, the largest <a href="/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic" title="1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic">yellow fever epidemic</a> in U.S. history killed approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people in Philadelphia, or about ten percent of the city's population at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the United States was moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800 upon completion of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> buildings. </p><p>The state capital was moved from Philadelphia to <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> in 1799, then ultimately to <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> in 1812. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until the late 18th century. It also was the nation's financial and cultural center until ultimately being eclipsed in total population by <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1790. In 1816, the city's free Black community founded the <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, the first independent Black denomination in the country, and the first Black <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>. The free Black community also established many schools for its children with the help of <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>. Large-scale construction projects for new roads, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, and railroads made Philadelphia the first major <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial</a> city in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg/220px-City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg/330px-City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg/440px-City_of_Philadelphia_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3955" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Loan of the City of Philadelphia, issued March 7, 1866</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centennial_Exhibition,_Opening_Day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/220px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/330px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg/440px-Centennial_Exhibition%2C_Opening_Day.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2548" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>Opening day ceremonies at the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)">Memorial Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> in 1876, the first <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world fair</a> held in the U.S. on the centennial anniversary of the nation's founding</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia hosted a variety of industries and businesses; the largest was the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>. Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works" title="Baldwin Locomotive Works">Baldwin Locomotive Works</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cramp_%26_Sons" title="William Cramp & Sons">William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 1870, the Philadelphia Conveyancers' Association was chartered by the state in 1871. Along with the U.S. Centennial in 1876, the city's industry was celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a>, the first official <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">World's fair</a> in the U.S. </p><p>Immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Germany, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. These immigrants were largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1835_Philadelphia_general_strike" title="1835 Philadelphia general strike">first general strike in North America</a> in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a> in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of <a href="/wiki/South_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="South Street (Philadelphia)">South Street</a> and later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-<a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>, anti-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_nativist_riots" title="Philadelphia nativist riots">riots</a> erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Consolidation,_1854" title="Act of Consolidation, 1854">Act of Consolidation of 1854</a>, which extended the city limits from the 2 square miles (5.2 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> to the roughly 134 square miles (350 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Consolidation_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consolidation-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter half of the 19th century and leading into the 20th century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Italy, and African Americans from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern U.S.</a> settled in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Grays_(Philadelphia)" title="Washington Grays (Philadelphia)">Washington Grays</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930, largely stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg/220px-Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg/330px-Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg/440px-Chestnut_Street_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> at night in February 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 20th century, Philadelphia had an entrenched <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a> and a complacent population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is meant by a "complacent population"? (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)" title="Philadelphia general strike (1910)">a general strike</a> shut down the entire city.<sup id="cite_ref-AFL_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFL-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, following outrage over the election-year murder of a Philadelphia police officer, led to the shrinking of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">City Council</a> from two houses to just one.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a <a href="/wiki/Race_riots_in_Philadelphia_during_the_1919_Red_Summer" title="Race riots in Philadelphia during the 1919 Red Summer">race riot</a> during <a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> in post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> unrest as recent immigrants competed with Blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> laws, <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>, mob violence, and corrupt police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> as the city's director of public safety, but political pressure still prevented long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic whites</a> constituted 86.8% of the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, the population peaked at more than two million residents, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry that led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization enticed many affluent residents to depart the city for its outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. The resulting reduction in Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment, and it approached bankruptcy by the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/1985_MOVE_bombing" title="1985 MOVE bombing">MOVE Bombing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cobbs_Creek,_Philadelphia" title="Cobbs Creek, Philadelphia">Cobbs Creek</a> neighborhood by city helicopters occurred, killing 11 and destroying 61 homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Demby_2015_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demby_2015-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Revitalization and <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century with much of the development occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="University City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">University City</a> neighborhoods. But this expanded a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a> in the city. After many manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination. Contemporary glass-and-granite <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia">skyscrapers</a> were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s. Historic areas such as <a href="/wiki/Old_City,_Philadelphia" title="Old City, Philadelphia">Old City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_Hill" title="Society Hill">Society Hill</a> were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s, making both areas among the most desirable Center City neighborhoods. Immigrants from around the world began to enter the U.S. through Philadelphia as their gateway, leading to a reversal of the city's population decline between 1950 and 2000, during which it lost about 25 percent of its residents.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <p>Philadelphia eventually began experiencing a growth in its population in 2007, which continued with incremental annual increases through the present.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pop_Estimate_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop_Estimate-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A migration pattern has been established from New York City to Philadelphia by residents opting for a large city with relative proximity and a lower <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <p>Philadelphia's geographic center is about 40° 0′ 34″ north latitude and 75° 8′ 0″ west longitude. The <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th parallel north</a> passes through neighborhoods in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>. The city encompasses 142.71 square miles (369.62 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 134.18 square miles (347.52 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 8.53 square miles (22.09 km<sup>2</sup>), or 6%, is water.<sup id="cite_ref-CenGeoGazetteer_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenGeoGazetteer-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural bodies of water include the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill</a> rivers, lakes in <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Park" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cobbs_Creek" title="Cobbs Creek">Cobbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wissahickon_Creek" title="Wissahickon Creek">Wissahickon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennypack_Creek" title="Pennypack Creek">Pennypack</a> creeks. The largest artificial body of water is East Park Reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>. </p><p>The lowest point is sea level and the highest point is in <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia">Chestnut Hill</a>, about 446 feet (136 m) above sea level on Summit Street near the intersection of Germantown Avenue and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Pike" title="Bethlehem Pike">Bethlehem Pike</a> at: 40.07815 N, 75.20747 W.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia is located on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_Fall_Line" title="Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line">Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line</a> that separates the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Schuylkill River's rapids at <a href="/wiki/East_Falls,_Philadelphia" title="East Falls, Philadelphia">East Falls</a> were inundated by completion of the dam at <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Water_Works" title="Fairmount Water Works">Fairmount Water Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">its own county</a>. The city is bordered by six adjacent counties: <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a> to the northwest; <a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a> to the north and northeast; <a href="/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington County, New Jersey">Burlington County, New Jersey</a> to the east; <a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey" title="Camden County, New Jersey">Camden County, New Jersey</a> to the southeast; <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Gloucester County, New Jersey">Gloucester County, New Jersey</a> to the south; and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware County</a> to the southwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Philadelphia" title="Architecture of Philadelphia">Architecture of Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia">List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_planning">City planning</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_neighborhoods" title="List of Philadelphia neighborhoods">List of Philadelphia neighborhoods</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A651,_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The skyline of Philadelphia seen from the northwest on the Spring Garden Street Bridge over the Schuylkill River in April 2018 (annotated version)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A651%2C_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge%2C_2018.jpg/900px-A651%2C_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A651%2C_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge%2C_2018.jpg/1350px-A651%2C_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A651%2C_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge%2C_2018.jpg/1800px-A651%2C_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="743" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:A651,_Philadelphia_skyline_from_the_Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge,_2018.jpg" title="File:A651, Philadelphia skyline from the Spring Garden Street Bridge, 2018.jpg"> </a></div>The skyline of Philadelphia seen from the northwest on the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge" title="Spring Garden Street Bridge">Spring Garden Street Bridge</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> in April 2018 (annotated version)</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:908px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philadelphia's skyline at twilight from the southwest on the South Street Bridge with the Schuylkill River on the left in July 2016 (annotated version)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg/900px-Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg/1350px-Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg/1800px-Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10968" data-file-height="3656" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_from_South_Street_Bridge_July_2016_panorama_3b.jpg" title="File:Philadelphia from South Street Bridge July 2016 panorama 3b.jpg"> </a></div>Philadelphia's skyline at twilight from the southwest on the <a href="/wiki/South_Street_Bridge_(Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania)" title="South Street Bridge (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)">South Street Bridge</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> on the left in July 2016 (annotated version)</div></div></div> <p>Philadelphia was created in the 17th century, following the plan by <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>'s surveyor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holme" title="Thomas Holme">Thomas Holme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> is structured with long, straight streets running nearly due east–west and north–south, forming a grid pattern between the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill</a> rivers that is aligned with their courses. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia_Squares_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia_Squares-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In keeping with the idea of a "Greene Countrie Towne", and inspired by the many types of trees that grew in the region, Penn named many of the east–west streets for local trees.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia_Squares_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia_Squares-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centre Square was renamed <a href="/wiki/Penn_Square,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Square, Philadelphia">Penn Square</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northeast Square was renamed <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Square_(Philadelphia)" title="Franklin Square (Philadelphia)">Franklin Square</a>; Southeast Square was renamed <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_(Philadelphia)" title="Washington Square (Philadelphia)">Washington Square</a>; Southwest Square was renamed <a href="/wiki/Rittenhouse_Square" title="Rittenhouse Square">Rittenhouse Square</a>; and Northwest Square was renamed <a href="/wiki/Logan_Circle_(Philadelphia)" title="Logan Circle (Philadelphia)">Logan Circle/Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> had an estimated 183,240 residents as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, making it the second-most populated downtown area in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's neighborhoods are divided into six large sections that surround Center City: <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia" title="Southwest Philadelphia">Southwest Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Philadelphia" title="Northwest Philadelphia">Northwest Philadelphia</a>. The city's geographic boundaries have been largely unchanged since these neighborhoods were consolidated in 1854. However, each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods, some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs, townships, and other communities that constituted <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania County</a> before their inclusion within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/City_Planning_Commission_(Philadelphia)" title="City Planning Commission (Philadelphia)">City Planning Commission</a>, tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors <a href="/wiki/John_F._Street" title="John F. Street">John F. Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nutter" title="Michael Nutter">Michael Nutter</a>. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning maps to facilitate future community development, as the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs will be added by 2035. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Housing_Authority" title="Philadelphia Housing Authority">Philadelphia Housing Authority</a> (PHA) is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania. Established in 1937, the PHA is the nation's fourth-largest housing authority, serving about 81,000 people with affordable housing, while employing 1,400 on a budget of $371 million.<sup id="cite_ref-PHA_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Parking_Authority" title="Philadelphia Parking Authority">Philadelphia Parking Authority</a> is responsible for ensuring adequate parking for city residents, businesses, and visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architecture">Architecture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Philadelphia" title="Architecture of Philadelphia">Architecture of Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia">List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg/220px-CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg/330px-CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg/440px-CITY_HALL_PHILADELPHIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5665" data-file-height="3777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a> at night in December 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg/220px-OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg/330px-OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg/440px-OneLiberyPlacePhiladelphia_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="3210" /></a><figcaption>Two of <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City Philadelphia's</a> most prominent high-rise buildings, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Place#One_Liberty_Place" title="Liberty Place">One Liberty Place</a>, built between 1985 and 1987 (in background), and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a>, built between 1871 and 1901 (in foreground)</figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia's architectural history dates back to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial</a> times and includes a wide range of styles. The earliest structures were constructed with <a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">logs</a>, but brick structures were common by 1700. During the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a> was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Philadelphia" title="Christ Church, Philadelphia">Christ Church</a>. </p><p>In the first decades of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a> were the dominant styles produced by Philadelphia architects such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe" title="Benjamin Henry Latrobe">Benjamin Latrobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Strickland_(architect)" title="William Strickland (architect)">William Strickland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Haviland" title="John Haviland">John Haviland</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Notman" title="John Notman">John Notman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ustick_Walter" title="Thomas Ustick Walter">Thomas Walter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sloan_(architect)" title="Samuel Sloan (architect)">Samuel Sloan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia-Page251_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia-Page251-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furness" title="Frank Furness">Frank Furness</a> is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century. His contemporaries included <a href="/wiki/John_McArthur_Jr." title="John McArthur Jr.">John McArthur Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addison_Hutton" title="Addison Hutton">Addison Hutton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Eyre" title="Wilson Eyre">Wilson Eyre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Brothers_%26_Company" title="Wilson Brothers & Company">Wilson Brothers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Trumbauer" title="Horace Trumbauer">Horace Trumbauer</a>. In 1871, construction began on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">Second Empire</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Historical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Historical Commission">Philadelphia Historical Commission</a> was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="Philadelphia Register of Historic Places">Philadelphia Register of Historic Places</a>, adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.<sup id="cite_ref-PNC_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNC-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Philadelphia became home to the first modern <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> skyscraper in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Loews_Philadelphia_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Loews Philadelphia Hotel">PSFS Building</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/George_Howe_(architect)" title="George Howe (architect)">George Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Lescaze" title="William Lescaze">William Lescaze</a>. The 548 ft (167 m) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Place#One_Liberty_Place" title="Liberty Place">One Liberty Place</a> was completed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the late 1980s. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Comcast_Center" title="Comcast Center">Comcast Center</a> surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The <a href="/wiki/Comcast_Technology_Center" title="Comcast Technology Center">Comcast Technology Center</a> was completed in 2018, reaching a height of 1,121 ft (342 m), as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States" title="List of tallest buildings in the United States">tallest building in the United States</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Comcast2_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comcast2-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">row house</a>. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows".<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia-Page251_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia-Page251-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Federal-style continuous blocks in <a href="/wiki/Old_City,_Philadelphia" title="Old City, Philadelphia">Old City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_Hill" title="Society Hill">Society Hill</a> to Victorian-style homes in <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a> to twin row houses in <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>. While newer homes have been built recently, much of the housing dates to the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, which has created problems such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> and vacant lots. Some neighborhoods, including <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liberties,_Philadelphia" title="Northern Liberties, Philadelphia">Northern Liberties</a> and Society Hill, have been rehabilitated through <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elfreth%27s_Alley,_Philadelphia,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elfreth's Alley, first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.[99]"><img alt="Elfreth's Alley, first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Elfreth%27s_Alley%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2008.jpg/252px-Elfreth%27s_Alley%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Elfreth%27s_Alley%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2008.jpg/378px-Elfreth%27s_Alley%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Elfreth%27s_Alley%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2008.jpg/504px-Elfreth%27s_Alley%2C_Philadelphia%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="2118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elfreth%27s_Alley" title="Elfreth's Alley">Elfreth's Alley</a>, first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.<sup id="cite_ref-marker_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marker-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpenters%27_Hall,_Philadelphia,_USA,_May_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpenters' Hall, built between 1770 and 1774 in Georgian architecture style"><img alt="Carpenters' Hall, built between 1770 and 1774 in Georgian architecture style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carpenters%27_Hall%2C_Philadelphia%2C_USA%2C_May_2015.jpg/261px-Carpenters%27_Hall%2C_Philadelphia%2C_USA%2C_May_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carpenters%27_Hall%2C_Philadelphia%2C_USA%2C_May_2015.jpg/392px-Carpenters%27_Hall%2C_Philadelphia%2C_USA%2C_May_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carpenters%27_Hall%2C_Philadelphia%2C_USA%2C_May_2015.jpg/522px-Carpenters%27_Hall%2C_Philadelphia%2C_USA%2C_May_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4236" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a>, built between 1770 and 1774 in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a> style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris,_Jr._statue,_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Second Bank of the United States, built between 1818 and 1824, exhibiting Greek Revival architecture"><img alt="The Second Bank of the United States, built between 1818 and 1824, exhibiting Greek Revival architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris%2C_Jr._statue%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/272px-Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris%2C_Jr._statue%2C_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris%2C_Jr._statue%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/407px-Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris%2C_Jr._statue%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris%2C_Jr._statue%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/543px-Second_Bank_of_the_United_States_with_Robert_Morris%2C_Jr._statue%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, built between 1818 and 1824, exhibiting <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall, built between 1871 and 1901, on South Broad Street"><img alt="Second Empire-style Philadelphia City Hall, built between 1871 and 1901, on South Broad Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg/270px-City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg/405px-City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg/540px-City_hall_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">Second Empire</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a>, built between 1871 and 1901, on South <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirty_St_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Art Deco-style grand concourse at 30th Street Station, one of the nation's busiest passenger train stations, built between 1927 and 1933"><img alt="The Art Deco-style grand concourse at 30th Street Station, one of the nation's busiest passenger train stations, built between 1927 and 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thirty_St_Station.jpg/240px-Thirty_St_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thirty_St_Station.jpg/360px-Thirty_St_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thirty_St_Station.jpg/480px-Thirty_St_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Concourse" title="Concourse">grand concourse</a> at <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a>, one of the nation's busiest passenger train stations, built between 1927 and 1933</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parks">Parks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountains_in_Philadelphia" title="Drinking fountains in Philadelphia">Drinking fountains in Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Philadelphia" title="List of parks in Philadelphia">List of parks in Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0757).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280757%29.jpg/220px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280757%29.jpg/330px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280757%29.jpg/440px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>, the city's largest and one of the world's largest public parks</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city's total park space, including municipal, state, and federal parks in the city, amounts to 11,211 acres (17.5 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-tplrank_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tplrank-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia's largest park is <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Zoo" title="Philadelphia Zoo">Philadelphia Zoo</a> and encompasses 2,052 acres (3.2 sq mi) of the total parkland. Fairmount Park's adjacent <a href="/wiki/Wissahickon_Valley_Park" title="Wissahickon Valley Park">Wissahickon Valley Park</a> contains 2,042 acres (3.2 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-parkacres_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parkacres-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fairmount Park, when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park, is one of the largest contiguous <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a> areas in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-tplrank_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tplrank-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two parks, along with the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal</a>-style <a href="/wiki/List_of_houses_in_Fairmount_Park" title="List of houses in Fairmount Park">mansions</a> in them, have been listed as one entity on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> since 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-NRHP_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRHP-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th> Philadelphia, Pennsylvania </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.59004em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.1</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.3288888888889em;height:1.7em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.0288888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">41</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8288888888889em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.397em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.8</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.4955555555556em;height:1.8666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3622222222222em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.9955555555556em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.01168em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.2511111111111em;height:2.0555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.306666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">53</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.7511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">34</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.76276em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.3622222222222em;height:2.2666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.628888888889em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">65</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8622222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">44</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.69672em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.462222222222em;height:2.2444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.706666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">74</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9622222222222em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">54</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.05232em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.54em;height:2.1444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.684444444444em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">83</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">64</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.22504em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.173333333333em;height:2.0222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.195555555556em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">88</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.673333333333em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">70</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.17932em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.3</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.984444444444em;height:1.9888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.973333333333em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">86</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.484444444444em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">68</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2352em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4.4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.206666666667em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.206666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">79</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">61</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.76276em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">3.5</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.9066666666667em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.906666666667em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">67</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">49</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.47828em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">2.9</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.7511111111111em;height:1.9em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.651111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">56</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.2511111111111em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">39</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.01676em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">4</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.9066666666667em;height:1.6444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5511111111111em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">46</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.4066666666667em; left:0;width:1.5em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: both; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Metric conversion</th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.59004em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">80</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.3288888888889em;height:1.7em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.0288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">5</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.8288888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.397em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">70</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.4955555555556em;height:1.8666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.3622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.9955555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">−3</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.01168em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">101</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.2511111111111em;height:2.0555555555556em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.306666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.7511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">1</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.76276em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">88</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.3622222222222em;height:2.2666666666667em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.628888888889em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.8622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">7</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.69672em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">85</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:10.462222222222em;height:2.2444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.706666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">24</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9622222222222em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">12</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.05232em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">103</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.54em;height:2.1444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.684444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">28</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">18</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.22504em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">111</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:12.173333333333em;height:2.0222222222222em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:14.195555555556em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">31</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.673333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">21</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.17932em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">109</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.984444444444em;height:1.9888888888889em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.973333333333em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">30</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.484444444444em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.2352em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">112</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:11.206666666667em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.206666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">26</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.7066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">16</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.76276em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">88</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:9.9066666666667em;height:2em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.906666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">20</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.4066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">10</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.47828em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">74</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:8.7511111111111em;height:1.9em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.651111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">13</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.2511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">4</span></div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.01676em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"><span style="font-size:70%">101</span></div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.2em;width:1.2em;bottom:7.9066666666667em;height:1.6444444444444em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.5511111111111em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">8</span></div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.4066666666667em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"><span style="font-size:80%">0</span></div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: red; background-color: red">█</span> Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em"><span style="color: #aaccee; background-color: #aaccee">█</span> Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Philadelphia falls under the northern periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> zone (Köppen <i>Cfa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha climate classification</a>, Philadelphia has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a> (<i>Do</i>) limited to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climate</a> (<i>Dc</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summers are typically hot and muggy. Fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is moderately cold. The plant life <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone#Selected_U.S._cities" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zones</a> are 7a and 7b, reflecting an average annual extreme minimum temperature between 0 and 10 °F (−18 and −12 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snowfall is highly variable. Some winters have only light snow while others include major snowstorms. The normal seasonal snowfall averages 22.4 in (57 cm), with rare snowfalls in November or April, and rarely any sustained snow cover.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1972–73, to 78.7 inches (200 cm) in the winter of 2009–10.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's <a href="/wiki/North_American_blizzard_of_1996#Philadelphia_and_Pennsylvania" title="North American blizzard of 1996">heaviest single-storm snowfall</a> was 30.7 in (78 cm), which occurred in January 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to eleven wet days per month,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at an average annual rate of 44.1 inches (1,120 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia has a moderately sunny climate with an average of 2,498 <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">hours of sunshine</a> annually. The percentage of sunshine ranges from 47% in December to 61% in June, July, and August.<sup id="cite_ref-noaasun-Phily1961_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaasun-Phily1961-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The January daily average temperature is 33.7 °F (0.9 °C). The temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws. July averages 78.7 °F (25.9 °C). Heat waves accompanied by high humidity and <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat indices</a> are frequent, with highs reaching or exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 30 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 to April 2,<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry, with February having the lowest average precipitation at 2.75 inches (70 mm). The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 and 64.5 °F (15 and 18 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) on August 7, 1918. Temperatures at or above 100 °F (38 °C) are not common, with the last occurrence of such a temperature being July 21, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-philadelphia1_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philadelphia1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest officially recorded temperature was −11 °F (−24 °C) on February 9, 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-philadelphia1_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philadelphia1-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) are rare, with the last such occurrence being <a href="/wiki/1994_North_American_cold_wave" title="1994 North American cold wave">January 19, 1994</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The record low maximum is 5 °F (−15 °C) on February 10, 1899, and December 30, 1880. The record high minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on July 23, 2011, and July 24, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philadelphia_weatherbox" title="Template:Philadelphia weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philadelphia_weatherbox" title="Template talk:Philadelphia weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia_weatherbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Climate data for Philadelphia (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia Airport</a>), 1991–2020 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1872–present<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79<br />(26) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87<br />(31) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(35) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104<br />(40) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106<br />(41) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">102<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84<br />(29) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">106<br />(41) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.3<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.5<br />(17.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.8<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.3<br />(29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.2<br />(32.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.8<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.1<br />(36.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.8<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.6<br />(32.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.6<br />(28.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.4<br />(22.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2<br />(17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">98.1<br />(36.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(5.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.8<br />(11.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.7<br />(18.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.4<br />(23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.2<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.8<br />(31.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.8<br />(29.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.9<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.9<br />(13.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">65.2<br />(18.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(6.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5<br />(12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3<br />(17.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.5<br />(23.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.8<br />(24.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.9<br />(21.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.2<br />(14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.4<br />(8.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56.3<br />(13.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(−3.3) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(−2.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2<br />(12.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9<br />(17.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.6<br />(20.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.9<br />(19.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.9<br />(16.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.2<br />(9.6) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2<br />(−0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.3<br />(8.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(−11.8) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(−10.2) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(−6.2) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1<br />(6.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.2<br />(16.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.3<br />(15.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(−3.1) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(−7.2) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.6<br />(−13.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7<br />(−22) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−11<br />(−24) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(−15) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(−10) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(−2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br />(7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(11) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44<br />(7) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(2) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(−4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(−13) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5<br />(−21) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−11<br />(−24) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.13<br />(80) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.75<br />(70) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.96<br />(101) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.47<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.34<br />(85) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.04<br />(103) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.38<br />(111) </td> <td style="background: #5CFF5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.29<br />(109) </td> <td style="background: #52FF52; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.40<br />(112) </td> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.47<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.91<br />(74) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.97<br />(101) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">44.11<br />(1,120) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall inches (cm) </th> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(18) </td> <td style="background: #0000A6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(9.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.76) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.51) </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(8.9) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.1<br />(59) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.01 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">120.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 in)</span> </th> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0B0BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.6 </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.7 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.4 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.8<br />(−6.8) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(−6.1) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(−1.9) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.5<br />(9.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.2<br />(15.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6<br />(18.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.7<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.2<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.7<br />(7.6) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.3<br />(5.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.8 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.1 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">271.2 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.6 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">219.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204.5 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.7 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,498.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">56 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA-txt-Phily1991_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-txt-Phily1991-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noaasun-Phily1961_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaasun-Phily1961-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV index)<sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Philadelphia </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °F (°C) </th> <td style="background:#5252FF;color:#FFFFFF;">41.8<br />(5.5) </td> <td style="background:#4242FF;color:#FFFFFF;">39.9<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background:#4C4CFF;color:#FFFFFF;">41.2<br />(5.1) </td> <td style="background:#7A7AFF;color:#000000;">46.7<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background:#B7B7FF;color:#000000;">53.9<br />(12.2) </td> <td style="background:#FFD755;color:#000000;">66.3<br />(19.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF8300;color:#000000;">74.0<br />(23.3) </td> <td style="background:#FF6D00;color:#000000;">75.9<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background:#FF9E00;color:#000000;">71.4<br />(21.9) </td> <td style="background:#FFEDB2;color:#000000;">64.2<br />(17.9) </td> <td style="background:#C0C0FF;color:#000000;">55.1<br />(12.8) </td> <td style="background:#8484FF;color:#000000;">47.7<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background:#CCCCFF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">56.5<br />(13.6) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0 </td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0 </td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;">9.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF35;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas <sup id="cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_Series">Time Series</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>See or edit <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Philadelphia.tab" class="extiw" title="commons:data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Philadelphia.tab">raw graph data</a>.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h4></div> <p>Philadelphia County received an <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> grade of F and a 24-hour <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particle pollution</a> rating of D in the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a>'s 2017 State of the Air report, which analyzed data from 2013 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-ala_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ala2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was ranked 22nd for ozone, 20th for short-term particle pollution, and 11th for year-round particle pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-ala3_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala3-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-ala2_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five of the ten largest <a href="/wiki/Combined_statistical_area#List_of_combined_statistical_areas" title="Combined statistical area">combined statistical areas</a> (CSAs) were ranked higher for ozone: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (1st), <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (9th), <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> (12th), <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> (13th), and <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a> (18th). Many smaller CSAs were also ranked higher for ozone, including <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> (8th), <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> (10th), <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> (11th), <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> (16th), and <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> (20th). Only two of those same ten CSAs, San Jose and Los Angeles, were ranked higher than Philadelphia for both year-round and short-term particle pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-ala3_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ala3-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Philadelphia" title="Demographics of Philadelphia">Demographics of Philadelphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Philadelphia">Chinese in Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia">History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia">History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreans in Philadelphia">Koreans in Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Little_Saigon,_Philadelphia" title="Little Saigon, Philadelphia">Little Saigon, Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Philadelphia">History of Jews in Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Philadelphia">LGBT culture in Philadelphia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Philadelphia" title="Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia">Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1683</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1731</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1900.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,522</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+137.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">41,220</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+44.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">53,722</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+30.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,802</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">80,462</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">93,665</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">121,376</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">565,529</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+365.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">674,022</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+19.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">847,170</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,046,964</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,293,697</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,549,008</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+19.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,823,779</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,950,961</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,931,334</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,071,605</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,002,512</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−3.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,948,609</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,688,210</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−13.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,585,577</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,517,550</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,526,006</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,603,797</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,550,542</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus20_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus20-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2010–2020<sup id="cite_ref-QuickFacts_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Source: U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-DecennialCensus10_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus10-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. Census</a>, there were 1,603,797 people residing in Philadelphia, representing a 1.2% increase from the 2019 census estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_Estimate_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop_Estimate-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The racial composition of the city was 39.3% Black alone (42.0% Black alone or in combination), 36.3% White alone (41.9% White alone or in combination), 8.7% Asian alone, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 8.7% some other race, and 6.9% multiracial. 14.9% of residents were Hispanic or Latino.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Bureau_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Bureau-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>34.8% had a bachelor's degree or higher. 23.9% spoke a language other than English at home, the most common of which was Spanish (10.8%). 15.0% of the populations foreign born, roughly half of whom are naturalized U.S. citizens. 3.7% of the population are veterans. The median household income was $52,889 and 22.8% of the population lived in poverty. 49.5% of the population drove alone to work, while 23.2% used public transit, 8.2% carpooled, 7.9% walked, and 7.0% worked from home. The average commute is 31 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Bureau_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Bureau-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 census</a>, when a record high of 2,071,605 was recorded, the city's population began a long decline. The population dropped to a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Between 2006 and 2017, Philadelphia added 92,153 residents. In 2017, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the city was 41.3% Black (non-Hispanic), 34.9% White (non-Hispanic), 14.1% Hispanic or Latino, 7.1% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.05% Pacific Islander, and 2.8% multiracial.<sup id="cite_ref-2017_Pop_Estimate_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017_Pop_Estimate-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Census racial composition</th> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Bureau_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Bureau-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-Gen_Pop/Housing_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gen_Pop/Housing-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>2000</th> <th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-census1990_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1990-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1980<sup id="cite_ref-census1990_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1990-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1970<sup id="cite_ref-census1990_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1990-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a> (non-Hispanic)</td> <td>38.3%</td> <td>42.2%</td> <td>42.6%</td> <td>39.3%</td> <td>37.5%</td> <td>33.3%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> (non-Hispanic)</td> <td>34.3%</td> <td>36.9%</td> <td>42.5%</td> <td>52.1%</td> <td>57.1%</td> <td>63.8<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race)</td> <td>14.9%</td> <td>12.3%</td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>5.6%</td> <td>3.8%</td> <td>2.4%<sup id="cite_ref-fifteen_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fifteen-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></td> <td>8.3%</td> <td>6.3%</td> <td>4.5%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td rowspan="2">1.1%</td> <td rowspan="2">0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands Americans">Pacific Islanders</a></td> <td>0.1%</td> <td><0.1%</td> <td><0.1%</td> <td><0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native Americans</td> <td>0.4%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>0.3%</td> <td>0.2%</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a></td> <td>6.9%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>n/a<sup id="cite_ref-race_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-race-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png/270px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png/405px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png/540px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Philadelphia.png 2x" data-file-width="5619" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_cultural_diversity">Immigration and cultural diversity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg/220px-Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg/330px-Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg/440px-Italian_Market_Vegetable_Stand_3000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Philadelphia's famed <a href="/wiki/Italian_Market,_Philadelphia" title="Italian Market, Philadelphia">Italian Market</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13th_Gayborhood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/13th_Gayborhood.jpg/220px-13th_Gayborhood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/13th_Gayborhood.jpg/330px-13th_Gayborhood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/13th_Gayborhood.jpg/440px-13th_Gayborhood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Philadelphia">Gayborhood</a> <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)">street sign</a> near <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_West,_Philadelphia" title="Washington Square West, Philadelphia">Washington Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the city's economic growth, the city's population has been fueled by foreign immigration. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts" title="The Pew Charitable Trusts">The Pew Charitable Trusts</a>, the city's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born" title="Foreign born">foreign-born</a> population increased by 69% between 2000 and 2016 to constitute nearly 20% of Philadelphia's workforce,<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaImmigrants_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaImmigrants-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it doubled between 1990 and 2017 to constitute 13.8% of the city's total population, with the top five countries of origin being China by a significant margin followed by the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaForeignBorn_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaForeignBorn-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption> Top 10 countries of origin for foreign-born Philadelphians, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">22,140 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td align="right">13,792 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></td> <td align="right">13,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">11,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td align="right">10,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td align="right">9,186 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td align="right">7,823 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td align="right">6,898 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td align="right">5,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>/<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td> <td align="right">4,385 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Irish, Italian, German, Polish, English, Russian, Ukrainian, and French ancestries constitute the largest <a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European</a> ethnic groups in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2010_Ancestry_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_Ancestry-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a> remains one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Italian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-American">Italian</a> neighborhoods in the country and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Market,_Philadelphia" title="Italian Market, Philadelphia">Italian Market</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pennsport,_Philadelphia" title="Pennsport, Philadelphia">Pennsport</a> neighborhood and <a href="/wiki/Grays_Ferry,_Philadelphia" title="Grays Ferry, Philadelphia">Gray's Ferry</a> section of South Philadelphia, home to many <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Parade" title="Mummers Parade">Mummer</a> clubs, are well known as <a href="/wiki/Irish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish-American">Irish</a> neighborhoods. The <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Philadelphia" title="Kensington, Philadelphia">Kensington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Richmond,_Philadelphia" title="Port Richmond, Philadelphia">Port Richmond</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishtown,_Philadelphia" title="Fishtown, Philadelphia">Fishtown</a> neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is a center for the Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a>, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is home to a Jewish and Russian population. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_Philadelphia" title="Mount Airy, Philadelphia">Mount Airy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Philadelphia" title="Northwest Philadelphia">Northwest Philadelphia</a> also contains a Jewish community. Nearby <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia">Chestnut Hill</a> is historically known as an <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> community. </p><p>Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black American</a> population is the fourth-largest in the country after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a> are largely African-American neighborhoods, but many are leaving those areas in favor of the Northeast and Southwest sections of Philadelphia. A higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a> reside in Philadelphia than most other major U.S. cities. West Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia" title="Southwest Philadelphia">Southwest Philadelphia</a> are home to various <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrant</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_Philadelphia" title="Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia">Puerto Rican</a> population in Philadelphia is the second-largest on the U.S. mainland after New York City, and the second-fastest growing after <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern North Philadelphia, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fairhill,_Philadelphia" title="Fairhill, Philadelphia">Fairhill</a> and surrounding areas to the north and east, has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans outside <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, with many large swaths of blocks being close to 100% Puerto Rican.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puerto Rican and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a> populations reside in <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a> and the Northeast, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican</a> and Central American populations exist in South Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> migrants were being transported by bus from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to Philadelphia beginning in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-MigrantsTexasToPhiladelphia_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MigrantsTexasToPhiladelphia-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a> population includes those of Chinese, Indians, Vietnamese, South Koreans, Filipinos, Cambodians, and Indonesians. Over 35,000 Chinese Americans lived in the city in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a <a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese</a> population. Center City hosts a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown</a> that is served by <a href="/wiki/Chinatown_bus_lines" title="Chinatown bus lines">Chinatown bus lines</a> with service to/from <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown, Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Korean community initially settled in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Olney,_Philadelphia" title="Olney, Philadelphia">Olney</a>; however, the primary <a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreatown, Philadelphia">Koreatown</a> has subsequently shifted further north, straddling the city's border with adjacent <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">South Jersey</a>. South Philadelphia is home to <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese-American">Vietnamese-Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_Saigon,_Philadelphia" title="Little Saigon, Philadelphia">Little Saigon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian-Americans">Cambodian-Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_Cambodia#Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" title="Little Cambodia">Cambodia Town</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thai-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai-American">Thai-American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian-American">Indonesian-American</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese-American">Chinese-American</a> communities. </p><p>Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a> near <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_(Philadelphia)" title="Washington Square (Philadelphia)">Washington Square</a> is home to a concentration of gay and lesbian-friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Philadelphia" title="Religion in Philadelphia">Religion in Philadelphia</a></div> <p>In a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 68% of the population of the city identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 41% of Christians in the city and area professed attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, while 26% professed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> beliefs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Christian community in Philadelphia is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">mainline Protestant denominations</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA" title="American Baptist Churches USA">American Baptist Churches USA</a>. One of the most prominent mainline Protestant jurisdictions is the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Pennsylvania" title="Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania">Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="African Methodist Episcopal Church">African Methodist Episcopal Church</a> was established in Philadelphia. Historically, the city has strong connections to the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical Culture movement</a>, all of which continue to be represented in the city. The Quaker <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> is based in Philadelphia. Evangelical Protestants making up less than 15% of the population were also prevalent. </p><p>Evangelical Protestant bodies included the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_North_America" title="Anglican Church in North America">Anglican Church in North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Baptist Convention of America International, Inc.">National Baptist Convention of America</a>. The Catholic community is primarily served by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Philadelphia" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia">Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Philadelphia" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia">Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_United_States_of_America_and_Canada" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada">Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada</a>, though some <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">independent Catholic churches</a> exist throughout Philadelphia and its suburbs. The Latin Church-based jurisdiction is headquartered in the city, and its see is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_(Philadelphia)" title="Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul (Philadelphia)">Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul</a>. The Ukrainian Catholic jurisdiction is headquartered in Philadelphia, and is seated at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Philadelphia)" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Philadelphia)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a>. </p><p>Less than 1% of Philadelphia's Christians were <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>. The remainder of the Christian demographic is spread among smaller Protestant denominations and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> among others. The <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Diocese_of_Eastern_Pennsylvania" title="Orthodox Church in America Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania">Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a>) divide the Eastern Orthodox in Philadelphia. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Philadelphia" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Philadelphia">St. Andrew's Cathedral</a> is in the city. The same study says that other religions collectively compose about 8% of the population, including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia has the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population among U.S. cities.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining 24% claimed <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>. </p><p>The Philadelphia <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">metropolitan area</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Philadelphia" title="History of the Jews in Philadelphia">Jewish</a> population was estimated at 206,000 in 2001, which was the sixth-largest in the U.S. at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish traders were operating in southeastern Pennsylvania long before <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a>. Jews in Philadelphia took a prominent part in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War of Independence</a>. Although the majority of the early Jewish residents were of Portuguese or Spanish descent, some among them had emigrated from Germany and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. About the beginning of the 19th century, a number of Jews from the latter countries, finding the services of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_Mikveh_Israel" title="Congregation Mikveh Israel">Congregation Mickvé Israel</a> unfamiliar to them, resolved to form a new congregation which would use the ritual to which they had been accustomed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">African diasporic religions</a> are practiced in some Latino and Hispanic and Caribbean communities in North and West Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a>, while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">other Asian languages</a>, 0.58% (8,217) <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, 0.56% (7,933) <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian language">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Mon-Khmer</a>), and Italian was spoken as a <a href="/wiki/Main_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Main language">main language</a> by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a <a href="/wiki/Mother_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother language">mother language</a> other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3></div> <p>Philadelphia is home to many food poverty programs, of which two of the largest are <a href="/wiki/Philabundance" title="Philabundance">Philabundance</a> which claims to feed 90000 people per week.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Share_Food_Program" title="Share Food Program">Share Food Program</a> which claims to feed 1 million people per month.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Philadelphia" title="Economy of Philadelphia">Economy of Philadelphia</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#9BDDFF;"><b>Top publicly traded companies<br />headquartered in Philadelphia</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td><b>Corporation</b></td> <td><b>2019</b><br /><b>rank</b></td> <td><b>Revenue</b><br /><b>(billions)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a></td> <td>32</td> <td>94.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aramark" title="Aramark">Aramark</a></td> <td>198</td> <td>15.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation">FMC</a></td> <td>556</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urban_Outfitters" title="Urban Outfitters">Urban Outfitters</a></td> <td>634</td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Technology_Corporation" title="Carpenter Technology Corporation">Carpenter Technology</a></td> <td>940</td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Source:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Philadelphia's close geographical and transportation connections to other large metropolitan economies along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Eastern Seaboard</a> of the United States have been cited as offering a significant competitive advantage for business creation and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaCloseConnectionsEconomicCompetitiveAdvantage_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaCloseConnectionsEconomicCompetitiveAdvantage-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is the center of economic activity in both <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and the four-state <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> metropolitan region. Five <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies are headquartered in the city. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Philadelphia metropolitan area is estimated to produce a <a href="/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product" title="Gross metropolitan product">gross metropolitan product</a> (GMP) of US$479 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyMetroGMP2019_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyMetroGMP2019-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increase from the $445 billion calculated by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a> for 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyMetroGMP2017_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyMetroGMP2017-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP">ninth-largest U.S. metropolitan economy</a>. </p><p>Philadelphia's economic sectors include <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a>, health care, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, trade and transportation, manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, and tourism. Metropolitan Philadelphia is one of the top five American <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> hubs, credited to its proximity to New York City's <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tech_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="List of tech companies in the New York metropolitan area">tech and biotechnology ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyVentureCapitalHub_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyVentureCapitalHub-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial activities account for the largest economic sector of the metropolitan area, which is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">health education</a> and research centers in the United States. The city's two largest employers are the federal and city governments. Philadelphia's largest private employer is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia" title="Children's Hospital of Philadelphia">Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_and_corporations">Finance and corporations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Philadelphia_area" title="List of companies based in the Philadelphia area">List of companies based in the Philadelphia area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building,_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building%2C_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg/220px-2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building%2C_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building%2C_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg/330px-2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building%2C_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building%2C_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg/440px-2022_Old_Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange_Building%2C_1411_Walnut_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange" title="Philadelphia Stock Exchange">Philadelphia Stock Exchange</a> building, the nation's first <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>, at 1411 <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange" title="Philadelphia Stock Exchange">Philadelphia Stock Exchange</a>, acquired by <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> in 2007, is a global leader in <a href="/wiki/Option_(finance)" title="Option (finance)">options</a> trading.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is home to the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, the nation's largest <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> telecommunications corporation; insurance conglomerates <a href="/wiki/Cigna" title="Cigna">Cigna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Penn" title="Colonial Penn">Colonial Penn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Blue_Cross" title="Independence Blue Cross">Independence Blue Cross</a>; as well as food services company <a href="/wiki/Aramark" title="Aramark">Aramark</a>, chemical makers <a href="/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation">FMC Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohm_and_Haas" title="Rohm and Haas">Rohm and Haas</a>, pharmaceutical companies <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amicus_Therapeutics" title="Amicus Therapeutics">Amicus Therapeutics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spark_Therapeutics" title="Spark Therapeutics">Spark Therapeutics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apparel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparel">apparel</a> retailers <a href="/wiki/Five_Below" title="Five Below">Five Below</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_Outfitters" title="Urban Outfitters">Urban Outfitters</a> and its subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie">Anthropologie</a>, automotive parts retailer <a href="/wiki/Pep_Boys" title="Pep Boys">Pep Boys</a>, and stainless steel producer <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Technology_Corporation" title="Carpenter Technology Corporation">Carpenter Technology Corporation</a>. </p><p>Other corporation headquarters in the city include <a href="/wiki/RiteAid" class="mw-redirect" title="RiteAid">RiteAid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Holdings" title="Crown Holdings">Crown Holdings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brandywine_Realty_Trust" title="Brandywine Realty Trust">Brandywine Realty Trust</a>. The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems" title="Boeing Rotorcraft Systems">Boeing Rotorcraft Systems</a> and its main <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> factory are in the Philadelphia suburb of <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridley Park, Pennsylvania">Ridley Park</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group" title="The Vanguard Group">The Vanguard Group</a>, and the U.S. headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Healthineers" title="Siemens Healthineers">Siemens Healthineers</a> are headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Pennsylvania" title="Malvern, Pennsylvania">Malvern, Pennsylvania</a>, a Philadelphia suburb. <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">Healthcare</a> <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> <a href="/wiki/AmerisourceBergen" class="mw-redirect" title="AmerisourceBergen">AmerisourceBergen</a> is located in suburban <a href="/wiki/Conshohocken,_Pennsylvania" title="Conshohocken, Pennsylvania">Conshohocken, Pennsylvania</a>. Across the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> in adjacent <a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey" title="Camden County, New Jersey">Camden County, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Soup_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell Soup Company">Campbell Soup Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru USA</a> are both headquartered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TD_Bank_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="TD Bank (USA)">TD Bank (USA)</a> is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Inner_suburb" title="Inner suburb">nearby</a> suburban <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill, New Jersey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tech_and_biotech">Tech and biotech</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg/220px-Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg/330px-Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg/440px-Comcast_Technology_Center_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2093" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Comcast_Technology_Center" title="Comcast Technology Center">Comcast Technology Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia is a hub for <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia and Pennsylvania are attracting new <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> ranks as one of the Big Five U.S. <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> hubs, enabled by its proximity to both the <a href="/wiki/Tech_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech companies in the New York metropolitan area">entrepreneurial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">financial ecosystems</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">federal regulatory environment</a> of Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyVentureCapitalHub_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyVentureCapitalHub-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia">List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia</a></div> <p>Philadelphia's history attracts many tourists, with the <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>, and other historic sites, received over 5 million visitors in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city welcomed 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion, generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-Visit_Philadelphia_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visit_Philadelphia-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/World_Naked_Bike_Ride" title="World Naked Bike Ride">Naked Bike Ride</a> attracts participants from around the United States and internationally to Philadelphia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_transportation">Trade and transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Philadelphia" title="Transportation in Philadelphia">Transportation in Philadelphia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a>, a major <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">Transatlantic</a> gateway and transcontinental hub, has undergone a $900 million <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructural</a> expansion to increase passenger capacity and augment passenger experience, and the airport continues an ongoing capital expenditure program to upgrade facilities and add further amenities.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion1_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion1-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion2_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion2-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia" title="Port of Philadelphia">Port of Philadelphia</a>, having experienced the highest percentage growth by <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">tonnage</a> loaded in 2017 among major U.S. seaports, has doubled its shipping <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">capacity</a> to accommodate super-sized <a href="/wiki/Post-Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Panamax">post-Panamax</a> shipping vessels since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaSeaportExpansion1_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaSeaportExpansion1-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> is the third-busiest <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> rail hub, following <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York)">Penn Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a> in Washington, D.C., transporting over 4 million <a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city rail</a> passengers annually.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAmtrak_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaAmtrak-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Philadelphia" title="Education in Philadelphia">Education in Philadelphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_Library_of_Philadelphia" title="Free Library of Philadelphia">Free Library of Philadelphia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia" title="School District of Philadelphia">School District of Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_Charter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Penn_Charter.jpg/220px-Penn_Charter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Penn_Charter.jpg/330px-Penn_Charter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Penn_Charter.jpg/440px-Penn_Charter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Penn_Charter_School" title="William Penn Charter School">William Penn Charter School</a>, established in 1689, the nation's oldest <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a> school</figcaption></figure> <p>Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions. The <a href="/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia" title="School District of Philadelphia">School District of Philadelphia</a> is the local school district, operating <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>, in all of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philadelphia School District is the eighth-largest <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a> in the nation<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 142,266 students in 218 traditional public schools and 86 <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a> as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's K-12 enrollment in district–run schools dropped from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This consistent drop in enrollment led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, steadily increased in the ten years from 2005. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_System_of_School_Assessment" title="Pennsylvania System of School Assessment">Pennsylvania System of School Assessment</a> (PSSA) trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but subsequently decreased. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached their peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the city's public high schools, including charter schools, only four performed above the national average on the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> (1497 out of 2400<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in 2014: <a href="/wiki/Julia_R._Masterman_School" title="Julia R. Masterman School">Masterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(Philadelphia)" title="Central High School (Philadelphia)">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girard_Academic_Music_Program" title="Girard Academic Music Program">Girard Academic Music Program</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MaST_Community_Charter_School" title="MaST Community Charter School">MaST Community Charter School</a>. All other district-run schools were below average.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Philadelphia" title="List of colleges and universities in Philadelphia">List of colleges and universities in Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_campus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penn_campus_2.jpg/220px-Penn_campus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penn_campus_2.jpg/330px-Penn_campus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penn_campus_2.jpg/440px-Penn_campus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university in Philadelphia founded in 1749 by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and one of the world's highest-ranked universities</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-Huntsman_Hall_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> in Philadelphia, one of the world's most prestigious <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business schools</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Medical and research facilities of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia" title="Children's Hospital of Philadelphia">Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</a>. Philadelphia has the third-largest student concentration on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a>, with more than 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 80 colleges, universities, trade, and specialty schools are in the Philadelphia region. One of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> is in the city, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> institution with claims to be the <a href="/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States" title="First university in the United States">First university in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's largest university by student enrollment is <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's nationally ranked research universities comprise the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, Drexel University, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a>. Philadelphia is also home to five schools of medicine: <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University_College_of_Medicine" title="Drexel University College of Medicine">Drexel University College of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania">Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine">Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Temple University School of Medicine">Temple University School of Medicine</a>, and Thomas Jefferson University's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Sidney Kimmel Medical College</a>. Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> grants in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other institutions of higher learning within the city's borders include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College" title="Chestnut Hill College">Chestnut Hill College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Community College of Philadelphia">Community College of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_University" title="Holy Family University">Holy Family University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Moore College of Art and Design">Moore College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirce_College" title="Peirce College">Peirce College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Restaurant_School_at_Walnut_Hill_College" title="The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College">The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Philadelphia" title="Culture of Philadelphia">Culture of Philadelphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia">List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sites of interest in Philadelphia">List of sites of interest in Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia">List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Kimmel_Center_cropped.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4341" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts">Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts</a> at 300 <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia is home to many <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">national historical sites</a> that relate to the founding of the United States. <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a> is the center of these historical landmarks and one of the country's 22 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> was signed, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> is housed, are among the city's most popular attractions. Other national historic sites include the homes of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site" title="Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site">Edgar Allan Poe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Kosciuszko_National_Memorial" title="Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial">Thaddeus Kosciuszko</a>, and early government buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mifflin" title="Fort Mifflin">Fort Mifflin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Dei_(Old_Swedes%27)_Church" title="Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church">Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHLP_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHLP-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia alone has 67 <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmarks</a>, the third most of any city in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-NHLP_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHLP-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's major science museums include the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a>, which contains the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University" title="Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University">Academy of Natural Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtter_Museum" title="Mütter Museum">Mütter Museum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>. History museums include the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_History_Museum" title="Philadelphia History Museum">Philadelphia History Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Jewish_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of American Jewish History">National Museum of American Jewish History</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_American_Museum_in_Philadelphia" title="African American Museum in Philadelphia">African American Museum in Philadelphia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a>, the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania in the <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple_(Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania)" title="Masonic Temple (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)">Masonic Temple</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_State_Penitentiary" title="Eastern State Penitentiary">Eastern State Penitentiary</a>. Philadelphia is home to the United States's first <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Zoo" title="Philadelphia Zoo">zoo</a><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">hospital</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, one of America's oldest and largest urban parks,<sup id="cite_ref-tplrank_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tplrank-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to important archival repositories, including the <a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a>, established in 1731 by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> at 1314 <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Philadelphia" title="Athenaeum of Philadelphia">Athenaeum of Philadelphia</a>, founded in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Historical_Society" title="Presbyterian Historical Society">Presbyterian Historical Society</a> is the country's oldest denominational historical society, organized in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Philadelphia" title="List of museums in Philadelphia">List of museums in Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Philadelphia" title="List of public art in Philadelphia">List of public art in Philadelphia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Parade" title="Mummers Parade">Mummers Parade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art,_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_main_building.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_main_building.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_main_building.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%2C_main_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg/220px-Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg/330px-Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg/440px-Keys_To_Community_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption><i>Keys To Community</i>, a bust of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Peniston" title="James Peniston">James Peniston</a> at 325 <a href="/wiki/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Arch Street (Philadelphia)">Arch Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city is home to multiple art museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rodin_Museum" title="Rodin Museum">Rodin Museum</a>, which holds the largest collection of work by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> outside France. The city's largest art museum, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>, is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest art museums in the world</a>. The long flight of <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Steps" title="Rocky Steps">steps</a> to the Art Museum's main entrance became famous after the film <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky" title="Rocky">Rocky</a></i> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-Dallasnews_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallasnews-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Annual events include the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Film_Festival" title="Philadelphia Film Festival">Philadelphia Film Festival</a>, held annually each October, the <a href="/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade">6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade</a>, the nation's longest-running continuously held <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanksgiving Day">Thanksgiving Day</a> parade, and the <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Parade" title="Mummers Parade">Mummers Parade</a>, the nation's longest continuously held folk parade, which is held every <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a> predominantly on <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a>. </p><p>Areas such as <a href="/wiki/South_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="South Street (Philadelphia)">South Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Philadelphia)">Old City</a> section of the city have a vibrant night life. The <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)" title="Avenue of the Arts (Philadelphia)">Avenue of the Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts">Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)" title="Academy of Music (Philadelphia)">Academy of Music</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Opera_Philadelphia" title="Opera Philadelphia">Opera Philadelphia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Ballet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Ballet">Pennsylvania Ballet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallasnews_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallasnews-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wilma_Theater_(Philadelphia)" title="Wilma Theater (Philadelphia)">Wilma Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Theatre_Company" title="Philadelphia Theatre Company">Philadelphia Theatre Company</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Roberts_Theatre" title="Suzanne Roberts Theatre">Suzanne Roberts Theatre</a> produce a variety of new plays.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several blocks to the east are the <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Theater_Company" title="Lantern Theater Company">Lantern Theater Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Episcopal_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (Philadelphia)">St. Stephens Episcopal Church</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_Theatre" title="Walnut Street Theatre">Walnut Street Theatre</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> stated to be the oldest and most subscribed-to <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theatre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, founded in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-WalnutStreetTheatreOldest_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalnutStreetTheatreOldest-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2019, the Walnut Street Theatre announced a major expansion to begin in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-WalnutStreetTheatreExpansion2020_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalnutStreetTheatreExpansion2020-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Freedom_Theatre" title="New Freedom Theatre">New Freedom Theatre</a>, Pennsylvania's oldest African-American theatre, is located on North Broad Street. </p><p>Philadelphia has more <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a> than any other American city.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Public_Art" title="Association for Public Art">Association for Public Art</a>, formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association, was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the <a href="/wiki/Percent_for_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent for Art">Percent for Art</a> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">ordinance</a>, the first for a U.S. city.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has more murals than any other American city, due to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation's <a href="/wiki/Mural_Arts_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural Arts Program">Mural Arts Program</a>, which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> artists. The program has funded more than 2,800 <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> by professional, staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city is home to a number of art organizations, including the regional art advocacy nonprofit Philadelphia Tri-State Artists Equity,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Sketch_Club" title="Philadelphia Sketch Club">Philadelphia Sketch Club</a>, one of the country's oldest artists' clubs,<sup id="cite_ref-time_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Plastic_Club" title="The Plastic Club">The Plastic Club</a>, started by women excluded from the Sketch Club.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Old_City,_Philadelphia" title="Old City, Philadelphia">Old City</a> art galleries stay open late on the <a href="/wiki/First_Friday_(public_event)" title="First Friday (public event)">First Friday</a> event of each month.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia" title="Music of Philadelphia">Music of Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtisinstofmusic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Curtisinstofmusic.JPG/220px-Curtisinstofmusic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Curtisinstofmusic.JPG/330px-Curtisinstofmusic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Curtisinstofmusic.JPG/440px-Curtisinstofmusic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a> at 1726 <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a>, one of the world's premier <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatories</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> is generally considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(orchestras)" title="Big Five (orchestras)">top five orchestras</a> in the United States. The orchestra performs at the <a href="/wiki/Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts">Kimmel Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a <a href="/wiki/Concert#Venues" title="Concert">summer concert series</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Mann Center for the Performing Arts">Mann Center for the Performing Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Opera_Philadelphia" title="Opera Philadelphia">Opera Philadelphia</a> performs at the nation's oldest continually operating opera house—the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)" title="Academy of Music (Philadelphia)">Academy of Music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallasnews_184-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallasnews-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Boys_Choir_%26_Chorale" title="Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale">Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale</a> has performed its music all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutus_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutus-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philly_Pops" title="Philly Pops">Philly Pops</a> plays orchestral versions of popular <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> songs at the Kimmel Center and other venues within the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">mid-Atlantic</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-POPS_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POPS-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a> is one of the world's premier <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatories</a> and among the most selective institutes of higher education in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-PV_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PV-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">music of the United States</a>. The culture of <a href="/wiki/American_popular_music" title="American popular music">American popular music</a> has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers, in both the recording and broadcasting industries. In 1952, the teen dance party program called <i>Bandstand</i> premiered on local television, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Horn_(broadcaster)" title="Bob Horn (broadcaster)">Bob Horn</a>. The show was renamed <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a></i> in 1957, when it began national syndication on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Clark" title="Dick Clark">Dick Clark</a> and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idols</a> to appeal to the young audience. Philadelphia-born singers such as <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Avalon" title="Frankie Avalon">Frankie Avalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Darren" title="James Darren">James Darren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fisher" title="Eddie Fisher">Eddie Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Forte" title="Fabian Forte">Fabian Forte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rydell" title="Bobby Rydell">Bobby Rydell</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philly</a>-raised <a href="/wiki/Chubby_Checker" title="Chubby Checker">Chubby Checker</a>, topped the music charts, establishing a clean-cut <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> image. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philly soul</a> music of the late 1960s–1970s is a highly produced version of <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> which led to later forms of popular music such as <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 13, 1985, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a> was the American venue for the <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> concert.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Live_8" title="Live 8">Live 8</a> concert, which attracted about 700,000 people to the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a> on July 2, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable rock and pop musicians from Philadelphia and its suburbs include <a href="/wiki/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets" title="Bill Haley & His Comets">Bill Haley & His Comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazz" title="Nazz">Nazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todd_Rundgren" title="Todd Rundgren">Todd Rundgren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hooters" title="The Hooters">the Hooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(band)" title="Cinderella (band)">Cinderella</a>, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_the_Fresh_Prince" title="DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince">DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ween" title="Ween">Ween</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schoolly_D" title="Schoolly D">Schoolly D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">Pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Roots" title="The Roots">the Roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beanie_Sigel" title="Beanie Sigel">Beanie Sigel</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Property_(band)" title="State Property (band)">State Property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Lopes" title="Lisa Lopes">Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meek_Mill" title="Meek Mill">Meek Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert" title="Lil Uzi Vert">Lil Uzi Vert</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Cuisine of Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pats_and_Genos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pats_and_Genos.jpg/220px-Pats_and_Genos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pats_and_Genos.jpg/330px-Pats_and_Genos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pats_and_Genos.jpg/440px-Pats_and_Genos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pat%27s_King_of_Steaks" title="Pat's King of Steaks">Pat's Steaks</a> (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Geno%27s_Steaks" title="Geno's Steaks">Geno's Steaks</a> (background) in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city is known for its <a href="/wiki/Submarine_sandwich" title="Submarine sandwich">hoagies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stromboli_(food)" title="Stromboli (food)">stromboli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roast_pork_sandwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Roast pork sandwich">roast pork sandwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrapple" title="Scrapple">scrapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretzel#Pennsylvania" title="Pretzel">soft pretzels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_ice" title="Italian ice">water ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_potato_candy" title="Irish potato candy">Irish potato candy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tastykake" title="Tastykake">tastykakes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cheesesteak" title="Cheesesteak">cheesesteak</a> sandwich which was developed by Italian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philadelphia area has many establishments that serve cheesesteaks, including restaurants, <a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">taverns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delicatessen" title="Delicatessen">delicatessens</a> and pizza parlors.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The originator of the thinly-sliced steak sandwich in the 1930s, initially without cheese, is <a href="/wiki/Pat%27s_King_of_Steaks" title="Pat's King of Steaks">Pat's King of Steaks</a>, which faces its rival <a href="/wiki/Geno%27s_Steaks" title="Geno's Steaks">Geno's Steaks</a>, founded in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Market,_Philadelphia" title="Italian Market, Philadelphia">Italian Market</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/McGillin%27s_Olde_Ale_House" title="McGillin's Olde Ale House">McGillin's Olde Ale House</a>, opened in 1860 on Drury Street in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a>, is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/City_Tavern" title="City Tavern">City Tavern</a> is a replica of a historic 18th-century building first opened in 1773, demolished in 1854 after a fire, and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reading_Terminal_Market" title="Reading Terminal Market">Reading Terminal Market</a> is a historic <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">food market</a> founded in 1893 in the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Terminal" title="Reading Terminal">Reading Terminal</a> building, a designated National Historic Landmark. The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country, hosting over a hundred merchants offering <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> specialties, <a href="/wiki/Artisan_cheese" title="Artisan cheese">artisan cheese</a> and meat, locally grown groceries, and specialty and ethnic foods.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect">Dialect</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia English</a></div> <p>The traditional Philadelphia accent is considered by some <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a> to be the most distinctive accent in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Fades_Out_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fades_Out-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">South Jersey</a>, is part of a larger <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic American English">Mid-Atlantic American English</a> family, a designation that also includes the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore dialect">Baltimore dialect</a>. Additionally, it shares many similarities with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">New York accent</a>. Owing to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> under sociolinguist <a href="/wiki/William_Labov" title="William Labov">William Labov</a>, the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best-studied forms of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avril_2012_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avril_2012-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accent is especially found within the Irish American and Italian American working-class neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> and slang terms.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">Sports in Philadelphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union" title="Philadelphia Union">Philadelphia Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:458px;max-width:458px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg/220px-Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg/330px-Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg/440px-Citizens_Bank_Park_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3959" data-file-height="2803" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Financial_Field,_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lincoln_Financial_Field%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/230px-Lincoln_Financial_Field%2C_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lincoln_Financial_Field%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/345px-Lincoln_Financial_Field%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lincoln_Financial_Field%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/460px-Lincoln_Financial_Field%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Bank_Park" title="Citizens Bank Park">Citizens Bank Park</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Phillies</a> since 2004, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Field" title="Lincoln Financial Field">Lincoln Financial Field</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Eagles</a> since 2003</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg/220px-Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg/330px-Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg/440px-Super_Bowl_402EF3AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4846" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> are presented with the <a href="/wiki/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy" title="Vince Lombardi Trophy">Vince Lombardi Trophy</a> after winning <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII" title="Super Bowl LII">Super Bowl LII</a> on February 4, 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG/220px-WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG/330px-WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG/440px-WellsFargoCenterPhila_29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)">Wells Fargo Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a>, home of the two-time <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> champion <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) and three-time champion <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A358,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania,_USA,_Boathouse_Row_at_night,_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A358%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA%2C_Boathouse_Row_at_night%2C_2009.JPG/220px-A358%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA%2C_Boathouse_Row_at_night%2C_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A358%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA%2C_Boathouse_Row_at_night%2C_2009.JPG/330px-A358%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA%2C_Boathouse_Row_at_night%2C_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A358%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA%2C_Boathouse_Row_at_night%2C_2009.JPG/440px-A358%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_USA%2C_Boathouse_Row_at_night%2C_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Historic <a href="/wiki/Boathouse_Row" title="Boathouse Row">Boathouse Row</a> at night on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>, a symbol of the city's rich <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">rowing</a> history</figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia's first professional sports team was baseball's <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(1860%E2%80%931876)" title="Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876)">Athletics</a>, organized in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Athletics were initially an <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Base Ball Players">amateur league</a> team that <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players" title="National Association of Professional Base Ball Players">turned professional</a> in 1871, and then became a founding team of the current <a href="/wiki/National_League_(baseball)" title="National League (baseball)">National League</a> in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is one of 13 U.S. cities to have teams in <a href="/wiki/U.S._cities_with_teams_from_four_major_league_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports">all four major league sports</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB), the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL), the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL), and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA).<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phillies, formed in 1883 as the Quakers and renamed in 1884,<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union" title="Philadelphia Union">Philadelphia Union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> (MLS). The Union began playing their home games in 2010 at <a href="/wiki/PPL_Corporation" title="PPL Corporation">PPL</a> Park, a <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">soccer-specific stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadium's name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Talen_Energy" title="Talen Energy">Talen Energy</a> Stadium in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Park" title="Subaru Park">Subaru Park</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia was the second of eight American cities to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL and NBA), and also has a title in soccer from the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Soccer League (1968–1984)">North American Soccer League</a> in the 1970s. The city's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship, from the 76ers <a href="/wiki/1983_NBA_Finals" title="1983 NBA Finals">1983 NBA Finals</a> win<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the Phillies <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Series" title="2008 World Series">2008 World Series</a> win.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Billy_Penn" title="Curse of Billy Penn">Curse of Billy Penn</a> after <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Place" title="Liberty Place">One Liberty Place</a> became the first building to surpass the height of the <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> statue on top of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">City Hall's</a> tower in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After nine years passed without another championship, the Eagles won their first <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LII" title="Super Bowl LII">Super Bowl</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2017_NFL_season" title="2017 NFL season">2017 season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by <i><a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a></i> magazine in 2011, which used the subtitle of "Meanest Fans in America" to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of <a href="/wiki/Booing" title="Booing">booing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but later moved to other cities include the <a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors" title="Golden State Warriors">Golden State Warriors</a> basketball team, which played in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Athletics" title="Oakland Athletics">Oakland Athletics</a> baseball team, which was originally the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philadelphia_Athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philadelphia Athletics">Philadelphia Athletics</a> and played in Philadelphia from 1901 to 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia is home to professional, semi-professional, and elite amateur teams in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Fight" title="Philadelphia Fight">Philadelphia Fight</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>. Major running events in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Relays" title="Penn Relays">Penn Relays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Marathon" title="Philadelphia Marathon">Philadelphia Marathon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Run" title="Broad Street Run">Broad Street Run</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Rugby_Championship" title="Collegiate Rugby Championship">Collegiate Rugby Championship</a> is played every June at <a href="/wiki/Talen_Energy_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Talen Energy Stadium">Talen Energy Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RWestcott_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RWestcott-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boathouse_Row" title="Boathouse Row">Boathouse Row</a> is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Big Five</a> member has its own boathouse.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual <a href="/wiki/Dad_Vail_Regatta" title="Dad Vail Regatta">Dad Vail Regatta</a>, which is the largest <a href="/wiki/College_rowing_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="College rowing (United States)">intercollegiate rowing</a> event in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> with more than 100 U.S. and Canadian colleges and universities participating;<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the annual <a href="/wiki/Stotesbury_Cup" title="Stotesbury Cup">Stotesbury Cup Regatta</a>, which is billed as the world's oldest and largest rowing event for high school students;<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Schuylkill_Regatta" title="Head of the Schuylkill Regatta">Head of the Schuylkill Regatta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regattas are held on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> and organized by the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_Navy" title="Schuylkill Navy">Schuylkill Navy</a>, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous <a href="/wiki/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Rowing at the Summer Olympics">Olympic rowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Spinners" title="Philadelphia Spinners">Philadelphia Spinners</a> were a professional <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">ultimate</a> team in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Ultimate" title="Major League Ultimate">Major League Ultimate</a> (MLU) until 2016. The Spinners were one of the original eight teams of the <a href="/wiki/American_Ultimate_Disc_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ultimate Disc League">American Ultimate Disc League</a> (AUDL) that began in 2012. They played at <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a> and won the inaugural AUDL championship and the final MLU championship in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MLU was suspended indefinitely by its investors in December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phoenix_(AUDL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Phoenix (AUDL)">Philadelphia Phoenix</a> continue to play in the AUDL.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia is home to the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a>, a group of five <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/College_basketball" title="College basketball">college basketball</a> programs. The Big 5 include <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">Penn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova</a> universities.