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id="toc-Early_life_of_Barack_Obama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Origins of the claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_of_the_birth_certificates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_of_the_birth_certificates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Release of the birth certificates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Release_of_the_birth_certificates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Release of the birth certificates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Release_of_the_birth_certificates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_form,_2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_form,_2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Short form, 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_form,_2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Rejection by conspiracy theorists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii_Department_of_Health_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii_Department_of_Health_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Hawaii Department of Health response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii_Department_of_Health_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_form,_2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_form,_2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Long form, 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_form,_2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Rejection by conspiracy theorists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Showing_papers"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Showing_papers""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 "Showing papers" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Showing_papers"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 False claims </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-False_claims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle False claims subsection </button> <ul id="toc-False_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Born_in_Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Born_in_Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Born in Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Born_in_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obama's_paternal_step-grandmother's_version_of_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obama's_paternal_step-grandmother's_version_of_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Obama's paternal step-grandmother's version of events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obama's_paternal_step-grandmother's_version_of_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fake_Kenyan_birth_certificate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fake_Kenyan_birth_certificate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Fake Kenyan birth certificate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fake_Kenyan_birth_certificate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_born_in_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_born_in_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Not born in Hawaii </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_born_in_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_U.S._citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_U.S._citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Lost U.S. citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_U.S._citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_over_"natural-born_citizen"_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_over_"natural-born_citizen"_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Disputes over "natural-born citizen" requirements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputes_over_"natural-born_citizen"_requirements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Disputes over "natural-born citizen" requirements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Disputes_over_"natural-born_citizen"_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parental_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parental_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Parental citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parental_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_citizenship_with_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_citizenship_with_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dual citizenship with United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_citizenship_with_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_citizenship_with_Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_citizenship_with_Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dual citizenship with Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_citizenship_with_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigners_and_proponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigners_and_proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Campaigners and proponents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigners_and_proponents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaigners and proponents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaigners_and_proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Donald_Trump" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donald_Trump"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Donald Trump </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donald_Trump-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joe_Arpaio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joe_Arpaio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Joe Arpaio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joe_Arpaio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matthew_Hill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matthew_Hill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Matthew Hill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matthew_Hill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roy_Moore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roy_Moore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Roy Moore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roy_Moore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Shelby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Shelby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Richard Shelby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Shelby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roy_Blunt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roy_Blunt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Roy Blunt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roy_Blunt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean_Schmidt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean_Schmidt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Jean Schmidt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean_Schmidt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nathan_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nathan_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Nathan Deal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nathan_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarah_Palin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarah_Palin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Sarah Palin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarah_Palin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracey_Mann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracey_Mann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Tracey Mann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracey_Mann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Vitter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Vitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 David Vitter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Vitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newt_Gingrich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newt_Gingrich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Newt Gingrich </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newt_Gingrich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andy_Martin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andy_Martin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 Andy Martin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andy_Martin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mike_Huckabee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mike_Huckabee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.14 Mike Huckabee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mike_Huckabee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michele_Bachmann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michele_Bachmann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.15 Michele Bachmann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michele_Bachmann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mike_Coffman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mike_Coffman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.16 Mike Coffman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mike_Coffman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arizona_electors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arizona_electors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.17 Arizona electors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arizona_electors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opinion_surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Opinion surveys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dilemma_for_Republicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dilemma_for_Republicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Dilemma for Republicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dilemma_for_Republicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Commentary and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legislation and litigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_2012_presidential_election_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_2012_presidential_election_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Impact on the 2012 presidential election and beyond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_2012_presidential_election_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_House_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_House_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 White House responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-White_House_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle White House responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-White_House_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Press_secretary's_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press_secretary's_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Press secretary's response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_secretary's_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barack_Obama's_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barack_Obama's_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Barack Obama's response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barack_Obama's_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joking_acknowledgements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joking_acknowledgements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Joking acknowledgements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joking_acknowledgements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" > 11 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="نظريات المؤامرة حول جنسية باراك أوباما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظريات المؤامرة حول جنسية باراك أوباما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birther" title="Birther – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birther" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A6%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="تئوری‌های توطئه پیرامون محل تولد باراک اوباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئوری‌های توطئه پیرامون محل تولد باراک اوباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_conspirationnistes_sur_la_citoyennet%C3%A9_de_Barack_Obama" title="Théories conspirationnistes sur la citoyenneté de Barack Obama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théories conspirationnistes sur la citoyenneté de Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D%E9%99%B0%E8%AC%80%E8%AB%96" title="バラク・オバマの国籍陰謀論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラク・オバマの国籍陰謀論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorias_conspirat%C3%B3rias_sobre_a_cidadania_de_Barack_Obama" title="Teorias conspiratórias sobre a cidadania de Barack Obama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teorias conspiratórias sobre a cidadania de Barack Obama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_conspira%C8%9Biei_privind_ambiguitatea_cet%C4%83%C8%9Beniei_lui_Obama" title="Teoria conspirației privind ambiguitatea cetățeniei lui Obama – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teoria conspirației privind ambiguitatea cetățeniei lui Obama" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Теорије завјере о држављанству Барака Обаме – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теорије завјере о држављанству Барака Обаме" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%A4ilyt_Barack_Obaman_kansalaisuudesta" title="Epäilyt Barack Obaman kansalaisuudesta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epäilyt Barack Obaman kansalaisuudesta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konspirationsteorierna_om_Barack_Obamas_amerikanska_medborgarskap" title="Konspirationsteorierna om Barack Obamas amerikanska medborgarskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konspirationsteorierna om Barack Obamas amerikanska medborgarskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Birtherism" redirects here. For similar challenges against other people, see <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)#Eligibility_challenges" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born-citizen clause (United States) § Eligibility challenges</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG/220px-Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG/330px-Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG/440px-Billboard_Challenging_the_validity_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Birth_Certificate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>A 2010 billboard displayed in <a href="/wiki/South_Gate,_California" title="South Gate, California">South Gate, California</a>, questioning the validity of Barack Obama's birth certificate and by extension <a href="#Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists">his eligibility to serve as President of the U.S.