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a>. La Salle won the 1954 championship of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villanova won the <a href="/wiki/1985_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="1985 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">1985</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2016_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="2016 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">2016</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/2018_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="2018 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">2018</a><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> championship of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. Philadelphia will be one of the eleven US host cities for the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Team </th> <th scope="col">League </th> <th scope="col">Sport </th> <th scope="col">Venue </th> <th scope="col">Capacity </th> <th scope="col">Founded </th> <th scope="col">Championships </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> </td> <td>Baseball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Bank_Park" title="Citizens Bank Park">Citizens Bank Park</a> </td> <td align="center">46,528 </td> <td align="center">1883 </td> <td>1980, 2008 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> </td> <td>American football </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Field" title="Lincoln Financial Field">Lincoln Financial Field</a> </td> <td align="center">69,176 </td> <td align="center">1933 </td> <td>1948, 1949, 1960, 2017 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> </td> <td>Basketball </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)">Wells Fargo Center</a> </td> <td align="center">21,600 </td> <td align="center">1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_NBA_season" title="1966–67 NBA season">1966–67</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_NBA_season" title="1982–83 NBA season">1982–83</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> </td> <td>Ice hockey </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)">Wells Fargo Center</a> </td> <td align="center">19,786 </td> <td align="center">1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_NHL_season" title="1973–74 NHL season">1973–74</a>, <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_NHL_season" title="1974–75 NHL season">1974–75</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union" title="Philadelphia Union">Philadelphia Union</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a> </td> <td>Soccer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subaru_Park" title="Subaru Park">Subaru Park</a> </td> <td align="center">18,500 </td> <td align="center">2010 </td> <td>none </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Wings_(2018%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Wings (2018–)">Philadelphia Wings</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a> </td> <td>Lacrosse </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)">Wells Fargo Center</a> </td> <td align="center">19,786 </td> <td align="center">2018 </td> <td>none </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_government">Law and government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Hall_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Independence_Hall_4.jpg/220px-Independence_Hall_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Independence_Hall_4.jpg/330px-Independence_Hall_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Independence_Hall_4.jpg/440px-Independence_Hall_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4181" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Old City Hall (Philadelphia)">Old City Hall</a> at 5th and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut Street</a>, Philadelphia's town hall from 1800 to 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia County is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_nullity" title="Legal nullity">legal nullity</a>. All county functions were assumed by the city in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Charter_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charter-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-Consolidation_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consolidation-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's 1952 <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Home Rule</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a> was written by the City Charter Commission, which was created by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a> in an act of April 1949, and a city ordinance of June 1949. The existing <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> received a proposed draft in February 1951, and the electors approved it in an election held in April 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-PHRC_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHRC-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951, and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Charter_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charter-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city uses the <a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government#Strong-mayor_form" title="Mayor–council government">strong-mayor</a> version of the mayor–council form of government, which is led by one mayor in whom <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive authority</a> is vested. The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council. Elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but can run for the position again after an intervening term.<sup id="cite_ref-PHRC_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHRC-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney_of_Philadelphia" title="District Attorney of Philadelphia">District Attorney of Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County</a> is coterminous with the <a href="/wiki/First_Judicial_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="First Judicial District of Pennsylvania">First Judicial District of Pennsylvania</a>. The Philadelphia County <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_courts_of_common_pleas" title="Pennsylvania courts of common pleas">Court of Common Pleas</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">trial court</a> of <a href="/wiki/General_jurisdiction" title="General jurisdiction">general jurisdiction</a> for the city, hearing <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $10,000. The court has <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate jurisdiction</a> over rulings from the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Municipal_Court" title="Philadelphia Municipal Court">Municipal</a> and Traffic Courts, and some administrative agencies and boards. The trial division has 70 commissioned judges elected by the voters, along with about one thousand other employees.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court has a family division with 25 judges<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an orphans' court with three judges.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city's <a href="/wiki/District_Attorney_of_Philadelphia" title="District Attorney of Philadelphia">District Attorney</a> is <a href="/wiki/Larry_Krasner" title="Larry Krasner">Larry Krasner</a>, a Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Republican to hold the office is <a href="/wiki/Ronald_D._Castille" title="Ronald D. Castille">Ronald D. Castille</a>, who left in 1991 and later served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 2008 to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Municipal_Court" title="Philadelphia Municipal Court">Philadelphia Municipal Court</a> handles traffic cases, misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years, and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ($15,000 in real estate and school tax cases), and all landlord-tenant disputes. The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Municipal_Court_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Municipal_Court-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania's three <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a> also have sittings in Philadelphia. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Supreme Court of Pennsylvania">Supreme Court of Pennsylvania</a>, the court of last resort in the state, regularly hears arguments in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">Philadelphia City Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Superior Court of Pennsylvania">Superior Court of Pennsylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Court_of_Pennsylvania" title="Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania">Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania</a> also sit in Philadelphia several times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges for these courts are elected at large.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state Supreme Court and Superior Court have deputy <a href="/wiki/Prothonotary" title="Prothonotary">prothonotary</a> offices in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia is home to the federal <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a>, both of which are housed in the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Byrne_United_States_Courthouse" title="James A. Byrne United States Courthouse">James A. Byrne United States Courthouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Philadelphia">List of mayors of Philadelphia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania#Politics" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania § Politics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/220px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/330px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg/440px-Musical_Fund_Hall_Philly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Musical_Fund_Hall" title="Musical Fund Hall">Musical Fund Hall</a> at 808 <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> hosted the first nominating <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg/220px-Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg/330px-Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg/440px-Councilmember_Cherelle_Parker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cherelle_Parker" title="Cherelle Parker">Cherelle Parker</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>), the 100th and current <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Philadelphia" title="Mayor of Philadelphia">Mayor of Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Cherelle_Parker" title="Cherelle Parker">Cherelle Parker</a> who won the election in November 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Kenney" title="Jim Kenney">Jim Kenney</a>, served two terms from 2016 to January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutter_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutter-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a>. For over seven decades, since 1952, every <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia#List_of_Mayors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Philadelphia">Philadelphia mayor</a> has been a Democrat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a> is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>, all of whom are elected to four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats are currently the majority and hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at-large seats. Republicans hold one seat: the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast-based</a> Tenth District. The <a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a> holds two at-large seats making them the council's minority party. The current council president is <a href="/wiki/Kenyatta_Johnson" title="Kenyatta Johnson">Kenyatta Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's political structure consists of a system of wards and divisions. There are 66 wards with 11 to 51 divisions each for a total of 1703 divisions. Each division elects two committee people who are supposed to live within the division boundaries, and committee people select a leader for their ward.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats and Republicans elect their own committee people every four years. The committee person's role is to serve as a point of contact between voters and party officials and help get out the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most wards are closed which means the ward leader makes sole endorsement decisions; open wards allow committee people to weigh in on these decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are groups such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openwardsphilly.com">Open Wards Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402232455/https://www.openwardsphilly.com/">Archived</a> April 2, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and individuals who are working to elect ward leaders who promote an open ward system.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:#17aa5c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#17aa5c"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#17aa5c"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 628.81776958434px; border-left-color:#DDDDBB"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#DDDDBB"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#DDDDBB"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 87.605059588896px; border-left-color:#E81B23"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E81B23"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E81B23"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1.0053435176404px; border-left-color:#3333FF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#3333FF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#3333FF"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Chart of voter registration </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3333FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (75.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E81B23; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (11.29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DDDDBB; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Independent_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (United States)">Independent</a> (11.04%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#17aa5c; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">Other Parties</a> (2.50%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Philadelphia County voter registration statistics as of March 4, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-Voter_Registration_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voter_Registration-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Political Party </th> <th>Total Voters </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3333FF; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td align="center">775,851 </td> <td align="center">75.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E81B23; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td align="center">117,639 </td> <td align="center">11.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td>No Party Affiliation </td> <td align="center">114,990 </td> <td align="center">11.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#17aa5c; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"> </td> <td>Minor parties </td> <td align="center">25,924 </td> <td align="center">2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th align="center">1,034,404 </th> <th align="center">100.00% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Philadelphia had historically been a bastion of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> until the mid-1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> was held at <a href="/wiki/Musical_Fund_Hall" title="Musical Fund Hall">Musical Fund Hall</a> at 808 <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democratic registrations increased after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>; however, the city was not carried by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in his <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">landslide victory of 1932</a>, as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a> and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote. Philadelphia has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936. In <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>, capturing 85% of the vote. In <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> won 82% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-elections_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elections-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the previously declining population in the city and state,<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia has only three <a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">congressional districts</a> of the 18 districts in Pennsylvania, based on the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a> apportionment:<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 2nd congressional district">the 2nd district</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Boyle" title="Brendan Boyle">Brendan Boyle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district">the 3rd</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Evans_(politician)" title="Dwight Evans (politician)">Dwight Evans</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district">the 5th</a>, represented by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gay_Scanlon" title="Mary Gay Scanlon">Mary Gay Scanlon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three representatives are Democrats, though Republicans still have some support in the city, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Katz_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Katz (Philadelphia)">Sam Katz</a> ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_mayoral_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia mayoral election, 1999">1999</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_mayoral_election,_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia mayoral election, 2003">2003</a>, losing to Democrat <a href="/wiki/John_F._Street" title="John F. Street">John Street</a> both times.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pennsylvania's longest-serving <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania">Senator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">alumnus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-SpecterBio_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpecterBio-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009, losing that party's primary in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_primary_election_in_Pennsylvania,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Democratic primary election in Pennsylvania, 2010">2010</a> and leaving office in January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was assistant counsel on the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> in 1964 and the city's district attorney from 1966 to 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-SpecterBio_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpecterBio-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia has hosted various <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national conventions</a>, including in <a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 (Whig)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Republican)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Republican)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Republican)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Democratic)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Republican)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Republican)</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1948 Progressive National Convention">1948 (Progressive)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Republican)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Democratic)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gtmadonna_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gtmadonna-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia has been home to one vice president, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one general of the American Civil War, <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>, who won his party's nomination for president but lost in the general election to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-300" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2019, former U.S. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> chose Philadelphia to be his <a href="/wiki/2020_U.S._presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 U.S. presidential campaign">2020 U.S. presidential campaign</a> headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h3></div> <p>"Green Cities, Clean Water" is an environmental policy initiative based in Philadelphia that has shown promising results in mitigating the effects of climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers on the policy have stated that despite such promising plans of <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a> building, "the city is forecasted to grow warmer, wetter, and more urbanized over the century, runoff and local temperatures will increase on average throughout the city".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_302-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though landcover predictive models on the effects of the policy initiative have indicated that green infrastructure could be useful at decreasing the amount of runoff in the city over time, the city government would have to expand its current plans and "consider the cobenefit of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> when planning new projects" in limiting the scope of city-wide temperature increase.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_302-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Philadelphia" title="Crime in Philadelphia">Crime in Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_crime_family" title="Philadelphia crime family">Philadelphia crime family</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Police_and_law_enforcement">Police and law enforcement</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department" title="Philadelphia Police Department">Philadelphia Police Department</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_Police_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="1613" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department" title="Philadelphia Police Department">Philadelphia Police Department</a> administration building, known as the Roundhouse, in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg/220px-Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg/330px-Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg/440px-Philadelphia_Police_-_cruiser_on_Ben_Franklin_Parkway.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A Philadelphia police cruiser on <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a 2015 report by Pew Charitable Trusts, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department#Districts" title="Philadelphia Police Department">police districts</a> with the highest rates of violent crime were <a href="/wiki/Frankford,_Philadelphia" title="Frankford, Philadelphia">Frankford</a> (15th district) and <a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Philadelphia" title="Kensington, Philadelphia">Kensington</a> (24th district) in the <a href="/wiki/Near_Northeast_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Northeast Philadelphia">Near Northeast</a>, and districts to the <a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North</a> (22nd, 25th, and 35th districts), <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West</a> (19th district) and <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia" title="Southwest Philadelphia">Southwest</a> (12th district) of <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a>. Each of those seven districts recorded more than a thousand violent crimes in 2014. The lowest rates of violent crime occurred in Center City, <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Far_Northeast_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Northeast Philadelphia">Far Northeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roxborough,_Philadelphia" title="Roxborough, Philadelphia">Roxborough</a> districts, the latter of which includes <a href="/wiki/Manayunk,_Philadelphia" title="Manayunk, Philadelphia">Manayunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia had 500, 503 according to some sources, murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. An average of about 400 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose to 406 by 2006, before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-mikenutterllc.com_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikenutterllc.com-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, the city had 246 murders, which is a decrease of nearly 40% since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, 248 homicides were committed. The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015, then fell slightly to 277 in 2016, before rising again to 317 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-phillypolice.com_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillypolice.com-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homicides increased dramatically in the late 2010s/early 2020s, reaching 499 homicides in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-mikenutterllc.com_303-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikenutterllc.com-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surpassing the 1990 "record" in 2021, with 501st murder on November 27 and 510 by the end of the month.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillie ended the year with 562 murders, an all-time record. It dropped in 2022 to 514, and significantly further again in 2023, to 410. <sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Philadelphia's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country's 10 most populous cities.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Philadelphia had the fourth-highest homicide rate among the country's most populous cities. The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth-highest city in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century. Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014. <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">Violent crimes</a>, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Philadelphia enacted an ordinance decriminalizing the possession of less than 30 grams of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> or eight grams of <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>; the ordinance gave police officers the discretion to treat possession of these amounts as a civil infraction punishable by a $25 ticket, rather than a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuri_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuri-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Philadelphia was at the largest city in the nation to decriminalize the possession of marijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_311-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2013 to 2018, marijuana arrests in the city dropped by more than 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-Nuri_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuri-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purchase or sale of marijuana remains a criminal offense in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_311-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firefighting">Firefighting</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Fire_Department" title="Philadelphia Fire Department">Philadelphia Fire Department</a></div> <p>The Philadelphia Fire Department provides <a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">fire protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency medical services</a> (EMS). The department's official mission is to protect public safety by quick and professional response to emergencies and the promotion of sound emergency prevention measures. This mandate encompasses all traditional <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_the_United_States" title="Firefighting in the United States">firefighting</a> functions, including fire suppression, with 60 engine companies and 30 ladder companies<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as specialty and support units deployed throughout the city; specialized firefighting units for <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Philadelphia" title="Port of Philadelphia">Port of Philadelphia</a>; investigations conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Fire_marshal" title="Fire marshal">fire marshal</a>'s office to determine the origins of fires and develop preventive strategies; <a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">prevention</a> programs to educate the public; and support services including research and planning, management of the fire communications center within the city's <a href="/wiki/9-1-1" class="mw-redirect" title="9-1-1">911</a> system, and operation of the Philadelphia Fire Academy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Philadelphia" title="Media in Philadelphia">Media in Philadelphia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3></div> <p>Philadelphia's two major <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">daily newspapers</a> are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>, first published in 1829—the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country—and the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News" title="Philadelphia Daily News">Philadelphia Daily News</a></i>, first published in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-Pressa_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pressa-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Daily News</i> has been published as an edition of the <i>Inquirer</i> since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent owners of the <i>Inquirer</i> and <i>Daily News</i> have included <a href="/wiki/Knight_Ridder" title="Knight Ridder">Knight Ridder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The McClatchy Company">The McClatchy Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Media_Holdings" title="Philadelphia Media Holdings">Philadelphia Media Holdings</a>, with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two years of financial struggle, the newspapers were sold to <a href="/wiki/Interstate_General_Media" title="Interstate General Media">Interstate General Media</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again_315-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the 18th-largest circulation in the country, and their collective website, Philly.com,<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was ranked 13th in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a> the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-circulation_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circulation-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller publications include the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Tribune">Philadelphia Tribune</a></i> published five days each week for the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> community;<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_(magazine)" title="Philadelphia (magazine)">Philadelphia</a></i> magazine, a monthly regional magazine;<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Weekly" title="Philadelphia Weekly">Philadelphia Weekly</a></i>, a weekly alternative newspaper;<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Gay_News" title="Philadelphia Gay News">Philadelphia Gay News</a></i>, a weekly newspaper for the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community;<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Exponent" title="The Jewish Exponent">The Jewish Exponent</a></i>, a weekly newspaper for the Jewish community;<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Al_D%C3%ADa_(Philadelphia)" title="Al Día (Philadelphia)">Al Día</a></i>, a weekly newspaper for the <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latino</a> community;<sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Metro">Philadelphia Metro</a></i>, a free daily newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Student-run newspapers include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_News" title="The Temple News">The Temple News</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triangle_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Triangle (newspaper)">The Triangle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3></div> <p>The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">St. Joseph's College</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> radio stations began broadcasting in 1922: first <a href="/wiki/WTEL_(AM)" title="WTEL (AM)">WIP</a>, then owned by <a href="/wiki/Gimbels" title="Gimbels">Gimbels</a> department store, followed by <a href="/wiki/WFIL" title="WFIL">WFIL</a>, then owned by <a href="/wiki/Strawbridge%27s" title="Strawbridge's">Strawbridge & Clothier</a> department store, and <a href="/wiki/WOO_(Philadelphia)" title="WOO (Philadelphia)">WOO</a>, a defunct station owned by <a href="/wiki/Wanamaker%27s" title="Wanamaker's">Wanamaker's</a> department store, as well as <a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">WCAU</a> and <a href="/wiki/WDAS_(AM)" title="WDAS (AM)">WDAS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Media_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> lists 28 <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> and 11 <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> stations for Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2017, the ten highest-rated stations in Philadelphia were <a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">adult contemporary</a> <a href="/wiki/WBEB" title="WBEB">WBEB-FM</a> (101.1), <a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">sports talk</a> <a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">WIP-FM</a> (94.1), <a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">classic rock</a> <a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">WMGK-FM</a> (102.9), <a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">urban adult contemporary</a> <a href="/wiki/WDAS-FM" title="WDAS-FM">WDAS-FM</a> (105.3), <a href="/wiki/Classic_hits" title="Classic hits">classic hits</a> <a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">WOGL-FM</a> (98.1), <a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">album-oriented rock</a> <a href="/wiki/WMMR" title="WMMR">WMMR-FM</a> (93.3), <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> <a href="/wiki/WXTU" title="WXTU">WXTU-FM</a> (92.5), <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">all-news</a> <a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">KYW-AM</a> (1060), <a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">talk radio</a> <a href="/wiki/WHYY-FM" title="WHYY-FM">WHYY-FM</a> (90.9), and urban adult contemporary <a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">WRNB-FM</a> (100.3).<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia is served by three non-commercial <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public radio</a> stations: WHYY-FM (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">WRTI-FM</a> (classical and jazz),<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/WXPN" title="WXPN">WXPN-FM</a> (adult alternative music).<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_stations_in_the_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania,_metropolitan_area" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philly_Radio" title="Template:Philly Radio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philly_Radio" title="Template talk:Philly Radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philly_Radio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philly Radio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_stations_in_the_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania,_metropolitan_area" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio stations in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM frequency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WFIL" title="WFIL">560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTEL_(AM)" title="WTEL (AM)">610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWJZ" title="WWJZ">640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHE" title="WPHE">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJFP" title="WJFP">740</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTMR" title="WTMR">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWDB" title="WWDB">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WURD" title="WURD">900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKDN_(AM)" title="WKDN (AM)">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNTP" title="WNTP">990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">1060</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFYL" title="WFYL">1180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">1210</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEMG" title="WEMG">1310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHAT_(AM)" title="WHAT (AM)">1340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPAZ" title="WPAZ">1370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCOJ" title="WCOJ">1420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNPV" title="WNPV">1440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIFI_(AM)" title="WIFI (AM)">1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDAS_(AM)" title="WDAS (AM)">1480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBCB_(AM)" title="WBCB (AM)">1490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCHE" title="WCHE">1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNWR" title="WNWR">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISP_(AM)" title="WISP (AM)">1570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPWA" title="WPWA">1590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike#Emergency_assistance_and_information" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTTM" title="WTTM">1680</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM frequency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>88.1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WPEB" title="WPEB">WPEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTHA_(FM)" title="WTHA (FM)">WTHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">WZZD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">88.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN" title="WXPN">88.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWLU" title="WWLU">88.7</a></li> <li>88.9 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">WBYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBZC" title="WBZC">WBZC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXVU" title="WXVU">89.1</a></li> <li>89.3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRDV" title="WRDV">WRDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">WRTJ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYPA" title="WYPA">89.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGLS-FM" title="WGLS-FM">89.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">90.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHYY-FM" title="WHYY-FM">90.9</a></li> <li>91.5 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDBK" title="WDBK">WDBK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSRN-FM" title="WSRN-FM">WSRN-FM</a></li></ul></li> <li>91.7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBMR" title="WBMR">WBMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCUR" title="WCUR">WCUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKDU" title="WKDU">WKDU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLBS" title="WLBS">WLBS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXTU" title="WXTU">92.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMMR" title="WMMR">93.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSTW" title="WSTW">93.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">94.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPST" title="WPST">94.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRSD" title="WRSD">94.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEN-FM" title="WBEN-FM">95.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTDY-FM" title="WTDY-FM">96.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)" title="WPEN (FM)">97.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">98.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUSL" title="WUSL">98.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVCW_(FM)" title="WVCW (FM)">99.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHHS" title="WHHS">99.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">100.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEB" title="WBEB">101.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKXW" title="WKXW">101.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">102.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">102.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHI-FM" title="WPHI-FM">103.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRFF" title="WRFF">104.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDAS-FM" title="WDAS-FM">105.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUMR_(FM)" title="WUMR (FM)">106.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">106.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPPZ-FM" title="WPPZ-FM">107.9</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">LPFM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>92.9 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WGGT-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGGT-LP (page does not exist)">WGGT-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WOOM-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WOOM-LP (page does not exist)">WOOM-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WRGU-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WRGU-LP (page does not exist)">WRGU-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WRLG-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WRLG-LP (page does not exist)">WRLG-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZML-LP" title="WZML-LP">WZML-LP</a></li></ul></li> <li>98.5 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WJYN-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WJYN-LP (page does not exist)">WJYN-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNUW-LP" title="WNUW-LP">WNUW-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WQEW-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WQEW-LP (page does not exist)">WQEW-LP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WPPM-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WPPM-LP (page does not exist)">106.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">Translators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W225DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="W225DJ">92.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W235CE" class="mw-redirect" title="W235CE">94.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W236CL" class="mw-redirect" title="W236CL">95.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W237EH" class="mw-redirect" title="W237EH">95.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W241CH" class="mw-redirect" title="W241CH">96.1</a></li> <li>97.1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W246AR" class="mw-redirect" title="W246AR">W246AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W246AQ" class="mw-redirect" title="W246AQ">W246AQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W253CA" class="mw-redirect" title="W253CA">98.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W260CZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W260CZ">99.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W264BH" class="mw-redirect" title="W264BH">100.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W273DO" class="mw-redirect" title="W273DO">102.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W277DL" class="mw-redirect" title="W277DL">103.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W278AK" class="mw-redirect" title="W278AK">103.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W280CP" class="mw-redirect" title="W280CP">103.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W281CL" class="mw-redirect" title="W281CL">104.1</a></li> <li>105.7 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W289AZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W289AZ">W289AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W289CZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W289CZ">W289CZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W297AD" class="mw-redirect" title="W297AD">107.3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio" title="NOAA Weather Radio">NOAA Weather Radio</a><br />frequency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WNG704" class="mw-redirect" title="WNG704">162.425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIH28" class="mw-redirect" title="KIH28">162.475</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">Digital radio</a><br />by frequency & subchannel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">1210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN" title="WXPN">88.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN-HD2" class="mw-redirect" title="WXPN-HD2">88.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">89.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">89.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYPA" title="WYPA">89.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWFM" title="WWFM">89.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">90.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">90.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHYY-FM" title="WHYY-FM">90.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXTU" title="WXTU">92.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXTU" title="WXTU">92.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMMR" title="WMMR">93.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMMR" title="WMMR">93.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSTW" title="WSTW">93.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDEL-FM" title="WDEL-FM">93.7-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXCY-FM" title="WXCY-FM">93.7-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">94.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">94.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">94.1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEN-FM" title="WBEN-FM">95.7-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEN-FM" title="WBEN-FM">95.7-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTDY-FM" title="WTDY-FM">96.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Q" title="Channel Q">96.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)" title="WPEN (FM)">97.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)#WPEN_HD2" title="WPEN (FM)">97.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)#WPEN_HD3" title="WPEN (FM)">97.5-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">98.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">98.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">98.1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUSL" title="WUSL">98.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVCW_(FM)" title="WVCW (FM)">99.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVCW_(FM)" title="WVCW (FM)">99.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">100.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">100.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">100.3-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEB" title="WBEB">101.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEB" title="WBEB">101.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKXW" title="WKXW">101.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKXW" title="WKXW">101.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">102.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">102.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">102.1-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">102.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">102.9-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">102.9-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRFF" title="WRFF">104.5-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDAS_(AM)" title="WDAS (AM)">104.5-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDAS-FM" title="WDAS-FM">105.3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTEL_(AM)" title="WTEL (AM)">105.3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUMR_(FM)" title="WUMR (FM)">106.1-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUMR_(FM)" title="WUMR (FM)">106.1-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">106.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">106.9-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">106.9-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPPZ-FM" title="WPPZ-FM">107.9-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPPZ-FM" title="WPPZ-FM">107.9-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Call_signs_in_North_America" title="Call signs in North America">call sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KIH28" class="mw-redirect" title="KIH28">KIH28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">KYW</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W225DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="W225DJ">W225DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W235CE" class="mw-redirect" title="W235CE">W235CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W236CL" class="mw-redirect" title="W236CL">W236CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W237EH" class="mw-redirect" title="W237EH">W237EH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W241CH" class="mw-redirect" title="W241CH">W241CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W246AR" class="mw-redirect" title="W246AR">W246AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W246AQ" class="mw-redirect" title="W246AQ">W246AQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W253CA" class="mw-redirect" title="W253CA">W253CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W260CZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W260CZ">W260CZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W264BH" class="mw-redirect" title="W264BH">W264BH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W273DO" class="mw-redirect" title="W273DO">W273DO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W277DL" class="mw-redirect" title="W277DL">W277DL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W278AK" class="mw-redirect" title="W278AK">W278AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W280CP" class="mw-redirect" title="W280CP">W280CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W281CL" class="mw-redirect" title="W281CL">W281CL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W289AZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W289AZ">W289AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W289CZ" class="mw-redirect" title="W289CZ">W289CZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W297AD" class="mw-redirect" title="W297AD">W297AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBCB_(AM)" title="WBCB (AM)">WBCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEB" title="WBEB">WBEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBEB" title="WBEB">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBEN-FM" title="WBEN-FM">WBEN-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBEN-FM" title="WBEN-FM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBMR" title="WBMR">WBMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">WBYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBZC" title="WBZC">WBZC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCHE" title="WCHE">WCHE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCHR_(AM)" title="WCHR (AM)">WCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCOJ" title="WCOJ">WCOJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCUR" title="WCUR">WCUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDAS_(AM)" title="WDAS (AM)">WDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDAS-FM" title="WDAS-FM">WDAS-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTEL_(AM)" title="WTEL (AM)">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDBK" title="WDBK">WDBK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEMG" title="WEMG">WEMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFIL" title="WFIL">WFIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFYL" title="WFYL">WFYL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WGGT-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGGT-LP (page does not exist)">WGGT-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGLS-FM" title="WGLS-FM">WGLS-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHAT_(AM)" title="WHAT (AM)">WHAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHHS" title="WHHS">WHHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHYY-FM" title="WHYY-FM">WHYY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIFI_(AM)" title="WIFI (AM)">WIFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">WIOQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIOQ" title="WIOQ">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">WIP-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WISP_(AM)" title="WISP (AM)">WISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJFP" title="WJFP">WJFP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WJYN-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WJYN-LP (page does not exist)">WJYN-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKDN_(AM)" title="WKDN (AM)">WKDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKDU" title="WKDU">WKDU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">WKVP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKVP" title="WKVP">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKXW" title="WKXW">WKXW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WKXW" title="WKXW">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLBS" title="WLBS">WLBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">WMGK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGK" title="WMGK">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMMR" title="WMMR">WMMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WMMR" title="WMMR">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNG704" class="mw-redirect" title="WNG704">WNG704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNPV" title="WNPV">WNPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNTP" title="WNTP">WNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNUW-LP" title="WNUW-LP">WNUW-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNWR" title="WNWR">WNWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">WOGL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WOGL" title="WOGL">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WOOM-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WOOM-LP (page does not exist)">WOOM-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPAZ" title="WPAZ">WPAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEB" title="WPEB">WPEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)" title="WPEN (FM)">WPEN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)#WPEN_HD2" title="WPEN (FM)">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPEN_(FM)#WPEN_HD3" title="WPEN (FM)">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHE" title="WPHE">WPHE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHI-FM" title="WPHI-FM">WPHI-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">WPHT</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike#Emergency_assistance_and_information" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">WPNX700</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WPPM-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WPPM-LP (page does not exist)">WPPM-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPPZ-FM" title="WPPZ-FM">WPPZ-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WPPZ-FM" title="WPPZ-FM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPST" title="WPST">WPST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPWA" title="WPWA">WPWA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WQEW-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WQEW-LP (page does not exist)">WQEW-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN#WQHS" title="WXPN">WQHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRDV" title="WRDV">WRDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRFF" title="WRFF">WRFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRFF" title="WRFF">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WRGU-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WRGU-LP (page does not exist)">WRGU-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WRLG-LP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WRLG-LP (page does not exist)">WRLG-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">WRNB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRNB" title="WRNB">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRSD" title="WRSD">WRSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">WRTI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">WRTJ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRTI" title="WRTI">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSRN-FM" title="WSRN-FM">WSRN-FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSTW" title="WSTW">WSTW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDEL-FM" title="WDEL-FM">HD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXCY-FM" title="WXCY-FM">HD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTDY-FM" title="WTDY-FM">WTDY-FM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTDY-FM#HD2_(WTDY-HD2)" title="WTDY-FM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTEL_(AM)" title="WTEL (AM)">WTEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTHA_(FM)" title="WTHA (FM)">WTHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTMR" title="WTMR">WTMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTTM" title="WTTM">WTTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUMR_(FM)" title="WUMR (FM)">WUMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WUMR_(FM)" title="WUMR (FM)">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WURD" title="WURD">WURD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUSL" title="WUSL">WUSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WVCW_(FM)" title="WVCW (FM)">WVCW</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WVCW_(FM)" title="WVCW (FM)">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWDB" title="WWDB">WWDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWJZ" title="WWJZ">WWJZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWLU" title="WWLU">WWLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN" title="WXPN">WXPN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WXPN-HD2" class="mw-redirect" title="WXPN-HD2">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXTU" title="WXTU">WXTU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WXTU" title="WXTU">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXVU" title="WXVU">WXVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYPA" title="WYPA">WYPA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WWFM" title="WWFM">HD2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIP-FM" title="WIP-FM">"WYSP"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZML-LP" title="WZML-LP">WZML-LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">WZXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBYO" title="WBYO">WZZD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WEXP_(La_Salle_University)" title="WEXP (La Salle University)">WEXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WQHS_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="WQHS Radio">WQHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYBF" title="WYBF">WYBF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temporary_broadcasting_stations_in_the_United_States" title="List of temporary broadcasting stations in the United States">WAAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDNR" title="WDNR">WDNR (89.5 FM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEXP_(La_Salle_University)" title="WEXP (La Salle University)">WEXP (1600 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJJZ_(AM)" title="WJJZ (AM)">WJJZ (1460 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNAP_(Pennsylvania)" title="WNAP (Pennsylvania)">WNAP (1110 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNJC" title="WNJC">WNJC (1360 AM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOO_(Philadelphia)" title="WOO (Philadelphia)">WOO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temporary_broadcasting_stations_in_the_United_States" title="List of temporary broadcasting stations in the United States">WRAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN#WQHS" title="WXPN">WQHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WYBF" title="WYBF">WYBF (89.1 FM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WZZE" title="WZZE">WZZE (97.3 FM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>Radio stations in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Philly_Radio" title="Template:Philly Radio">Philadelphia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton_Radio" title="Template:Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Radio">Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Wilmington_DE_Radio" title="Template:Wilmington DE Radio">Wilmington</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div> <dl><dt>Other nearby regions</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Allentown_Radio" title="Template:Allentown Radio">Allentown-Bethlehem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlantic_City_Radio" title="Template:Atlantic City Radio">Atlantic City-Cape May</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Dover_Radio" title="Template:Dover Radio">Dover</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Lancaster_Radio" title="Template:Lancaster Radio">Lancaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Reading_Radio" title="Template:Reading Radio">Reading</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Trenton_Radio" title="Template:Trenton Radio">Trenton</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of radio stations in Pennsylvania">List of radio stations in Pennsylvania</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Philadelphia" title="Category:Mass media in Philadelphia">Mass media in the Philadelphia Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_Philadelphia" title="Category:Radio stations in Philadelphia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_stations_in_Philadelphia" title="Category:Television stations in Philadelphia">TV stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Newspapers_published_in_Philadelphia" title="Category:Newspapers published in Philadelphia">Newspapers</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>1. <a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">Clear-channel stations</a> with extended nighttime coverage.</dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <p>In the 1930s, the experimental station <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">W3XE</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Philco" title="Philco">Philco</a>, became the first television station in Philadelphia. The station became <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s first affiliate in 1939, and later became <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a> (currently a <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> affiliate). <a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU-TV</a>, WFIL-TV, and <a href="/wiki/WHYY-TV" title="WHYY-TV">WHYY-TV</a> were all founded by the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Media_328-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, WFIL (renamed <a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">WPVI</a>) premiered the television show <i>Bandstand</i>, which later became the nationally broadcast <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bandstand" title="American Bandstand">American Bandstand</a></i> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Clark" title="Dick Clark">Dick Clark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each commercial network has an affiliate in Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a> 3 (CBS), <a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">WPVI-TV</a> 6 (ABC), <a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU</a> 10 (NBC), <a href="/wiki/WPHL-TV" title="WPHL-TV">WPHL-TV</a> 17 (The CW with MyNetworkTV on DT2), <a href="/wiki/WFPA-CD" title="WFPA-CD">WFPA-CD</a> 28 (UniMás), <a href="/wiki/WTXF-TV" title="WTXF-TV">WTXF-TV</a> 29 (Fox), <a href="/wiki/WPSG" title="WPSG">WPSG</a> 57 (Independent), <a href="/wiki/WWSI" title="WWSI">WWSI</a> 62 (Telemundo), and <a href="/wiki/WUVP-DT" title="WUVP-DT">WUVP-DT</a> 65 (Univision). The region is served also by <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> stations <a href="/wiki/WPPT_(TV)" title="WPPT (TV)">WPPT-TV</a> (Philadelphia), <a href="/wiki/WHYY-TV" title="WHYY-TV">WHYY-TV</a> (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), <a href="/wiki/WLVT-TV" title="WLVT-TV">WLVT-TV</a> (Lehigh Valley), and <a href="/wiki/NJTV" class="mw-redirect" title="NJTV">NJTV</a> (New Jersey).<sup id="cite_ref-TVstations_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVstations-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia has <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned-and-operated stations</a> for five major English-language broadcast networks: <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> – <a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> – <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> – <a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">WPVI-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> – <a href="/wiki/WTXF-TV" title="WTXF-TV">WTXF-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> – <a href="/wiki/WPHL-TV" title="WPHL-TV">WPHL-TV</a>. Since September 2024, it is the largest television market where at least one of the six English networks are shown at a station not owned by a particular network's associated parent company. The major Spanish-language networks are <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a> – <a href="/wiki/WUVP-DT" title="WUVP-DT">WUVP-DT</a>, <a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a> – <a href="/wiki/WFPA-CD" title="WFPA-CD">WFPA-CD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> – <a href="/wiki/WWSI" title="WWSI">WWSI-TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TVstations_337-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVstations-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the city is the nation's fourth-largest consumer in <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a>, as ranked by the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a> firm, with nearly 2.9 million TV households.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_television_in_the_Delaware_Valley_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philly_TV" title="Template:Philly TV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philly_TV" title="Template talk:Philly TV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philly_TV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philly TV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_television_in_the_Delaware_Valley_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Broadcast television</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> region</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>This region includes the following cities: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading, PA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, NJ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, DE</a><br />Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full power</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDPN-TV" title="WDPN-TV">WDPN-TV 2</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Court_TV" title="Court TV">Court</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Mystery" title="Ion Mystery">Mystery</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Heroes_%26_Icons" title="Heroes & Icons">H&I</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/Retro_TV" title="Retro TV">Retro</a></li> <li>.6 <a href="/wiki/Catchy_Comedy" title="Catchy Comedy">Catchy</a></li> <li>.7 <a href="/wiki/Story_Television" title="Story Television">Story</a></li> <li>.8 Pocono TV</li> <li>.9 <a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax 2</a></li> <li>.10 <a href="/wiki/MeTV_Toons" title="MeTV Toons">MeToons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV 3</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Start_TV" title="Start TV">Start</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/TBD_(TV_network)" title="TBD (TV network)">TBD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">WPVI-TV 6</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Localish" title="Localish">Localish</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Charge!_(TV_network)" title="Charge! (TV network)">Charge!</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU 10</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Cozi_TV" title="Cozi TV">Cozi</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/NBC_LX_Home#Rebrand_as_NBC_American_Crimes" title="NBC LX Home">AmCrimes</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_(TV_channel)" title="Oxygen (TV channel)">Oxygen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHYY-TV" title="WHYY-TV">WHYY-TV 12</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li>.2 Y2/<a href="/wiki/World_Channel" title="World Channel">World</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHL-TV" title="WPHL-TV">WPHL-TV 17</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Antenna_TV" title="Antenna TV">ANT</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)" title="Grit (TV network)">Grit</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Comet_(TV_network)" title="Comet (TV network)">Comet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NJ_PBS" title="NJ PBS">WNJS 23</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>/<a href="/wiki/NJ_PBS" title="NJ PBS">NJ PBS</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/NHK_World" class="mw-redirect" title="NHK World">NHK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTXF-TV" title="WTXF-TV">WTXF-TV 29</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Movies!" title="Movies!">Movies!</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/TheGrio" title="TheGrio">Grio</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Buzzr" title="Buzzr">Buzzr</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/Fox_Weather" title="Fox Weather">Fox WX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPPT_(TV)" title="WPPT (TV)">WPPT 35</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/World_Channel" title="World Channel">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMCN-TV" title="WMCN-TV">WMCN-TV 44</a> <ul><li>.1/.7 <a href="/wiki/Shop_LC" title="Shop LC">LC</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/The365" class="mw-redirect" title="The365">The365</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlaw (TV network)">Outlaw</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Heartland_(TV_network)" title="Heartland (TV network)">Heartland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTVE" title="WTVE">WTVE 51</a> <ul><li>.1/.2 Ads</li> <li>.3 Binge</li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/QVC#QVC2" title="QVC">QVC2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPSG" title="WPSG">WPSG 57</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Independent_station" title="Independent station">Ind.</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/The_Nest_(TV_network)" title="The Nest (TV network)">Nest</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a></li> <li>.4 Nosey</li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/Fave_TV" title="Fave TV">Fave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPPX-TV" title="WPPX-TV">WPPX-TV 61</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)" title="Laff (TV network)">Laff</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Ion_Plus" title="Ion Plus">Ion+</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/Scripps_News" title="Scripps News">Scripps</a></li> <li>.6 <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">JTV</a></li> <li>.7 <a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a></li> <li>.8 <a href="/wiki/HSN" title="HSN">HSN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWSI" title="WWSI">WWSI 62</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">TMD</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/TeleXitos" title="TeleXitos">TXO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUVP-DT" title="WUVP-DT">WUVP-DT 65</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">UNI</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Bounce_TV" title="Bounce TV">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGM-TV" title="WMGM-TV">.3</a> <a href="/wiki/True_Crime_Network" title="True Crime Network">Crime</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting#Television" title="Low-power broadcasting">Low power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WEFG-LD" title="WEFG-LD">WEFG-LD 7</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Dark_(broadcasting)" title="Dark (broadcasting)">Silent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPSJ-CD" title="WPSJ-CD">WPSJ-CD 8</a> <ul><li>.1 Visión</li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/LATV" title="LATV">LATV</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#Television" title="Jimmy Swaggart">SBN</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/BeIN_Sports_(American_TV_channel)" title="BeIN Sports (American TV channel)">BeIN Xtra</a></li> <li>.5/.6 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a></li></ul></li> <li>WPHA-CD 24 <ul><li>.1/.2/.3/.4 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFPA-CD" title="WFPA-CD">WFPA-CD 28</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Get_(TV_network)" title="Get (TV network)">Get</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Quest_(American_TV_network)" title="Quest (American TV network)">Quest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WZPA-LD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WZPA-LD (page does not exist)">WZPA-LD 33</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/HSN" title="HSN">HSN2</a></li> <li>.2/.6/.7 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#Television" title="Jimmy Swaggart">SBN</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Shop_LC" title="Shop LC">LC</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/QVC#QVC2" title="QVC">QVC2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Pennsylvania#LPTV_stations" title="List of television stations in Pennsylvania">WQAV-CD</a> (34.1 <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">JTV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W25FG-D" class="mw-redirect" title="W25FG-D">W25FG-D 36</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/BeIN_Sports_(American_TV_channel)" title="BeIN Sports (American TV channel)">beIN Sports Xtra en Español</a></li> <li>.2/.4/.7 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a></li> <li>.3 MtrSpt1</li> <li>.5 RVTV</li> <li>.6 Aqui TV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WDUM-LD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WDUM-LD (page does not exist)">WDUM-LD 41</a> <ul><li>.1/.2/.3/.4/.7 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a></li> <li>.5 Aqui TV</li> <li>.6 RVTV</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WELL-LD" class="mw-redirect" title="WELL-LD">WELL-LD 45</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Daystar_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daystar (TV network)">Daystar</a></li> <li>.2 DS Español</li> <li>.3 Reflections</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WNEP-TV" title="WNEP-TV">WNEP-TV</a> <ul><li>16.1 <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a></li> <li>16.2 <a href="/wiki/Antenna_TV" title="Antenna TV">ANT</a></li> <li>44.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li>44.2 <a href="/wiki/PBS_Kids" title="PBS Kids">PBS Kids</a></li> <li>44.3 <a href="/wiki/Create_(TV_network)" title="Create (TV network)">Create</a> – <i>translator of WNEP-TV & <a href="/wiki/WVIA-TV" title="WVIA-TV">WVIA-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WACP" title="WACP">WACP 4</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Christian_Television" title="Tri-State Christian Television">TCT</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#Television" title="Jimmy Swaggart">SBN</a></li> <li>.3 HSTV</li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Shop_LC" title="Shop LC">LC</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">JTV</a></li> <li>.6 <a href="/wiki/The_Family_Channel_(American_TV_network,_founded_2008)" title="The Family Channel (American TV network, founded 2008)">Family</a></li> <li>.7 <a href="/wiki/Ace_TV" title="Ace TV">Ace</a></li> <li>.8 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City, NJ</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>WSJT-LD 15 <ul><li>.1 Classic Shows</li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/GEB_America" class="mw-redirect" title="GEB America">GEB America</a></li> <li>.3 Hope</li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/New_Tang_Dynasty_Television" title="New Tang Dynasty Television">NTD</a></li> <li>.5 <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Copeland#Victory_Channel" title="Kenneth Copeland">Victory</a></li> <li>.6 <a href="/wiki/WeatherNation_TV" title="WeatherNation TV">WxN</a></li> <li>.7 Hope</li> <li>.8 <a href="/wiki/Shop_LC" title="Shop LC">LC</a> – <i>Atlantic City, NJ</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPHY-CD" title="WPHY-CD">WPHY-CD 25</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Ads</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart#Television" title="Jimmy Swaggart">SBN</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Jewelry_Television" title="Jewelry Television">JTV</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton, NJ</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLVT-TV" title="WLVT-TV">WLVT-TV 39</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Create_(TV_network)" title="Create (TV network)">Create</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">F24</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WMGM-TV" title="WMGM-TV">WMGM-TV 40</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/True_Crime_Network" title="True Crime Network">Crime</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/Get_(TV_network)" title="Get (TV network)">Get</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUVP-DT" title="WUVP-DT">.3</a> <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">UNI</a> – <i>Atlantic City, NJ</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGTW-TV" title="WGTW-TV">WGTW-TV 48</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">TBN</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/TBN_Inspire" title="TBN Inspire">Inspire</a></li> <li>.3 <a href="/wiki/Smile_(TV_network)" title="Smile (TV network)">Smile</a></li> <li>.4 <a href="/wiki/Enlace" title="Enlace">Enlace</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Millville,_New_Jersey" title="Millville, New Jersey">Millville</a>/Atlantic City, NJ</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NJ_PBS" title="NJ PBS">WNJT 52</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>/<a href="/wiki/NJ_PBS" title="NJ PBS">NJ PBS</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/NHK_World" class="mw-redirect" title="NHK World">NHK</a> – <i>Trenton, NJ</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBPH-TV" title="WBPH-TV">WBPH-TV 60</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">Ind.</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/WLMB#Radiant_TV" title="WLMB">Radiant</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFMZ-TV" title="WFMZ-TV">WFMZ-TV 69</a> <ul><li>.1 <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">Ind.</a></li> <li>.2 <a href="/wiki/The_Local_AccuWeather_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Local AccuWeather Channel">AccuWX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDPN-TV" title="WDPN-TV">.3</a> <a href="/wiki/MeTV" title="MeTV">MeTV</a> – <i>Allentown</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports_Philadelphia" title="NBC Sports Philadelphia">NBC Sports Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Cable_Network" title="Pennsylvania Cable Network">Pennsylvania Cable Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_(streaming_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS News (streaming service)">CBS News Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPVI-TV" title="WPVI-TV">6abc 24/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">NBC 10 Philadelphia News</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WVUE_(Wilmington,_Delaware)" title="WVUE (Wilmington, Delaware)">WVUE 12</a> (Wilmington, DE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEEU-TV" title="WEEU-TV">WEEU-TV 33</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHYY-TV" title="WHYY-TV">WUHY-TV 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFPG-TV" title="WFPG-TV">WFPG-TV 46</a> (Atlantic City, NJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKBS-TV_(Philadelphia)" title="WKBS-TV (Philadelphia)">WKBS-TV 48</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington, NJ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLEV-TV" title="WLEV-TV">WLEV-TV 51</a> (Bethlehem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGLV_(TV)" title="WGLV (TV)">WGLV 57</a> (Easton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHUM-TV" title="WHUM-TV">WHUM-TV 61</a> (Reading)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFMZ-TV_(channel_67)" title="WFMZ-TV (channel 67)">WFMZ-TV 67</a> (Allentown)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Network" title="New Jersey Network">New Jersey Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="PRISM (TV network)">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SportsChannel_Philadelphia" title="SportsChannel Philadelphia">SportsChannel Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comcast_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The Comcast Network">The Comcast Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>Pennsylvania broadcast television</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Erie_TV" title="Template:Erie TV">Erie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Susquehanna_Valley_TV" title="Template:Susquehanna Valley TV">Harrisburg/Lancaster/Lebanon/York (Susquehanna Valley)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Johnstown/Altoona/State_College_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Johnstown/Altoona/State College TV">Johnstown/Altoona/State College (Happy Valley)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Philly_TV" title="Template:Philly TV">Philadelphia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Pittsburgh_TV" title="Template:Pittsburgh TV">Pittsburgh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Scranton/Wilkes-Barre_TV" title="Template:Scranton/Wilkes-Barre TV">Scranton/Wilkes-Barre</a></dd></dl> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Delaware_TV" title="Template:Delaware TV">Delaware TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltimore_TV" title="Template:Baltimore TV">Baltimore TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Salisbury_TV" title="Template:Salisbury TV">Salisbury TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Jersey_TV" title="Template:New Jersey TV">New Jersey TV</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Philadelphia" title="Transportation in Philadelphia">Transportation in Philadelphia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_SEPTA_Metro_stations" title="List of SEPTA Metro stations">List of SEPTA Metro stations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-30th_Street_Station_Philadelphia_July_2016_002_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> serves both <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a> regional and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> national trains and is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg/220px-MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg/330px-MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg/440px-MarketFrankfordLineTrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line" title="Market–Frankford Line">Market–Frankford Line</a> train departing <a href="/wiki/52nd_Street_station_(Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line)" title="52nd Street station (Market–Frankford Line)">52nd Street station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Philadelphia is served by <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>, which operates buses, trains, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> (as both subways and <a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">elevated trains</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolleys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trackless trolleys</a> (electric buses) throughout Philadelphia, the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of <a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a>, in addition to service to <a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer County, New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>) and <a href="/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware" title="New Castle County, Delaware">New Castle County, Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newark,_Delaware" title="Newark, Delaware">Newark, Delaware</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's subway system consists of two routes: the subway section of the <a href="/wiki/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line" title="Market–Frankford Line">Market–Frankford Line</a> running east–west under <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> which opened in 1905 to the west and 1908 to the east of City Hall,<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Line" title="Broad Street Line">Broad Street Line</a> running north–south beneath <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a> which opened in stages from 1928 to 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-341" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1980s, large sections of the <a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Regional_Rail" title="SEPTA Regional Rail">SEPTA Regional Rail</a> service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchell_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchell-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> is a major railroad station on Amtrak's <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> with 4.4 million passengers in 2017 making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_Amtrak_stations" title="List of busiest Amtrak stations">third-busiest</a> station in the country after <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Station (New York City)">New York City's Pennsylvania Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Washington's Union Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PA17_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA17-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30th Street Station offers access to Amtrak,<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEPTA,<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 12 million SEPTA and NJ Transit rail commuters use the station each year, and more than 100,000 people on an average weekday.<sup id="cite_ref-PA17_345-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA17-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PATCO_Speedline" title="PATCO Speedline">PATCO Speedline</a> provides rapid transit service to <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collingswood,_New_Jersey" title="Collingswood, New Jersey">Collingswood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westmont,_New_Jersey" title="Westmont, New Jersey">Westmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddonfield,_New_Jersey" title="Haddonfield, New Jersey">Haddonfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Woodcrest (Cherry Hill)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voorhees,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Voorhees, New Jersey">Ashland (Voorhees)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lindenwold,_New_Jersey" title="Lindenwold, New Jersey">Lindenwold</a>, New Jersey, from stations on <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> between 16th and 15th, 13th and 12th, and 10th and 9th streets, and on Market Street at 8th Street.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a>, the busiest airport in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and 21st-busiest in the nation</figcaption></figure> <p>Two airports serve Philadelphia: the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia International Airport</a> (PHL) is 7 mi (11 km) south-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a> on the boundary with <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware County</a>, providing scheduled domestic and international air service,<sup id="cite_ref-PHL_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHL-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia_Airport" title="Northeast Philadelphia Airport">Northeast Philadelphia Airport</a> (PNE) is a <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> <a href="/wiki/Relief_airport" title="Relief airport">relief airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a> serving general and corporate aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia International Airport is among the busiest airports in the world <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_traffic_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by traffic movements">measured by traffic movements</a> (i.e., takeoffs and landings).<sup id="cite_ref-ACI_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACI-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 30 million passengers pass through the airport annually on 25 airlines, including all major domestic carriers. The airport has nearly 500 daily departures to more than 120 destinations worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-PHL_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHL-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEPTA's <a href="/wiki/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)" title="Airport Line (SEPTA)">Airport Regional Rail Line</a> provides direct service between Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads">Roads</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg/220px-BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg/330px-BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg/440px-BenjaminFranklinBridgeAtNight2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4040" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The 9,650-foot (2,940 m) long <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge" title="Benjamin Franklin Bridge">Benjamin Franklin Bridge</a> spans the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>, connecting Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/South_Jersey" title="South Jersey">South Jersey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-10-09_13_33_59_View_east_along_Interstate_76_and_U.S._Route_30_(Schuylkill_Expressway)_from_the_overpass_for_Spring_Garden_Street_in_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2022-10-09_13_33_59_View_east_along_Interstate_76_and_U.S._Route_30_%28Schuylkill_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Spring_Garden_Street_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2022-10-09_13_33_59_View_east_along_Interstate_76_and_U.S._Route_30_%28Schuylkill_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Spring_Garden_Street_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/2022-10-09_13_33_59_View_east_along_Interstate_76_and_U.S._Route_30_%28Schuylkill_Expressway%29_from_the_overpass_for_Spring_Garden_Street_in_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_Expressway" title="Schuylkill Expressway">Schuylkill Expressway</a> eastbound at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_676" title="Interstate 676">I-676</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_30" title="U.S. Route 30">US 30</a>, also known as the Vine Street Expressway, in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> planned Philadelphia with <a href="/wiki/Numbered_street#Philadelphia" title="Numbered street">numbered streets</a> traversing north and south, and streets named for trees, such as <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut</a>, and Mulberry (since renamed <a href="/wiki/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Arch Street (Philadelphia)">Arch Street</a>), traversing east and west. The two main streets were named <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a> (the north–south <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">artery</a>, since designated <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_611" title="Pennsylvania Route 611">Pennsylvania Route 611</a>) and High Street (the east–west artery, since renamed <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a>) converging at Centre Square which later became the site of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">City Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Pennsylvania" title="Interstate 95 in Pennsylvania">Interstate 95</a> (the Delaware Expressway) traverses the southern and eastern edges of the city along the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> as the main north–south <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a>, connecting Philadelphia with <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> and New York City to the north and with <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and Washington, D.C. southward. The city is also served by <a href="/wiki/Interstate_76_(Ohio%E2%80%93New_Jersey)" title="Interstate 76 (Ohio–New Jersey)">Interstate 76</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_Expressway" title="Schuylkill Expressway">Schuylkill Expressway</a>), which runs along the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>, intersecting the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a> at <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a> and providing access to <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> and points west. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_676" title="Interstate 676">Interstate 676</a> (the Vine Street Expressway) links I-95 and I-76 through Center City by running below street level between the eastbound and westbound lanes of <a href="/wiki/Vine_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Vine Street (Philadelphia)">Vine Street</a>. Entrance and exit ramps for the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge" title="Benjamin Franklin Bridge">Benjamin Franklin Bridge</a> are near the eastern end of the expressway, just west of the I-95 interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-osm_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osm-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Boulevard_(Philadelphia)" title="Roosevelt Boulevard (Philadelphia)">Roosevelt Boulevard</a> and Expressway (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Pennsylvania" title="U.S. Route 1 in Pennsylvania">U.S. 1</a>) connect <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a> with Center City via I-76 through <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>. Woodhaven Road (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_63" title="Pennsylvania Route 63">Route 63</a>) and Cottman Avenue (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_73" title="Pennsylvania Route 73">Route 73</a>) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between I-95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard. The Fort Washington Expressway (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_309" title="Pennsylvania Route 309">Route 309</a>) extends north from the city's northern border, serving <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks County</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_30_in_Pennsylvania" title="U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania">U.S. Route 30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_and_Lancaster_Turnpike" title="Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike">Lancaster Avenue</a>) extends westward from <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osm_355-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osm-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Interstate_476" title="Interstate 476">Interstate 476</a> (locally referred to as the Blue Route<sup id="cite_ref-356" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) traverses <a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware County</a>, bypassing the city to the west and serving the city's western suburbs, and provides a direct route to <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a> and points north, including the <a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Poconos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interstate_276" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 276">Interstate 276</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike#Delaware_River_extension" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Delaware River extension</a>, is a bypass and commuter route to the north of the city and a link to the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a> and New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-osm_355-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osm-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River_Port_Authority" title="Delaware River Port Authority">Delaware River Port Authority</a> operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area across the Delaware River to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Bridge" title="Walt Whitman Bridge">Walt Whitman Bridge</a> (I-76), the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge" title="Benjamin Franklin Bridge">Benjamin Franklin Bridge</a> (I-676 and U.S. 30), the <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_Bridge" title="Betsy Ross Bridge">Betsy Ross Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_90" title="New Jersey Route 90">New Jersey Route 90</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_Barry_Bridge" title="Commodore Barry Bridge">Commodore Barry Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_322" title="U.S. Route 322">U.S. 322</a> in Delaware County, south of the city).<sup id="cite_ref-357" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Burlington_County_Bridge_Commission" title="Burlington County Bridge Commission">Burlington County Bridge Commission</a> maintains two bridges across the Delaware River: the <a href="/wiki/Tacony%E2%80%93Palmyra_Bridge" title="Tacony–Palmyra Bridge">Tacony–Palmyra Bridge</a> which connects <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_73" title="Pennsylvania Route 73">PA Route 73</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tacony,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacony, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Tacony</a> section of Northeast Philadelphia with <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_73" title="New Jersey Route 73">New Jersey Route 73</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra,_New_Jersey" title="Palmyra, New Jersey">Palmyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington County, New Jersey">Burlington County</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Burlington%E2%80%93Bristol_Bridge" title="Burlington–Bristol Bridge">Burlington–Bristol Bridge</a> which connects <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_413" title="New Jersey Route 413">NJ Route 413</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_130" title="U.S. Route 130">U.S. Route 130</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington, New Jersey</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_413" title="Pennsylvania Route 413">PA Route 413</a>/<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Pennsylvania" title="U.S. Route 13 in Pennsylvania">U.S. 13</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Pennsylvania">Bristol Township</a>, north of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-358" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_service">Bus service</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Greyhound_Terminal" title="Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal">Greyhound terminal</a> is at 1001 Filbert Street (at 10th Street) in Center City, southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Convention_Center" title="Pennsylvania Convention Center">Pennsylvania Convention Center</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-359" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other bus operators provide service at the Greyhound terminal including <a href="/wiki/Trailways_Transportation_System" title="Trailways Transportation System">Fullington Trailways</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martz_Group" title="Martz Group">Martz Trailways</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_Bus_Lines" title="Peter Pan Bus Lines">Peter Pan Bus Lines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit_Bus_Operations" title="NJ Transit Bus Operations">NJ Transit buses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other intercity bus services include <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a> with stops at <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> and the visitor center for <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-364" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BoltBus" title="BoltBus">BoltBus</a> (operated by Greyhound) at 30th Street Station,<sup id="cite_ref-365" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OurBus" title="OurBus">OurBus</a> at various stops in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail">Rail</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Philadelphia" title="History of rail transport in Philadelphia">History of rail transport in Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg/220px-Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg/330px-Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg/440px-Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Station" title="Suburban Station">Suburban Station</a> with <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">art deco</a> architecture at 16th Street and JFK Boulevard</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early days of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">rail transportation in the United States</a>, Philadelphia has served as a hub for several major rail companies, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reading_Company" title="Reading Company">Reading Railroad</a>. The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Station_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street Station (Philadelphia)">Broad Street Station</a>, then <a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station" title="30th Street Station">30th Street Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suburban_Station" title="Suburban Station">Suburban Station</a>, and the Reading Railroad operated <a href="/wiki/Reading_Terminal" title="Reading Terminal">Reading Terminal</a>, now part of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Convention_Center" title="Pennsylvania Convention Center">Pennsylvania Convention Center</a>. The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area. The two systems now operate as a single system under the control of <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>, the regional transit authority. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/PATCO_Speedline" title="PATCO Speedline">PATCO Speedline</a> subway system and <a href="/wiki/NJ_Transit" title="NJ Transit">NJ Transit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_Line" title="Atlantic City Line">Atlantic City Line</a> operate successor services to southern <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolleys</a> running on 86 lines.<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the <a href="/wiki/SEPTA_Route_15" title="SEPTA Route 15">Girard Avenue Line</a>, Route 15.<sup id="cite_ref-368" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SEPTA operates six subway-surface trolleys that run on street-level tracks in <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a> and subway tunnels in <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a>, along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philadelphia is a regional hub of the <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">federally-owned</a> <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> system, with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington-Boston <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Corridor" title="Northeast Corridor">Northeast Corridor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Corridor" title="Keystone Corridor">Keystone Corridor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad's former <a href="/wiki/Main_Line_(Pennsylvania_Railroad)" title="Main Line (Pennsylvania Railroad)">Pennsylvania Main Line</a> to Chicago. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 30th Street is Amtrak's third-busiest station in the country, after New York City and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAmtrak_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhiladelphiaAmtrak-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_purity_and_availability">Water purity and availability</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg/220px-Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg/330px-Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg/440px-Fairmount_Water_Works_LOC_314409cu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4637" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Water_Works" title="Fairmount Water Works">Fairmount Water Works</a>, Philadelphia's second municipal waterworks, in December 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1815, Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Water_Works" title="Fairmount Water Works">Fairmount Water Works</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern <a href="/wiki/Sand_filter" title="Sand filter">sand filtration</a> methods.<sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Water_Department" title="Philadelphia Water Department">Philadelphia Water Department</a> (PWD) provides <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> collection, and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> and the balance from the Schuylkill River.<sup id="cite_ref-PWD_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWD-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River. The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day, while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons. The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles (5,885 km) of sewers.<sup id="cite_ref-PWD_371-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWD-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Exelon" title="Exelon">Exelon</a> subsidiary <a href="/wiki/PECO_Energy_Company" title="PECO Energy Company">PECO Energy Company</a>, founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) in 1902, provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles (37,000 km) of electric transmission and distribution lines, along with 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of natural gas transmission, distribution & service lines.<sup id="cite_ref-373" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Gas_Works" title="Philadelphia Gas Works">Philadelphia Gas Works</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Gas_Works" title="Philadelphia Gas Works">Philadelphia Gas Works</a> (PGW), overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Public_Utility_Commission" title="Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission">Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission</a>, is the nation's largest municipally-owned natural gas utility. PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">City Council</a> refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_215,_267,_and_445" title="Area codes 215, 267, and 445">Area codes 215, 267, and 445</a></div> <p>Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the <a href="/wiki/Area_code_215" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 215">215</a> <a href="/wiki/Area_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code">area code</a> in 1947 when the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">North American Numbering Plan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_610,_484,_and_835" title="Area codes 610, 484, and 835">area code 610</a> was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. <a href="/wiki/Area_code_overlay" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code overlay">Overlay area code</a> 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas, <a href="/wiki/Area_code_445" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 445">area code 445</a> to 215 and <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_610,_484,_and_835" title="Area codes 610, 484, and 835">area code 835</a> to 610, was delayed and later rescinded.<sup id="cite_ref-377" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-377"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Area code 445 was implemented as an overlay for area codes 215 and 267 starting on February 3, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-378" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-378"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia" title="List of people from Philadelphia">List of people from Philadelphia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg/220px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg/330px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg/440px-Friendship_Gate_Chinatown_Philadelphia_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="2053" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown</a> <a href="/wiki/Paifang" title="Paifang">paifang</a> at 10th and <a href="/wiki/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Arch Street (Philadelphia)">Arch</a> streets, a symbol of Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister city</a> relationship with <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a><sup id="cite_ref-379" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-379"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a><sup id="cite_ref-380" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-380"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Israel </td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a><sup id="cite_ref-381" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-381"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Poland </td> <td>1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a><sup id="cite_ref-382" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-382"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>China </td> <td>1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a><sup id="cite_ref-383" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-383"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>South Korea </td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a><sup id="cite_ref-384" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-384"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Cameroon </td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a><sup id="cite_ref-385" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-385"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Russia </td> <td>1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><sup id="cite_ref-386" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-386"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td>2015 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions:<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomacy_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a><sup id="cite_ref-388" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-388"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Japan </td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a><sup id="cite_ref-389" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-389"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a><sup id="cite_ref-390" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-390"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>France </td> <td>1999 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Philadelphia has eight official <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister cities</a> as designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International (CDI) of Philadelphia:<sup id="cite_ref-Diplomacy_387-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diplomacy-387"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. The Sister Cities Park, a site of 0.5 acres (2,400 sq yd) at 18th and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Logan_Circle_(Philadelphia)" title="Logan Circle (Philadelphia)">Logan Square</a>, was dedicated in June 1976. The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia's first two sister city relationships, with <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. Toruń Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the <a href="/wiki/United_Way_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Way of America">United Way</a> building at 18th Street and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a>. Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012, featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's sister and partnership cities, a café and visitor center, children's play area, outdoor garden, boat pond, and a pavilion built to <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-renovation_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renovation-391"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-392" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-392"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinatown Gate, erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans from <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, stands astride 10th Street, on the north side of its intersection with <a href="/wiki/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Arch Street (Philadelphia)">Arch Street</a>, as a symbol of the sister city relationship. The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>'s "Partners for Peace" project with <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-mosul_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosul-393"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ivc_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ivc-394"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers_in_Philadelphia_County" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Philadelphia County">List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Philadelphia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas" title="List of metropolitan areas in the Americas">Metropolitan areas in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Philadelphia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia">National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia" title="USS Philadelphia">USS <i>Philadelphia</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the <a href="/wiki/Divides" class="mw-redirect" title="Divides">divides</a> of the frequently mountainous <a href="/wiki/Landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Landforms">landforms</a> flanking the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a>), and</li><li>portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries—making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended:</li><li>westerly past the region around <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna River</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Catskills" class="mw-redirect" title="Catskills">Catskills</a>, then</li><li>southerly through the eastern <a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Poconos</a> outside the rival <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a> lands past <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Eastern Pennsylvania</a> then southerly past the site of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia" title="History of Philadelphia">Colonial Philadelphia</a> past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.</li></ul></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> system's <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> divided the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a> peoples and the Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range. </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/North_American_blizzard_of_2009#Snowfall" class="mw-redirect" title="North American blizzard of 2009">North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall</a> (December 19–20, 2009), <a href="/wiki/February_5%E2%80%936,_2010_North_American_blizzard#Snowfall" title="February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard">February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall</a> (February 5–6, 2010), and <a href="/wiki/February_9%E2%80%9310,_2010_North_American_blizzard#Impact" title="February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard">February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact</a> (February 9–10, 2010). The February 2010 storms contributed to a single month record accumulation of 51.5 in (131 cm). If no snow fell outside of February that season, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th-snowiest. See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940, and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, snowfall measurements were moved to <a href="/wiki/National_Park,_New_Jersey" title="National Park, New Jersey">National Park, New Jersey</a> directly across the Delaware River from the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fifteen-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fifteen_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From 15% sample</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., in the opening chapter of <i>The Handbook of Language Variation and Change</i> (ed. Chambers et al., Blackwell 2002), J.K. Chambers writes that "variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963, the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the <i>Handbook</i> says that Labov's "ideas imbue every page".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2013" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Sam (November 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hiddencityphila.org/2013/11/behind-philadelphia-maneto-dissecting-the-city-seal">"Behind Philadelphia Maneto: Dissecting The City Seal"</a>. <i>Hidden City Philadelphia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119040015/https://hiddencityphila.org/2013/11/behind-philadelphia-maneto-dissecting-the-city-seal/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hidden+City+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Behind+Philadelphia+Maneto%3A+Dissecting+The+City+Seal&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhiddencityphila.org%2F2013%2F11%2Fbehind-philadelphia-maneto-dissecting-the-city-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDevitt2015" class="citation web cs1">McDevitt, John (May 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2015/05/05/plaque-dedication-marks-120th-anniversary-of-creation-of-philadelphias-flag/">"Plaque Dedication Marks 120th Anniversary of Creation of Philadelphia's Flag"</a>. <i>CBS Broadcasting Inc</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119035613/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2015/05/05/plaque-dedication-marks-120th-anniversary-of-creation-of-philadelphias-flag/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Broadcasting+Inc.&rft.atitle=Plaque+Dedication+Marks+120th+Anniversary+of+Creation+of+Philadelphia%27s+Flag&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.aulast=McDevitt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphia.cbslocal.com%2F2015%2F05%2F05%2Fplaque-dedication-marks-120th-anniversary-of-creation-of-philadelphias-flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weigley-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weigley_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weigley_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weigley_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1982" class="citation book cs1">Weigley, RF; et al., eds. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/4"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i></a>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/4">4–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2"><bdi>0-393-01610-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8532897">8532897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300-Year+History&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8532897&rft.isbn=0-393-01610-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiladelphia300y00weig%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE%3D%2742%27&outFields=NAME%2CSTATE%2CPLACE%2CAREALAND%2CAREAWATER%2CLSADC%2CCENTLAT%2CCENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109154513/https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE%3D%2742%27&outFields=NAME%2CSTATE%2CPLACE%2CAREALAND%2CAREAWATER%2CLSADC%2CCENTLAT%2CCENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer%2F5%2Fquery%3Fwhere%3DSTATE%253D%252742%2527%26outFields%3DNAME%252CSTATE%252CPLACE%252CAREALAND%252CAREAWATER%252CLSADC%252CCENTLAT%252CCENTLON%26orderByFields%3DPLACE%26returnGeometry%3Dfalse%26returnTrueCurves%3Dfalse%26f%3Djson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCensusDecennial2020CenPopScriptOnly_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108">"Census Population API"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109154513/https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Population+API&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.census.gov%2Fdata%2F2020%2Fdec%2Fpl%3Fget%3DP1_001N%2CNAME%26for%3Dplace%3A%2A%26in%3Dstate%3A42%26key%3D5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuickFacts_city-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_city_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/philadelphiacitypennsylvania/PST045222">"QuickFacts: Philadelphia city, Pennsylvania"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131031345/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/philadelphiacitypennsylvania/PST045222">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=QuickFacts%3A+Philadelphia+city%2C+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fphiladelphiacitypennsylvania%2FPST045222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114022812/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+2020+Census+Urban+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fgeography%2Fguidance%2Fgeo-areas%2Furban-rural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Pop-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaMetroGDP_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP37980">"Total Gross Domestic Product for Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD (MSA)"</a>. <i>fred.stlouisfed.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110135225/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP37980">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington%2C+PA-NJ-DE-MD+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP37980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:1215531,City%20of%20Philadelphia">"US Board on Geographic Names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. February 2, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027140852/https://www.usgs.gov/us-board-on-geographic-names/domestic-names?p=136%3A3%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%2CP3_TITLE%3A1215531%2CCity%2520of%2520Philadelphia">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Board+on+Geographic+Names&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3D136%3A3%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%2CP3_TITLE%3A1215531%2CCity%2520of%2520Philadelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuickFacts-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/philadelphiacitypennsylvania/POP010220">"QuickFacts: Philadelphia city, Pennsylvania"</a>. United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412012650/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/philadelphiacitypennsylvania/POP010220">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts%3A+Philadelphia+city%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fphiladelphiacitypennsylvania%2FPOP010220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"Population and housing state data"</a>. <i>2020 U.S. census</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824081449/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2020+U.S.+census&rft.atitle=Population+and+housing+state+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookes2005" class="citation book cs1">Brookes, Karin (2005). Zoë Ross (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i></a> (Second (Updated) ed.). APA Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21">21–22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58573-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58573-026-2"><bdi>1-58573-026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Guides%3A+Philadelphia+and+Surroundings&rft.pages=21-22&rft.edition=Second+%28Updated%29&rft.pub=APA+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58573-026-2&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsightguidephil00zoer%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Creation-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_Creation_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_Creation_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph</a> (2007). <i>American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic</i>. New York: Knopf. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26369-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26369-8"><bdi>978-0-307-26369-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Creation%3A+Triumphs+and+Tragedies+at+the+Founding+of+the+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26369-8&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-philly-lost-the-nations-capital-to-washington">"How Philly lost the nation's capital to Washington"</a>. <i>National Constitution Center</i>. May 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422180113/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/how-philly-lost-the-nations-capital-to-washington">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center&rft.atitle=How+Philly+lost+the+nation%27s+capital+to+Washington&rft.date=2020-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Fhow-philly-lost-the-nations-capital-to-washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitphilly.com/history-in-philadelphia/">"Explore Historic Attractions in Philadelphia"</a>. <i>Visit Philadelphia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183525/https://www.visitphilly.com/history-in-philadelphia/">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Explore+Historic+Attractions+in+Philadelphia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphilly.com%2Fhistory-in-philadelphia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhiladelphia_Convention_&_Visitors_Bureau2006" class="citation web cs1">Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau (February 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222133521/http://www.pcvb.org/pressroom/view_kit.asp?ID=52">"The Sounds of Philadelphia"</a>. <i>Press Kit</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcvb.org/pressroom/view_kit.asp?ID=52">the original</a> on February 22, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Kit&rft.atitle=The+Sounds+of+Philadelphia&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft.au=Philadelphia+Convention+%26+Visitors+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcvb.org%2Fpressroom%2Fview_kit.asp%3FID%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation web cs1">Tucker, Laura (November 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/philadelphia">"Philadelphia"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016081925/http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/qs-best-student-cities/philadelphia">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia&rft.pub=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds+Limited&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings-articles%2Fqs-best-student-cities%2Fphiladelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHC_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHC_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisak2015" class="citation web cs1">Sisak, Michael A. (November 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108030511/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/philadelphia-world-heritage-city-us-35026257">"Philadelphia Becomes First World Heritage City in US"</a>. ABC News Internet Ventures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/philadelphia-world-heritage-city-us-35026257">the original</a> on November 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Becomes+First+World+Heritage+City+in+US&rft.pub=ABC+News+Internet+Ventures&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft.aulast=Sisak&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fphiladelphia-world-heritage-city-us-35026257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810153418/http://www.fpaa.org/about_gateway.html">"Gateway to Public Art in Philadelphia"</a>. <i>fpaa.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Public_Art" title="Association for Public Art">Fairmount Park Art Association</a>. August 10, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpaa.org/about_gateway.html">the original</a> on August 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>according to the Smithsonian Institution, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculpture than any other city in the country [<a href="/wiki/Save_Outdoor_Sculpture!" title="Save Outdoor Sculpture!">Save Outdoor Sculpture!</a> program].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fpaa.org&rft.atitle=Gateway+to+Public+Art+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpaa.org%2Fabout_gateway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muralarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MA_Press-Kit_FINAL_April2017-1.pdf">"Mural Arts Philadelphia – Press kit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>muralarts.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mural_Arts_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural Arts Program">Mural Arts Philadelphia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083645/https://www.muralarts.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/MA_Press-Kit_FINAL_April2017-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Mural Arts Philadelphia is the nation's largest public art program...creating nearly 4,000 artworks that have transformed public spaces.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muralarts.org&rft.atitle=Mural+Arts+Philadelphia+%E2%80%93+Press+kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muralarts.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FMA_Press-Kit_FINAL_April2017-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tplrank-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tplrank_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tplrank_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tplrank_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tplrank_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/files_upload/2014_CityParkFacts.pdf">"2014 City Park Facts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tpl.org</i>. The Trust for Public Land. pp. 9, 25, 28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920120721/http://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/files_upload/2014_CityParkFacts.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tpl.org&rft.atitle=2014+City+Park+Facts&rft.pages=9%2C+25%2C+28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpl.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles_upload%2F2014_CityParkFacts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visit_Philadelphia-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Visit_Philadelphia_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visit_Philadelphia_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.visitphilly.com/Visit-Philadelphia-annual-report-2017.pdf">"Visit Philadelphia 2017 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>visitphilly.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Visit_Philadelphia" title="Visit Philadelphia">Visit Philadelphia</a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205235746/http://files.visitphilly.com/Visit-Philadelphia-annual-report-2017.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitphilly.com&rft.atitle=Visit+Philadelphia+2017+Annual+Report&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.visitphilly.com%2FVisit-Philadelphia-annual-report-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bleacherreport.com/articles/218685-the-most-passionate-fans-in-sportsphiladelphia-fans">"The most passionate fans in sports"</a>. <i>Bleacher Report</i>. July 16, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024210352/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/218685-the-most-passionate-fans-in-sportsphiladelphia-fans">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=The+most+passionate+fans+in+sports&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F218685-the-most-passionate-fans-in-sportsphiladelphia-fans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelibertyline.com/2022/07/13/jj-redick-best-sports-city-philadelphia/">"JJ Redick says that Philadelphia is the best sports town in America despite Philly sports radio being delusional"</a>. <i>The Liberty Line</i>. September 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201103631/https://thelibertyline.com/2022/07/13/jj-redick-best-sports-city-philadelphia/">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Liberty+Line&rft.atitle=JJ+Redick+says+that+Philadelphia+is+the+best+sports+town+in+America+despite+Philly+sports+radio+being+delusional&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelibertyline.com%2F2022%2F07%2F13%2Fjj-redick-best-sports-city-philadelphia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHingston2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hingston, Sandy (December 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phillymag.com/news/2019/12/07/best-city-for-sports-fans/">"Philadelphia is the best city for sports fans"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024210343/https://www.phillymag.com/news/2019/12/07/best-city-for-sports-fans/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Magazine&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+is+the+best+city+for+sports+fans&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft.aulast=Hingston&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillymag.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F07%2Fbest-city-for-sports-fans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarr2022" class="citation news cs1">Farr, Stephanie (October 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/phillies-eagles-diehard-bandwagon-fans-20221021.html">"What Philly--and Philly sports fans--taught me about fandom"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024210343/https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/phillies-eagles-diehard-bandwagon-fans-20221021.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=What+Philly--and+Philly+sports+fans--taught+me+about+fandom&rft.date=2022-10-21&rft.aulast=Farr&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fnews%2Fphiladelphia%2Fphillies-eagles-diehard-bandwagon-fans-20221021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiperski2018" class="citation web cs1">Ziperski, Andrew (April 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanforddaily.com/2018/04/26/ziperski-philly-the-best-sports-city-in-america/">"Philly: the best sports city in America"</a>. <i>The Stanford Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817234601/https://stanforddaily.com/2018/04/26/ziperski-philly-the-best-sports-city-in-america/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&rft.atitle=Philly%3A+the+best+sports+city+in+America&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft.aulast=Ziperski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanforddaily.com%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fziperski-philly-the-best-sports-city-in-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTricome2022" class="citation web cs1">Tricome, Nick (July 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phillyvoice.com/jj-redick-sixers-76ers-philly-sports-town-nba-summer-league/">"JJ Redick calls Philly 'the greatest sports town in America"</a>. <i>Philly Voice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817234559/https://www.phillyvoice.com/jj-redick-sixers-76ers-philly-sports-town-nba-summer-league/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philly+Voice&rft.atitle=JJ+Redick+calls+Philly+%27the+greatest+sports+town+in+America&rft.date=2022-07-13&rft.aulast=Tricome&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyvoice.com%2Fjj-redick-sixers-76ers-philly-sports-town-nba-summer-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/fortune500/search/hqcity=Philadelphia">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Fortune 500" (by city)"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=%22Fortune+500%22+%28by+city%29&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Ffortune500%2Fsearch%2Fhqcity%3DPhiladelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillyVentureCapitalHub-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyVentureCapitalHub_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyVentureCapitalHub_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyVentureCapitalHub_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvca.org/document/q2-2024-pitchbook-nvca-venture-monitor/">"Q2 2024"</a>. PitchBook-NVCA Venture Monitor. July 11, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240711203805/https://nvca.org/document/q2-2024-pitchbook-nvca-venture-monitor/">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q2+2024&rft.pub=PitchBook-NVCA+Venture+Monitor&rft.date=2024-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvca.org%2Fdocument%2Fq2-2024-pitchbook-nvca-venture-monitor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaSemiconductorIndex_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas_Downey_and_Somer_Anderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Lucas Downey and Somer Anderson (May 19, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/soxx.asp">"Philadelphia Semiconductor Index (SOX)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dotdash_Meredith" title="Dotdash Meredith">Dotdash Meredith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718013108/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/soxx.asp">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Semiconductor+Index+%28SOX%29&rft.pub=Dotdash+Meredith&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft.au=Lucas+Downey+and+Somer+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fs%2Fsoxx.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillyMajorTransAtlanticHub-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhillyMajorTransAtlanticHub_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phl.org/newsroom/AA-CPH">"American Airlines and PHL Airport Celebrate Further Transatlantic Growth with New Service to Copenhagen"</a>. Philadelphia International Airport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615051927/https://www.phl.org/newsroom/AA-CPH">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2024</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"American Airlines is proud to offer unparalleled access to some of the most popular European vacation destinations from Philadelphia, which serves as the airline's transatlantic gateway," said Lakshman Amaranayaka, American Airlines Vice President of PHL Hub Operations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Airlines+and+PHL+Airport+Celebrate+Further+Transatlantic+Growth+with+New+Service+to+Copenhagen&rft.pub=Philadelphia+International+Airport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phl.org%2Fnewsroom%2FAA-CPH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RapidlyGrowingPhiladelphiaSeaport-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RapidlyGrowingPhiladelphiaSeaport_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philaport.com/">"PhilaPort The Port of Philadelphia"</a>. Philadelphia Regional Port Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814130732/https://www.philaport.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PhilaPort+The+Port+of+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Regional+Port+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philaport.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firsts-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firsts_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firsts_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firsts_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphiafirsts.html">"Philadelphia Firsts 1681–1899"</a>. USHistory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217233358/http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphiafirsts.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Firsts+1681%E2%80%931899&rft.pub=USHistory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fphiladelphia%2Fphiladelphiafirsts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703234451/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/morgan_john.html">"John Morgan (1735–1789)"</a>. <i>Penn in the 18th Century</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/people/morgan_john.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Morgan+%281735%E2%80%931789%29&rft.btitle=Penn+in+the+18th+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Ffeatures%2F1700s%2Fpeople%2Fmorgan_john.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senate-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-senate_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm">"The Nine Capitals of the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320084755/https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nine+Capitals+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Freference_item%2FNine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711051514/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/firstuniv.html">"The University of Pennsylvania: America's First University"</a>. <i>upenn.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/firstuniv.html">the original</a> on July 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Pennsylvania%3A+America%27s+First+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Fgenlhistory%2Ffirstuniv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichener1906" class="citation book cs1">Michener, John H. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924032535753#page/n49/mode/2up"><i>The Bank of North America, Philadelphia, a national bank, founded 1781</i></a>. New York: R. G. Cooke, Inc. p. 37. HG21613.P54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bank+of+North+America%2C+Philadelphia%2C+a+national+bank%2C+founded+1781&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=R.+G.+Cooke%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Michener&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924032535753%23page%2Fn49%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330192449/http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/About-the-Zoo.aspx">"About the Philadelphia Zoo"</a>. Philadelphia Zoo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/About-the-Zoo.aspx">the original</a> on March 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Philadelphia+Zoo&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philadelphiazoo.org%2FAbout-the-Zoo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about-wharton/">"About Wharton"</a>. The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701074158/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about-wharton/">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Wharton&rft.pub=The+Wharton+School+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharton.upenn.edu%2Fabout-wharton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/78">"Independence Hall"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319144322/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/78/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Independence+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142355/https://www.ovpm.org/en/regional_secretariats/news/philadelphias_new_branding_world_heritage_city">"\Philadelphia's new branding as World Heritage City"</a>. <i>Organization of World Heritage Cities</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ovpm.org/en/regional_secretariats/news/philadelphias_new_branding_world_heritage_city">the original</a> on March 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Organization+of+World+Heritage+Cities&rft.atitle=%5CPhiladelphia%27s+new+branding+as+World+Heritage+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovpm.org%2Fen%2Fregional_secretariats%2Fnews%2Fphiladelphias_new_branding_world_heritage_city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-josephy-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-josephy_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-josephy_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephy 188–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1984" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Francis (1984). <i>The Ambiguous Iroquois</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01719-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01719-2"><bdi>0-393-01719-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambiguous+Iroquois&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-393-01719-2&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookesGattusoHarryJardim2005" class="citation cs2">Brookes, Karin; Gattuso, John; Harry, Lou; Jardim, Edward; Kraybill, Donald; Lewis, Susan; Nelson, Dave; Turkington, Carol (2005), Ross, Zoë (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i></a> (Second (Updated) ed.), APA Publications, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21">21–22</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58573-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58573-026-2"><bdi>1-58573-026-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Guides%3A+Philadelphia+and+Surroundings&rft.pages=21-22&rft.edition=Second+%28Updated%29&rft.pub=APA+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58573-026-2&rft.aulast=Brookes&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft.au=Gattuso%2C+John&rft.au=Harry%2C+Lou&rft.au=Jardim%2C+Edward&rft.au=Kraybill%2C+Donald&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Susan&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Dave&rft.au=Turkington%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsightguidephil00zoer%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Guides%3A+Philadelphia+and+Surroundings&rft.pages=21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery1999" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Ron (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000aver/page/19"><i>A Concise History of Philadelphia</i></a>. Philadelphia: Otis Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000aver/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658825-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658825-1-9"><bdi>0-9658825-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Philadelphia&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Otis+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9658825-1-9&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000aver%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1982" class="citation book cs1">Weigley, RF; et al., eds. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/7"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i></a>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 7, 14–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2"><bdi>0-393-01610-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8532897">8532897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300-Year+History&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=7%2C+14-16&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8532897&rft.isbn=0-393-01610-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiladelphia300y00weig%2Fpage%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=35&chapter=2">"Explore PA History website"</a>. Explorepahistory.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215022801/http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=35&chapter=2">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+PA+History+website&rft.pub=Explorepahistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorepahistory.com%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D35%26chapter%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hazelton, <i>The Historical Value of Trumbull's: Declaration of Independence</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" title="Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography">Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</a>, volume 31 (Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1907), 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2004" class="citation book cs1">Lew, Alan A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002258/http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html">"Chapter 4 – The Mid-Atlantic and Megalopolis"</a>. <i>Geography: USA</i>. Northern Arizona University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+%E2%80%93+The+Mid-Atlantic+and+Megalopolis&rft.btitle=Geography%3A+USA&rft.pub=Northern+Arizona+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Alan+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.nau.edu%2Fcourses%2Falew%2Fgsp220%2Ftext%2Fchapters%2Fch4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappleye2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rappleye" title="Charles Rappleye">Rappleye, Charles</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148/page/13"><i>Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution</i></a>. New York City: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7091-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7091-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-7091-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Morris%3A+Financier+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-7091-2&rft.aulast=Rappleye&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertm_rap_2010_00_1148%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9578/">"View of Philadelphia, Circa 1770"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>. 1770. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205330/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9578/">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=View+of+Philadelphia%2C+Circa+1770&rft.date=1770&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F9578%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nash, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i>, pages 30–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1590.html">"Part 3: Philadelphia/The Yellow Fever Epidemic"</a>. <i>Africans in America</i>. PBS Online. 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321120827/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3p1590.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africans+in+America&rft.atitle=Part+3%3A+Philadelphia%2FThe+Yellow+Fever+Epidemic&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart3%2F3p1590.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnebeck2008" class="citation web cs1">Arnebeck, Bob (January 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028142521/http://geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html">"A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US"</a>. <i>Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benjamin+Rush%2C+Yellow+Fever+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Yellow+Fever+in+the+US&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.aulast=Arnebeck&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fbobarnebeck%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1982" class="citation book cs1">Weigley, RF; et al., eds. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/214"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i></a>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. 214, 218, 428–429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2"><bdi>0-393-01610-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8532897">8532897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300-Year+History&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=214%2C+218%2C+428-429&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8532897&rft.isbn=0-393-01610-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiladelphia300y00weig%2Fpage%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085513/http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html">"A Brief History of Philadelphia"</a>. <i>Philadelphia History</i>. ushistory.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html">the original</a> on January 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+History&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fphiladelphia%2Fphiladelphia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Consolidation-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Consolidation_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Consolidation_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/">"Consolidation Act of 1854"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110124235/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidation+Act+of+1854&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphiaencyclopedia.org%2Farchive%2Fconsolidation-act-of-1854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i>, pages 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html">"Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614195259/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+historical+development+of+population+in+West+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Ffeatures%2Fwphila%2Fstats%2Fcensus_lloyd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php">"Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin"</a>. Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. July 5, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php">the original</a> on June 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detroit+and+the+Great+Migration%2C+1916%E2%80%931929+by+Elizabeth+Anne+Martin&rft.pub=Bentley+Historical+Library%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbentley.umich.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fmigration%2Fch1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, pages 535, 537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFL-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFL_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foner, Philip S. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143">The General Strike in Philadelphia—1910</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713051302/https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143">Archived</a> July 13, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Ch 6 of History of the labor movement in the United States, Vol. 5: The AFL in the Progressive Era 1910 - 1915. International Publishers Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0562-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7178-0562-X">0-7178-0562-X</a>. Accessed June 29, 2011, at Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, pages 563 – 564</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>, pages 578 – 581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html">"Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+Selected+Cities+and+Other+Places%3A+Earliest+Census+to+1990&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0076%2Ftwps0076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910172147/http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf">"Continuing Economic Decline: A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>White Paper</i>. October 15, 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+Paper&rft.atitle=Continuing+Economic+Decline%3A+A+Foreboding+Future+for+Philadelphia&rft.date=1996-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picapa.org%2Fdocs%2FOW%2F19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth">"Philadelphia's Changing Middle Class: After Decades of Decline, Prospects for Growth"</a>. <i>www.pewtrusts.org</i>. February 24, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024050/http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pewtrusts.org&rft.atitle=Philadelphia%27s+Changing+Middle+Class%3A+After+Decades+of+Decline%2C+Prospects+for+Growth&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewtrusts.org%2Fen%2Fresearch-and-analysis%2Freports%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2Fphiladelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demby_2015-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demby_2015_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Demby_2015" class="citation web cs1">Demby, Gene (May 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing">"I'm From Philly. 30 Years Later, I'm Still Trying To Make Sense Of The MOVE Bombing"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. National Public Radio, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111094018/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=I%27m+From+Philly.+30+Years+Later%2C+I%27m+Still+Trying+To+Make+Sense+Of+The+MOVE+Bombing&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=Demby&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2015%2F05%2F13%2F406243272%2Fim-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i>, pages 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Concise History of Philadelphia</i>, page 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcellSimmons2013" class="citation web cs1">Purcell, Dylan; Simmons, Karie (March 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319073844/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/197903331.html">"Census: Phila. keeps on growing"</a>. <i>philly.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/news/197903331.html">the original</a> on March 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philly.com&rft.atitle=Census%3A+Phila.+keeps+on+growing&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Karie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2F197903331.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop_Estimate-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_Estimate_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pop_Estimate_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania">"QuickFacts Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101141044/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts+Philadelphia+County%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Fphiladelphiacountypennsylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia1_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_Mulligan2022" class="citation web cs1">Ryan Mulligan (September 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2022/09/08/influx-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html">"New Yorkers keep moving to Philadelphia, and local Realtors say the influx has 'raised the bar'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. bizjournals.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224152/https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2022/09/08/influx-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Yorkers+keep+moving+to+Philadelphia%2C+and+local+Realtors+say+the+influx+has+%27raised+the+bar%27&rft.pub=bizjournals.com&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.au=Ryan+Mulligan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphiladelphia%2Fnews%2F2022%2F09%2F08%2Finflux-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCMigrationToPhiladephia2_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Katz2018" class="citation news cs1">Matt Katz (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">"Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224152/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaving+New+York+to+Find+the+American+Dream+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.au=Matt+Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fphiladelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CenGeoGazetteer-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CenGeoGazetteer_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt">"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824204429/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2016_Gazetteer%2F2016_gaz_place_42.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/">"The National Map"</a>. <i>nationalmap.gov</i>. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/advanced-viewer/">the original</a> on March 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalmap.gov&rft.atitle=The+National+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fviewer.nationalmap.gov%2Fadvanced-viewer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/2016/08/17/discovering-chestnut-hill-discover-summit-street-a-microcosm-of-19th-century-american-architecture/">"Discovering Chestnut Hill: Discover Summit Street, a microcosm of 19th Century American architecture – Chestnut Hill Local Philadelphia PA"</a>. <i>chestnuthilllocal.com</i>. Chestnut Hill Community Association. August 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818181213/https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/2016/08/17/discovering-chestnut-hill-discover-summit-street-a-microcosm-of-19th-century-american-architecture/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chestnuthilllocal.com&rft.atitle=Discovering+Chestnut+Hill%3A+Discover+Summit+Street%2C+a+microcosm+of+19th+Century+American+architecture+%E2%80%93+Chestnut+Hill+Local+Philadelphia+PA&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chestnuthilllocal.com%2F2016%2F08%2F17%2Fdiscovering-chestnut-hill-discover-summit-street-a-microcosm-of-19th-century-american-architecture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRailsback" class="citation web cs1">Railsback, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219174225/http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122EUSMISR.html">"GEOL 1122: Earth's History of Global Change:The Fall Line"</a>. <i>University of Georgia Department of Geology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122EUSMISR.html">the original</a> on February 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Georgia+Department+of+Geology&rft.atitle=GEOL+1122%3A+Earth%27s+History+of+Global+Change%3AThe+Fall+Line&rft.aulast=Railsback&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gly.uga.edu%2Frailsback%2F1122EUSMISR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/otherinfo/pname1.htm">Philadelphia Neighborhoods and Place Names, A–K</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001200519/http://www.phila.gov/phils/docs/otherinfo/pname1.htm">Archived</a> October 1, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Philadelphia Information Locator System</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philadelphia_Squares-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Squares_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Squares_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly,_Molly2011" class="citation web cs1">Daly, Molly (February 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/">"A Guide To Philadelphia's 'Squares'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. CBS Philly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213014158/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+To+Philadelphia%27s+%27Squares%27&rft.pub=CBS+Philly&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.au=Daly%2C+Molly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphia.cbslocal.com%2F2011%2F02%2F04%2Fa-guide-to-philadelphias-squares%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Turner Igoe, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/">Trees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208184841/https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/">Archived</a> February 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia</i>; accessed 2021.01.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/20977">"Philadelphia City Hall"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041648/https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/20977">Archived</a> November 11, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Philadelphia Architects and Buildings</i>. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicphiladelphia.org/franklin-square/history/">"Franklin Square History"</a>. Historic Philadelphia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015930/http://historicphiladelphia.org/franklin-square/history/">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franklin+Square+History&rft.pub=Historic+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricphiladelphia.org%2Ffranklin-square%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Panaritis2015" class="citation news cs1">Maria Panaritis (April 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313153228/http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-22/news/61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district">"(Greater) Center City's population second only to Midtown Manhattan's"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-22/news/61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district">the original</a> on March 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=%28Greater%29+Center+City%27s+population+second+only+to+Midtown+Manhattan%27s&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.au=Maria+Panaritis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2015-04-22%2Fnews%2F61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings</i>. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insight+Guides%3A+Philadelphia+and+Surroundings&rft.pages=58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503011928/http://phila2035.org/home-page/about/">"About Philadelphia2035"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phila2035.org/home-page/about/">the original</a> on May 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Philadelphia2035&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphila2035.org%2Fhome-page%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.gov/CityPlanning/plans/Pages/Phila2035.aspx">"Philadelphia 2035: The Comprehensive Plan"</a>. Philadelphia City Planning Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331055720/http://www.phila.gov/CityPlanning/plans/Pages/Phila2035.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+2035%3A+The+Comprehensive+Plan&rft.pub=Philadelphia+City+Planning+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2FCityPlanning%2Fplans%2FPages%2FPhila2035.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHA-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHA_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-fast-facts.aspx">"Philadelphia Housing Authority"</a>. Pha.phila.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106183506/http://pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-fast-facts.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Housing+Authority&rft.pub=Pha.phila.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pha.phila.gov%2Fpha-news%2Fpha-fast-facts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126033326/http://philapark.org/about-ppa/history/">"Philadelphia Parking Authority: History"</a>. Philapark.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philapark.org/about-ppa/history/">the original</a> on January 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Parking+Authority%3A+History&rft.pub=Philapark.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilapark.org%2Fabout-ppa%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philadelphia-Page251-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia-Page251_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia-Page251_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Philadelphia: A 300-Year History</i>. pp. 11, 41, 174–175, 251–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%3A+A+300-Year+History&rft.pages=11%2C+41%2C+174-175%2C+251-253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNC-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNC_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.gov/historical/">"Philadelphia Historical Commission"</a>. Phila.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303191207/http://www.phila.gov/historical/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Historical+Commission&rft.pub=Phila.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2Fhistorical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comcast2-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comcast2_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/the-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/">"Philadelphia's Newest Skyscraper: The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center"</a>. Visit Philadelphia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317221032/http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/the-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%27s+Newest+Skyscraper%3A+The+Comcast+Innovation+and+Technology+Center&rft.pub=Visit+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphilly.com%2Farticles%2Fphiladelphia%2Fthe-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aitken, Joanne (June 3–19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222258/http://citypaper.net/articles/2004-06-03/cityspace.shtml">"Breaking Ground"</a>. <i>Philadelphia City Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-06-03/cityspace.shtml">the original</a> on January 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Breaking+Ground&rft.date=2004-06-03%2F2004-06-19&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypaper.net%2Farticles%2F2004-06-03%2Fcityspace.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Alan_Hughes2000" class="citation web cs1">Mark Alan Hughes (June 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/06/summer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes">"Dirt Into Dollars; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175538/http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/06/summer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dirt+Into+Dollars%3B+Converting+Vacant+Land+Into+Valuable+Development&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.au=Mark+Alan+Hughes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2F2000%2F06%2Fsummer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marker-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marker_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical marker on Elfreth's Alley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parkacres-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parkacres_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219001451/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027240.pdf">"The City of Philadelphia, Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>dcnr.state.pa.us</i>. The City of Philadelphia. 2012. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027240.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East/West Fairmount Parks (2052 ac.), Wissahickon Valley Park (2042 ac.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dcnr.state.pa.us&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Philadelphia%2C+Emerald+Ash+Borer+Management+Plan&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcnr.state.pa.us%2Fcs%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument%2Fdcnr_20027240.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRHP-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRHP_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001151">"National Register of Historic Places – Fairmount Park – #72001151"</a>. <i>focus.nps.gov</i>. National Park Service. February 7, 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230223434/https://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001151">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Locations: Philadelphia; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek, from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=focus.nps.gov&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+%E2%80%93+Fairmount+Park+%E2%80%93+%2372001151&rft.date=1972-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.nps.gov%2FAssetDetail%2FNRIS%2F72001151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=80427&cityname=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+United+States+of+America&units=">"Climate Summary for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628232633/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=80427&cityname=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+United+States+of+America&units=">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Climate+Summary+for+Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D80427%26cityname%3DPhiladelphia%252C%2BPennsylvania%252C%2BUnited%2BStates%2Bof%2BAmerica%26units%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trewartha GT, Horn LH (1980) Introduction to climate, 5th edn. McGraw Hill, New York, NY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Images/All_states_halfzones_poster_300dpi.jpg">"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121115552/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/Images/All_states_halfzones_poster_300dpi.jpg">Archived</a> November 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>usda.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. Retrieved December 6, 2017. Note: high resolution map, may be slow to download.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillyNOAA-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhillyNOAA_106-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=phi">"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fwrh%2Fclimate%3Fwfo%3Dphi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman2013" class="citation news cs1">Lipman, Don (January 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/one-wild-storm-a-look-back-at-the-blizzard-of-96/2013/01/07/89a1242c-5875-11e2-9fa9-5fbdc9530eb9_blog.html">"One wild storm: A look back at the 'Blizzard of '96'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219085852/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/one-wild-storm-a-look-back-at-the-blizzard-of-96/2013/01/07/89a1242c-5875-11e2-9fa9-5fbdc9530eb9_blog.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=One+wild+storm%3A+A+look+back+at+the+%27Blizzard+of+%2796%27&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft.aulast=Lipman&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fcapital-weather-gang%2Fpost%2Fone-wild-storm-a-look-back-at-the-blizzard-of-96%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2F89a1242c-5875-11e2-9fa9-5fbdc9530eb9_blog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620130836/http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/daysrain.html">"Average Days of Precipitation, .01 Inches or more"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.utah.edu/jhorel/html/wx/climate/daysrain.html">the original</a> on June 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Days+of+Precipitation%2C+.01+Inches+or+more&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.utah.edu%2Fjhorel%2Fhtml%2Fwx%2Fclimate%2Fdaysrain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaasun-Phily1961-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noaasun-Phily1961_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noaasun-Phily1961_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72408.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for PHILADELPHIA/INT'L ARPT PA 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+PHILADELPHIA%2FINT%27L+ARPT+PA+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FUS%2FGROUP3%2F72408.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philadelphia1-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philadelphia1_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philadelphia1_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stormfax.com/phlminmax2.html">"Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070322192111/http://www.stormfax.com/phlminmax2.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Record+Highs+and+Lows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stormfax.com%2Fphlminmax2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/">"Threaded Station Extremes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305195121/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Station=PA – Philadelphia (Center City records are 12 °F (−11 °C) on January 8, 2014, and January 19, 1997, for the record low maximum; and 87 °F (31 °C) on July 6, 1999, for the record high minimum)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Threaded+Station+Extremes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthreadex.rcc-acis.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/">ThreadEx</a>; search for location= "PA - Philadelphia", variable= "Station thread"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood" class="citation web cs1">Wood, Anthony R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728111656/http://articles.philly.com/2009-03-20/news/25278745_1_measure-snow-weather-station-airport-measurements">"Snow total at airport gets a boost A new measuring station and technique likely contributed to two 8-inch-plus readings"</a>. <i>Philly.com</i>. The Inquirer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2009-03-20/news/25278745_1_measure-snow-weather-station-airport-measurements">the original</a> on July 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philly.com&rft.atitle=Snow+total+at+airport+gets+a+boost+A+new+measuring+station+and+technique+likely+contributed+to+two+8-inch-plus+readings&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2009-03-20%2Fnews%2F25278745_1_measure-snow-weather-station-airport-measurements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-txt-Phily1991-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA-txt-Phily1991_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00013739&format=pdf">"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Monthly+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSW00013739%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weather_Atlas_-_Philadelphia_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-us.com/en/pennsylvania-usa/philadelphia-climate">"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"</a>. Weather Atlas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+USA+-+Monthly+weather+forecast+and+Climate+data&rft.pub=Weather+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-us.com%2Fen%2Fpennsylvania-usa%2Fphiladelphia-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ala-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ala_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208052851/http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/key-findings/methodology-and-acknowledgements.html">"State of the Air 2017 – Methodology and Acknowledgements"</a>. American Lung Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/key-findings/methodology-and-acknowledgements.html">the original</a> on December 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Air+2017+%E2%80%93+Methodology+and+Acknowledgements&rft.pub=American+Lung+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Four-initiatives%2Fhealthy-air%2Fsota%2Fkey-findings%2Fmethodology-and-acknowledgements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ala2-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ala2_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala2_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/states/pennsylvania/philadelphia.html">"Philadelphia County – State of the Air 2017"</a>. American Lung Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207070041/http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/states/pennsylvania/philadelphia.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+County+%E2%80%93+State+of+the+Air+2017&rft.pub=American+Lung+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Four-initiatives%2Fhealthy-air%2Fsota%2Fcity-rankings%2Fstates%2Fpennsylvania%2Fphiladelphia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ala3-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ala3_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala3_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html">"Most Polluted Cities"</a>. American Lung Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728191912/http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+Polluted+Cities&rft.pub=American+Lung+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Four-initiatives%2Fhealthy-air%2Fsota%2Fcity-rankings%2Fmost-polluted-cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus20-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus20_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829184404/https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus10-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus10_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610232059/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022_Bureau-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Bureau_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Bureau_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2022_Bureau_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau" class="citation web cs1">Bureau, U.S. Census. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/Philadelphia_city,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania?g=0600000US4210160000">"Explore Census Data"</a>. <i>Explore Census Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015200325/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile/Philadelphia_city,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania?g=0600000US4210160000">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft.atitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=U.S.+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Fprofile%2FPhiladelphia_city%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_Pennsylvania%3Fg%3D0600000US4210160000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017_Pop_Estimate-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017_Pop_Estimate_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213095851/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/1600000US4260000">"2011–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/1600000US4260000">the original</a> on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011%E2%80%932017+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F17_5YR%2FDP05%2F1600000US4260000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gen_Pop/Housing-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gen_Pop/Housing_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_FactFinder,_United_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table">"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 2010 Demographic Profile Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table">the original</a> on May 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+General+Population+and+Housing+Characteristics%3A+2010+2010+Demographic+Profile+Data+%28Public+Law+94-171%29+Summary+File&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau%2C+2010+Census&rft.au=American+FactFinder%2C+United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_DP_DPDP1%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1990-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census1990_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census1990_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census1990_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/PAtab.xls">"Pennsylvania – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202175335/https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/PAtab.xls">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+Selected+Cities+and+Other+Places%3A+Earliest+Census+to+1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0076%2FPAtab.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-race-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-race_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">United States Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127063008/http%3A//www%2Ecensus%2Egov/population/www/socdemo/race/racefactcb%2Ehtml">"How Does the Census 2000 Question on Race Differ from the 1990 Question?"</a>. census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/race/racefactcb.html">the original</a> on November 27, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Does+the+Census+2000+Question+on+Race+Differ+from+the+1990+Question%3F&rft.pub=census.gov&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fsocdemo%2Frace%2Fracefactcb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaImmigrants-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaImmigrants_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Katz2018" class="citation news cs1">Matt Katz (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">"Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaving+New+York+to+Find+the+American+Dream+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.au=Matt+Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fphiladelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaForeignBorn-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaForeignBorn_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Gammage2019" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Gammage (May 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html">"Welcome to Philly: Percentage of foreign-born city residents has doubled since 1990"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510180258/https://www.philly.com/news/immigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2019</span>. <q>China is, far and away, the primary sending country, with 22,140 city residents who make up about 11 percent of the foreign-born population, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts analysis of Census data. Next is the Dominican Republic with 13,792, followed by Jamaica, 13,500; India, 11,382; and Vietnam, 10,132...About 230,000 Philadelphians are foreign-born. More than a quarter of residents are immigrants or have a foreign-born parent, Pew reported, and 23 percent speak a foreign language at home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Philly%3A+Percentage+of+foreign-born+city+residents+has+doubled+since+1990&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft.au=Jeff+Gammage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fnews%2Fimmigrants-philly-population-growth-foreign-born-20190510.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2019/04/the-state-of-immigrants-in-philadelphia-2019">"The State of Immigrants in Philadelphia, 2019"</a>. April 11, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001200528/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2019/04/the-state-of-immigrants-in-philadelphia-2019">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Immigrants+in+Philadelphia%2C+2019&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewtrusts.org%2Fen%2Fresearch-and-analysis%2Ffact-sheets%2F2019%2F04%2Fthe-state-of-immigrants-in-philadelphia-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_Ancestry-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010_Ancestry_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200213152124/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B04006/1600000US4260000">"People Reporting Ancestry: 2011–2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_5YR/B04006/1600000US4260000">the original</a> on February 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+Reporting+Ancestry%3A+2011%E2%80%932015+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F15_5YR%2FB04006%2F1600000US4260000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/immigration-1930-present">"Philadelphia immigration"</a>. Philadelphia immigration. August 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310145147/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/immigration-1930-present/">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+immigration&rft.pub=Philadelphia+immigration&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphiaencyclopedia.org%2Farchive%2Fimmigration-1930-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Sanchez_Ubanell2014" class="citation web cs1">Laura Sanchez Ubanell (January 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103154048/http://voxxi.com/2014/01/03/puerto-rico-population-decline-economic/">"Puerto Rico's population continues to decline as the economic plague persists"</a>. <i>Voxxi</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voxxi.com/2014/01/03/puerto-rico-population-decline-economic/">the original</a> on January 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voxxi&rft.atitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+population+continues+to+decline+as+the+economic+plague+persists&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.au=Laura+Sanchez+Ubanell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoxxi.com%2F2014%2F01%2F03%2Fpuerto-rico-population-decline-economic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120951/http://www.congreso.net/census.php">"Where is the "Latino Community" of Philadelphia?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congreso.net/census.php">the original</a> on October 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+is+the+%22Latino+Community%22+of+Philadelphia%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congreso.net%2Fcensus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zip-codes.com/zip-code/19133/zip-code-19133.asp">"ZIP Code 19133, Philadelphia PA (Pennsylvania)"</a>. <i>www.zip-codes.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915024835/https://www.zip-codes.com/zip-code/19133/zip-code-19133.asp">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zip-codes.com&rft.atitle=ZIP+Code+19133%2C+Philadelphia+PA+%28Pennsylvania%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zip-codes.com%2Fzip-code%2F19133%2Fzip-code-19133.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/latinophiladelphiaataglance.pdf">"Latino Philadelphia at a Glance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Latino Philadelphia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131238/http://hsp.org/sites/default/files/legacy_files/migrated/latinophiladelphiaataglance.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latino+Philadelphia+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Latino+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flegacy_files%2Fmigrated%2Flatinophiladelphiaataglance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MigrantsTexasToPhiladelphia-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MigrantsTexasToPhiladelphia_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Moran2022" class="citation news cs1">Robert Moran (December 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/bus-immigrants-texas-philadelphia-asylum-greg-abbott-20221229.html?outputType=amp">"City receives 15th bus carrying immigrants from Texas to Philadelphia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222230053/https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/bus-immigrants-texas-philadelphia-asylum-greg-abbott-20221229.html?outputType=amp">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=City+receives+15th+bus+carrying+immigrants+from+Texas+to+Philadelphia&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.au=Robert+Moran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fnews%2Fphiladelphia%2Fbus-immigrants-texas-philadelphia-asylum-greg-abbott-20221229.html%3FoutputType%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214004430/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_SPT/B01003/0500000US42101/popgroup~016">"2011–2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables – Chinese alone, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/15_SPT/B01003/0500000US42101/popgroup~016">the original</a> on February 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011%E2%80%932015+American+Community+Survey+Selected+Population+Tables+%E2%80%93+Chinese+alone%2C+Philadelphia+County%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fbkmk%2Ftable%2F1.0%2Fen%2FACS%2F15_SPT%2FB01003%2F0500000US42101%2Fpopgroup~016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatt_Katz2018" class="citation news cs1">Matt Katz (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">"Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418054111/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaving+New+York+to+Find+the+American+Dream+in+Philadelphia&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.au=Matt+Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Fphiladelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724030414/http://www.visitphilly.com/itineraries/philadelphia/exploring-gay-philadelphia/">"Exploring Gay Philadelphia"</a>. Visit Philadelphia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphilly.com/itineraries/philadelphia/exploring-gay-philadelphia/">the original</a> on July 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Gay+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Visit+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphilly.com%2Fitineraries%2Fphiladelphia%2Fexploring-gay-philadelphia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/guide/guide-to-philadelphias-gayborhood/">"Guide to Philadelphia's Gayborhood"</a>. CBS Local Media. June 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723061349/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/guide/guide-to-philadelphias-gayborhood/">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Philadelphia%27s+Gayborhood&rft.pub=CBS+Local+Media&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphia.cbslocal.com%2Fguide%2Fguide-to-philadelphias-gayborhood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/">Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308152313/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pew Research Center</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">"America's Changing Religious Landscape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107064929/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Changing+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center%3A+Religion+%26+Public+Life&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Famericas-changing-religious-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Overcoming the World Missions Crisis: Thinking Strategically to Reach the World, Russell Penney, page 110, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_15694.html">"Philadelphia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201050252/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0016_0_15694.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philadelphia&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0016_0_15694.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2009" class="citation web cs1">Levitt, Ross (December 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/12/30/pennsylvania.animal.remains/">"Group: Remains of more than 500 animals found at Philadelphia home"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923003000/http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/12/30/pennsylvania.animal.remains/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group%3A+Remains+of+more+than+500+animals+found+at+Philadelphia+home&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FCRIME%2F12%2F30%2Fpennsylvania.animal.remains%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_A._Slobodzian2012" class="citation news cs1">Joseph A. Slobodzian (January 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northiowatoday.com/2012/01/15/man-gets-life-sentence-in-killing-over-santeria/">"Man gets life sentence in killing over Santeria"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075927/http://northiowatoday.com/2012/01/15/man-gets-life-sentence-in-killing-over-santeria/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2017</span> – via NorthIowaToday.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Man+gets+life+sentence+in+killing+over+Santeria&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.au=Joseph+A.+Slobodzian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthiowatoday.com%2F2012%2F01%2F15%2Fman-gets-life-sentence-in-killing-over-santeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815140430/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results">"Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results">the original</a> on August 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+County%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fcgi-shl%2Fdocstudio%2Fdocs.pl%3Fmap_data_results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indd.adobe.com/view/40769621-44c7-40d3-94b1-6136aa1f00be">"Philabundance 2021"</a>. <i>indd.adobe.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928192938/https://indd.adobe.com/view/40769621-44c7-40d3-94b1-6136aa1f00be">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indd.adobe.com&rft.atitle=Philabundance+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findd.adobe.com%2Fview%2F40769621-44c7-40d3-94b1-6136aa1f00be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121200334/http://www.philly.com/dailynews/local/20101116_A_growing_need_for_food_relief.html">"A growing need for food relief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News" title="Philadelphia Daily News">Philadelphia Daily News</a></i>. November 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/dailynews/local/20101116_A_growing_need_for_food_relief.html">the original</a> on November 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Daily+News&rft.atitle=A+growing+need+for+food+relief&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fdailynews%2Flocal%2F20101116_A_growing_need_for_food_relief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPompilio2010" class="citation web cs1">Pompilio, Natalie (November 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119100612/http://www.philly.com/dailynews/local/20101116_Relief_agencies_face_hunger_pangs.html">"Relief agencies feel hunger pangs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News" title="Philadelphia Daily News">Philadelphia Daily News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/dailynews/local/20101116_Relief_agencies_face_hunger_pangs.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Relief+agencies+feel+hunger+pangs&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.aulast=Pompilio&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fdailynews%2Flocal%2F20101116_Relief_agencies_face_hunger_pangs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/philabundance-seeks-help-from-suburbanites-for-suburbanites/">"Philabundance Seeks Help From Suburbanites For Suburbanites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">CBS Philadelphia</a></i>. October 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Philabundance+Seeks+Help+From+Suburbanites+For+Suburbanites&rft.date=2010-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fphiladelphia%2Fnews%2Fphilabundance-seeks-help-from-suburbanites-for-suburbanites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/solve-lost-mile-hungry-philadelphians/">"How to solve "the lost mile" for hungry Philadelphians"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Citizen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Citizen&rft.atitle=How+to+solve+%22the+lost+mile%22+for+hungry+Philadelphians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthephiladelphiacitizen.org%2Fsolve-lost-mile-hungry-philadelphians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/search/?hqcity=Philadelphia">"Fortune 500"</a>. Fortune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111230302/https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/search/?hqcity=Philadelphia">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortune+500&rft.pub=Fortune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Ffortune500%2F2019%2Fsearch%2F%3Fhqcity%3DPhiladelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaCloseConnectionsEconomicCompetitiveAdvantage-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaCloseConnectionsEconomicCompetitiveAdvantage_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fransmart.com/why-you-should-start-a-business-in-philadelphia/">"Why You Should Start a Business in Philadelphia"</a>. Fransmart News. November 8, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105190855/https://fransmart.com/why-you-should-start-a-business-in-philadelphia/">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+You+Should+Start+a+Business+in+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Fransmart+News&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffransmart.com%2Fwhy-you-should-start-a-business-in-philadelphia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillyMetroGMP2019-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhillyMetroGMP2019_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.bea.gov/itable/drilldown.cfm?reqid=70&stepnum=40&Major_Area=5&State=37980&Area=XX&TableId=501&Statistic=1&Year=2019&YearBegin=-1&Year_End=-1&Unit_Of_Measure=Levels&Rank=1&Drill=1&nRange=5">"Gross domestic product (GDP) by metropolitan area"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027140857/https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?reqid=70&stepnum=40&Major_Area=5&State=37980&Area=XX&TableId=501&Statistic=1&Year=2019&YearBegin=-1&Year_End=-1&Unit_Of_Measure=Levels&Rank=1&Drill=1&nRange=5">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+by+metropolitan+area&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.bea.gov%2Fitable%2Fdrilldown.cfm%3Freqid%3D70%26stepnum%3D40%26Major_Area%3D5%26State%3D37980%26Area%3DXX%26TableId%3D501%26Statistic%3D1%26Year%3D2019%26YearBegin%3D-1%26Year_End%3D-1%26Unit_Of_Measure%3DLevels%26Rank%3D1%26Drill%3D1%26nRange%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhillyMetroGMP2017-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhillyMetroGMP2017_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.bea.gov/itable/drilldown.cfm?reqid=70&stepnum=40&Major_Area=5&State=37980&Area=XX&TableId=501&Statistic=1&Year=2017&YearBegin=-1&Year_End=-1&Unit_Of_Measure=Levels&Rank=1&Drill=1&nRange=5">"Gross domestic product (GDP) by metropolitan area"</a>. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis" title="Bureau of Economic Analysis">Bureau of Economic Analysis</a>. September 18, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093147/https://apps.bea.gov/itable/drilldown.cfm?reqid=70&stepnum=40&Major_Area=5&State=37980&Area=XX&TableId=501&Statistic=1&Year=2017&YearBegin=-1&Year_End=-1&Unit_Of_Measure=Levels&Rank=1&Drill=1&nRange=5">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+by+metropolitan+area&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.bea.gov%2Fitable%2Fdrilldown.cfm%3Freqid%3D70%26stepnum%3D40%26Major_Area%3D5%26State%3D37980%26Area%3DXX%26TableId%3D501%26Statistic%3D1%26Year%3D2017%26YearBegin%3D-1%26Year_End%3D-1%26Unit_Of_Measure%3DLevels%26Rank%3D1%26Drill%3D1%26nRange%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_of_the_City_2015-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-State_of_the_City_2015_160-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606054538/http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2015/04/2015-State-of-the-City-Report_Web.pdf">"Philadelphia 2015: The State of the City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pewtrusts.org</i>. The Pew Charitable Trusts. March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2015/04/2015-State-of-the-City-Report_Web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pewtrusts.org&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+2015%3A+The+State+of+the+City&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewtrusts.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FAssets%2F2015%2F04%2F2015-State-of-the-City-Report_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEramian2020" class="citation web cs1">Eramian, Daniel (November 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/02/philadelphia-biotech-funding/">"Is Philadelphia's biotech cluster faltering? Experts say no"</a>. <i>STAT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024161332/https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/02/philadelphia-biotech-funding/">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STAT&rft.atitle=Is+Philadelphia%27s+biotech+cluster+faltering%3F+Experts+say+no&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Eramian&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2020%2F11%2F02%2Fphiladelphia-biotech-funding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaTechBiotechVentureCapital_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nvca.org/research/venture-monitor/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190610221717/https://nvca.org/research/venture-monitor/">Archived</a> June 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed April 18, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/inde/parkmgmt/statistics.htm">"Park Statistics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211111955/http://www.nps.gov/inde/parkmgmt/statistics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Finde%2Fparkmgmt%2Fstatistics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion1-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion1_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Loyd2017" class="citation news cs1">Linda Loyd (August 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/business/philly-airport-gets-16-5-million-federal-grant-for-runway-improvements-20170822.html">"Philly airport gets $16.5 million federal grant for runway improvements"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141404/http://www.philly.com/philly/business/philly-airport-gets-16-5-million-federal-grant-for-runway-improvements-20170822.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Philly+airport+gets+%2416.5+million+federal+grant+for+runway+improvements&rft.date=2017-08-22&rft.au=Linda+Loyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fbusiness%2Fphilly-airport-gets-16-5-million-federal-grant-for-runway-improvements-20170822.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion2-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAirportExpansion2_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Loyd2017" class="citation news cs1">Linda Loyd (May 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/business/airlines-at-phl-agree-to-900-million-in-infrastructure-20170522.html">"Airlines at PHL agree to $900 million in improvements"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609190959/http://www.philly.com/philly/business/airlines-at-phl-agree-to-900-million-in-infrastructure-20170522.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Airlines+at+PHL+agree+to+%24900+million+in+improvements&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.au=Linda+Loyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fbusiness%2Fairlines-at-phl-agree-to-900-million-in-infrastructure-20170522.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaSeaportExpansion1-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaSeaportExpansion1_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_R._Morley2018" class="citation web cs1">Hugh R. Morley (April 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-philadelphia/after-strongest-us-growth-philadelphia-port-double-capacity_20180405.html">"After strongest US growth, Philadelphia port to double capacity"</a>. JOC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142253/https://www.joc.com/port-news/us-ports/port-philadelphia/after-strongest-us-growth-philadelphia-port-double-capacity_20180405.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+strongest+US+growth%2C+Philadelphia+port+to+double+capacity&rft.pub=JOC&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft.au=Hugh+R.+Morley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joc.com%2Fport-news%2Fus-ports%2Fport-philadelphia%2Fafter-strongest-us-growth-philadelphia-port-double-capacity_20180405.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhiladelphiaAmtrak-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAmtrak_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhiladelphiaAmtrak_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/nationalfactsheets/Amtrak-Corporate-Profile-FY2018-0319.pdf">"FY 2018 Company Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.amtrak.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403083153/https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/nationalfactsheets/Amtrak-Corporate-Profile-FY2018-0319.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amtrak.com&rft.atitle=FY+2018+Company+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fprojects%2Fdotcom%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fcorporate%2Fnationalfactsheets%2FAmtrak-Corporate-Profile-FY2018-0319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st42_pa/schooldistrict_maps/c42101_philadelphia/DC20SD_C42101.pdf">"2020 census - school district reference map: Philadelphia County, PA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722220327/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st42_pa/schooldistrict_maps/c42101_philadelphia/DC20SD_C42101.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+census+-+school+district+reference+map%3A+Philadelphia+County%2C+PA&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fmaps%2FDC2020%2FPL20%2Fst42_pa%2Fschooldistrict_maps%2Fc42101_philadelphia%2FDC20SD_C42101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st42_pa/schooldistrict_maps/c42101_philadelphia/DC20SD_C42101_SD2MS.txt">Text list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722220329/https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st42_pa/schooldistrict_maps/c42101_philadelphia/DC20SD_C42101_SD2MS.txt">Archived</a> July 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.k12.pa.us/about/">"About Us – The School District of Philadelphia"</a>. Philadelphia School District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508103158/http://www.phila.k12.pa.us/about/">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+The+School+District+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.k12.pa.us%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.k12.pa.us/about/#schools">"About Us – Schools – The School District of Philadelphia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508103158/http://www.phila.k12.pa.us/about/#schools">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+%E2%80%93+Schools+%E2%80%93+The+School+District+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.k12.pa.us%2Fabout%2F%23schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurdle,_Jon2013" class="citation web cs1">Hurdle, Jon (March 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/education/philadelphia-officials-vote-to-close-23-schools.html">"Philadelphia Officials Vote to Close 23 Schools"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506111743/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/08/education/philadelphia-officials-vote-to-close-23-schools.html?">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+Officials+Vote+to+Close+23+Schools&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.au=Hurdle%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F08%2Feducation%2Fphiladelphia-officials-vote-to-close-23-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs,_Peter2014" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Peter (October 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/average-sat-score-2014-2014-10">"The Average SAT Score Last Year Was Just Under 1500"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430060215/http://www.businessinsider.com/average-sat-score-2014-2014-10">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+Average+SAT+Score+Last+Year+Was+Just+Under+1500&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Faverage-sat-score-2014-2014-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorida,_Richard2012" class="citation news cs1">Florida, Richard (August 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citylab.com/design/2012/08/americas-leading-college-towns/3054/">"America's Leading College Towns"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. The Atlantic: City Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512235409/http://www.citylab.com/design/2012/08/americas-leading-college-towns/3054/">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=America%27s+Leading+College+Towns&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft.au=Florida%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citylab.com%2Fdesign%2F2012%2F08%2Famericas-leading-college-towns%2F3054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownleeThomas2000" class="citation book cs1">Brownlee, David B.; Thomas, George E. (2000). <i>Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812235150" title="Special:BookSources/0812235150"><bdi>0812235150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+America%27s+First+University%3A+An+Historical+and+Architectural+Guide+to+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0812235150&rft.aulast=Brownlee&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver,_Sharon2011" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Sharon (October 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/sharon-oliver/2011/10/the-phila-areas-biggest-colleges.html">"The Phila. area's biggest colleges"</a>. Philadelphia Business Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530021503/http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/blog/sharon-oliver/2011/10/the-phila-areas-biggest-colleges.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phila.+area%27s+biggest+colleges&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Business+Journal&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphiladelphia%2Fblog%2Fsharon-oliver%2F2011%2F10%2Fthe-phila-areas-biggest-colleges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619085721/http://report.nih.gov/award/index.cfm?ot=&fy=2015&state=PA&ic=&fm=&orgid=&distr=PA1,PA2,PA8,PA13&rfa=&om=n&pid=&view=statedetail">"NIH Awards by Location & Organization"</a>. April 20, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://report.nih.gov/award/index.cfm?ot=&fy=2015&state=PA&ic=&fm=&orgid=&distr=PA1,PA2,PA8,PA13&rfa=&om=n&pid=&view=statedetail#">the original</a> on June 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIH+Awards+by+Location+%26+Organization&rft.date=2015-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freport.nih.gov%2Faward%2Findex.cfm%3Fot%3D%26fy%3D2015%26state%3DPA%26ic%3D%26fm%3D%26orgid%3D%26distr%3DPA1%2CPA2%2CPA8%2CPA13%26rfa%3D%26om%3Dn%26pid%3D%26view%3Dstatedetail%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHLP-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHLP_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHLP_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/pa/PA.pdf">"Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State – Pennsylvania (169)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801101946/https://www.nps.gov/nhl/find/statelists/pa/PA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listing+of+National+Historic+Landmarks+by+State+%E2%80%93+Pennsylvania+%28169%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnhl%2Ffind%2Fstatelists%2Fpa%2FPA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330192449/http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/About-the-Zoo.aspx">"Philadelphia Zoo: About"</a>. Philadelphia Zoo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philadelphiazoo.org/About-the-Zoo.aspx">the original</a> on March 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Zoo%3A+About&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philadelphiazoo.org%2FAbout-the-Zoo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/about">"About Penn Medicine: History"</a>. Penn Medicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315151426/https://www.pennmedicine.org/about">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Penn+Medicine%3A+History&rft.pub=Penn+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennmedicine.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330223316/http://www.phila.gov/ParksandRecreation/history/departmenthistory/parksystemhistory/Pages/default.aspx">"Philadelphia Park System History"</a>. City of Philadelphia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.gov/ParksandRecreation/history/departmenthistory/parksystemhistory/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on March 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Park+System+History&rft.pub=City+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2FParksandRecreation%2Fhistory%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fparksystemhistory%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librarycompany.org/about-lcp/">"Library Company of Philadelphia: Overview"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305181140/http://librarycompany.org/about-lcp/">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>librarycompany.org</i>. The Library Company of Philadelphia. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philaathenaeum.org/mission.html">"Athenaeum of Philadelphia: Mission and History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130107194252/http://www.philaathenaeum.org/mission.html">Archived</a> January 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philaathenaeum.org</i>. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.pcusa.org/about">"Presbyterian Historical Society: About"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305144226/https://www.history.pcusa.org/about">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>history.pcusa.org</i>. The Presbyterian Historical Society. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallasnews-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dallasnews_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dallasnews_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dallasnews_184-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks2006" class="citation journal cs1">Weeks, Jerome (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820112528/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/travel/unitedstates/stories/DN-philly_0806tra.State.Edition1.508ad59.html">"Philly goes the distance"</a>. <i>The Dallas Morning News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/travel/unitedstates/stories/DN-philly_0806tra.State.Edition1.508ad59.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Philly+goes+the+distance&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Ffea%2Ftravel%2Funitedstates%2Fstories%2FDN-philly_0806tra.State.Edition1.508ad59.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilmatheater.org/history">"Wilma Theater history"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026155025/https://wilmatheater.org/history/">Archived</a> October 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>wilmatheater.org</i>. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphiatheatrecompany.org/about/">"Philadelphia Theatre Company at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164621/http://philadelphiatheatrecompany.org/about/">Archived</a> March 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philadelphiatheatrecompany.org</i>. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanterntheater.org/">"Lantern Theater Company"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305105715/http://www.lanterntheater.org/">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>lanterntheater.org</i>. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalnutStreetTheatreOldest-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalnutStreetTheatreOldest_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=817">"Walnut Street Theatre Historical Marker"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718224049/http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=817">Archived</a> July 18, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>ExplorePAhistory.com</i>. Retrieved May 4, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalnutStreetTheatreExpansion2020-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalnutStreetTheatreExpansion2020_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Timpane2019" class="citation news cs1">John Timpane (May 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/arts/walnut-street-theatre-expansion-theater-in-the-round-parking-lot-20190504.html">"Walnut Street Theatre announces a major expansion, set to start in 2020"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504234103/https://www.philly.com/arts/walnut-street-theatre-expansion-theater-in-the-round-parking-lot-20190504.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Walnut Street Theatre announced Saturday evening that fund-raising is now underway for a substantial new wing of the building. Plans would expand the 210-year-old theater's footprint partway into the parking lot next door and add a 400-seat theater in the round. The three-story, 35,000-square-foot addition would break ground in May 2020 and be completed in 2022.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Walnut+Street+Theatre+announces+a+major+expansion%2C+set+to+start+in+2020&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft.au=John+Timpane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Farts%2Fwalnut-street-theatre-expansion-theater-in-the-round-parking-lot-20190504.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphilly.com/music-art/public-art/">"Public Art"</a>. Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101301/http://www.visitphilly.com/music-art/public-art/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Art&rft.pub=Greater+Philadelphia+Tourism+Marketing+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphilly.com%2Fmusic-art%2Fpublic-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aitken, Joanne (September 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203103019/http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-09-02/cityspace.shtml">"Forget Paris"</a>. <i>City Paper</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-09-02/cityspace.shtml">the original</a> on December 3, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Paper&rft.atitle=Forget+Paris&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypaper.net%2Farticles%2F2004-09-02%2Fcityspace.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetenhall" class="citation web cs1">Wetenhall, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901030011/http://www.publicartreview.org/pdf/wetenhall.pdf">"About A Brief History of Percent-For-Art in America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Public Art Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicartreview.org/pdf/wetenhall.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+A+Brief+History+of+Percent-For-Art+in+America&rft.pub=Public+Art+Review&rft.aulast=Wetenhall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicartreview.org%2Fpdf%2Fwetenhall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://associationforpublicart.org/public-art-gateway/public-art-agencies/">"Office of Art and Culture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103181410/http://associationforpublicart.org/public-art-gateway/public-art-agencies/">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+Art+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassociationforpublicart.org%2Fpublic-art-gateway%2Fpublic-art-agencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208070210/http://www.muralarts.org/about/">"Mural Arts Program About page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muralarts.org/about/">the original</a> on December 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mural+Arts+Program+About+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muralarts.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchira2013" class="citation web cs1">Schira, Ron (January 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226103221/http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=444811">"Art review: GoggleWorks' 'Artists Equity' show proves uneven"</a>. <i>Reading Eagle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=444811">the original</a> on February 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reading+Eagle&rft.atitle=Art+review%3A+GoggleWorks%27+%27Artists+Equity%27+show+proves+uneven&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.aulast=Schira&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.readingeagle.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D444811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014064937/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772330,00.html">"Art: Windfall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. January 15, 1940. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772330,00.html">the original</a> on October 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Art%3A+Windfall&rft.date=1940-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C772330%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Hook2009" class="citation journal cs1">Van Hook, Bailey (January 1, 2009). "The Early Career of Violet Oakley, Illustrator". <i>Woman's Art Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 29–38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40605220">40605220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Woman%27s+Art+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Early+Career+of+Violet+Oakley%2C+Illustrator&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40605220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Van+Hook&rft.aufirst=Bailey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJillian_Wilson2017" class="citation news cs1">Jillian Wilson (January 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwishunu.com/2017/01/celebrate-first-friday-philly-january-6/#sm.000nnbzwxvrrcxq114e2340gzulvn">"What To Do For First Friday In Philly This January"</a>. <i>Visit Philadelphia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911205222/http://www.uwishunu.com/2017/01/celebrate-first-friday-philly-january-6/#sm.000nnbzwxvrrcxq114e2340gzulvn">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visit+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=What+To+Do+For+First+Friday+In+Philly+This+January&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft.au=Jillian+Wilson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwishunu.com%2F2017%2F01%2Fcelebrate-first-friday-philly-january-6%2F%23sm.000nnbzwxvrrcxq114e2340gzulvn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philorch.org/kimmel-center#/">"The Kimmel Center: Home of The Philadelphia Orchestra"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123409/https://www.philorch.org/kimmel-center#/">Archived</a> July 9, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philorch.org</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a> Association. Retrieved April 13, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philorch.org/mann-center-performing-arts#/">"Summer Home of The Philadelphia Orchestra: Mann Center for the Performing Arts"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123401/https://www.philorch.org/mann-center-performing-arts#/">Archived</a> July 9, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philorch.org</i>. The Philadelphia Orchestra Association. Retrieved April 13, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutus-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aboutus_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218205841/http://www.phillyboyschoir.org/programs-choir">"About Us"</a>. Philadelphia Boys Choir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyboyschoir.org/programs-choir">the original</a> on December 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Boys+Choir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyboyschoir.org%2Fprograms-choir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-POPS-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-POPS_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206004221/http://phillypops.org/about-us.php">"About The Philly POPS"</a>. <i>phillypops.org</i>. Encore Series, Inc. January 13, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillypops.org/about-us.php">the original</a> on February 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phillypops.org&rft.atitle=About+The+Philly+POPS&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillypops.org%2Fabout-us.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PV-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PV_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Tanenbaum2016" class="citation web cs1">Michael Tanenbaum (January 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phillyvoice.com/curtis-institute-music-ranked-most-selective-college-us/">"Curtis Institute of Music ranked most selective college in U.S."</a> <i>Philly Voice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224847/https://www.phillyvoice.com/curtis-institute-music-ranked-most-selective-college-us/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philly+Voice&rft.atitle=Curtis+Institute+of+Music+ranked+most+selective+college+in+U.S.&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.au=Michael+Tanenbaum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyvoice.com%2Fcurtis-institute-music-ranked-most-selective-college-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Buxton <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/americanband.htm">"American Bandstand: U.S. Music Program"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803075751/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/americanband.htm">Archived</a> August 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>museum.tv</i>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/philly-soul-ma0000002776">"R&B » Soul » Philly Soul"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200713161932/https://www.allmusic.com/style/philly-soul-ma0000002776">Archived</a> July 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>allmusic.com</i>. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/liveaid.memories/index.html">"Live Aid 1985: A day of magic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411235204/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/07/01/liveaid.memories/index.html">Archived</a> April 11, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN. Retrieved March 2, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodney_Kim2005" class="citation web cs1">Rodney Kim (July 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214110945/http://www.live8.us/philadelphia/blog.html">"Live 8 Philadelphia Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.live8.us/philadelphia/blog.html">the original</a> on December 14, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Live+8+Philadelphia+Review&rft.date=2005-07-02&rft.au=Rodney+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.live8.us%2Fphiladelphia%2Fblog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuhldreher2007" class="citation web cs1">Stuhldreher, Katie (July 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124113843/http://www.philly.com/philly/hp/news_update/20070730_Ricks_Steaks_takes_Reading_Terminal_Market_dispute_to_court.html">"Rick's Steaks takes Reading Terminal Market dispute to court"</a>. philly.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/hp/news_update/20070730_Ricks_Steaks_takes_Reading_Terminal_Market_dispute_to_court.html">the original</a> on January 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rick%27s+Steaks+takes+Reading+Terminal+Market+dispute+to+court&rft.pub=philly.com&rft.date=2007-07-30&rft.aulast=Stuhldreher&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fhp%2Fnews_update%2F20070730_Ricks_Steaks_takes_Reading_Terminal_Market_dispute_to_court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/top-10-spots-for-authentic-philly-cheesesteaks/">"Top 10 Spots for Authentic Philly Cheesesteaks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306044642/http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/top-10-spots-for-authentic-philly-cheesesteaks/">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>visitphilly.com</i>. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodnetwork.com/restaurants/photos/best-cheesesteak-philadelphia">"The Best Cheesesteaks in Philadelphia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306022821/https://www.foodnetwork.com/restaurants/photos/best-cheesesteak-philadelphia">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>foodnetwork.com</i>. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grubhub.com/delivery/pa-philadelphia/cheesesteaks">"Find Philadelphia cheesesteak shops near you and order online for free"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202852/https://www.grubhub.com/delivery/pa-philadelphia/cheesesteaks">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>grubhub.com</i>. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genosteaks.com/about/">"About us: Geno's Steaks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202442/http://www.genosteaks.com/about/">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>genosteaks.com</i>. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/food/restaurants/Pats_King_Of_Steaks.html">"Pat's King Of Steaks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142733/http://www.philly.com/philly/food/restaurants/Pats_King_Of_Steaks.html">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philly.com</i>. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcgillins.com/history/">"McGillin's History"</a>. McGillin's Olde Ale House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311012717/http://mcgillins.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McGillin%27s+History&rft.pub=McGillin%27s+Olde+Ale+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcgillins.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citytavern.com/city-tavern-timeline/">"City Tavern Timeline"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305232441/https://www.citytavern.com/city-tavern-timeline/">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>citytavern.com</i>. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citytavern.com/private-affairs/">"City Tavern: Private Affairs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305181304/https://www.citytavern.com/private-affairs/">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>citytavern.com</i>. Retrieved March 4, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://readingterminalmarket.org/about-us/">"Reading Terminal Market: About the market"</a>. Reading Terminal Market. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305142710/https://readingterminalmarket.org/about-us/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+Terminal+Market%3A+About+the+market&rft.pub=Reading+Terminal+Market&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freadingterminalmarket.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fades_Out-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fades_Out_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/opinion/sunday/the-sound-of-philadelphia-fades-out.html?_r=0">New York Times Sunday Review, Loose Ends</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410041829/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/opinion/sunday/the-sound-of-philadelphia-fades-out.html?_r=0">Archived</a> April 10, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The Sound of Philadelphia Fades Out" Daniel Nester March 1, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Matthew J. (2006). "Interview with William Labov". <i>Journal of English Linguistics</i>. <b>34</b> (4): 332–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0075424206294308">10.1177/0075424206294308</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4242">0075-4242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144459634">144459634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+English+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Interview+with+William+Labov&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=332-51&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144459634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0075-4242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0075424206294308&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avril_2012-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avril_2012_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Avril2012" class="citation news cs1">Tom Avril (October 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/health/20121022_Penn_linguist_Labov_wins_Franklin_Institute_award.html">"Penn linguist Labov wins Franklin Institute award"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024045341/http://www.philly.com/philly/health/20121022_Penn_linguist_Labov_wins_Franklin_Institute_award.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Penn+linguist+Labov+wins+Franklin+Institute+award&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.au=Tom+Avril&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fhealth%2F20121022_Penn_linguist_Labov_wins_Franklin_Institute_award.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca2016" class="citation news cs1">Rocca, Mo (July 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philadelphia-mid-atlantic-dialect-accent-democratic-national-convention-2016/">"An earful and accent that's distinctly Philly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive Inc.">CBS Interactive Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114603/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/philadelphia-mid-atlantic-dialect-accent-democratic-national-convention-2016/">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+earful+and+accent+that%27s+distinctly+Philly&rft.date=2016-07-26&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Mo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fphiladelphia-mid-atlantic-dialect-accent-democratic-national-convention-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phillytalk.com/philly-slang">"Philly Slang"</a>. PhillyTalk.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215211047/http://phillytalk.com/philly-slang">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philly+Slang&rft.pub=PhillyTalk.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphillytalk.com%2Fphilly-slang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan, David M (1999). <i>The Athletics of Philadelphia: Connie Mack's White Elephants, 1901–1954</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0620-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0620-8">0-7864-0620-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/FR_PHN.htm">"Athletics (Philadelphia) (1871–1876)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628074009/http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/P/FR_PHN.htm">Archived</a> June 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>retrosheet.org</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nba.com/sixers/76ers-team-history">"76ers Team History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514230231/https://www.nba.com/sixers/76ers-team-history">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+76ers&rft.atitle=76ers+Team+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fsixers%2F76ers-team-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2006" class="citation book cs1">Purdy, Dennis (2006). <i>The Team-by-Team Encyclopedia of Major League Baseball</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Workman_Publishing_Company" title="Workman Publishing Company">Workman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7611-3943-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7611-3943-5"><bdi>0-7611-3943-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Team-by-Team+Encyclopedia+of+Major+League+Baseball&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Workman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7611-3943-5&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014020847/http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/phi/history/timeline01.jsp">"History: Phillies Timeline (1800s)"</a>. Philadelphia Phillies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphia.phillies.mlb.com/phi/history/timeline01.jsp">the original</a> on October 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+Phillies+Timeline+%281800s%29&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Phillies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphia.phillies.mlb.com%2Fphi%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline01.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302202651/http://web.mlsnet.com/news/mls_news.jsp?ymd=20080228&content_id=140965&vkey=pr_mls&fext=.jsp">"MLS awards Philadelphia 2010 expansion team"</a>. February 28, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mlsnet.com/news/mls_news.jsp?ymd=20080228&content_id=140965&vkey=pr_mls&fext=.jsp">the original</a> on March 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MLS+awards+Philadelphia+2010+expansion+team&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mlsnet.com%2Fnews%2Fmls_news.jsp%3Fymd%3D20080228%26content_id%3D140965%26vkey%3Dpr_mls%26fext%3D.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/post/2015/11/30/talen-energy-assumes-stadium-naming-rights">"Talen Energy Assumes Stadium Naming Rights"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Union</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061627/http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/post/2015/11/30/talen-energy-assumes-stadium-naming-rights">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Union&rft.atitle=Talen+Energy+Assumes+Stadium+Naming+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philadelphiaunion.com%2Fpost%2F2015%2F11%2F30%2Ftalen-energy-assumes-stadium-naming-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njbiz.com/subaru-of-america-philly-metro-area-mls-stadium-naming-rights/">"Subaru scores naming rights to Philly metro area MLS stadium"</a>. <i>njbiz.com</i>. February 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219023207/https://njbiz.com/subaru-of-america-philly-metro-area-mls-stadium-naming-rights/">Archived</a> from the original on February 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=njbiz.com&rft.atitle=Subaru+scores+naming+rights+to+Philly+metro+area+MLS+stadium&rft.date=2020-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnjbiz.com%2Fsubaru-of-america-philly-metro-area-mls-stadium-naming-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/1983-nba-finals-lakers-vs-76ers.html">"1983 NBA Finals: Lakers vs. 76ers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021203847/https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/1983-nba-finals-lakers-vs-76ers.html">Archived</a> October 21, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>basketball-reference.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/2008_WS.shtml">"2008 World Series: Philadelphia Phillies over Tampa Bay Rays (4–1)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606135647/https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/2008_WS.shtml">Archived</a> June 6, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>baseball-reference.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChairusmi2007" class="citation news cs1">Chairusmi, Jim (June 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118165107120832442">"Does the Curse of Billy Penn Continue to Haunt Philadelphia?"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306083502/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118165107120832442">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Does+the+Curse+of+Billy+Penn+Continue+to+Haunt+Philadelphia%3F&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.aulast=Chairusmi&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB118165107120832442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatza2008" class="citation web cs1">Matza, Michael (October 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203105408/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20081022_Lifting_the_curse_of_William_Penn.html">"Lifting the curse of William Penn"</a>. <i>philly.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/news/local/20081022_Lifting_the_curse_of_William_Penn.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philly.com&rft.atitle=Lifting+the+curse+of+William+Penn&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft.aulast=Matza&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F20081022_Lifting_the_curse_of_William_Penn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2018" class="citation news cs1">Bergman, Jeremy (February 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfl.com/news/eagles-quarterback-nick-foles-wins-super-bowl-lii-mvp-0ap3000000914463">"Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP"</a>. National Football League. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205084920/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000914463/article/eagles-qb-nick-foles-wins-super-bowl-lii-mvp">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eagles+QB+Nick+Foles+wins+Super+Bowl+LII+MVP&rft.date=2018-02-04&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fnews%2Feagles-quarterback-nick-foles-wins-super-bowl-lii-mvp-0ap3000000914463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sal Paolantonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=paolantonio/tortured_philadelphia">"The 15 Most Tortured Sports Cities"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306011610/http://www.espn.com/espn/page2/story?page=paolantonio/tortured_philadelphia">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>espn.com</i>. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaichwal2010" class="citation web cs1">Baichwal, Ravi (June 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7chicago.com/archive/7489419/">"Philly reels from loss to Blackhawks"</a>. <i>WLS</i>. abclocal.go.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628225840/http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7489419">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WLS&rft.atitle=Philly+reels+from+loss+to+Blackhawks&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft.aulast=Baichwal&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7chicago.com%2Farchive%2F7489419%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Winer (March 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/gallery/worst-sports-fans-in-america">"The Worst Sports Fans in America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082919/https://www.gq.com/gallery/worst-sports-fans-in-america">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>gq.com</i>. Retrieved March 5, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/dneagles/Eagles-Phillies-top-GQ-list-of-Worst-Fans-in-America.html">"Eagles, Phillies top GQ list of 'Worst Fans in America'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. March 17, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410141719/https://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/dneagles/Eagles-Phillies-top-GQ-list-of-Worst-Fans-in-America.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eagles%2C+Phillies+top+GQ+list+of+%27Worst+Fans+in+America%27&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fblogs%2Fdneagles%2FEagles-Phillies-top-GQ-list-of-Worst-Fans-in-America.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/warriors/news/behind_the_name.html">"Behind The Name – Warriors"</a>. National Basketball Association. May 10, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003905/http://www.nba.com/warriors/news/behind_the_name.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+The+Name+%E2%80%93+Warriors&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fwarriors%2Fnews%2Fbehind_the_name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgoyne2004" class="citation book cs1">Burgoyne, Tom (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yba-wMVloosC&q=Phillies+Athletics+city+series&pg=PA128"><i>Movin' on Up: Baseball and Phialdephia Then, Now, and Always</i></a>. B B& A Publishers. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9754419-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9754419-3-0"><bdi>0-9754419-3-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231027140845/https://books.google.com/books?id=yba-wMVloosC&q=Phillies+Athletics+city+series&pg=PA128#v=snippet&q=Phillies%20Athletics%20city%20series&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movin%27+on+Up%3A+Baseball+and+Phialdephia+Then%2C+Now%2C+and+Always&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=B+B%26+A+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9754419-3-0&rft.aulast=Burgoyne&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyba-wMVloosC%26q%3DPhillies%2BAthletics%2Bcity%2Bseries%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usasevenscrc.com/">"Penn Mutual Collegiate Rugby Championship"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926080111/https://www.usasevenscrc.com/">Archived</a> September 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>usasevenscrc.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RWestcott-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RWestcott_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestcott" class="citation web cs1">Westcott, Rich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107093207/http://sabr.org/research/early-years-philadelphia-baseball">"The Early Years of Philadelphia Baseball"</a>. <i>SABR</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabr.org/research/early-years-philadelphia-baseball">the original</a> on November 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SABR&rft.atitle=The+Early+Years+of+Philadelphia+Baseball&rft.aulast=Westcott&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabr.org%2Fresearch%2Fearly-years-philadelphia-baseball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133136/http://www.aviewoncities.com/philadelphia/boathouserow.htm">"Boathouse Row"</a>. A View on Cities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviewoncities.com/philadelphia/boathouserow.htm">the original</a> on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boathouse+Row&rft.pub=A+View+on+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviewoncities.com%2Fphiladelphia%2Fboathouserow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dadvail.org/?About">"About the Dad Vail Regatta"</a>. Dad Vail Regatta Organizing Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626153109/http://www.dadvail.org/?About">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Dad+Vail+Regatta&rft.pub=Dad+Vail+Regatta+Organizing+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dadvail.org%2F%3FAbout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff (May. 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122407/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/high_school/20070513_Stotesbury_expecting_record_field.html">"Stotesbury expecting record field"</a> (archive). <i>philly.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stotesburycupregatta.com/about/">"About The Stotesbury Cup Regatta"</a>. January 7, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626162638/http://stotesburycupregatta.com/about/">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Stotesbury+Cup+Regatta&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstotesburycupregatta.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosr.org/about/">"Head of the Schuylkill Regatta History and Growth"</a>. Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090856/http://hosr.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Head+of+the+Schuylkill+Regatta+History+and+Growth&rft.pub=Head+of+the+Schuylkill+Regatta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosr.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626152303/http://www.boathouserow.org/index.php/clubs/boathouse-row-clubs">"Boathouse Row Clubs"</a>. Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boathouse+Row+Clubs&rft.pub=Schuylkill+Navy+%26+Boathouse+Row&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boathouserow.org%2Findex.php%2Fclubs%2Fboathouse-row-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlie Eisenhood (December 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/08/philly-talent-skirmish-highlights-waning-battle-audl-mlu/">"A Philly Talent Skirmish Highlights Waning Battle Between AUDL, MLU"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090336/https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/08/philly-talent-skirmish-highlights-waning-battle-audl-mlu/">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>ultiworld.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlie Eisenhood (December 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/21/breaking-major-league-ultimate-suspends-operations/">"Major League Ultimate Suspends Operations: The league's investors pulled funding"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090313/https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/21/breaking-major-league-ultimate-suspends-operations/">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>ultiworld.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theaudl.com/phoenix/history">"Philadelphia Phoenix history"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090353/http://theaudl.com/phoenix/history">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>theaudl.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philadelphiabig5.org/">"History: A Family of Philadelphia Rivals"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408172224/http://www.philadelphiabig5.org/">Archived</a> April 8, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philadelphiabig5.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a>. Retrieved April 9, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goexplorers.com/honors/hall-of-athletes/1954-ncaa-champions/27">"1954 NCAA Champions (1984) - Hall of Athletes"</a>. <i>La Salle University Athletics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Salle+University+Athletics&rft.atitle=1954+NCAA+Champions+%281984%29+-+Hall+of+Athletes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoexplorers.com%2Fhonors%2Fhall-of-athletes%2F1954-ncaa-champions%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRed2015" class="citation news cs1">Red, Christian (March 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/heaven-hell-story-behind-villanova-upset-georgetown-article-1.2165574">"30 years ago Villanova shocked Georgetown to win NCAA title"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205053133/https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/heaven-hell-story-behind-villanova-upset-georgetown-article-1.2165574">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=30+years+ago+Villanova+shocked+Georgetown+to+win+NCAA+title&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft.aulast=Red&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2Fheaven-hell-story-behind-villanova-upset-georgetown-article-1.2165574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike DeCourcy (April 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-basketball/news/villanova-vs-north-carolina-unc-greatest-national-championship-game-ever/1tur69z83podb11ys3dk0z34xg">"Villanova beating UNC was the greatest NCAA championship game ever, period"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306102226/http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-basketball/news/villanova-vs-north-carolina-unc-greatest-national-championship-game-ever/1tur69z83podb11ys3dk0z34xg">Archived</a> March 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>sportingnews.com</i>. Retrieved March 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonbrun2018" class="citation web cs1">Schonbrun, Zach (April 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/sports/ncaa-championship-villanova-michigan.html">"Juggernaut Villanova Crushes Michigan for N.C.A.A. Championship"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408064309/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/sports/ncaa-championship-villanova-michigan.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Juggernaut+Villanova+Crushes+Michigan+for+N.C.A.A.+Championship&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.aulast=Schonbrun&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F02%2Fsports%2Fncaa-championship-villanova-michigan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026">"FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026™"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153555/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+announces+hosts+cities+for+FIFA+World+Cup+2026%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifaplus%2Fen%2Farticles%2Ffifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charter-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charter_260-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charter_260-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/Inventor/graphics/agencies/A142.htm">"City Charter Commission"</a>. <i>Agency History</i>. City of Philadelphia, Department of Records. November 8, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629015203/http://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/Inventor/graphics/agencies/A142.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agency+History&rft.atitle=City+Charter+Commission&rft.date=2000-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2Fphils%2FDocs%2FInventor%2Fgraphics%2Fagencies%2FA142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHRC-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PHRC_261-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHRC_261-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharter_Commission1967" class="citation web cs1">Charter Commission (1967) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525001736/http://www.seventy.org/Files/Philadelphia_Home_Rule_Charter.pdf">"Philadelphia Home Rule Charter, Annotated"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of Philadelphia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seventy.org/Files/Philadelphia_Home_Rule_Charter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Home+Rule+Charter%2C+Annotated&rft.pub=City+of+Philadelphia&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Charter+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seventy.org%2FFiles%2FPhiladelphia_Home_Rule_Charter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/trial/">"Trial Division"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131051555/http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/trial/">Archived</a> January 31, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>courts.phila.gov</i>. First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/family/">"Family Division"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225093508/http://courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/family/">Archived</a> February 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>courts.phila.gov</i>. First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/orphans/">"Orphans' Court"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131180843/http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/orphans/">Archived</a> January 31, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>courts.phila.gov</i>. First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Brennan & Aubrey Whelan (November 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/city/larry-krasner-wins-race-for-philly-da-20171107.html">"Larry Krasner wins race for Philly DA"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202022648/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/city/larry-krasner-wins-race-for-philly-da-20171107.html">Archived</a> February 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philly.com</i>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hall (January 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/pennsylvania/mc-pa-supreme-court-castille-20150110-story.html">"Retiring Chief Justice Castille says he kept faith in fellow jurists"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005104/http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/pennsylvania/mc-pa-supreme-court-castille-20150110-story.html">Archived</a> February 7, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>mcall.com</i>. <i>The Morning Call</i>. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Municipal_Court-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Municipal_Court_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.phila.gov/municipal/">"MunicipalCourt"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Courts, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania</i>. February 11, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427033913/http://courts.phila.gov/municipal/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Courts%2C+First+Judicial+District+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=MunicipalCourt&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.phila.gov%2Fmunicipal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/calendar">"Courts>Supreme Court>Calendar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206092038/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/calendar">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>pacourts.us</i>. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/calendar">"Courts>Superior Court>Calendar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190233/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/calendar">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>pacourts.us</i>. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/calendar">"Courts>Commonwealth Court>Calendar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206070055/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/calendar">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>pacourts.us</i>. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacourts.us/learn/how-judges-are-elected">"How Judges Are Elected"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206090751/http://www.pacourts.us/learn/how-judges-are-elected">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>pacourts.us</i>. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/prothonotarys-addresses">"Supreme Court Prothonotary's Addresses"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206094413/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/prothonotarys-addresses">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>pacourts.us</i>. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/prothonotarys-addresses">"Superior Court Prothonotary's Addresses"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190258/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/prothonotarys-addresses">Archived</a> February 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>pacourts.us</i>. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-locations/philadelphia">"Court Info » Court Locations – Philadelphia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131043206/http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-locations/philadelphia">Archived</a> January 31, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>uscourts.gov</i>. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location">"About the Court » Court Location – Philadelphia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115120827/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location">Archived</a> January 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>uscourts.gov</i>. United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Retrieved February 6, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/cherelle-parker-become-first-female-philadelphia-mayor-election-win-rcna122107">"Democrat Cherelle Parker elected first female mayor of Philadelphia"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. November 8, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101051442/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/cherelle-parker-become-first-female-philadelphia-mayor-election-win-rcna122107">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Democrat+Cherelle+Parker+elected+first+female+mayor+of+Philadelphia&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Felections%2Fcherelle-parker-become-first-female-philadelphia-mayor-election-win-rcna122107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutter-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nutter_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21538192">"Michael Nutter easily wins a second term in City Hall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. November 12, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111180025/http://www.economist.com/node/21538192">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Michael+Nutter+easily+wins+a+second+term+in+City+Hall&rft.date=2011-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21538192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Pennsylvania/philadelphia_pa/thephiladelphiacode?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:philadelphia_pa">"The Philadelphia Code | Philadelphia Home Rule Charter | Article II Legislative Branch The Council – Its Election, Organization, Powers and Duties | Chapter 1 The Council | § 2–100. Number, Terms and Salaries of Councilmen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305040633/http://library.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/Pennsylvania/philadelphia_pa/thephiladelphiacode?f=templates$fn=default.htm$3.0$vid=amlegal:philadelphia_pa">Archived</a> March 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>library.amlegal.com</i>. American Legal Publishing Corp. Retrieved February 28, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phlcouncil.com/council-members/">"Council Members"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">Philadelphia City Council</a></i>. November 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164446/http://phlcouncil.com/council-members/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+City+Council&rft.atitle=Council+Members&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphlcouncil.com%2Fcouncil-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seventy.org/political-maps-of-philadelphia/city-wards-and-divisions">"City Wards and Divisions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Seventy" title="Committee of Seventy">Committee of Seventy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510005729/https://seventy.org/political-maps-of-philadelphia/city-wards-and-divisions">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+of+Seventy&rft.atitle=City+Wards+and+Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseventy.org%2Fpolitical-maps-of-philadelphia%2Fcity-wards-and-divisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seventy.org/uploads/attachments/ckyufrip62b7d5onp7as62k90-how-to-run-for-committee-person-handbook-last-updated-01-24-22.pdf">"How to Run for Committee Person"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Seventy" title="Committee of Seventy">Committee of Seventy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074745/https://seventy.org/uploads/attachments/ckyufrip62b7d5onp7as62k90-how-to-run-for-committee-person-handbook-last-updated-01-24-22.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 6, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+of+Seventy&rft.atitle=How+to+Run+for+Committee+Person&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseventy.org%2Fuploads%2Fattachments%2Fckyufrip62b7d5onp7as62k90-how-to-run-for-committee-person-handbook-last-updated-01-24-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeeting2018" class="citation web cs1">Geeting, Jon (August 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/open-wards-for-all/">"Open Wards for All"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Citizen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Citizen&rft.atitle=Open+Wards+for+All&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft.aulast=Geeting&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthephiladelphiacitizen.org%2Fopen-wards-for-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojar2016" class="citation book cs1">Bojar, Karen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CW8iDQAAQBAJ"><i>Green Shoots of Democracy</i></a>. She Writes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631521416" title="Special:BookSources/9781631521416"><bdi>9781631521416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Shoots+of+Democracy&rft.pub=She+Writes+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781631521416&rft.aulast=Bojar&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCW8iDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voter_Registration-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Voter_Registration_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennsylvania_Department_of_State2023" class="citation web cs1">Pennsylvania Department of State (December 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls">"Voter registration statistics by county"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. <i>dos.pa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411021457/https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dos.pa.gov&rft.atitle=Voter+registration+statistics+by+county&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft.au=Pennsylvania+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dos.pa.gov%2FVotingElections%2FOtherServicesEvents%2FVotingElectionStatistics%2FDocuments%2Fcurrentvotestats.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keels, Thomas H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/contractor-bosses-1880s-to-1930s/">"Contractor Bosses (1880s to 1930s)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164551/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/contractor-bosses-1880s-to-1930s/">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philadelphiaencyclopedia.org</i>. The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20160925_Long_before_2016_craziness__there_was_Philadelphia_1935.html">"Long before 2016 craziness, there was Philadelphia 1935"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225056/http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20160925_Long_before_2016_craziness__there_was_Philadelphia_1935.html">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philly.com</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. September 25, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republicanviews.org/the-birth-of-the-republican-party/">"The Birth Of The Republican Party"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224836/https://www.republicanviews.org/the-birth-of-the-republican-party/">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>republicanviews.org</i>. Republican Views. August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elections-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elections_288-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>elections</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristin_D._Burnett2011" class="citation web cs1">Kristin D. Burnett (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-08.pdf">"Congressional Apportionment 2010 Census Briefs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119155913/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-08.