</a> The billboard was part of an <a href="/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">advertising campaign</a> by <a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Web_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Web address">web address</a> appears on the billboard's bottom right corner.</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">campaign for president</a> in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, throughout <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">his presidency</a> and afterwards, there was extensive news coverage of Obama's religious preference, birthplace, and of the individuals questioning his <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religious belief</a> and citizenship – efforts eventually known as the "birther movement",<a href="#cite_note-:4-1">[1]</a> or birtherism,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> names by which it is widely referred to across media.<a href="#cite_note-birther_movement-3">[3]</a> The movement falsely asserted Obama was ineligible to be <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> because he was not a <a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">natural-born citizen of the United States</a> as required by <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article Two of the Constitution</a>. Studies have found these birther conspiracy theories to be most firmly held by Republicans strong in both political knowledge and racial resentment.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> Theories alleged that Obama's published <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a> was a forgery – that his actual birthplace was not <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> but <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a>. Other theories alleged that Obama became a citizen of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in childhood, thereby losing his <a href="/wiki/U.S._citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. citizenship">U.S. citizenship</a>. Still others claimed that Obama was not a natural-born U.S. citizen because he was born a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual citizen</a> (British and American). A number of political commentators have characterized these various claims as a racist reaction to Obama's status as the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> president of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-racism-6">[6]</a> These claims were promoted by <a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">fringe theorists</a> (pejoratively referred to as "birthers"), including businessman and television personality <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who would later succeed Obama as president. Some theorists sought court rulings to declare Obama ineligible to take office, or to grant access to various documents which they claimed would support such ineligibility; none of these efforts succeeded. Some political opponents, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, expressed skepticism about Obama's citizenship or were unwilling to acknowledge it; others proposed legislation that would require presidential candidates to provide proof of eligibility.<a href="#cite_note-Crary-New_burst-7">[7]</a> Theories have persisted despite Obama's pre-election release of his official Hawaiian birth certificate in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-politico2009-07-28-8">[8]</a> confirmation by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Department_of_Health" title="Hawaii Department of Health">Hawaii Department of Health</a> based on the original documents,<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-9">[9]</a> the April 2011 release of a certified copy of Obama's original Certificate of Live Birth (or long-form birth certificate), and contemporaneous birth announcements published in Hawaii newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Polls conducted in 2010 (before the April 2011 release) suggested that at least 25% of adult Americans said that they doubted Obama's U.S. birth,<a href="#cite_note-HarrisPoll201003-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-birtherday-12">[12]</a> and a May 2011 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> found that the percentage had fallen to 13% of American adults (23% of Republicans).<a href="#cite_note-GallupPoll-2011-05-13">[13]</a> The fall was attributed to Obama's release of the long form in April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_American_Government-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Theory_of_Conspiracy_Theories-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_of_Barack_Obama">Early life of Barack Obama</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a></div> People who express doubts about Obama's eligibility or reject details about his early life are often informally called "birthers", a term that parallels<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> the nickname "<a href="/wiki/9/11_Truth_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 Truth Movement">truthers</a>" for adherents of <a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kay-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20090302Telegraph-19">[19]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theorist">conspiracy theorists</a> reject at least some of the following facts about his early life: Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961 at the <a href="/wiki/Kapiolani_Medical_Center_for_Women_and_Children" title="Kapiolani Medical Center for Women and Children">Kapiolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>,<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nakaso-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-maraniss-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-honstar-21Mar04-23">[23]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Voell-24">[24]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Luo_(Kenya_and_Tanzania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)">Luo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nyang%27oma_Kogelo" title="Nyang'oma Kogelo">Nyang'oma Kogelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyanza_Province" title="Nyanza Province">Nyanza Province</a> (in what was then the <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">Colony and Protectorate of Kenya</a>), who was attending the University of Hawaii. Birth notices for Barack Obama were published in <a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a> on August 13 and the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin" title="Honolulu Star-Bulletin">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</a> on August 14, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a> Obama's father's immigration file also clearly states Barack Obama was born in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-immigration-26">[26]</a> One of his high school teachers, who was acquainted with his mother at the time, remembered hearing about the day of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-Voell-24">[24]</a> Obama's parents were divorced in 1964. He attended kindergarten in 1966–1967 at Noelani Elementary School in Honolulu.<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Noelani_Elementary-27">[27]</a> In 1967, his mother married <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> student <a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a> who was also attending the University of Hawaii, and the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia,<a href="#cite_note-DFM-Soetoro-28">[28]</a> where Obama attended the Catholic St. Francis of Assisi School before transferring to <a href="/wiki/State_Elementary_School_Menteng_01" title="State Elementary School Menteng 01">State Elementary School Menteng 01</a>, an elite <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesian public school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>. As a child in Indonesia, Obama was called "Barry Soetoro", reflecting his stepfather's surname, or "Barry Obama", using his father's surname.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> When he was ten years old, Obama returned to <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> to live with his maternal grandparents, <a href="/wiki/Madelyn_and_Stanley_Dunham" class="mw-redirect" title="Madelyn and Stanley Dunham">Madelyn and Stanley Dunham</a>, and has resided continuously in the United States since 1971. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_claims">Origins of the claims</h3></div> In 1991, Obama's literary agency, Acton & Dystel, printed a promotional booklet which misidentified Obama's birthplace, and stated that Obama was "born in Kenya and raised in Indonesia and Hawaii". This error was later included in a biography that remained posted to their website until April 2007. The booklet's editor said that this incorrect information, which was not widely discovered until 2012, had been her mistake and not based on anything provided to her agency by Obama.<a href="#cite_note-breitbart-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories about Obama's religion</a> appeared at least as early as his 2004 U.S. Senate campaign in a press release by Illinois political candidate <a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and, according to a Los Angeles Times editorial, as Internet rumors.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-editorial-34">[34]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>, rumors Obama was not born in Hawaii began when Obama's popularity proved a threat to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>. Politico wrote: "That theory first emerged in the spring of 2008..."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> (There is no evidence that Clinton herself or members of her campaign staff were involved in this effort.)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullspotting-38">[38]</a> The earliest known appearance of the notion on a conservative blogger website was March 5, 2008, and it was not about his birth, but was about "dual citizenship or split loyalties".<a href="#cite_note-Bullspotting-38">[38]</a> In April of that year, some supporters of Hillary Clinton circulated anonymous chain emails repeating the same rumor;<a href="#cite_note-snopes-emery-39">[39]</a> among them was an Iowa campaign volunteer, who was fired when the story emerged.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> These and numerous other chain e-mails during the subsequent presidential election circulated false rumors about Obama's origin, religion, and birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico-birtherism-43">[43]</a> On June 9, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Geraghty" title="Jim Geraghty">Jim Geraghty</a> of the conservative website <a href="/wiki/National_Review_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="National Review Online">National Review Online</a> suggested that Obama release his birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-anti-rumor-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-NR1-45">[45]</a> Geraghty wrote that releasing his birth certificate could debunk several false rumors circulating on the Internet, namely: that his middle name was originally Muhammad rather than Hussein; that his mother had originally named him "Barry" rather than "Barack"; and that Barack Obama Sr. was not his biological father, as well as the rumor that Barack Obama was not a natural-born citizen.<a href="#cite_note-NR1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Change-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In August 2008, <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Berg" title="Philip J. Berg">Philip J. Berg</a>, a former member of the Democratic State Committee of Pennsylvania, brought <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Berg#Lawsuit_concerning_Barack_Obama" title="Philip J. Berg">an unsuccessful lawsuit against Obama</a>, which alleged "that Obama was born in Mombasa, Kenya."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In October 2008, an <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> article referred to "Kenyan-born" Senator Barack Obama.<a href="#cite_note-NPR_October_9,_2008-50">[50]</a> Also that month, anonymous e-mails circulated claiming that the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP) had reported Obama was "Kenyan-born".<a href="#cite_note-trip_wire-51">[51]</a> The claims were based on an AP story that had appeared five years earlier in a Kenyan publication, <a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Kenya)" title="The Standard (Kenya)">The Standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trip_wire-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenyan_born-52">[52]</a> The rumor-checking website <a href="/wiki/Snopes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</a> found that the headline and lead-in sentence describing Obama as born in Kenya and misspelling his first name had been added by the Kenyan newspaper, and did not appear in the story issued by the AP or in any other contemporary newspaper that picked up the AP story.<a href="#cite_note-trip_wire-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryan_drops-53">[53]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> website <a href="/wiki/Breitbart_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breitbart (website)">Breitbart</a> published a copy of the promotional booklet printed by Acton & Dystel in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-breitbart-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_of_the_birth_certificates">Release of the birth certificates</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_form,_2008">Short form, 2008</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg/280px-BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg/420px-BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg/560px-BarackObamaCertificationOfLiveBirthHawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanned_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanned image">Scanned image</a> of Barack Obama's birth certificate released by his presidential campaign in June 2008<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> On June 12, 2008, Obama's campaign responded to the rumors by posting an image of Obama's birth certificate on the "<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign#Fight_the_Smears" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Fight the Smears</a>" website.<a href="#cite_note-hits_back-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-obama-truth-55">[55]</a> The image is a scan of a laser-printed document obtained from and certified by the Hawaii Department of Health on June 6, 2007. It is a "Certification of Live Birth", sometimes referred to as a short form birth certificate, and contains less information than the longer "Certificate of Live Birth", which Hawaii no longer issues.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-AG-57">[57]</a> Asked about this, Hawaiian Department of Health spokeswoman Janice Okubo explained that Hawaii stopped issuing the longer "Certificate" in 2001 when their birth records were "put into electronic files for consistent reporting", and therefore Hawaii "does not have a short-form or long-form certificate".<a href="#cite_note-HSB20090606-58">[58]</a> A "record of live birth", partially handwritten and partially typed, was created and submitted in 1961 when Obama was born, and is "located in a bound volume in a file cabinet on the first floor of the state Department of Health". The document was used to create the state's electronic records, and has been examined by state officials multiple times since the controversy began.<a href="#cite_note-AG-57">[57]</a> In releasing the certificate, the Obama website declared that the rumors "aren't actually about that piece of paper – they're about manipulating people into thinking Barack is not an American citizen."<a href="#cite_note-obama-truth-55">[55]</a> The campaign also provided the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a> blog with a copy of the document.<a href="#cite_note-found_and_posted-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-fight_smears-60">[60]</a> Referring to this release, <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> columnist Jim Geraghty, wrote on June 12, 2008: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">... this document is what he or someone authorized by him was given by the state out of its records. Barring some vast conspiracy within the Hawaii State Department of Health, there is no reason to think his [original] birth certificate would have any different data.<a href="#cite_note-found_and_posted-59">[59]</a></blockquote> Frequent arguments of those questioning Obama's eligibility related to the fact that he did not originally release a copy of his "original" or "long form" birth certificate, but rather a "short form" version that did not include all of the information given on 1961 Hawaii-issued birth certificates. It was claimed that the use of the term "certification of live birth" on the first document means it is not equivalent to a "birth certificate". These arguments have been debunked numerous times by media investigations,<a href="#cite_note-birtherday-12">[12]</a> every judicial forum that has addressed the matter, and Hawaiian government officials – among whom a consensus has been reached that the document released by the Obama campaign is indeed his official birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-Alex-61">[61]</a> The director of the state Department of Human Health confirmed that the state "has Senator Obama's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures".<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-62">[62]</a> The short form is "<a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a> evidence of the fact of birth in any court proceeding."<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a> Arizona Tea Party leader and legislator <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Townsend" title="Kelly Townsend">Kelly Townsend</a> pressed legislation to stop Obama from appearing on the ballot in the 2012 election in Arizona without providing proof of birth and also approached <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> with the conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists">Rejection by conspiracy theorists</h4></div> The release of the certificate in 2008 resulted in a fresh round of questions. It was asserted that the certificate had been digitally forged with <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> and lacked a stamped seal of the state, which led them to demand that Obama release his "original" 1961 birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Change-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Corsi" title="Jerome Corsi">Jerome Corsi</a>, author of the book <a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation: Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality</a>, told <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> that "the campaign has a false, fake birth certificate posted on their website ... it's been shown to have watermarks from Photoshop. It's a fake document that's on the Web site right now, and the original birth certificate the campaign refuses to produce."<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a> This view was rejected by <a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a>, which viewed the Obama campaign's hard copy of the Certification of Live Birth and reported that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">FactCheck.org staffers have now seen, touched, examined and photographed the original birth certificate. We conclude that it meets all of the requirements from the State Department for proving U.S. citizenship. Claims that the document lacks a raised seal or a signature are false. We have posted high-resolution photographs of the document as "supporting documents" to this article. Our conclusion: Obama was born in the U.S.A. just as he has always said.<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a></blockquote> Corsi continued to cast doubt on Obama's birth certificate as late as March 2019. In a CNN interview, he stated, "I want to see the original 1961 birth records from Kenya, that'll settle it ... the State of Hawaii will not show those records to anyone." Corsi's attorney, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Klayman" title="Larry Klayman">Larry Klayman</a>, falsely asserted during the same interview, "the birth certificate uses the word 'African-American' in 1961."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hawaii_Department_of_Health_response">Hawaii Department of Health response</h4></div> The director of Hawaii's Department of Health, Chiyome Fukino, issued a statement confirming that the state held Obama's "original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures".<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-62">[62]</a> Noting "there have been numerous requests for Senator Barack Hussein Obama's official birth certificate," Fukino explained that the department was prohibited by state law from releasing it to "persons who do not have a tangible interest in the vital record". She said: "No state official, including Governor <a href="/wiki/Linda_Lingle" title="Linda Lingle">Linda Lingle</a>, has ever instructed that this vital record be handled in a manner different from any other vital record in the possession of the State of Hawaii."<a href="#cite_note-Reyes-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to the website <a href="/wiki/TVNewser" class="mw-redirect" title="TVNewser">TVNewser</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>'s researchers stated in 2009 that the original birth certificate no longer existed, as Hawaii discarded all paper birth records in 2001, and the certification of live birth was the official copy.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Contradicting this report, Janice Okubo, public information officer for the Hawaii DOH, said "We don't destroy vital records."<a href="#cite_note-officials_confirm-70">[70]</a> The Health Department's director emphasized the assertion: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I, Dr. Chiyome Fukino, director of the Hawaii State Department of Health, have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural-born American citizen. I have nothing further to add to this statement or my original statement issued in October 2008, over eight months ago.<a href="#cite_note-officials_confirm-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></blockquote> Joshua Wisch, a spokesman for the Hawaii Attorney General's office, stated in 2011 that the original "long form" birth certificate – described by Hawaiian officials as a "record of live birth" kept in the archives of the Hawaii Department of Health is "... a Department of Health record and it can't be released to anybody", including President Obama. Wisch added that state law does not authorize photocopying such records.<a href="#cite_note-AG-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_form,_2011">Long form, 2011</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama%27s_long_form_birth_certificate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption>In response to the conspiracy theories, the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> released copies of the President's long-form birth certificate on April 27, 2011, then posted an image of it to the White House website,<a href="#cite_note-Long_Form_Birth_Certificate_Posted_on_White_House_website-72">[72]</a> reaffirming that he was born on August 4, 1961, in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, Hawaii.</figcaption></figure> On April 22, 2011, Obama asked <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Fuddy" title="Loretta Fuddy">Loretta Fuddy</a>, director of the Hawaii Department of Health, for certified copies of his original Certificate of Live Birth ("long-form birth certificate").<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Accompanying the letter was a written request from Judith Corley, Obama's personal counsel, requesting a waiver of the department's policy of issuing only computer-generated certificates. Corley stated that granting the waiver would relieve the department of the burden of repeated inquiries into the President's birth records.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On April 25, 2011, Fuddy approved the request and witnessed the copying process as the health department's registrar issued the certified copies. The same day, Corley personally visited the department headquarters in Honolulu to pay the required fee on Obama's behalf, and received the two requested certified copies of the original birth certificate, an accompanying letter from Fuddy attesting to the authenticity of same, and a receipt for the processing fee. Fuddy said that she had granted the exception to its normal policy of issuing only computer-generated copies by virtue of Obama's status, in an effort to avoid ongoing requests for the birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> On April 27, 2011, White House staffers gave reporters a copy of the certificate, and posted a PDF image of the certificate on the White House website.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The certificate reconfirmed the information on the official short-form certificate released in 2008, and provided additional details such as the name of the hospital at which Obama was born.<a href="#cite_note-USATodayLong-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNLong-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rejection_by_conspiracy_theorists_2">Rejection by conspiracy theorists</h4></div> A claim put forth by the <a href="/wiki/Drudge_Report" title="Drudge Report">Drudge Report</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> that the newly released document was a forgery made with <a href="/wiki/Image_editing_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Image editing software">image editing software</a> quickly spread on the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Nathan Goulding, chief technology officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> magazine, dismissed the matter of "layered components" found in the White House PDF by suggesting "that whoever scanned the birth certificate in Hawaii forgot to turn off the <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR setting</a> on the scanner." Nathan added, "I've confirmed that scanning an image, converting it to a PDF, optimizing that PDF, and then opening it up in Illustrator, does in fact create layers similar to what is seen in the birth certificate PDF. You can try it yourself at home."