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Apportionment+2010+Census+Briefs&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2011-11&rft.au=Kristin+D.+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fbriefs%2Fc2010br-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seventy.org/tools/political-maps-of-philadelphia/congressional-districts">"Pennsylvania is currently represented by 18 individuals in the 435-member United States House of Representatives. Three districts cover parts of Philadelphia."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225119/https://www.seventy.org/tools/political-maps-of-philadelphia/congressional-districts">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>seventy.org</i>. Committee of Seventy. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/PA#representatives">"Congress / Members of Congress / Pennsylvania"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164756/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/PA#representatives">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>govtrack.us</i>. Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phlcouncil.com/BrianONeill">"Councilman Brian J. O'Neill | District 10 | Minority Leader"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164807/http://phlcouncil.com/BrianONeill">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>phlcouncil.com</i>. The Council of the City of Philadelphia. Retrieved February 28, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clines, Francis X. (November 4, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/04/us/democrat-wins-in-a-squeaker-election-for-mayor-of-philadelphia.html">"Democrat Wins in a Squeaker Election for Mayor of Philadelphia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164906/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/04/us/democrat-wins-in-a-squeaker-election-for-mayor-of-philadelphia.html">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved February 28, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clemetson, Lynette (November 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/05/us/philadelphia-easily-gives-second-term-to-its-mayor.html">"Philadelphia Easily Gives Second Term to Its Mayor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164914/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/05/us/philadelphia-easily-gives-second-term-to-its-mayor.html">Archived</a> March 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved February 28, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702225529/http://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/news/archives/2011/01/senator_arlen_specter_to_teach_at_penn_law.html">"Senator Arlen Specter to Teach At Penn Law"</a>. <i>News and Stories</i>. The University of Pennsylvania School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.upenn.edu/blogs/news/archives/2011/01/senator_arlen_specter_to_teach_at_penn_law.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+and+Stories&rft.atitle=Senator+Arlen+Specter+to+Teach+At+Penn+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.upenn.edu%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2011%2F01%2Fsenator_arlen_specter_to_teach_at_penn_law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpecterBio-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpecterBio_296-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpecterBio_296-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=s000709">"Specter, Arlen, (1930–2012)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121211233147/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000709">Archived</a> December 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toeplitz, Shira (May 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0510/37464.html">"The admiral sinks Arlen Specter"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018044009/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0510/37464.html">Archived</a> October 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politico (newspaper)">Politico</a></i>. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gtmadonna-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gtmadonna_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadonna2015" class="citation news cs1">Madonna, G. Terry (February 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414222037/http://www.dailylocal.com/article/DL/20150213/LOCAL1/150219881">"Politically Uncorrected: Presidential nominees and Philadelphia conventions"</a>. Daily Local News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailylocal.com/article/DL/20150213/LOCAL1/150219881">the original</a> on April 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Politically+Uncorrected%3A+Presidential+nominees+and+Philadelphia+conventions&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Madonna&rft.aufirst=G.+Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailylocal.com%2Farticle%2FDL%2F20150213%2FLOCAL1%2F150219881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/polk/essays/dallas-1845-vicepresident">"George M. Dallas (1845–1849) – Vice President"</a>. <i>millercenter.org</i>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225140523/https://millercenter.org/president/polk/essays/dallas-1845-vicepresident">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=millercenter.org&rft.atitle=George+M.+Dallas+%281845%E2%80%931849%29+%E2%80%93+Vice+President&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fpolk%2Fessays%2Fdallas-1845-vicepresident&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1864">"Historical Election Results: Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722013143/https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/scores.html#1864">Archived</a> July 22, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>archives.gov</i>. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 1, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Tamari2019" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Tamari (May 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/news/joe-biden-2020-presidential-campaign-philadelphia-headquarters-20190516.html">"Joe Biden chooses Philadelphia for 2020 presidential campaign headquarters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520221215/https://www.philly.com/news/joe-biden-2020-presidential-campaign-philadelphia-headquarters-20190516.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden+chooses+Philadelphia+for+2020+presidential+campaign+headquarters&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.au=Jonathan+Tamari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fnews%2Fjoe-biden-2020-presidential-campaign-philadelphia-headquarters-20190516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_302-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_302-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_302-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadeKremerRockwellHenderson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Shade, Charlotte; Kremer, Peleg; Rockwell, Julia S.; Henderson, Keith G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol25/iss4/art37/">"The effects of urban development and current green infrastructure policy on future climate change resilience"</a>. <i>Ecology and Society</i>. <b>25</b> (4): art37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5751%2FES-12076-250437">10.5751/ES-12076-250437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1708-3087">1708-3087</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509051304/https://ecologyandsociety.org/vol25/iss4/art37/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+urban+development+and+current+green+infrastructure+policy+on+future+climate+change+resilience&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=art37&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5751%2FES-12076-250437&rft.issn=1708-3087&rft.aulast=Shade&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft.au=Kremer%2C+Peleg&rft.au=Rockwell%2C+Julia+S.&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Keith+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecologyandsociety.org%2Fvol25%2Fiss4%2Fart37%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikenutterllc.com-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mikenutterllc.com_303-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikenutterllc.com_303-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mikenutterllc.com/news/news-item/philadelphia-homicides-1960-2020">"Philadelphia Homicides 1960-2020"</a>. <i>mikenutterllc.com</i>. February 10, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202170544/https://mikenutterllc.com/news/news-item/philadelphia-homicides-1960-2020">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mikenutterllc.com&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+Homicides+1960-2020&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmikenutterllc.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-item%2Fphiladelphia-homicides-1960-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewleyHefler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bewley, Joel; Hefler, Jan (December 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209122227/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmtpi/is_200612/ai_n16975780">"Four killings put 2006 total over '05 top"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmtpi/is_200612/ai_n16975780">the original</a> on December 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Four+killings+put+2006+total+over+%2705+top&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Bewley&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Hefler%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_kmtpi%2Fis_200612%2Fai_n16975780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZadrozny2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brandy_Zadrozny" title="Brandy Zadrozny">Zadrozny, Brandy</a> (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/01/the-year-in-murder-2013-marks-a-historic-low-for-many-cities.html">"The Year in Murder: 2013 Marks a Historic Low for Many Cities"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216133414/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/01/the-year-in-murder-2013-marks-a-historic-low-for-many-cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=The+Year+in+Murder%3A+2013+Marks+a+Historic+Low+for+Many+Cities&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Zadrozny&rft.aufirst=Brandy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F01%2F01%2Fthe-year-in-murder-2013-marks-a-historic-low-for-many-cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phillypolice.com-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phillypolice.com_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillypolice.com/crime-maps-stats/">"Crime Maps & Stats – Philadelphia Police Department"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126201348/https://www.phillypolice.com/crime-maps-stats/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+Maps+%26+Stats+%E2%80%93+Philadelphia+Police+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillypolice.com%2Fcrime-maps-stats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCroneChinchilla2021" class="citation web cs1">McCrone, Brian X.; Chinchilla, Rudy (November 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/sense-of-lawlessness-with-500-killings-2021-is-deadliest-in-philly-history/3057586/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sense of Lawlessness': With 500 Killings, 2021 Is Deadliest in Philly History"</a>. <i>NBC10 Philadelphia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222160707/https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/sense-of-lawlessness-with-500-killings-2021-is-deadliest-in-philly-history/3057586/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC10+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=%27Sense+of+Lawlessness%27%3A+With+500+Killings%2C+2021+Is+Deadliest+in+Philly+History&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=McCrone&rft.aufirst=Brian+X.&rft.au=Chinchilla%2C+Rudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcphiladelphia.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fsense-of-lawlessness-with-500-killings-2021-is-deadliest-in-philly-history%2F3057586%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2024" class="citation web cs1">MacDonald, Tom (January 4, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/articles/philadelphia-homicides-down-20-percent-2023-da-larry-krasner/">"Philly homicides down 20% in 2023, DA Larry Krasner says end of COVID restrictions helped"</a>. <i>WHYY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHYY&rft.atitle=Philly+homicides+down+20%25+in+2023%2C+DA+Larry+Krasner+says+end+of+COVID+restrictions+helped&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhyy.org%2Farticles%2Fphiladelphia-homicides-down-20-percent-2023-da-larry-krasner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420104106/http://inquirer.philly.com/graphics/homicide_map_2007/">"Philadelphia Homicides in 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inquirer.philly.com/graphics/homicide_map_2007/">the original</a> on April 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+Homicides+in+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finquirer.philly.com%2Fgraphics%2Fhomicide_map_2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nuri-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nuri_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nuri_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuri2018" class="citation web cs1">Nuri, Trenae (October 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/articles/activists-to-celebrate-4-years-of-marijuana-decriminalization-in-philadelphia/">"Activists to celebrate 4 years of marijuana decriminalization in Philadelphia"</a>. WHYY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121064229/https://whyy.org/articles/activists-to-celebrate-4-years-of-marijuana-decriminalization-in-philadelphia/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Activists+to+celebrate+4+years+of+marijuana+decriminalization+in+Philadelphia&rft.pub=WHYY&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.aulast=Nuri&rft.aufirst=Trenae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhyy.org%2Farticles%2Factivists-to-celebrate-4-years-of-marijuana-decriminalization-in-philadelphia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_311-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_311-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_311-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2017" class="citation web cs1">Goldstein, Chris (June 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/business/cannabis/3-years-after-decriminalization-philly-police-still-hooked-on-marijuana-arrests-20170602.html">"3 years after decriminalization, Philly police still hooked on marijuana arrests"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010908/http://www.philly.com/philly/business/cannabis/3-years-after-decriminalization-philly-police-still-hooked-on-marijuana-arrests-20170602.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=3+years+after+decriminalization%2C+Philly+police+still+hooked+on+marijuana+arrests&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fbusiness%2Fcannabis%2F3-years-after-decriminalization-philly-police-still-hooked-on-marijuana-arrests-20170602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phila.gov/phils/docs/inventor/graphics/agencies/a074.htm">"Fire Department"</a>. <i>www.phila.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217152637/https://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/Inventor/graphics/agencies/A074.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phila.gov&rft.atitle=Fire+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2Fphils%2Fdocs%2Finventor%2Fgraphics%2Fagencies%2Fa074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pressa-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pressa_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Gerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyppa.com/inquirer.html">"The History of the Philadelphia Inquirer"</a>. Philadelphia Press Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331032233/http://www.phillyppa.com/inquirer.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Press+Association&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyppa.com%2Finquirer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2009" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Dave (March 2, 2009). "Daily News to be labeled edition of Inquirer; no change to content, staff". <i>Philly.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philly.com&rft.atitle=Daily+News+to+be+labeled+edition+of+Inquirer%3B+no+change+to+content%2C+staff&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again_315-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Newspapers_Sold_Yet_Again_315-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaunder,_William2012" class="citation web cs1">Launder, William (April 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303816504577319640194855170">"Philadelphia Newspapers Sold Yet Again"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429150059/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303816504577319640194855170">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+Newspapers+Sold+Yet+Again&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.au=Launder%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303816504577319640194855170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/"><i>philly.com</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051316/http://www.philly.com/">Archived</a> August 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Philadelphia Media Network (Digital), LLC. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-circulation-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-circulation_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burrellesluce.com/sites/default/files/Top_Media_June_2013_FNL%281%29.pdf">"2013 Top Media Outlets: Newspapers, Blogs, Consumer Magazines, Social Networks, Websites, and Broadcast Media"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. BurrellesLuce. June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104161511/http://www.burrellesluce.com/sites/default/files/Top_Media_June_2013_FNL%281%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Top+Media+Outlets%3A+Newspapers%2C+Blogs%2C+Consumer+Magazines%2C+Social+Networks%2C+Websites%2C+and+Broadcast+Media&rft.pub=BurrellesLuce&rft.date=2013-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burrellesluce.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FTop_Media_June_2013_FNL%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillytrib.com/"><i>Philadelphia Tribune</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202071702/http://www.phillytrib.com/">Archived</a> December 2, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>phillytrib.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillymag.com/"><i>Philadelphia</i> magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208160659/http://www.phillymag.com/">Archived</a> February 8, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>phillymag.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philadelphiaweekly.com/"><i>Philadelphia Weekly</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507223429/http://trouble.philadelphiaweekly.com/">Archived</a> May 7, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>philadelphiaweekly.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epgn.com/"><i>Philadelphia Gay News</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171227060529/http://www.epgn.com/">Archived</a> December 27, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>epgn.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishexponent.com/"><i>The Jewish Exponent</i></a>. <i>jewishexponent.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aldianews.com/"><i>Al Día</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919175654/http://aldianews.com/">Archived</a> September 19, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>aldianews.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.us/news/local-news/philadelphia"><i>Philadelphia Metro</i></a>. <i>metro.us</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedp.com/"><i>The Daily Pennsylvanian</i></a>. <i>thedp.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://temple-news.com/"><i>The Temple News</i></a>. <i>temple-news.com</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetriangle.org/"><i>The Triangle</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918152229/https://thetriangle.org/">Archived</a> September 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>thetriangle.org</i>. Retrieved December 29, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Media-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Media_328-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Media_328-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bishop, Todd (January 7, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2000/01/10/story3.html">"The Media: One revolution after another"</a>. <i>Philadelphia Business Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Media%3A+One+revolution+after+another&rft.date=2000-01-07&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphia.bizjournals.com%2Fphiladelphia%2Fstories%2F2000%2F01%2F10%2Fstory3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?size=12&state=PA&city=PHILADELPHIA&freq=87.9&fre2=107.9&list=1&ns=N&ew=W">"FM Query Results"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115040214/https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?size=12&state=PA&city=PHILADELPHIA&freq=87.9&fre2=107.9&list=1&ns=N&ew=W">archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=&arn=&state=PA&city=Philadelphia&freq=530&fre2=1700&type=0&facid=&class=&list=1&ThisTab=Results+to+This+Page%2FTab&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W">"AM Query Results"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115040313/https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?size=12&state=PA&city=PHILADELPHIA&freq=530&fre2=1700&list=1&ns=N&ew=W">archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a>. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb007">"#9 Philadelphia PA"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115043734/https://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb007">archive</a>). <i>radio-online.com</i>. Radio Online. Retrieved January 15, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venta, Lance (October 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radioinsight.com/headlines/108592/wrnb-drops-old-school-100-3-branding/">"WRNB Drops Old School 100.3 Branding "</a>. <i>radioinsight.com</i>. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved January 15, 2018. "...the station's playlist had shifted back towards Urban AC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/radio-podcasts/">"WHYY Radio & Podcasts"</a> <i>whyy.org</i>. WHYY Inc. Retrieved January 18, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrti.org/">"WRTI 90.1 Your Classical and Jazz Source"</a> <i>wrti.org</i>. WRTI-FM / Temple University. Retrieved January 18, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xpn.org/">"WXPN 88.5 FM :: Public Radio from the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <i>xpn.org</i>. WXPN-FM / The Trustees of The University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved January 18, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgden1999" class="citation book cs1">Ogden, Christopher (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacybiographyo00ogde"><i>Legacy: A Biography of Moses and Walter Annenberg</i></a>. New York: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-63379-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-63379-8"><bdi>0-316-63379-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+A+Biography+of+Moses+and+Walter+Annenberg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-316-63379-8&rft.aulast=Ogden&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegacybiographyo00ogde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVstations-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TVstations_337-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TVstations_337-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181221/https://www.tvb.org/Public/MarketsStations/Markets/MarketProfile.aspx?@IP_IDENTITY_MCID=0000022835">"Market Name: Philadelphia, PA"</a>. <i>tvb.org</i>. Television Bureau of Advertising, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvb.org/Public/MarketsStations/Markets/MarketProfile.aspx?@IP_IDENTITY_MCID=0000022835">the original</a> on January 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvb.org&rft.atitle=Market+Name%3A+Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvb.org%2FPublic%2FMarketsStations%2FMarkets%2FMarketProfile.aspx%3F%40IP_IDENTITY_MCID%3D0000022835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013013646/https://www.tvb.org/Portals/0/media/file/DMA/2017_2018_DMA_Ranks.pdf">"Nielsen 2017–18 TV Household DMA Ranks: Local Television Market Universe Estimates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tvb.org</i>. Television Bureau of Advertising, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvb.org/Portals/0/media/file/DMA/2017_2018_DMA_Ranks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvb.org&rft.atitle=Nielsen+2017%E2%80%9318+TV+Household+DMA+Ranks%3A+Local+Television+Market+Universe+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvb.org%2FPortals%2F0%2Fmedia%2Ffile%2FDMA%2F2017_2018_DMA_Ranks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septa.org/maps/system/index.html">"Clickable Regional Rail & Rail Transit Map"</a>. <i>septa.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/SEPTA" title="SEPTA">SEPTA</a>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1967" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Harold E. (1967). May, Jack (ed.). <i>The Road from Upper Darby. The Story of the Market Street Subway-Elevated</i>. New York, NY: Electric Railroaders' Association. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54770701">54770701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+from+Upper+Darby.+The+Story+of+the+Market+Street+Subway-Elevated.&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Electric+Railroaders%27+Association&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54770701&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://septa.org/construction/projects/dilworth/history.html">"Renovations to City Hall and 15th Street Stations | History"</a>. <i>septa.org</i>. SEPTA. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1992" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Matthew (April 1992). "SEPTA Budget for Fiscal 1993: Continued Rail Retrenchment". <i>The Delaware Valley Association of Railroad Passengers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Delaware+Valley+Association+of+Railroad+Passengers&rft.atitle=SEPTA+Budget+for+Fiscal+1993%3A+Continued+Rail+Retrenchment&rft.date=1992-04&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507113917/http://dvarp.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/dvrp9206.txt">"The Delaware Valley Rail Passenger"</a>. <i>dvarp.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley_Association_of_Rail_Passengers" title="Delaware Valley Association of Rail Passengers">Delaware Valley Association of Rail Passengers</a>. June 8, 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dvarp.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/dvrp9206.txt">the original</a> on May 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dvarp.org&rft.atitle=The+Delaware+Valley+Rail+Passenger&rft.date=1992-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdvarp.org%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F07%2Fdvrp9206.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abandonedrails.com/Newtown_Branch">"Abandoned Rails: The Newtown Branch"</a>. <i>www.abandonedrails.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abandonedrails.com&rft.atitle=Abandoned+Rails%3A+The+Newtown+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abandonedrails.com%2FNewtown_Branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA17-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PA17_345-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PA17_345-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/PENNSYLVANIA17.pdf">"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania FY2017 Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>amtrak.com</i>. Amtrak/National Railroad Passenger Corporation. November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amtrak.com&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Pennsylvania+FY2017+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrak.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fprojects%2Fdotcom%2Fenglish%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fcorporate%2Fstatefactsheets%2FPENNSYLVANIA17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrak.com/stations/phl">"Amtrak: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 30th Street Station"</a>. <i>amtrak.com</i>. Amtrak/National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septa.org/connect/">"Connecting Transit Services"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131043719/http://septa.org/connect/">Archived</a> January 31, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>septa.org</i>. SEPTA. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njtransit.com/rg/rg_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TrainStationLookupFrom&selStation=1">"NJ Transit: Philadelphia 30th Street"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180126071032/http://www.njtransit.com/rg/rg_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TrainStationLookupFrom&selStation=1">Archived</a> January 26, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>njtransit.com</i>. NJ Transit. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ridepatco.org/stations/routemap.html">"PATCO Maps & Stations"</a>. <i>ridepatco.org</i>. Port Authority Transit Corporation. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHL-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PHL_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHL_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phl.org/Pages/AboutPHL/AboutPHLDefault.aspx">"Philadelphia International Airport: About Us"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195256/http://www.phl.org/Pages/AboutPHL/AboutPHLDefault.aspx">Archived</a> January 29, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>phl.org</i>. Philadelphia International Airport. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phl.org/Pages/Business/PNE/PNE_default.aspx">"Northeast Philadelphia Airport"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195257/http://www.phl.org/Pages/Business/PNE/PNE_default.aspx">Archived</a> January 29, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>phl.org</i>. Philadelphia International Airport. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACI-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACI_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164544/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Aircraft-Movements/12-months">"Aircraft Movements: Landing and take-off of an aircraft"</a>. <i>aci.aero</i>. Airports Council International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Aircraft-Movements/12-months">the original</a> on March 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aci.aero&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Movements%3A+Landing+and+take-off+of+an+aircraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci.aero%2FData-Centre%2FMonthly-Traffic-Data%2FAircraft-Movements%2F12-months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septa.org/schedules/rail/w/AIR_0.html">"SEPTA Airport Line Regional Rail Schedule"</a>. <i>septa.org</i>. SEPTA. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970430105836/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnplan.html">"William Penn Plans the City"</a>. <i>virginia.edu</i>. The University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/penn/pnplan.html">the original</a> on April 30, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=virginia.edu&rft.atitle=William+Penn+Plans+the+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxroads.virginia.edu%2F~cap%2Fpenn%2Fpnplan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osm-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osm_355-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osm_355-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osm_355-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=40.009376&mlon=-75.133346&zoom=12#map=11/40.0297/-75.1527">"OpenStreetMap"</a>. <i>openstreetmap.org</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219184651/http://www.476blueroute.com/history.htm">"History of the Blue Route"</a>. <i>I-476 Improvement Project</i>. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.476blueroute.com/history.htm">the original</a> on February 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I-476+Improvement+Project&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Blue+Route&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.476blueroute.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drpa.org/">"Delaware River Port Authority: Our Bridges"</a>. <i>drpa.org</i>. Delaware River Port Authority. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcbridges.org/">"Burlington County Bridge Commission: About Our Bridges"</a>. <i>bcbridges.org</i>. Burlington County Bridge Commission. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/pennsylvania/philadelphia/bus-station-171127">"Philadelphia Bus Station"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145523/http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/pennsylvania/philadelphia/bus-station-171127">Archived</a> January 30, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>greyhound.com</i>. Greyhound. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trailways.com/destinations/philadelphia-pa/">"Trailways: Visit Philadelphia, PA"</a>. <i>trailways.com</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martztrailways.com/locations/">"Martz Group: Locations (enter Philadelphia, PA)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130212733/https://martztrailways.com/locations/">Archived</a> January 30, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>martztrailways.com</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peterpanbus.com/locations/pennsylvania/philadelphia/">"Peter Pan: Philadelphia, PA Station"</a>. <i>peterpanbus.com</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PhillyWhereToGoTo">"NJ Transit: South Jersey to Philly (Market Street, Greyhound Bus Terminal and on weekdays at 30th Street Station)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018154458/http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PhillyWhereToGoTo">Archived</a> October 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>njtransit.com</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.megabus.com/stops">"Megabus Stops: Philadelphia, PA"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209062505/https://us.megabus.com/stops">Archived</a> December 9, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>megabus.com</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boltbus.com/default.aspx">"BoltBus Buy Tickets"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816195601/https://www.boltbus.com/default.aspx">Archived</a> August 16, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>boltbus.com</i>. Retrieved January 29, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071126230014/http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/rail/r0090.pdf">"Atlantic City with service to ..."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/rail/r0090.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlantic+City+with+service+to+...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njtransit.com%2Fpdf%2Frail%2Fr0090.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(218 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802010025/http://www.septa.org/inside/history/trolley.html">"Trolley Lines"</a>. <i>septa.org</i>. SEPTA. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Philadelphia's PCCs Return to Service." <i>Railway Age.</i> Vol. 205, No. 10, p. 30. October 1, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septa.org/schedules/trolley/index.html">"Trolley Schedules"</a>. <i>septa.org</i>. SEPTA. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fairmountworks.com/our-story/">"Fairmount Water Works: Our Story"</a>. Fairmount Water Works<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairmount+Water+Works%3A+Our+Story&rft.pub=Fairmount+Water+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffairmountworks.com%2Four-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWD-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWD_371-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWD_371-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phila.gov/water/aboutus/Pages/AboutPhiladelphiaWater.aspx">"About Philadelphia Water"</a>. City of Philadelphia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Philadelphia+Water&rft.pub=City+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2Fwater%2Faboutus%2FPages%2FAboutPhiladelphiaWater.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peco.com/AboutUs/Pages/CompanyInformation.aspx">"PECO: Company Information"</a>. PECO Energy Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PECO%3A+Company+Information&rft.pub=PECO+Energy+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peco.com%2FAboutUs%2FPages%2FCompanyInformation.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peco.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet.pdf">"PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204845/https://www.peco.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet.pdf">Archived</a> January 30, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. page 2. <i>peco.com</i>. PECO Energy Company. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418135502/http://www.pgworks.com/residential/about-us/about-pgw">"PGW: About Us"</a>. Philadelphia Gas Works. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgworks.com/residential/about-us/about-pgw">the original</a> on April 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PGW%3A+About+Us&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Gas+Works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pgworks.com%2Fresidential%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-pgw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaykuth,_Andrew2014" class="citation news cs1">Maykuth, Andrew (October 28, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512113604/http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-28/news/55525996_1_concentric-energy-advisors-city-council-uil-holdings-corp">"$1.86B sale of Philadelphia Gas Works is dead"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-28/news/55525996_1_concentric-energy-advisors-city-council-uil-holdings-corp">the original</a> on May 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=%241.86B+sale+of+Philadelphia+Gas+Works+is+dead&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.au=Maykuth%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2014-10-28%2Fnews%2F55525996_1_concentric-energy-advisors-city-council-uil-holdings-corp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepp2014" class="citation news cs1">Hepp, Chris (December 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516023824/http://articles.philly.com/2014-12-08/news/56806983_1_uil-philadelphia-gas-works-community-meeting">"PGW deal latest casualty in Philly's Nutter-and-Clarke soap opera"</a>. <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2014-12-08/news/56806983_1_uil-philadelphia-gas-works-community-meeting">the original</a> on May 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PGW+deal+latest+casualty+in+Philly%27s+Nutter-and-Clarke+soap+opera&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.aulast=Hepp&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F2014-12-08%2Fnews%2F56806983_1_uil-philadelphia-gas-works-community-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211153116/http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/PL_332_v1.pdf">"PA 445 Implementation for 215/267 NPA Rescinded – 445 NPA Code Reclaimed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/PL_332_v1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PA+445+Implementation+for+215%2F267+NPA+Rescinded+%E2%80%93+445+NPA+Code+Reclaimed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanpa.com%2Fpdf%2FPL_332_v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(64.5 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://6abc.com/home/445-philadelphia-suburbs-getting-new-area-code/3011823/">"445: Philadelphia, suburbs getting new area code (Pennsylvania)"</a>. January 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=445%3A+Philadelphia%2C+suburbs+getting+new+area+code+%28Pennsylvania%29&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F6abc.com%2Fhome%2F445-philadelphia-suburbs-getting-new-area-code%2F3011823%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.1 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150203065503/http://cdiphila.org/florence__italy">"Florence, Italy"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fflorence__italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/tel_aviv___yafo__israel">"Tel Aviv, Israel"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tel+Aviv%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Ftel_aviv___yafo__israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051846/http://cdiphila.org/torun__poland">"Torun, Poland"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torun%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Ftorun__poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/tianjin__china">"Tianjin, China"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tianjin%2C+China&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Ftianjin__china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/incheon__korea">"Incheon, Korea"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incheon%2C+Korea&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fincheon__korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/douala__cameroon">"Douala, Cameroon"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Douala%2C+Cameroon&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fdouala__cameroon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/nizhny_novgorod__russia">"Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nizhny+Novgorod%2C+Russia&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fnizhny_novgorod__russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016081925/http://cdiphila.org/frankfurt_am_main__germany">"Frankfurt am Main, Germany"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankfurt+am+Main%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Ffrankfurt_am_main__germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomacy-387"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_387-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomacy_387-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055807/http://cdiphila.org/sister_cities_program">"Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia Sister Cities Program"</a>. <i>cdiphila.org</i>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdiphila.org&rft.atitle=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia+Sister+Cities+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fsister_cities_program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/kobe__japan">"Kobe, Japan"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kobe%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fkobe__japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/abruzzo__italy">"Abruzzo, Italy"</a>. International Visitors Council of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abruzzo%2C+Italy&rft.pub=International+Visitors+Council+of+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Fabruzzo__italy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/aix_en_provence__france">"Aix-en-Provence, France"</a>. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aix-en-Provence%2C+France&rft.pub=Citizen+Diplomacy+International+Philadelphia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdiphila.org%2Faix_en_provence__france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renovation-391"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-renovation_391-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194541/http://www.ivc.org/sister_cities_park">"Sister Cities Park"</a>. <i>ivc.org</i>. International Visitors Council of Philadelphia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivc.org/sister_cities_park">the original</a> on January 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ivc.org&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivc.org%2Fsister_cities_park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centercityphila.org/parks/sister-cities-park/sister-cities-park-history">"Sister Cities Park History"</a>. <i>centercityphila.org</i>. Center City District|Central Philadelphia Development Corporation|Center City District Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centercityphila.org&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+Park+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentercityphila.org%2Fparks%2Fsister-cities-park%2Fsister-cities-park-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosul-393"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosul_393-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivc.org/mosul/">IVC of Philadelphia Partners with Mosul, Iraq in Groundbreaking Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192358/http://www.ivc.org/mosul/">Archived</a> May 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved January 26, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ivc-394"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ivc_394-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivc.org/inbound_delegations">Inbound delegations visiting Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192401/http://www.ivc.org/inbound_delegations">Archived</a> May 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved January 26, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Philadelphia" title="Bibliography of Philadelphia">Bibliography of Philadelphia</a></div> <ul><li>Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980</i> (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1">online</a>; see index at p. 410 for list.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Philadelphia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Philadelphia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="c:Philadelphia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Philadelphia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="q:Philadelphia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Philadelphia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Philadelphia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Philadelphia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philadelphia" class="extiw" title="voy:Philadelphia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phila.gov/">Official website</a></span></span> of the City of Philadelphia government</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/">Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia</a></i> – historical encyclopedia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phillyhistory.org/PhotoArchive/">Historic Philadelphia</a>, over 2 million photographs dating back to the late 1800s</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philageohistory.org/rdic-images">Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network</a>, historical maps and atlases</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalyWeinberg1966" class="citation book cs1">Daly, John; Weinberg, Allen (October 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genealogy-of-philadelphia-county-political-subdivisions-1687-1960"><i>Genealogy of Philadelphia County Subdivisions, 1687–1960</i></a> (Second ed.). Philadelphia Dept. of Records.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogy+of+Philadelphia+County+Subdivisions%2C+1687%E2%80%931960&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Dept.+of+Records&rft.date=1966-10&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenealogy-of-philadelphia-county-political-subdivisions-1687-1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhiladelphia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philly.com/">philly.com</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Daily_News" title="Philadelphia Daily News">Daily News</a></i></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverphl.com/">Official website</a></span></span> of Discover Philadelphia</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paconvention.com/">Official website</a></span></span> of Pennsylvania Convention Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video.wttw.com/video/2365709534/">"10 Towns that Changed America"</a>, a <a href="/wiki/WTTW" title="WTTW">WTTW</a> segment on Philadelphia (at 7:23–12:00 in 56-minute video)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philadelphia" title="Template:Philadelphia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #115AAC">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philadelphia" title="Template talk:Philadelphia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #115AAC">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #115AAC">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Philadelphia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #115AAC; text-decoration: inherit;">City of Philadelphia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Philadelphia" title="History of Philadelphia">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philadelphia" title="Timeline of Philadelphia">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Philadelphia" title="Architecture of Philadelphia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Philadelphia" title="Bibliography of Philadelphia">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Philadelphia_area" title="List of companies based in the Philadelphia area">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Philadelphia" title="Culture of Philadelphia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Philadelphia" title="Demographics of Philadelphia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Philadelphia" title="Economy of Philadelphia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Philadelphia" title="Education in Philadelphia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Philadelphia" title="Media in Philadelphia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia" title="Music of Philadelphia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia" title="List of people from Philadelphia">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Philadelphia" title="List of riots in Philadelphia">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia">Sites of interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia">Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia" title="List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Philadelphia" title="Transportation in Philadelphia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Law_and_government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" title="Philadelphia City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Philadelphia" title="Mayor of Philadelphia">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Council" title="Philadelphia City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Attorney_of_Philadelphia" title="District Attorney of Philadelphia">District Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Fire_Department" title="Philadelphia Fire Department">Fire Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Library_of_Philadelphia" title="Free Library of Philadelphia">Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Police_Department" title="Philadelphia Police Department">Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_District_of_Philadelphia" title="School District of Philadelphia">School district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_neighborhoods" title="List of Philadelphia neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_North_Philadelphia" title="Lower North Philadelphia">Lower North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_North_Philadelphia" title="Upper North Philadelphia">Upper North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olney-Oak_Lane,_Philadelphia" title="Olney-Oak Lane, Philadelphia">Olney-Oak Lane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Wards,_Philadelphia" title="River Wards, Philadelphia">River Wards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Philadelphia" title="Northwest Philadelphia">Northwest Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia" title="Southwest Philadelphia">Southwest Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Philadelphia" title="List of museums in Philadelphia">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University" title="Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University">Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Museum_in_Philadelphia" title="African American Museum in Philadelphia">African American Museum in Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Swedish_Historical_Museum" title="American Swedish Historical Museum">American Swedish Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Philadelphia" title="Athenaeum of Philadelphia">Athenaeum of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_Foundation" title="Barnes Foundation">Barnes Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartram%27s_Garden" title="Bartram's Garden">Bartram's Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Mansion_(Philadelphia)" title="Belmont Mansion (Philadelphia)">Belmont Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_House" title="Betsy Ross House">Betsy Ross House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Museum_of_Philadelphia" title="Civil War Museum of Philadelphia">Civil War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliveden_(Benjamin_Chew_House)" title="Cliveden (Benjamin Chew House)">Cliveden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_State_Penitentiary" title="Eastern State Penitentiary">Eastern State Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Maxwell_House" title="Ebenezer Maxwell House">Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site" title="Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site">Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfreth%27s_Alley" title="Elfreth's Alley">Elfreth's Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fabric_Workshop_and_Museum" title="The Fabric Workshop and Museum">Fabric Workshop and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Water_Works" title="Fairmount Water Works">Fairmount Water Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mifflin" title="Fort Mifflin">Fort Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Foerd_on_the_Delaware" title="Glen Foerd on the Delaware">Glen Foerd on the Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruan_House" title="John Ruan House">Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumblethorpe" title="Grumblethorpe">Grumblethorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill%E2%80%93Physick%E2%80%93Keith_House" title="Hill–Physick–Keith House">Hill–Physick–Keith House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Strawberry_Mansion" title="Historic Strawberry Mansion">Historic Strawberry Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Frankford" title="Historical Society of Frankford">Historical Society of Frankford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Historical Society of Pennsylvania">Historical Society of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Seaport_Museum" title="Independence Seaport Museum">Independence Seaport Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectarium_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectarium (Philadelphia)">Insectarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Philadelphia" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia">Institute of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Johnson_House_(Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania)" title="John Johnson House (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)">John Johnson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruan_House" title="John Ruan House">John Ruan House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University_Art_Museum" title="La Salle University Art Museum">La Salle University Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_Hill" title="Lemon Hill">Lemon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson_House" title="Marian Anderson House">Marian Anderson Residence Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Pennsylvania#The_Masonic_Temple,_Library,_and_Museum" title="Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania">Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtter_Museum" title="Mütter Museum">Mütter Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberty_Museum" title="National Liberty Museum">National Liberty Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_Jewish_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of American Jewish History">National Museum of American Jewish History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_History_Museum" title="Philadelphia History Museum">Philadelphia History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia%27s_Magic_Gardens" title="Philadelphia's Magic Gardens">Philadelphia's Magic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Please_Touch_Museum" title="Please Touch Museum">Please Touch Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powel_House" title="Powel House">Powel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_RittenhouseTown" title="Historic RittenhouseTown">RittenhouseTown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodin_Museum" title="Rodin Museum">Rodin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenbach_Museum_and_Library" title="Rosenbach Museum and Library">Rosenbach Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryerss_Mansion" title="Ryerss Mansion">Ryerss Museum and Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofuso_Japanese_House_and_Garden" title="Shofuso Japanese House and Garden">Shofuso Japanese House and Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenton_(mansion)" title="Stenton (mansion)">Stenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Kosciuszko_National_Memorial" title="Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial">Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Museum" title="Penn Museum">Penn Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Free_Institute_of_Science" title="Wagner Free Institute of Science">Wagner Free Institute of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodmere_Art_Museum" title="Woodmere Art Museum">Woodmere Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyck_House" title="Wyck House">Wyck House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">76ers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Flyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Freedoms" title="Philadelphia Freedoms">Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Phillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union" title="Philadelphia Union">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%">Squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilworth_Park" title="Dilworth Park">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Square_(Philadelphia)" title="Franklin Square (Philadelphia)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Circle_(Philadelphia)" title="Logan Circle (Philadelphia)">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rittenhouse_Square" title="Rittenhouse Square">Rittenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_(Philadelphia)" title="Washington Square (Philadelphia)">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_United_States" title="SS United States">SS <i>United States</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Mint" title="Philadelphia Mint">Philadelphia Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FACF0B; color: #115AAC;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philadelphia" title="Category:Philadelphia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia" title="Portal:Philadelphia">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Philadelphia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Philadelphia Main Line</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Philadelphia</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tinicum_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Tinicum Township (Delco)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Deptford_Township,_New_Jersey" title="West Deptford Township, New Jersey">West Deptford Township, New Jersey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill, New Jersey</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPopulousCities" title="Template talk:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPopulousCities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_100_most_populous_cities_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">100 most populous cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="26"> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="51"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado" title="Aurora, Colorado">Aurora, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu, Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a></li> </ol> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ol start="76"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving,_Texas" title="Irving, Texas">Irving, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem, North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland,_Texas" title="Garland, Texas">Garland, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_St._Lucie,_Florida" title="Port St. Lucie, Florida">Port St. Lucie, Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a></li> </ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Cities ranked by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> population estimates for July 1, 2022.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Philadelphia_and_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Philadelphia_and_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communities_of_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Template:Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communities_of_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Communities of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Former municipalities are below.