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Showing_papers"">"Showing papers"</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Goldie_Taylor" title="Goldie Taylor">Goldie Taylor</a>, a commentator for the African American news site <a href="/wiki/The_Grio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grio">The Grio</a>, characterized the demand that Obama provide his birth certificate as an equivalent of making him "show his papers", as blacks were once required to do under <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Sociologist Matthew W. Hughey has cited many of the claims as evidence of racial "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/othering" class="extiw" title="wikt:othering">othering</a>" of Obama against the conflation of the <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestant">White Anglo-Saxon Protestant</a> (WASP) subject as the ideal and authentic American citizen.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_claims">False claims</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Born_in_Kenya">Born in Kenya</h3></div> Some opponents of Obama's presidential eligibility claim that he was born in Kenya and was therefore not born a United States citizen. Whether Obama having been born outside the U.S. would have invalidated his U.S. citizenship at birth is debated. <a href="/wiki/Political_commentator" class="mw-redirect" title="Political commentator">Political commentator</a> Andrew Malcolm, of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, wrote that Obama would still be eligible for the presidency, regardless of where he was born, because his mother was an American citizen, saying that Obama's mother "could have been on Mars when wee Barry emerged and he'd still be American."<a href="#cite_note-Malcolm-86">[86]</a> A contrary view is promoted by <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a> Law Professor <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Eugene Volokh</a>, who has said that in the hypothetical scenario that Obama was born outside the U.S., he would not be a natural-born citizen, since the then-applicable law<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> would have required Obama's mother to have been in the U.S. at least "five years after the age of 14", but it was three months before Ann Dunham's 19th birthday when Obama was born.<a href="#cite_note-Volokh-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obama's_paternal_step-grandmother's_version_of_events">Obama's paternal step-grandmother's version of events</h4></div> An incorrect but popularly reported claim is that his father's stepmother, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Onyango_Obama" title="Sarah Onyango Obama">Sarah Obama</a>, told <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> Bishop Ron McRae in a recorded transatlantic telephone conversation that she was present when Obama was born in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_McClatchy_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The McClatchy Company">McClatchy newspapers</a> gave an explanation of how the story about Obama's step-grandmother began. The tape is cut off in the middle of the conversation, before the passage in which she clarifies her meaning: "'Obama was not born in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>. He was born in America,' the translator says after talking to the woman. ... Another response later says, 'Obama in Hawaii. Hawaii. She says he was born in Hawaii.'"<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Sarah Obama shed more light on the controversy in a 2007 interview with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, in which she stated that six months after Barack Obama Sr. and Ann Dunham were married, she received a letter at her home in Kenya announcing the birth of Barack Obama II, who was born August 4, 1961.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In a June 2012 interview at her Kenyan home, Sarah Obama was asked: "Some people want to believe that the president was born in Kenya. Have these people ever bothered you or asked for his birth certificate?" Her response was: "But Barack Obama wasn't born in Kenya."<a href="#cite_note-Carmon-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fake_Kenyan_birth_certificate">Fake Kenyan birth certificate</h4></div> On August 2, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Orly_Taitz" title="Orly Taitz">Orly Taitz</a> released and attached to court documents a purported Kenyan birth certificate which she said, if authenticated and shown to be genuine, would significantly narrow and shorten the discovery and pre-trial litigation period in the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation#Keyes_v._Bowen" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">Keyes v. Bowen</a> lawsuit, in which the plaintiffs asked for a judicial order that Obama provide documentation that he is a natural-born citizen of the United States. Legal papers submitted describe the document as an "unauthenticated color photocopy of certified copy of registration of birth".<a href="#cite_note-CopyofKenyanDocument-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The document was almost immediately revealed to be a forgery. It purports to have been issued by the "Republic of Kenya", when in fact, such a state did not yet exist at the time of Obama's birth as indicated on the document (Kenya was a <a href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">British colony</a> until 1963).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Subsequently, evidence was unearthed that the alleged Kenyan birth certificate was a modified version of a 1959 Australian birth certificate found on an online genealogy website.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Independent_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Independent Media">Washington Independent</a> website cited an <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous blogger">anonymous blogger</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> as having taken responsibility for the forgery and posting four photos substantiating his claim.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_born_in_Hawaii">Not born in Hawaii</h3></div> Despite the existence of Obama's Hawaii certification of live birth, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation#Terrence_Lakin" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">Terry Lakin's</a> attorney, among others, have claimed that anyone, including foreign-born children, could acquire a Hawaiian certification of live birth, and so Obama's possession of such a certificate does not prove that he was born in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-100">[100]</a> However, the suggestion that this could have applied to Obama was rejected by Janice Okubo, director of communications for the Hawaii Department of Health: "If you were born in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, for example, you could get a certificate from the state of Hawaii saying you were born in Bali. You could not get a certificate saying you were born in Honolulu. The state has to verify a fact like that for it to appear on the certificate."<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-dogs-101">[101]</a> Another fact that refutes this specific claim is that the law allowing foreign-born children to obtain Hawaiian birth certificates did not exist until 20 years after Obama was born, while Obama's published birth certificate says his birth information was recorded four days after his birth in 1961, and explicitly states that he was born in Honolulu.<a href="#cite_note-Kornhaber-102">[102]</a> Additionally, some people claim that the information in the birth certificate only has to be based on the testimony of one parent.<a href="#cite_note-Kornhaber-102">[102]</a> On July 27, 2009, Fukino issued a statement explicitly stating she has "seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural-born American citizen".<a href="#cite_note-Fukino-Release-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nakaso-Isle-104">[104]</a> Hawaiian Department of Health spokeswoman Janice Okubo elaborated on state policy for the release of vital records: "If someone from Obama's campaign gave us permission in person and presented some kind of verification that he or she was Obama's designee, we could release the vital record."<a href="#cite_note-honolulu_advertiser-105">[105]</a> A hospital spokesperson at Kapi'olani Medical Center for Women & Children has said that their standard procedure is to <a href="/wiki/Glomar_response" title="Glomar response">neither confirm nor deny</a> Obama was born there, "even though all the information out there says he was born at Kapiolani Hospital", citing federal privacy laws.<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_birth_announcement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Obama_birth_announcement.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="99" /></a><figcaption>Obama's birth announcement, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a> on August 13, 1961</figcaption></figure> In 1961, birth notices for Barack Obama were published in both the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Advertiser">Honolulu Advertiser</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin" title="Honolulu Star-Bulletin">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</a> on August 13 and 14, 1961, respectively, listing the home address of Obama's parents as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway in Honolulu.<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a> On November 9, 2008, in response to the persistent rumors, the Advertiser posted on its web site a screenshot of the announcement taken from its microfilmed archives. Such notices were sent to newspapers routinely by the Hawaii Department of Health.<a href="#cite_note-honadv-09Nov08-20">[20]</a> In an editorial published on July 29, 2009, the Star-Bulletin pointed out that both newspapers' vital-statistics columns are available on microfilm in the main state library. "Were the state Department of Health and Obama's parents really in cahoots to give false information to the newspapers [...]?" the newspaper asked.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_U.S._citizenship">Lost U.S. citizenship</h3></div> It has been suggested that Obama obtained Indonesian citizenship (and thus may have <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law#Loss_of_nationality" title="United States nationality law">lost U.S. citizenship</a>) when he lived there as a child.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> As an attempt to prove that Obama was no longer a U.S. citizen (or held dual citizenship), some claim his 1981 trip to Pakistan took place at a time when there was supposedly a ban on United States passport holders entering that country, which would in turn have required him to use a non-U.S. passport. There was in fact no such ban. A New York Times article and <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> travel advisories from 1981 make it clear that travel to Pakistan by U.S. passport holders was legal at that time.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Travel-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Advisory-110">[110]</a> An <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> hoax email circulated on the Internet starting in 2009. It falsely claimed that Obama applied to Occidental College under the name "Barry Soetoro" claiming to be "a foreign student from Indonesia" in order to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbright scholarship">Fulbright scholarship</a> (which does not exist for undergraduate students from Indonesia).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes_over_"natural-born_citizen"_requirements">Disputes over "natural-born citizen" requirements</h2></div> Another theory of Obama's ineligibility is that, regardless of his place of birth, he does not meet the constitutional definition of a <a href="/wiki/Natural-born_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-born citizen">natural-born citizen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States ..." According to law professor <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_J._Chin" title="Gabriel J. Chin">Gabriel J. Chin</a>, "there is agreement that 'natural born citizens' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Despite this agreement, two similar but distinct theories nonetheless contend Obama, although born in Hawaii, does not qualify as a "natural-born citizen".<a href="#cite_note-one-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-Obama-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parental_citizenship">Parental citizenship</h3></div> Some campaigners, such as the Tennessee-based Liberty Legal Foundation, contend that in order for a person to be a natural-born citizen within the meaning of Article II, Section 1, it is necessary that both parents be U.S. citizens at the time of that person's birth. Those who subscribe to this theory argue that since Obama's father was not a U.S. citizen, Obama could not have been a natural-born citizen, and is therefore ineligible to be President of the United States. The Liberty Legal Foundation has cited a passage in the decision on an 1875 voting rights case which came before the U.S. Supreme Court – <a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a> – in which the court stated there was no doubt that "all children born in a country of parents who were its citizens" were natural-born citizens.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> This legal theory on Obama's eligibility was unsuccessfully litigated several times, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Ankeny_v._Governor_of_the_State_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana">Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana</a> (2008). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_citizenship_with_United_Kingdom">Dual citizenship with United Kingdom</h3></div> Others, including New Jersey attorney Leo Donofrio, in <a href="/wiki/Donofrio_v._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Donofrio v. Wells">Donofrio v. Wells</a>, have claimed that a person cannot be a natural-born citizen if he is a dual citizen at birth. Donofrio argued that because Obama's father was a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> at the time Obama was born, Obama was born a dual citizen and therefore was not a natural-born citizen. On December 8, 2008, the Court declined without comment to hear the case.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-Obama-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_citizenship_with_Kenya">Dual citizenship with Kenya</h3></div> In August 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News" title="Rocky Mountain News">Rocky Mountain News</a> ran an online article asserting that Obama was a U.S.-Kenyan dual citizen.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Obama actually was born a <a href="/wiki/British_subject#1949_to_1982" title="British subject">citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies</a> (CUKC) under British law by virtue of having a Kenyan father at a time when Kenya was a British colony, though he lost his CUKC citizenship and became a Kenyan citizen when Kenya became independent in 1963. However, Kenya's 1963 constitution prohibited <a href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual citizenship</a> among adults; Obama therefore automatically lost his Kenyan citizenship on his 23rd birthday in 1984, by failing to formally renounce any non-Kenyan citizenship and swear an oath of allegiance to Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The Rocky Mountain News apologized for the error and published a correction,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> but the article continued to fuel online rumors about Obama's eligibility for the presidency. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">current Kenyan constitution</a>, effective since 2010, permits dual citizenship, but requires those who lost Kenyan citizenship prior to 2010 to complete a registration process to regain it.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigners_and_proponents">Campaigners and proponents</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No-obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/No-obama.jpg/220px-No-obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/No-obama.jpg/330px-No-obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/No-obama.jpg/440px-No-obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2427" /></a><figcaption>A protester questioning the legitimacy of Obama's birth certificate</figcaption></figure> Notable advocates of the view that Obama may not be eligible for the Presidency include <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Berg" title="Philip J. Berg">Philip J. Berg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> attorney and <a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theorist</a>. Berg describes himself as a "moderate to liberal" Democrat who backed <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> for president.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Another notable advocate is <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a>, who was defeated by Obama in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_United_States_Senate_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois United States Senate election, 2004">2004 Illinois U.S. Senate election</a>, served as a diplomat in the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>, and is currently a media personality and self-described "conservative political activist".<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orly_Taitz" title="Orly Taitz">Orly Taitz</a>, a California dentist and attorney who emigrated from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, then to the United States, and holds dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship, has been called the "queen bee of the birthers", because she is often seen as the face of the movement.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Other notable advocates include <a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Martin (American politician)">Andy Martin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> who was "widely credited with starting the cyberwhisper campaign" that Obama is a secret <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Schulz" title="Robert L. Schulz">Robert L. Schulz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax protester (United States)">tax protester</a> and activist who placed full-page advertisements in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> in December 2008 arguing that Obama had been born in Kenya or had subsequently renounced U.S. citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Klayman" title="Larry Klayman">Larry Klayman</a>, founder of both <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">Judicial Watch</a> and Freedom Watch, expressed doubts about Obama's natural-born citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoconservative">paleoconservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a>, also campaigned for release of Obama's original long-form certificate.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In December 2008, Alex Koppelman, a senior writer for Salon, characterized nearly all of the prominent people promoting the story Obama was not eligible to be president – including Jerome Corsi, Philip Berg, Andy Martin, and Robert Schultz – as having a "history of conspiracist thought".<a href="#cite_note-Alex-61">[61]</a> The website AmericaMustKnow.com encouraged visitors to lobby members of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> to vote against Obama's confirmation as President and become <a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors" class="mw-redirect" title="Faithless electors">faithless electors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Change-46">[46]</a> Electors around the country received numerous letters and e-mails contending that Obama's birth certificate is a forgery and that he was born in Kenya, and requesting that Obama be denied the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-Crummy-Electors-129">[129]</a> Some of the online campaigners coordinated their efforts with weekly conference calls, in which they discussed the latest news and how to advance the story.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-Whisper-130">[130]</a> The campaign was supported by the far-right <a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a> (WND) website, which sponsored a letter-writing campaign to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Change-46">[46]</a> The website's founder, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a>, offered a $15,000 award for the release of the certificate and has written a number of editorials arguing that Obama's eligibility needs to be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Balleck_2018-131">[131]</a> WND also mounted an advertising campaign, using electronic billboards to ask, "Where's The Birth Certificate?"<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Farah declined to pay the promised award upon the release of the certificate and alleged that it was "fraudulent".<a href="#cite_note-Balleck_2018-131">[131]</a> The talk radio hosts <a href="/wiki/Michael_Savage_(commentator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Savage (commentator)">Michael Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sussman" title="Brian Sussman">Brian Sussman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lars_Larson" title="Lars Larson">Lars Larson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Bob Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Quinn" title="Jim Quinn">Jim Quinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_War_Room_with_Quinn_and_Rose" title="The War Room with Quinn and Rose">Rose Tennent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Simpson" title="Barbara Simpson">Barbara Simpson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Davis_(talk_show_host)" title="Mark Davis (talk show host)">Mark Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Grandy" title="Fred Grandy">Fred Grandy</a> have all promoted the ineligibility claims on their radio shows. <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Sean Hannity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Dobbs" title="Lou Dobbs">Lou Dobbs</a> have also broached the issue several times on their shows.<a href="#cite_note-Crary-New_burst-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Savage, during an episode of his nationally syndicated radio show <a href="/wiki/The_Savage_Nation" title="The Savage Nation">The Savage Nation</a>, said that "We're getting ready for the Communist takeover of America with a noncitizen at the helm."<a href="#cite_note-Barr-Whisper-130">[130]</a> Some celebrities have promoted or touched upon the ineligibility claims. In August 2009, actor <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a>, while not embracing the eligibility claims, wrote an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> to Obama urging that he officially release his "original birth certificate", saying, "Refusing to post your original birth certificate is an unwise political and leadership decision that is enabling the 'birther' controversy."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles" title="Baltimore Orioles">Baltimore Orioles</a> baseball player <a href="/wiki/Luke_Scott_(baseball)" title="Luke Scott (baseball)">Luke Scott</a> asserted in a <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> interview that Obama "was not born here" and that his birth certificate was never released.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> reported that, in April 2011 during his stage show, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a> said, "For starters, I was fucking born here, how about that? And I got proof! Nothing photoshopped about my birth certificate."<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> According to Mark Potok of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, "the birther movement has gained a large following on the radical right ... it has been adopted by the most noxious elements out there." Some of those "noxious elements" include a number of avowed <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Wenneker_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wenneker von Brunn">James Wenneker von Brunn</a>, an avowed white supremacist charged as the gunman in the June 10, 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum_shooting" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting</a>, had previously posted messages to the Internet accusing Obama and the media of hiding documents about his life.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-2009-06-10-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In March 2017, after Obama was no longer the president, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a>, his paternal half brother, posted on Twitter an image of a fake Kenyan birth certificate, which had been "debunked" in 2009 when it was first presented as part of one of the failed lawsuits that challenged Obama's ineligibility.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donald_Trump">Donald Trump</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories_promoted_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump">List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump</a></div> Donald Trump was a prominent promoter of birther conspiracy theories.<a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-144">[144]</a> This elevated Trump's political profile in the years leading up to his successful <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> According to political scientists <a href="/wiki/John_M._Sides" title="John M. Sides">John M. Sides</a>, Michael Tesler, and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Vavreck" title="Lynn Vavreck">Lynn Vavreck</a>, Trump "became a virtual spokesperson for the 'birther' movement. When Trump suggested running for president in 2011, his popularity was concentrated among the sizable share of Republicans who thought that President Obama was foreign born or a Muslim or both."<a href="#cite_note-:1-144">[144]</a> In 2010, at the urging of Donald Trump's lawyer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cohen_(lawyer)" title="Michael Cohen (lawyer)">Michael Cohen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer" title="National Enquirer">National Enquirer</a> began promoting a potential <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">Trump presidential campaign</a>, and with Cohen's involvement, the tabloid began questioning Obama's birthplace and citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In March 2011, during an interview on <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>, Donald Trump said he was seriously considering running for president, that he was a "little" skeptical of Obama's citizenship, and that someone who shares this view should not be so quickly dismissed as an "idiot"<a href="#cite_note-Politico-147">[147]</a> (as Trump considers the term "birther" to be "derogatory"<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a>). Trump added, "Growing up no one knew him,"<a href="#cite_note-Politico-147">[147]</a> a claim ranked Pants-on-Fire by <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Later, Trump appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_View_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The View (U.S. TV series)">The View</a> repeating several times that "I want him [Obama] to show his birth certificate." He speculated that "there [was] something on that birth certificate that [Obama] doesn't like", a comment which host <a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> described as "the biggest pile of dog mess I've heard in ages".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> On the March 30, 2011, edition of <a href="/wiki/CNN_Newsroom" title="CNN Newsroom">CNN Newsroom</a>, anchor <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Malveaux" title="Suzanne Malveaux">Suzanne Malveaux</a> commented on Trump's statements, pointing out that she had made a documentary for which she had gone to Hawaii and spoken with people who knew Obama as a child.<a href="#cite_note-HuffPost20110330-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNNR20110330-152">[152]</a> In an NBC TV interview broadcast on April 7, 2011, Trump said he would not let go of the issue, because he was not satisfied that Obama had proved his citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-WashPost4711-153">[153]</a> After Trump began making his views public, he was contacted by Joseph Farah of WorldNetDaily, who was reportedly on the phone with Trump every day for a week, providing Trump with a "birther primer", answers to questions, and advice.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> After Obama released his long-form birth certificate on April 27, 2011, Trump said "I am really honored and I am really proud, that I was able to do something that nobody else could do."<a href="#cite_note-Timelongform-155">[155]</a> On October 24, 2012, Trump offered to donate five million dollars to the charity of Obama's choice in return for the publication of his college and passport applications before October 31, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> On September 16, 2016, as the Republican Party presidential nominee, Trump conceded that "President Barack Obama was born in the United States. Period." Trump gave himself credit for putting the controversy to rest and also repeated a false claim that Hillary Clinton,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> his opponent in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and one of Obama's opponents in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, had started the controversy concerning Obama's place of birth in order to harm the candidacy of Obama while boosting her own. While those who did so were Clinton supporters, there is no evidence of Clinton or her campaign questioning Obama's birthplace.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joe_Arpaio">Joe Arpaio</h3></div> Volunteer investigators working under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County, Arizona</a>, Sheriff <a href="/wiki/Joe_Arpaio" title="Joe Arpaio">Joe Arpaio</a> have asserted that Obama's birth certificate is a computer-generated forgery. Rejecting this claim, an assistant to Hawaii's attorney general stated in July 2012 that "President Obama was born in Honolulu, and his birth certificate is valid. ... Regarding the latest allegations from a sheriff in Arizona, they are untrue, misinformed and misconstrue Hawaii law."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Arizona state officials, including Governor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brewer" title="Jan Brewer">Jan Brewer</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Ken_Bennett" title="Ken Bennett">Ken Bennett</a>, have also dismissed Arpaio's objections and accepted the validity of Obama's birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Alex Pareene, a staff writer for <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>, wrote regarding a May 2012 trip to Hawaii by Arpaio's people that "I think we have long since passed the point at which I'd find this story believable in a fictional setting."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In December 2016, Arpaio presented "9 points of forgery" that he said proved that the digital image of Obama's long form birth certificate was not authentic. He said he would submit his evidence to federal authorities.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matthew_Hill">Matthew Hill</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep.MatthewHill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rep.MatthewHill.jpg/220px-Rep.MatthewHill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rep.MatthewHill.jpg/330px-Rep.MatthewHill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rep.MatthewHill.jpg/440px-Rep.MatthewHill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">TNGA</a> Rep. Matthew Hill speaking during 2008 Republican primary debate, Jonesborough, Tennessee</figcaption></figure> Rep. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hill" title="Matthew Hill">Matthew Hill</a>, one of a handful of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly" title="Tennessee General Assembly">Tennessee General Assembly</a> members widely reported at the time to be birthers, demanded in 2009 that newly-elected president Obama should be compelled to present Hill and other Tennessee state legislators with a certified copy of his Hawaiian birth certificate. Hill interviewed birther conspiracy advocate <a href="/wiki/Orly_Taitz" title="Orly Taitz">Orly Taitz</a> at the National Religious Broadcasters Convention in Nashville for a February 10, 2009, segment <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasted</a> online by the <a href="/wiki/IRN/USA_Radio_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="IRN/USA Radio Network">IRN/USA Radio Network</a>. During The Matthew Hill Show he stated: <blockquote>We've said on this program many times ... we've had people call in and say why are you picking on him? And I've said, "Look it's really simple. If he is a U.S. citizen you produce the papers. If he's not a U.S. citizen, what does he do? He hides them. He's hiding them. We need the truth. We need the documents unsealed. We need to know what's going on.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roy_Moore">Roy Moore</h3></div> U.S. Senate candidate and former Chief Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> first questioned Obama's citizenship in 2008, and said in 2016 that he didn't believe Obama had natural-born citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Shelby">Richard Shelby</h3></div> In February 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Cullman_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Cullman Times">Cullman Times</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> newspaper, reported that at a town hall meeting there, U.S. Senator from Alabama <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a> was asked if there was any truth to the rumors that Obama was not a natural-born citizen. According to the Times report, Shelby said, "Well his father was Kenyan and they said he was born in Hawaii, but I haven't seen any birth certificate. You have to be born in America to be president."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> A Shelby spokesperson denied the story, but the newspaper stood by it.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roy_Blunt">Roy Blunt</h3></div> On July 28, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Stark" title="Mike Stark">Mike Stark</a> approached Missouri Congressman <a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a> asking him about the conspiracy theory that Barack Obama is not a natural-born citizen. Blunt responded: "What I don't know is why the President can't produce a birth certificate. I don't know anybody else that can't produce one. And I think that's a legitimate question. No health records, no birth certificate."<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Blunt's spokesperson later claimed that the quote was taken out of context.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean_Schmidt">Jean Schmidt</h3></div> After giving a speech at the Voice of America Freedom Rally in <a href="/wiki/West_Chester_Township,_Butler_County,_Ohio" title="West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio">West Chester, Ohio</a> on September 5, 2009, Republican congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Jean_Schmidt" title="Jean Schmidt">Jean Schmidt</a> replied to a woman who commented that Obama was ineligible for the Presidency, "I agree with you. But the courts don't."<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Schmidt's office subsequently responded that a video clip of this comment was "taken out of context", and reiterated that her stated position is that Obama is a citizen.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> She had earlier voted to certify the Electoral College vote affirming his presidency, and had said she believes Obama is a U.S. citizen.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nathan_Deal">Nathan Deal</h3></div> In November 2009, then-Representative <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">Nathan Deal</a> replied to a question about whether he believed that Obama "is a native-born American citizen who is eligible to serve as president" with a statement that "I am joining several of my colleagues in the House in writing a letter to the President asking that he release a copy of his birth certificate so we can have an answer to this question."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Contrasting the differing fates of Deal, who won the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_gubernatorial_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia gubernatorial election, 2010">2010 gubernatorial election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and former Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a>, who lost her primary after endorsing 9/11 conspiracy theories, <a href="/wiki/David_Weigel" title="David Weigel">David Weigel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> noted: "Dipping a toe into the birtherism fever swamp didn't stop Deal from winning a statewide primary."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sarah_Palin">Sarah Palin</h3></div> During a December 3, 2009 interview on <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Humphries" title="Rusty Humphries">Rusty Humphries</a>' <a href="/wiki/Radio_talk_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio talk show">radio talk show</a>, Humphries asked <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> if she would make Obama's birth certificate a campaign issue in 2012, should she decide to run. Palin responded, "I think the public rightfully is still making it an issue. I don't have a problem with that. I don't know if I would have to bother to make it an issue, because I think that members of the electorate still want answers ... I think it's a fair question, just like I think past association and past voting records – all of that is fair game. The <a href="/wiki/McCain-Palin_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="McCain-Palin campaign">McCain-Palin campaign</a> didn't do a good enough job in that area."<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> After news organizations and blogs picked up the quotation,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Palin stated on her Facebook page that voters have the right to ask questions, and that she had herself never asked Obama to produce a birth certificate. She likened the questioning of Obama's birth certificate to questions raised during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential elections, 2008">2008 presidential elections</a> about her maternity to her son, Trig.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> This analogy was criticized by Mark Milian of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>, who said: "It's not like Barack Obama hosted a radio show and called her a baby faker."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracey_Mann">Tracey Mann</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Mann" title="Tracey Mann">Tracey Mann</a>, a candidate running for Congress from Kansas in 2010, stated at a candidate forum that Obama should release his birth certificate to resolve the issue. In a radio interview, he said: "I think the president of the United States needs to come forth with his papers and show everyone that he's an American citizen and put this issue to bed once and for all." In response, on July 21, 2010, <a href="/wiki/The_Hutchinson_News" title="The Hutchinson News">The Hutchinson News</a>, a local paper in <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>, withdrew their endorsement of Mann, saying that Mann "questions the citizenship of President Barack Obama despite evidence that is irrefutable to most objective, rational people – including a birth certificate released by the Hawaii secretary of state and birth announcements printed in Honolulu's two major newspapers".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Mann responded that he was "disappointed and mystified" by the decision and that they had misunderstood his position, as he was "not interested in pursuing this issue in Congress" and had "never had any interest in spending any time on the matter".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Mann was defeated in the Republican primary by state senator <a href="/wiki/Tim_Huelskamp" title="Tim Huelskamp">Tim Huelskamp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Vitter">David Vitter</h3></div> At a townhall meeting in <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie, Louisiana</a> on July 11, 2010, Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Vitter" title="David Vitter">David Vitter</a> said: "I personally don't have standing to bring litigation in court, but I support conservative legal organizations and others who would bring that to court. I think that is the valid and most possibly effective grounds to do it." His campaign provided no additional comments.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newt_Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</h3></div> On September 11, 2010, former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> stated that Obama could only be understood by people who "understand Kenyan, anti-colonial behavior".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> While Gingrich did not define this behavior, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibbs" title="Robert Gibbs">Robert Gibbs</a> accused Gingrich of "trying to appeal to the fringe of people who don't believe the president was born in this country ... You would normally expect better of somebody who held the position of Speaker of the House, but look, it is political season, and most people will say anything, and Newt Gingrich does that on a, genuinely, on a regular basis."