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_neighborhoods" title="List of Philadelphia neighborhoods">Sections and<br />Neighborhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Center City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)" title="Avenue of the Arts (Philadelphia)">Avenue of the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Historic_District_(Philadelphia)" title="Broad Street Historic District (Philadelphia)">Broad Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Philadelphia" title="Chinatown, Philadelphia">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitler_Square" title="Fitler Square">Fitler Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Square_(Philadelphia)" title="Franklin Square (Philadelphia)">Franklin Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelers%27_Row,_Philadelphia" title="Jewelers' Row, Philadelphia">Jewelers' Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Square,_Philadelphia" title="Logan Square, Philadelphia">Logan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City,_Philadelphia" title="Old City, Philadelphia">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn%27s_Landing" title="Penn's Landing">Penn's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rittenhouse_Square" title="Rittenhouse Square">Rittenhouse Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Hill" title="Society Hill">Society Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="South Street (Philadelphia)">South Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_West,_Philadelphia" title="Washington Square West, Philadelphia">Washington Square West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Vista,_Philadelphia" title="Bella Vista, Philadelphia">Bella Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_South_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Central South Philadelphia">Central South Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Pocket">Devil's Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Square_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickinson Square West">Dickinson Square West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Passyunk_Crossing,_Philadelphia" title="East Passyunk Crossing, Philadelphia">East Passyunk Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric Row">Fabric Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Park" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park">FDR Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girard_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Girard Estate">Girard Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays_Ferry,_Philadelphia" title="Grays Ferry, Philadelphia">Grays Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_Subdivision" title="Harrisburg Subdivision">Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_Philadelphia" title="Hawthorne, Philadelphia">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Market,_Philadelphia" title="Italian Market, Philadelphia">Italian Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Saigon,_Philadelphia" title="Little Saigon, Philadelphia">Little Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Moyamensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Moyamensing">Lower Moyamensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marconi_Plaza" title="Marconi Plaza">Marconi Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyamensing,_Philadelphia" title="Moyamensing, Philadelphia">Moyamensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbold,_Philadelphia" title="Newbold, Philadelphia">Newbold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packer_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Packer Park">Packer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passyunk_Square,_Philadelphia" title="Passyunk Square, Philadelphia">Passyunk Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsport">Pennsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Breeze,_Philadelphia" title="Point Breeze, Philadelphia">Point Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Village,_Philadelphia" title="Queen Village, Philadelphia">Queen Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark,_Philadelphia" title="Southwark, Philadelphia">Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Center_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Center City">Southwest Center City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia_Sports_Complex" title="South Philadelphia Sports Complex">Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Passyunk" title="West Passyunk">West Passyunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton,_Philadelphia" title="Wharton, Philadelphia">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman,_Philadelphia" title="Whitman, Philadelphia">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">Wilson Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia" title="Southwest Philadelphia">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angora,_Philadelphia" title="Angora, Philadelphia">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartram_Village" title="Bartram Village">Bartram Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearview,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearview, Philadelphia">Clearview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwick,_Philadelphia" title="Eastwick, Philadelphia">Eastwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Elmwood Park, Philadelphia">Elmwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hog_Island,_Philadelphia" title="Hog Island, Philadelphia">Hog Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsessing,_Philadelphia" title="Kingsessing, Philadelphia">Kingsessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Moriah,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Moriah, Philadelphia">Mount Moriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschall,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschall, Philadelphia">Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Schuylkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Schuylkill">Southwest Schuylkill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_Technology_(Philadelphia)" title="Avenue of Technology (Philadelphia)">Avenue of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Village">Belmont Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Carroll Park, Philadelphia">Carroll Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Cathedral Park, Philadelphia">Cathedral Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_District_(Philadelphia)" title="Centennial District (Philadelphia)">Centennial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Cedar Park, Philadelphia">Cedar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbs_Creek,_Philadelphia" title="Cobbs Creek, Philadelphia">Cobbs Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunlap,_Philadelphia" title="Dunlap, Philadelphia">Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden Court">Garden Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddington,_Philadelphia" title="Haddington, Philadelphia">Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverford North">Haverford North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua,_Philadelphia" title="Mantua, Philadelphia">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek,_Philadelphia" title="Mill Creek, Philadelphia">Mill Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbrook,_Philadelphia" title="Overbrook, Philadelphia">Overbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbrook_Farms,_Philadelphia" title="Overbrook Farms, Philadelphia">Overbrook Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbrook_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Overbrook Park, Philadelphia">Overbrook Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkside,_Philadelphia" title="Parkside, Philadelphia">Parkside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powelton_Village,_Philadelphia" title="Powelton Village, Philadelphia">Powelton Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Saunders Park, Philadelphia">Saunders Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Spruce Hill, Philadelphia">Spruce Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Squirrel Hill, Philadelphia">Squirrel Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Street_Station_District" title="30th Street Station District">30th Street Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia" title="University City, Philadelphia">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Walnut Hill, Philadelphia">Walnut Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Terrace,_Philadelphia" title="Woodland Terrace, Philadelphia">Woodland Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynnefield,_Philadelphia" title="Wynnefield, Philadelphia">Wynnefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynnefield_Heights,_Philadelphia" title="Wynnefield Heights, Philadelphia">Wynnefield Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia" title="North Philadelphia">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_North_Philadelphia" title="Lower North Philadelphia">Lower North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairhill,_Philadelphia#Philadelphia_Badlands" title="Fairhill, Philadelphia">Badlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfield_(Philadelphia)" title="Belfield (Philadelphia)">Belfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewerytown,_Philadelphia" title="Brewerytown, Philadelphia">Brewerytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callowhill,_Philadelphia" title="Callowhill, Philadelphia">Callowhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore,_Philadelphia" title="Cecil B. Moore, Philadelphia">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairhill,_Philadelphia" title="Fairhill, Philadelphia">El Centro de Oro / Fairhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmount,_Philadelphia" title="Fairmount, Philadelphia">Fairmount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisville,_Philadelphia" title="Francisville, Philadelphia">Francisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartranft,_Philadelphia" title="Hartranft, Philadelphia">Hartranft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbrook,_Philadelphia" title="Cedarbrook, Philadelphia">Ivy Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N3RD_Street" title="N3RD Street">N3RD Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Philadelphia" title="North Central Philadelphia">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liberties,_Philadelphia" title="Northern Liberties, Philadelphia">Northern Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia_East" title="North Philadelphia East">North Philadelphia East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia_West" title="North Philadelphia West">North Philadelphia West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar,_Philadelphia" title="Poplar, Philadelphia">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharswood,_Philadelphia" title="Sharswood, Philadelphia">Sharswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Centro_de_Oro" class="mw-redirect" title="El Centro de Oro">South Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden,_Philadelphia" title="Spring Garden, Philadelphia">Spring Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Philadelphia" title="Northwest Philadelphia">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Mansion,_Philadelphia" title="Strawberry Mansion, Philadelphia">Strawberry Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Philadelphia_East" title="North Philadelphia East">Yorktown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_North_Philadelphia" title="Upper North Philadelphia">Upper North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_West,_Philadelphia" title="Allegheny West, Philadelphia">Allegheny West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairhill,_Philadelphia" title="Fairhill, Philadelphia">Badlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklinville,_Philadelphia" title="Franklinville, Philadelphia">Franklinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood,_Philadelphia" title="Glenwood, Philadelphia">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Hunting Park, Philadelphia">Hunting Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicetown%E2%80%93Tioga" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicetown–Tioga">Nicetown–Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olde_Kensington" class="mw-redirect" title="Olde Kensington">Olde Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swampoodle,_Philadelphia" title="Swampoodle, Philadelphia">Swampoodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kensington,_Philadelphia" title="West Kensington, Philadelphia">West Kensington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olney-Oak_Lane,_Philadelphia" title="Olney-Oak Lane, Philadelphia">Olney-Oak Lane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Oak_Lane,_Philadelphia" title="East Oak Lane, Philadelphia">East Oak Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feltonville,_Philadelphia" title="Feltonville, Philadelphia">Feltonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_Rock,_Philadelphia" title="Fern Rock, Philadelphia">Fern Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Koreatown" title="Philadelphia Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan,_Philadelphia" title="Logan, Philadelphia">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogontz,_Philadelphia" title="Ogontz, Philadelphia">Ogontz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olney,_Philadelphia" title="Olney, Philadelphia">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Lane,_Philadelphia" title="West Oak Lane, Philadelphia">West Oak Lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Philadelphia" title="Northwest Philadelphia">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra,_Philadelphia" title="Andorra, Philadelphia">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Falls,_Philadelphia" title="East Falls, Philadelphia">East Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manayunk,_Philadelphia" title="Manayunk, Philadelphia">Manayunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland,_Philadelphia" title="Parkland, Philadelphia">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxborough,_Philadelphia" title="Roxborough, Philadelphia">Roxborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissahickon,_Philadelphia" title="Wissahickon, Philadelphia">Wissahickon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Northwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beggarstown" title="Beggarstown">Beggarstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbrook,_Philadelphia" title="Cedarbrook, Philadelphia">Cedarbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill,_Philadelphia" title="Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia">Chestnut Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia" title="Germantown, Philadelphia">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton,_Philadelphia" title="Morton, Philadelphia">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_Philadelphia" title="Mount Airy, Philadelphia">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wister,_Philadelphia" title="Wister, Philadelphia">Wister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burholme,_Philadelphia" title="Burholme, Philadelphia">Burholme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_Gardens,_Philadelphia" title="Castor Gardens, Philadelphia">Castor Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentville,_Philadelphia" title="Crescentville, Philadelphia">Crescentville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Chase,_Philadelphia" title="Fox Chase, Philadelphia">Fox Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankford,_Philadelphia" title="Frankford, Philadelphia">Frankford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holme_Circle,_Philadelphia" title="Holme Circle, Philadelphia">Holme Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmesburg,_Philadelphia" title="Holmesburg, Philadelphia">Holmesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata,_Philadelphia" title="Juniata, Philadelphia">Juniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawndale,_Philadelphia" title="Lawndale, Philadelphia">Lawndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Lexington Park, Philadelphia">Lexington Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfair,_Philadelphia" title="Mayfair, Philadelphia">Mayfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Circle,_Philadelphia" title="Oxford Circle, Philadelphia">Oxford Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhawnhurst,_Philadelphia" title="Rhawnhurst, Philadelphia">Rhawnhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryers,_Philadelphia" title="Ryers, Philadelphia">Ryers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacony,_Philadelphia" title="Tacony, Philadelphia">Tacony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wissinoming,_Philadelphia" title="Wissinoming, Philadelphia">Wissinoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_Gardens,_Philadelphia" title="Academy Gardens, Philadelphia">Academy Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-Woodenbridge,_Philadelphia" title="Ashton-Woodenbridge, Philadelphia">Ashton-Woodenbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustleton,_Philadelphia" title="Bustleton, Philadelphia">Bustleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byberry,_Philadelphia" title="Byberry, Philadelphia">Byberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestmont_Farms,_Philadelphia" title="Crestmont Farms, Philadelphia">Crestmont Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millbrook,_Philadelphia" title="Millbrook, Philadelphia">Millbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modena_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Modena Park, Philadelphia">Modena Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrell_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Morrell Park, Philadelphia">Morrell Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy,_Philadelphia" title="Normandy, Philadelphia">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkwood,_Philadelphia" title="Parkwood, Philadelphia">Parkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennypack,_Philadelphia" title="Pennypack, Philadelphia">Pennypack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerton,_Philadelphia" title="Somerton, Philadelphia">Somerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torresdale,_Philadelphia" title="Torresdale, Philadelphia">Torresdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Holmesburg,_Philadelphia" title="Upper Holmesburg, Philadelphia">Upper Holmesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Park,_Philadelphia" title="Winchester Park, Philadelphia">Winchester Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_Wards,_Philadelphia" title="River Wards, Philadelphia">River Wards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridesburg,_Philadelphia" title="Bridesburg, Philadelphia">Bridesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishtown,_Philadelphia" title="Fishtown, Philadelphia">Fishtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowgate,_Philadelphia" title="Harrowgate, Philadelphia">Harrowgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington,_Philadelphia" title="Kensington, Philadelphia">Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olde_Richmond,_Philadelphia" title="Olde Richmond, Philadelphia">Olde Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Richmond,_Philadelphia" title="Port Richmond, Philadelphia">Port Richmond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former<br />Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pennsylvania#City" title="Local government in Pennsylvania">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Philadelphia (Center City)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramingo_Borough,_Pennsylvania" title="Aramingo Borough, Pennsylvania">Aramingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesburg,_Philadelphia" title="Bridesburg, Philadelphia">Bridesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankford,_Philadelphia" title="Frankford, Philadelphia">Frankford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia" title="Germantown, Philadelphia">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manayunk,_Philadelphia" title="Manayunk, Philadelphia">Manayunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia_Borough,_Pennsylvania" title="West Philadelphia Borough, Pennsylvania">West Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Borough,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Borough, Pennsylvania">Whitehall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_District,_Pennsylvania" title="Belmont District, Pennsylvania">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_District,_Pennsylvania" title="Kensington District, Pennsylvania">Kensington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyamensing,_Philadelphia" title="Moyamensing, Philadelphia">Moyamensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liberties,_Philadelphia" title="Northern Liberties, Philadelphia">Northern Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_District,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn District, Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_District,_Pennsylvania" title="Richmond District, Pennsylvania">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark,_Philadelphia" title="Southwark, Philadelphia">Southwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden,_Philadelphia" title="Spring Garden, Philadelphia">Spring Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)" title="Township (Pennsylvania)">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockley_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Blockley Township, Pennsylvania">Blockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byberry,_Philadelphia" title="Byberry, Philadelphia">Byberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Township,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware Township, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Germantown Township, Pennsylvania">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia" title="Southwest Philadelphia">Kingsessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Dublin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Dublin Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreland_Township,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Moreland Township, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Moreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liberties_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Northern Liberties Township, Pennsylvania">Northern Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Township,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Oxford Township, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passyunk_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Passyunk Township, Pennsylvania">Passyunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Township,_Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Township, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxborough,_Philadelphia" title="Roxborough, Philadelphia">Roxborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-county</a> Philadelphia is its own county seat.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Delaware_Valley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#115AAC; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Delaware_Valley" title="Template:Delaware Valley"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Delaware_Valley" title="Template talk:Delaware Valley"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Delaware_Valley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Delaware Valley"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Delaware_Valley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Delaware Valley</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#115AAC; color:white;;width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic County, New Jersey">Atlantic (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_County,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington County, New Jersey">Burlington (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County,_New_Jersey" title="Camden County, New Jersey">Camden (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_May_County,_New_Jersey" title="Cape May County, New Jersey">Cape May (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_County,_Maryland" title="Cecil County, Maryland">Cecil (MD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_New_Jersey" title="Cumberland County, New Jersey">Cumberland (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Gloucester County, New Jersey">Gloucester (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_Delaware" title="Kent County, Delaware">Kent (DE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware" title="New Castle County, Delaware">New Castle (DE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_County,_New_Jersey" title="Salem County, New Jersey">Salem (NJ)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Bell,_Independence_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Liberty_Bell%2C_Independence_Hall.jpg/150px-Liberty_Bell%2C_Independence_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Liberty_Bell%2C_Independence_Hall.jpg/225px-Liberty_Bell%2C_Independence_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Liberty_Bell%2C_Independence_Hall.jpg/300px-Liberty_Bell%2C_Independence_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#115AAC; color:white;;width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#115AAC; color:white;;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />50k-99k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandywine_Hundred" title="Brandywine Hundred">Brandywine Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Gloucester Township, New Jersey">Gloucester Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Merion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle_Hundred" title="New Castle Hundred">New Castle Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsauken_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Pennsauken Township, New Jersey">Pennsauken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineland,_New_Jersey" title="Vineland, New Jersey">Vineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#115AAC; color:white;;width:1%">Cities and towns<br />30k-50k</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Deptford Township, New Jersey">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_Harbor_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey">Egg Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evesham_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Evesham Township, New Jersey">Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewing_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Ewing Township, New Jersey">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloway_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Galloway Township, New Jersey">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Township,_Mercer_County,_New_Jersey" title="Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Makefield Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Makefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millville,_New_Jersey" title="Millville, New Jersey">Millville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Laurel,_New_Jersey" title="Mount Laurel, New Jersey">Mount Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_Delaware" title="Newark, Delaware">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Radnor Township, Pennsylvania">Radnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridley Township, Pennsylvania">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Warminster Township, Pennsylvania">Warminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Township,_Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Washington Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingboro_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Willingboro Township, New Jersey">Willingboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Winslow Township, New Jersey">Winslow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#115AAC; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania" title="Template:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Pennsylvania-related_articles" title="Index of Pennsylvania-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Pennsylvania" title="Outline of Pennsylvania">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Pennsylvania" title="United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pennsylvania" title="Government of Pennsylvania">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geography of Pennsylvania">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Pennsylvania" title="Law of Pennsylvania">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of people from Pennsylvania">Notable Pennsylvanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_parks" title="List of Pennsylvania state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_symbols" title="List of Pennsylvania state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Pennsylvania">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pennsylvania" title="Abortion in Pennsylvania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pennsylvania" title="Climate change in Pennsylvania">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Pennsylvania">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Pennsylvania" title="Crime in Pennsylvania">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania#Demographics" title="Pennsylvania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania#Economy" title="Pennsylvania">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pennsylvania" title="Education in Pennsylvania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Pennsylvania" title="Gambling in Pennsylvania">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pennsylvania">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pennsylvania" title="Politics of Pennsylvania">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Pennsylvania" title="Sports in Pennsylvania">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_metropolitan_areas" title="Pennsylvania metropolitan areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg–Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">Harrisburg–York–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton‑Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_combined_statistical_area" title="Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area">Washington-Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of cities in Pennsylvania">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuBois,_Pennsylvania" title="DuBois, Pennsylvania">DuBois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazleton,_Pennsylvania" title="Hazleton, Pennsylvania">Hazleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_boroughs_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania">Largest<br />municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abington_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Abington Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensalem_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania">Bensalem Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Bristol Township, Pennsylvania">Bristol Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_Township,_Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania">Cranberry Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darby,_Pennsylvania" title="Darby, Pennsylvania">Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Falls Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampden Township, Pennsylvania">Hampden Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Haverford Township, Pennsylvania">Haverford Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hempfield_Township,_Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Hempfield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Macungie_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Macungie Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Macungie Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Makefield_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Makefield Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Makefield Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paxton_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Lower Paxton Township, Pennsylvania">Lower Paxton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manheim_Township,_Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Manheim Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Middletown Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millcreek_Township,_Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania">Millcreek Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Township,_Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Northampton Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Huntingdon_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="North Huntingdon Township, Pennsylvania">North Huntingdon Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Radnor Township, Pennsylvania">Radnor Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridley Township, Pennsylvania">Ridley Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ross Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Ross Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaler_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Shaler Township, Pennsylvania">Shaler Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Township,_Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Spring Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania">Spring Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Merion_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Merion Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Merion Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warminster_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Warminster Township, Pennsylvania">Warminster Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania">Whitehall Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="York Township, Pennsylvania">York Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Pennsylvania" title="Regions of Pennsylvania">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest" title="Allegheny National Forest">Allegheny National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Eagle_Valley" title="Bald Eagle Valley">Bald Eagle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_Country" title="Pennsylvania Dutch Country">Dutch Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endless_Mountains" title="Endless Mountains">Endless Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Great Valley (Pennsylvania)">Great Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(Pennsylvania)" title="Happy Valley (Pennsylvania)">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Highlands" title="Laurel Highlands">Laurel Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Valley" title="Lebanon Valley">Lebanon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_(geographic)" title="Mahoning Valley (geographic)">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Main Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nittany_Valley" title="Nittany Valley">Nittany Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tier_(Pennsylvania)" title="Northern Tier (Pennsylvania)">Northern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Pennsylvania" title="North Central Pennsylvania">North Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Penn_Valley" title="North Penn Valley">North Penn Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Ohio Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Region">Oil Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oley_Valley" title="Oley Valley">Oley Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Highlands_Region" title="Pennsylvania Highlands Region">Pennsylvania Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Wilds" title="Pennsylvania Wilds">Pennsylvania Wilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penns_Valley" title="Penns Valley">Penns Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocono_Mountains" title="Pocono Mountains">Pocono Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93York%E2%80%93Lebanon_combined_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–York–Lebanon combined statistical area">South Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Valley" title="Susquehanna Valley">Susquehanna Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of counties in Pennsylvania">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Adams County, Pennsylvania">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Armstrong County, Pennsylvania">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver County, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford County, Pennsylvania">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Blair County, Pennsylvania">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford County, Pennsylvania">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler County, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambria County, Pennsylvania">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cameron County, Pennsylvania">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbon County, Pennsylvania">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Centre County, Pennsylvania">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarion County, Pennsylvania">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clearfield County, Pennsylvania">Clearfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Clinton County, Pennsylvania">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Columbia County, Pennsylvania">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Crawford County, Pennsylvania">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cumberland County, Pennsylvania">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Dauphin County, Pennsylvania">Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie County, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Forest County, Pennsylvania">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin County, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fulton County, Pennsylvania">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Greene County, Pennsylvania">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Jefferson County, Pennsylvania">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Juniata County, Pennsylvania">Juniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lawrence County, Pennsylvania">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon County, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lycoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania" title="McKean County, Pennsylvania">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer County, Pennsylvania">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflin County, Pennsylvania">Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroe County, Pennsylvania">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montour_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montour County, Pennsylvania">Montour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northampton County, Pennsylvania">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Northumberland County, Pennsylvania">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Perry County, Pennsylvania">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pike County, Pennsylvania">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Potter County, Pennsylvania">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania">Schuylkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Snyder County, Pennsylvania">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Somerset County, Pennsylvania">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Tioga County, Pennsylvania">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Union County, Pennsylvania">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venango_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Venango County, Pennsylvania">Venango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren County, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington County, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wayne County, Pennsylvania">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Wyoming County, Pennsylvania">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Pennsylvania" title="York County, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Location_of_the_capital_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Location_of_US_capital" title="Template:Location of US capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Location_of_US_capital" title="Template talk:Location of US capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Location_of_US_capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Location of US capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Location_of_the_capital_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Location of the capital of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporary_capital" title="Temporary capital">Temporary capitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a> (1776; 1777; 1778–1783; 1791–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> (1776–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a> (1777–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a> (1783–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a> (1784–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (1785–1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Permanent capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (since 1800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/All-America_City_Award" title="All-America City Award">All-America City Award</a> Hall of Fame (1949–2023)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, VA</a> (1963, 1984, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, PA</a> (1962, 1974, 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, NC</a> (1951, 1969, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, IN</a> (1958, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, MA</a> (1949, 1951, 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, OH</a> (1949, 1950, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, OH</a> (1951, 1978, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delray_Beach,_Florida" title="Delray Beach, Florida">Delray Beach, FL</a> (1993, 2001, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg, TX</a> (1968, 1995, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, TX</a> (1964, 1993, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, NC</a> (1963, 2000, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, MI</a> (1949, 1960, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina" title="Hickory, North Carolina">Hickory, NC</a> (1967, 1987, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, MO</a> (1961, 1982, 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurinburg,_North_Carolina" title="Laurinburg, North Carolina">Laurinburg, NC</a> (1956, 1967, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant, SC</a> (2010, 2018, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, VA</a> (1959, 2013, 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> (1981, 1998, 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward, AK</a> (1963, 1965, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, LA</a> (1953, 1980, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, MA</a> (1972, 2009, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, WA</a> (1975, 2004, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, WA</a> (1956, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, OH</a> (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, AK</a> (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, MD</a> (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, OH</a> (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, NC</a> (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, IN</a> (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island, NE</a> (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, VA</a> (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, KY</a> (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, IL</a> (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia, PA</a> (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, MD</a> (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, OH</a> (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, OH</a> (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, IA</a> (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, TX</a> (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a> (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, CA</a> (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo, MS</a> (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, KS</a> (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a> (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Six-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, IA</a> (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, AZ</a> (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seven-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, MO</a> (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, VA</a> (1952, 1979, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, TX</a> (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania_county_seats" title="Template:Pennsylvania county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania_county_seats" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler,_Pennsylvania" title="Butler, Pennsylvania">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a> (1682-1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_Haven,_Pennsylvania" title="Lock Haven, Pennsylvania">Lock Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadville,_Pennsylvania" title="Meadville, Pennsylvania">Meadville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington, Pennsylvania">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver, Pennsylvania">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Pennsylvania" title="Bedford, Pennsylvania">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellefonte,_Pennsylvania" title="Bellefonte, Pennsylvania">Bellefonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookville,_Pennsylvania" title="Brookville, Pennsylvania">Brookville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarion,_Pennsylvania" title="Clarion, Pennsylvania">Clarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearfield,_Pennsylvania" title="Clearfield, Pennsylvania">Clearfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coudersport,_Pennsylvania" title="Coudersport, Pennsylvania">Coudersport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Pennsylvania" title="Danville, Pennsylvania">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doylestown,_Pennsylvania" title="Doylestown, Pennsylvania">Doylestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Ebensburg, Pennsylvania">Ebensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium,_Pennsylvania" title="Emporium, Pennsylvania">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollidaysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania">Hollidaysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesdale,_Pennsylvania" title="Honesdale, Pennsylvania">Honesdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon,_Pennsylvania" title="Huntingdon, Pennsylvania">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana,_Pennsylvania" title="Indiana, Pennsylvania">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe,_Pennsylvania" title="Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania">Jim Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittanning,_Pennsylvania" title="Kittanning, Pennsylvania">Kittanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laporte,_Pennsylvania" title="Laporte, Pennsylvania">Laporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Lewisburg, Pennsylvania">Lewisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewistown,_Pennsylvania" title="Lewistown, Pennsylvania">Lewistown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McConnellsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="McConnellsburg, Pennsylvania">McConnellsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media,_Pennsylvania" title="Media, Pennsylvania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer,_Pennsylvania" title="Mercer, Pennsylvania">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Middleburg, Pennsylvania">Middleburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifflintown,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflintown, Pennsylvania">Mifflintown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Pennsylvania" title="Milford, Pennsylvania">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Pennsylvania" title="Montrose, Pennsylvania">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bloomfield,_Pennsylvania" title="New Bloomfield, Pennsylvania">New Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridgway,_Pennsylvania" title="Ridgway, Pennsylvania">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethport,_Pennsylvania" title="Smethport, Pennsylvania">Smethport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset,_Pennsylvania" title="Somerset, Pennsylvania">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroudsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania">Stroudsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tionesta,_Pennsylvania" title="Tionesta, Pennsylvania">Tionesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towanda,_Pennsylvania" title="Towanda, Pennsylvania">Towanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunkhannock,_Pennsylvania" title="Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania">Tunkhannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Waynesburg, Pennsylvania">Waynesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellsboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Wellsboro, Pennsylvania">Wellsboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Town</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania">Bloomsburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Home_rule_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PA_Home_Rule_Municipality" title="Template:PA Home Rule Municipality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PA_Home_Rule_Municipality" title="Template talk:PA Home Rule Municipality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PA_Home_Rule_Municipality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PA Home Rule Municipality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Home_rule_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Home_rule_municipality_(Pennsylvania)" title="Home rule municipality (Pennsylvania)">Home rule municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Pennsylvania#City" title="Local government in Pennsylvania">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Class A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Falls,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania">Beaver Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Pennsylvania" title="Carbondale, Pennsylvania">Carbondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairton,_Pennsylvania" title="Clairton, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Clairton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatesville,_Pennsylvania" title="Coatesville, Pennsylvania">Coatesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell,_Pennsylvania" title="Farrell, Pennsylvania">Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Pennsylvania" title="Franklin, Pennsylvania">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Greensburg, Pennsylvania">Greensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage,_Pennsylvania" title="Hermitage, Pennsylvania">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Johnstown, Pennsylvania">Johnstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKeesport,_Pennsylvania" title="McKeesport, Pennsylvania">McKeesport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanticoke,_Pennsylvania" title="Nanticoke, Pennsylvania">Nanticoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittston,_Pennsylvania" title="Pittston, Pennsylvania">Pittston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys,_Pennsylvania" title="St. Marys, Pennsylvania">St. Marys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon,_Pennsylvania" title="Sharon, Pennsylvania">Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren,_Pennsylvania" title="Warren, Pennsylvania">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Pennsylvania" title="Bellevue, Pennsylvania">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethel Park, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Bethel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braddock,_Pennsylvania" title="Braddock, Pennsylvania">Braddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Woods,_Pennsylvania" title="Bradford Woods, Pennsylvania">Bradford Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Athyn,_Pennsylvania" title="Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania">Bryn Athyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Springs,_Pennsylvania" title="Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania">Cambridge Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Pennsylvania" title="Carlisle, Pennsylvania">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalfont,_Pennsylvania" title="Chalfont, Pennsylvania">Chalfont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinboro,_Pennsylvania" title="Edinboro, Pennsylvania">Edinboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Tree,_Pennsylvania" title="Green Tree, Pennsylvania">Green Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Pennsylvania" title="Greenville, Pennsylvania">Town of Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Pennsylvania" title="Kingston, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrobe,_Pennsylvania" title="Latrobe, Pennsylvania">City of Latrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_City,_Pennsylvania" title="Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania">Mahanoy City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Pennsylvania" title="Malvern, Pennsylvania">Malvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroeville,_Pennsylvania" title="Monroeville, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Monroeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrysville,_Pennsylvania" title="Murrysville, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Murrysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania" title="Norristown, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Norristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage,_Pennsylvania" title="Portage, Pennsylvania">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_College,_Pennsylvania" title="State College, Pennsylvania">State College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrone,_Pennsylvania" title="Tyrone, Pennsylvania">Tyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Youngsville, Pennsylvania">Youngsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)" title="Township (Pennsylvania)">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless,_Pennsylvania" title="McCandless, Pennsylvania">Town of McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mt._Lebanon,_Pennsylvania" title="Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Mt. Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Hara_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Hara Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Hills,_Pennsylvania" title="Penn Hills, Pennsylvania">Municipality of Penn Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radnor_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Radnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_St._Clair_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper St. Clair Township, Pennsylvania">Upper St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitehall Township, Pennsylvania">Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes-Barre_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkes-Barre Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Concord Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_Township,_Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Elk Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Township,_Centre_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Ferguson Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Township,_Indiana_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Grant Township, Indiana County, Pennsylvania">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hampton Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Township,_Lehigh_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover Township, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Township,_Elk_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Highland Township, Elk County, Pennsylvania">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsham_Township,_Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Horsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Middletown Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Peters Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Pine Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Township,_Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_Township,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Richland Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towamencin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Towamencin Township, Pennsylvania">Towamencin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tredyffrin_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Tredyffrin Township, Pennsylvania">Tredyffrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Providence_Township,_Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Providence Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Upper Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Deer_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="West Deer Township, Pennsylvania">West Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitemarsh_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania">Whitemarsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northeast Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northeast_megalopolis_major_urban_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a> major urban regions</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-Atlantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_metropolitan_area" title="Baltimore metropolitan area">Baltimore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region" title="Greater Richmond Region">Richmond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Atlantic City, New Jersey">Atlantic City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown_metropolitan_area" title="Hagerstown metropolitan area">Hagerstown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg%E2%80%93Carlisle_metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Harrisburg–Carlisle metropolitan statistical area">Harrisburg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>-<a href="/wiki/Easton,_Pennsylvania" title="Easton, Pennsylvania">Easton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Scranton/Wilkes-Barre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie%E2%80%93Newburgh%E2%80%93Middletown_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area">Poughkeepsie–Newburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh,_New_York" title="Newburgh, New York">city 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading,_Pennsylvania" title="Reading, Pennsylvania">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_metropolitan_area" title="Salisbury metropolitan area">Salisbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Baltimore_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area">Washington–Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Hartford" title="Greater Hartford">Hartford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_metropolitan_area" title="Providence metropolitan area">Providence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bridgeport" title="Greater Bridgeport">Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Connecticut" title="Bridgeport, Connecticut">city 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">city 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">city 3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Danbury" title="Greater Danbury">Danbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashua,_New_Hampshire" title="Nashua, New Hampshire">Nashua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_New_Haven" title="Greater New Haven">New Haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich,_Connecticut" title="Norwich, Connecticut">Norwich</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Maine" title="Portland metropolitan area, Maine">Portland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combined areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Boston–Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Bridgeport–Stamford–New Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford%E2%80%93Springfield" title="Hartford–Springfield">Hartford–Springfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Other megaregions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cheesesteak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cheesesteak" title="Template:Cheesesteak"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cheesesteak" title="Template talk:Cheesesteak"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cheesesteak" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cheesesteak"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cheesesteak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cheesesteak" title="Cheesesteak">Cheesesteak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toppings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlistpx" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">Cheese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_cheese" title="American cheese">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheez_Whiz" title="Cheez Whiz">Cheez Whiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provolone" title="Provolone">Provolone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fried_onion" title="Fried onion">Fried</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg/135px-Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg/203px-Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg/270px-Cheesesteak_sandwiches_with_pickles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlistpx" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Olivieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Olivieri">Pat Olivieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Olivieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Olivieri">Harry Olivieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Luke_Jr." title="Tony Luke Jr.">Tony Luke Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Vento" title="Joey Vento">Joey Vento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philadelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlistpx" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat%27s_King_of_Steaks" title="Pat's King of Steaks">Pat's King of Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geno%27s_Steaks" title="Geno's Steaks">Geno's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim%27s_Steaks" title="Jim's Steaks">Jim's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim%27s_South_Street" title="Jim's South Street">Jim's South Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Luke%27s" title="Tony Luke's">Tony Luke's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve%27s_Prince_of_Steaks" title="Steve's Prince of Steaks">Steve's Prince of Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_Roast_Pork" title="John's Roast Pork">John's Roast Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalessandro%27s_Steaks" title="Dalessandro's Steaks">Dalessandro's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe%27s_Steaks_%2B_Soda_Shop" title="Joe's Steaks + Soda Shop">Joe's Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny%27s_Famous_Steaks" title="Sonny's Famous Steaks">Sonny's Famous Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo%27s" title="Campo's">Campo's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max%27s_Steaks" title="Max's Steaks">Max's Steaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlistpx" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick%27s_Deli" title="Chick's Deli">Chick's Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey%27s_Place" title="Donkey's Place">Donkey's Place</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlistpx" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia" title="Cuisine of Philadelphia">Cuisine of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philly_taco" title="Philly taco">Philly taco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_sandwich" title="Steak sandwich">Steak sandwich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Capital of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </b><br />1682–1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia" title="Portal:Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/19px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/29px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/38px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406162107">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/180363010">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141350445">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/281145911131727060670">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204170/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrGtGVd3Pd8KWwFdVqRKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Philadelphia, Pa."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4103331-0">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Philadelphia (PA)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1087309980">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095520">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940713z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940713z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35420589">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Filadelfie (Pensylvánie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge162618&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450981">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000637744&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/29233">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552541305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/0eeb01c2-6e31-46ad-96b8-319749f731d2">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/946512">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027345076">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045829">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&oldid=1259982854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&oldid=1259982854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philadelphia" title="Category:Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1682_establishments_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:1682 establishments in Pennsylvania">1682 establishments in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Cities in Pennsylvania">Cities in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Consolidated_city-counties" title="Category:Consolidated city-counties">Consolidated city-counties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:County_seats_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:County seats in Pennsylvania">County seats in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_capitals_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Former capitals of the United States">Former capitals of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_state_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Former state capitals in the United States">Former state capitals in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pennsylvania_populated_places_on_the_Delaware_River" title="Category:Pennsylvania populated places on the Delaware River">Pennsylvania populated places on the Delaware River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planned_communities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Planned communities in the United States">Planned communities in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1682" title="Category:Populated places established in 1682">Populated places established in 1682</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_on_the_Schuylkill_River" title="Category:Populated places on the Schuylkill River">Populated places on the Schuylkill River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_and_towns_of_the_Pennsylvania_Atlantic_coast" title="Category:Port cities and towns of the Pennsylvania Atlantic coast">Port cities and towns of the Pennsylvania Atlantic coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_communities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Ukrainian communities in the United States">Ukrainian communities in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_reference_errors" title="Category:Pages with reference errors">Pages with reference errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_reference_names" title="Category:Pages with broken reference names">Pages with broken reference names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2023">Use mdy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_nickname_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 04:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-kpfw7","wgBackendResponseTime":202,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_df0de172ae4b745c346ccfa3fd25bd2e1de4d37b":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1345","properties":{"title":"Philadelphia","fill-opacity":0.5,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":3,"fill":"#606060"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q1345","properties":{"stroke-width":5,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Philadelphia"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.261","walltime":"5.021","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32582,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1333071,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":171778,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":99,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1234593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3961.097 1 -total"," 44.91% 1778.830 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.68% 1017.369 203 Template:Cite_web"," 10.88% 431.138 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 9.20% 364.569 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.00% 158.328 28 Template:Cite_news"," 3.71% 146.777 21 Template:Navbox"," 3.55% 140.502 1 Template:Navboxes"," 2.94% 116.581 84 Template:Webarchive"," 2.38% 94.418 4 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.250","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20791911,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","15.6"],["?","380","15.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","9.8"],["type","160","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","5.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","80","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.5"],["[others]","700","28.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-8467977cd8-5l6hd","timestamp":"20241128121607","ttl":215041,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Philadelphia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1345","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1345","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-19T16:12:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T04:25:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Independence_National_Historical_Park_INDE0004_b.jpg","headline":"largest city in Pennsylvania, United States"}</script> </body> </html>