<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andy_Martin">Andy Martin</h3></div> In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Martin (American politician)">Andy Martin</a> (plaintiff in Martin v. Lingle and self-described "King of the Birthers") announced his candidacy to seek the 2012 Republican nomination for the President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In February 2011, Martin's planned appearance at a Republican meeting in Deering, New Hampshire, was cancelled after his anti-Semitic past was discovered.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mike_Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</h3></div> On February 28, 2011, on <a href="/wiki/Steve_Malzberg" title="Steve Malzberg">Steve Malzberg</a>'s radio program <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a>, a 2008 candidate for the Republican presidential nomination, falsely claimed that Obama had been raised in Kenya<a href="#cite_note-Huckabee-190">[190]</a> and that "[Obama] probably grew up hearing that the British were a bunch of imperialists who persecuted his grandfather."<a href="#cite_note-Huckabee-190">[190]</a> Huckabee, speaking on <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Reilly_Factor" title="The O'Reilly Factor">The O'Reilly Factor</a>, said that he misspoke and intended to say Indonesia, characterizing his comment as a "verbal gaffe".<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michele_Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</h3></div> In March 2011, Representative <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> told conservative radio host Jeff Katz: "I'll tell you one thing, if I was ever to run for president of the United States, I think the first thing I would do in the first debate is offer my birth certificate, so we can get that off the table." Previously on <a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a>, when asked about Obama's origins, she replied, "Well, that isn't for me to state. That's for the president to state."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mike_Coffman">Mike Coffman</h3></div> On May 12, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Coffman" title="Mike Coffman">Mike Coffman</a>, a congressman running for re-election in the Sixth Congressional District of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, addressed a Republican fundraising event in <a href="/wiki/Elbert_County,_Colorado" title="Elbert County, Colorado">Elbert County</a>. Coffman stated that he did not know where Obama was born, and that Obama was "in his heart ... just not an American." Coffman issued an apology on May 16, saying that he had misspoken and that he had confidence in Obama's citizenship and legitimacy as president.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In a May 23 Denver Post op-ed piece, Coffman described his comment as "inappropriate and boneheaded".<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arizona_electors">Arizona electors</h3></div> In December 2012, three of the eleven <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electors</a> from Arizona who cast their votes for <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> raised doubts about Obama's birthplace. One was the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of Arizona">Republican Party of Arizona</a>, Tom Morrissey. Morrissey later insisted that he was not a birther, but said he was not convinced the birth certificate produced by Obama was real.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Here is what the Republican party needs to do: we have to say that's crazy. So I'm here to tell you that those who think the president was born somewhere other than Hawaii you're crazy ... let's knock this crap off and talk about the real differences we have. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Republican U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham</a>, October 1, 2009<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg/220px-Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg/330px-Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg/440px-Birth_certificate_bumper_sticker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>A birth certificate-related <a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">bumper sticker</a>, below two other stickers</figcaption></figure> Although claims about Obama's citizenship were evaluated in 2008 by the <a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">McCain campaign</a> and ultimately rejected,<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> they became a significant issue among sections of the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a>. Activists unsuccessfully lobbied Republican members of Congress to reject the 2008 Electoral College vote and block Obama's election when it came before Congress for certification on January 8, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-GOP-198">[198]</a> By mid-2009, the natural born citizen issue was one of the hottest and most lucrative sources of fundraising for organizations on the right that raise funds through direct mail and telemarketing. Online petition sites such as that of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a>, who has been collecting signatures on the birth certificate issue, are a major source for generating mailing lists of movement conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-199">[199]</a> The web site WorldNetDaily published more than 200 articles on the subject by July 2009<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and has sold billboards, bumper stickers and postcards asking "Where's the birth certificate?" and similar slogans in an effort which has "already raised tens of thousands of dollars".<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-201">[201]</a> Moderate conservatives soon found themselves "bombarded with birther stuff".<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-199">[199]</a> Protesters at the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a> in 2009 carried signs about the birth certificate issue,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> some of which were recommended by protest organizers.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-199">[199]</a> In an incident that attracted widespread media coverage, moderate <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Michael_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Castle">Michael Castle</a> was booed and heckled during a July 2009 town hall meeting in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Delaware" title="Georgetown, Delaware">Georgetown, Delaware</a>, when he told a woman protesting about Obama's birth certificate: "if you're referring to the president there, he is a citizen of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</a> reported that other members of Congress often hear the issue too; an anonymous congressman told the program that he was reluctant to advertise his own town hall meetings for fear of this issue drowning out everything else.<a href="#cite_note-NightlyNews-204">[204]</a> A number of Republican legislators have <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation" title="United States presidential eligibility legislation">proposed legislation and constitutional amendments</a> at the state and federal levels to address issues raised by the birth certificate campaigners. Some Republicans are said to "want the issue to go away", seeing it as a distraction. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> commentators have criticized the reluctance of some Republicans to distance themselves from the proponents of the conspiracy theories, suggesting that "Republican officials are reluctant to denounce the birthers for fear of alienating an energetic part of their party's base."<a href="#cite_note-Crary-New_burst-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>' "First Read" team commented: "the real story in all of this is that Republican Party has a HUGE problem with its base right now."<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Michael Steele</a> released a statement through his spokesperson saying, "Chairman Steele believes that this is an unnecessary distraction and believes that the president is a U.S. citizen."<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Political analyst <a href="/wiki/Marc_Ambinder" title="Marc Ambinder">Marc Ambinder</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> suggests this phenomenon goes to the heart of the dilemma now facing the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, positing that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Republican presidential candidates need to figure out how to diffuse [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] angry birthers who are bound to show up and demand their attention. If they give credence to the birthers, they're not only advancing ignorance but also betraying the narrowness of their base. If they dismiss this growing movement, they might drive birthers to find more extreme candidates, which will fragment a Republican political coalition.<a href="#cite_note-CBSNewsBarkun-207">[207]</a></blockquote> Political analyst <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>, stated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The demographics tell the basic story: a black man is president and a large majority of white southerners cannot accept that, even in 2009. They grasp conspiracy theories to wish Obama – and the America he represents – – away. Since white southerners comprise an increasing proportion of the 22% of Americans who still describe themselves as Republican, the GOP can neither dismiss the crankery nor move past it. The fringe defines what's left of the Republican centre.<a href="#cite_note-thetimes1-208">[208]</a></blockquote> On July 27, 2009, the House of Representatives passed a resolution commemorating the 50th anniversary of Hawaii's statehood. The resolution, containing language recognizing Hawaii as President Obama's birth state, passed by a vote of 378–0.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_surveys">Opinion surveys</h3></div> In October 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange County Register">Orange County Register</a>'s OC Political Pulse poll found that a third of responding Republicans believed that Obama had been born outside the United States.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> As a result of the widespread publicity given to the citizenship controversy, 60% of respondents in an <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> survey carried out in November 2008 had heard of the issue. However, only 10% believed the claims that Obama was not a citizen.<a href="#cite_note-AFP-Muslim-211">[211]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Polling" title="Public Policy Polling">Public Policy Polling</a> survey carried out in August 2009 found that 32% of Republicans in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> thought that Obama was born in the U.S., 41% thought he was foreign-born and the remaining 27% were unsure.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, an August 2009 poll carried out for the <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a> and <a href="/wiki/KSL-TV" title="KSL-TV">KSL-TV</a> found that 67% of Utahns accepted the evidence that Obama was born in the U.S. The poll found that those who do not believe that Obama was born in the United States, or do not know, are predominantly middle-aged, lower-income Republican-leaning individuals without a college education.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> poll found that 80% of Americans had heard about the Obama citizenship claims by August 2009. The poll found a significant partisan divide in views of the news coverage, with 58% of Democrats saying that the allegations had received too much attention from the media. Republicans were more inclined to say that the allegations had received too little attention, with 39% expressing this view against only 26% saying that the controversy had received too much attention.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Harris_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Poll">Harris Poll</a> online survey of 2,320 adults conducted in March 2010, 25% of the respondents said they believed that Obama was "not born in the United States and so is not eligible to be president".<a href="#cite_note-HarrisPoll201003-11">[11]</a> In a July 2010 CNN poll of adult Americans, 16% said they had doubts that Obama was born in the United States, and a further 11% were certain that he was not.<a href="#cite_note-birtherday-12">[12]</a> The percentage of doubters plummeted after President Obama released the long form certificate in April 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Understanding_American_Government-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Theory_of_Conspiracy_Theories-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-16">[16]</a> A <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> telephone poll of 1018 adults conducted in May 2011 found that 5% of respondents believed that Obama was "definitely born in another country" and 8% believed he was "probably born in another country", versus 47% believing he was "definitely" and 18% "probably" born in the US.<a href="#cite_note-GallupPoll-2011-05-13">[13]</a> Broken down by political affiliation, the same poll found that 23% of self-identified Republicans, 14% of independents, and 5% of Democrats thought Obama was definitely or probably born in another country.<a href="#cite_note-GallupPoll-2011-05-13">[13]</a> In July 2016, four months before Donald Trump was elected to the presidency, 41 percent of Republicans disagreed that Obama was born in the United States and 31 percent neither agreed nor disagreed, per an NBC poll.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> A 2015 study found that among individuals who held birther views, they were predominantly conservative/Republican and held anti-Black attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> A 2019 study found that "among white Americans, birther beliefs are uniquely associated with racial animus."<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dilemma_for_Republicans">Dilemma for Republicans</h3></div> Because a portion of Republican voters and their <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> supporters believed Obama was not eligible to hold public office (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Opinion_surveys">Opinion surveys section</a>), Republicans sometimes found themselves caught in a dilemma between losing support or damaging their credibility.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> They had "to walk the fine line of humoring conspiracy-minded supporters without explicitly questioning Obama's legitimacy ..."<a href="#cite_note-Buck-218">[218]</a> Other Republicans, including former Minnesota governor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Tim Pawlenty</a> and former Pennsylvania senator <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a>, however, have plainly rejected these claims.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> An example of these situations was <a href="/wiki/Michael_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Castle">Michael Castle</a>, then Representative for <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, who ran in 2010 for the Senate seat vacated by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>. At a town hall meeting, Castle was confronted by constituents who jeered him for insisting that Obama is a citizen of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Castle, one of the leading Republican moderates in the House, was later defeated by <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Christine_O%27Donnell" title="Christine O'Donnell">Christine O'Donnell</a> in the Republican primary,<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> who herself later lost the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Delaware,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate special election in Delaware, 2010">general election</a> to Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary_and_criticism">Commentary and criticism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirthCertificate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BirthCertificate.jpg/170px-BirthCertificate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BirthCertificate.jpg/255px-BirthCertificate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/BirthCertificate.jpg/340px-BirthCertificate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A man carrying a sign at a <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea Party protest">Tea Party protest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, on July 4, 2009<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-dogs-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></figcaption></figure> Proponents of claims doubting Obama's eligibility have been dubbed "birthers" by their critics, who have drawn a parallel with <a href="/wiki/9/11_Truth_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 Truth Movement">9/11 conspiracy theorists</a> or "truthers". Leslie Savan of <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> has compared the so-called "birthers" to other groups as well, including those who <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">deny the Moon landing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">"Teabaggers who refuse to believe they must pay taxes"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">creationists who believe the earth is 6,000 years old</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> political commentator <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a> has defined a "birther" as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A specific new breed of American conspiracy theorists who believe that the real problem with Barack Obama being president is that he can't possibly have been born in the United States. He's not eligible to be president. The birth certificate is a fake. He's a foreigner. Once this has been exposed, I guess, he will be run out of the White House ...<a href="#cite_note-Maddow_Posey-225">[225]</a></blockquote> A number of conservative commentators have criticized its proponents and their effect on the wider conservative movement. Talk show host <a href="/wiki/Michael_Medved" title="Michael Medved">Michael Medved</a> has also been critical, calling them "the worst enemy of the conservative movement" for making other conservatives "look sick, troubled and not suitable for civilized company".<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Conservative columnist <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> has referred to them as "just a few cranks".<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> An editorial in the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin" title="Honolulu Star-Bulletin">Honolulu Star-Bulletin</a> dismissed the claims about Obama's eligibility as proposing "a vast conspiracy involving Obama's parents, state officials, the news media, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a>, think-tanks and a host of yet-to-be-uncovered others who have connived since Obama's birth to build a false record so that he could eventually seek the presidency 47 years later."<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times'</a> fact-checking website, PolitiFact, concluded its series of articles on the birth certificate issue by saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is not one shred of evidence to disprove PolitiFact's conclusion that the candidate's name is Barack Hussein Obama, or to support allegations that the birth certificate he released isn't authentic. And that's true no matter how many people cling to some hint of doubt and use the Internet to fuel their innate sense of distrust.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></blockquote> In November 2008, commentator and social critic <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a> criticized the "blathering, fanatical overkill" of the topic, but also questioned Obama's response: "Obama could have ended the entire matter months ago by publicly requesting Hawaii to issue a fresh, long-form, stamped certificate and inviting a few high-profile reporters in to examine the document and photograph it," she said.<a href="#cite_note-surfs-230">[230]</a> A parenthetical in the same article noted that "the campaign did make the 'short-form' certificate available to <a href="/wiki/Factcheck.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Factcheck.org">Factcheck.org</a>."<a href="#cite_note-surfs-230">[230]</a> Factcheck.org noted, "The Hawaii Department of Health's birth record request form does not give the option to request a photocopy of your long-form birth certificate, but their short form has enough information to be acceptable to the State Department."<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Writing in December 2008, Alex Koppelman discussed the validity of the common argument – that Obama should release a copy of his full, original certificate and the rumors and doubts would disappear.<a href="#cite_note-Alex-61">[61]</a> Conspiracy theory experts told Koppelman that when committed conspiracists are presented with more data debunking their theory, they refuse to accept the new evidence. "Whatever can't be ignored can be twisted to fit into the narrative; every new disclosure of something that should, by rights, end the controversy only opens up new questions, identifies new plotters," he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Alex-61">[61]</a> Because Obama's release of the short-form had only "stoked the fever of conspiracy mongers", Koppelman predicted that releasing the long-form certificate "would almost certainly" continue the rumor cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Alex-61">[61]</a> In response to the notion that Obama's grandparents might have planted a birth announcement in newspapers just so their grandson could some day be president, FactCheck suggested that "those who choose to go down that path should first equip themselves with a high-quality <a href="/wiki/Tinfoil_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinfoil hat">tinfoil hat</a>."<a href="#cite_note-factcheck-25">[25]</a> Brooks Jackson, the director of FactCheck, comments that "it all reflects a surge of paranoid distress among people who don't like Barack Obama" and who want the election results to go away.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chip_Berlet" title="Chip Berlet">Chip Berlet</a>, a journalist who has studied the spread of conspiracy theories, notes: <blockquote>For some people, when their side loses an election, the only explanation that makes sense to them – that they can cope with – is that sinister, bad, evil people arranged some kind of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></blockquote> American political writer <a href="/wiki/Dana_Milbank" title="Dana Milbank">Dana Milbank</a>, writing for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, described the Obama citizenship theories of Bob Schulz (chairman of the <a href="/wiki/We_the_People_Foundation" title="We the People Foundation">We the People Foundation</a>, which in 2008 <a href="/wiki/We_the_People_Foundation#Disputing_Obama's_citizenship" title="We the People Foundation">publicly challenged</a> Obama's citizenship) as "tales from the tinfoil-hat brigade".<a href="#cite_note-Millbank-Alien-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> presidential elector Camilla Auger, responding to lobbying of members of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, commented: "I was concerned that there are that many nutty people in the country making depressing, absurd allegations."<a href="#cite_note-Crummy-Electors-129">[129]</a> Some commentators have asserted that racism is a factor motivating the promotion of Obama citizenship conspiracy theories.<a href="#cite_note-racism-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> J. Richard Cohen, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, an organization that monitors hate groups and extremism, wrote an e-mail to supporters in July 2009 declaring: "This conspiracy theory was concocted by an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semite">anti-Semite</a> and circulated by racist extremists who cannot accept the fact that a black man has been elected president."<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> An academic psychologist commented that a study published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Experimental Social Psychology">Journal of Experimental Social Psychology</a> supported a conclusion that racism has played a role.<a href="#cite_note-csm-237">[237]</a> Donald Trump's questioning how Obama gained admission to two Ivy-League institutions, as well as his comment, "I have a great relationship with the blacks", led <a href="/wiki/David_Remnick" title="David Remnick">David Remnick</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a>,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> among others, to accuse Trump of racism,<a href="#cite_note-csm-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-avoidance-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> and an increased attention on race with respect to Obama.<a href="#cite_note-avoidance-239">[239]</a> In April 2011, Marilyn Davenport, a Tea Party activist and member of the executive committee of the Republican Party's local <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County, California</a>, organization, created a nationwide controversy<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> when she circulated a photograph by email, widely seen as racist, that had been edited to depict Barack Obama as the child of two chimpanzees, and<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> to which she had added the caption, "Now you know why no birth certificate".<a href="#cite_note-nytcert-243">[243]</a> Following the release of Obama's long-form certificate later that month, The New York Times remarked in an editorial that, "It is inconceivable that this campaign to portray Mr. Obama as the insidious 'other' would have been conducted against a white president."<a href="#cite_note-nytcert-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation_and_litigation">Legislation and litigation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation" title="United States presidential eligibility legislation">United States presidential eligibility legislation</a></div> The controversy over Obama's citizenship and eligibility for the presidency prompted a number of Republican state and federal legislators to propose legislation aimed at requiring future presidential candidates to release copies of their birth certificates. Some legislators also lent their support to birth certificate-related litigation against Obama, joining as co-plaintiffs.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Although Obama was confirmed as president-elect by Congress on January 8, 2009,<a href="#cite_note-Abrams-Congress-245">[245]</a> and sworn in as President on January 20,<a href="#cite_note-President_Obama-246">[246]</a> litigation continued into his presidency. Numerous individuals and groups filed state or federal lawsuits seeking to have Obama disqualified from standing or being confirmed for the Presidency, or to compel him to release additional documentation relating to his citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-EligibilityLawsuits-247">[247]</a> By mid-December 2008, at least 17 lawsuits had been filed challenging Obama's eligibility in states including North Carolina,<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Ohio,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Pennsylvania,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Hawaii,<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-251">[251]</a> Connecticut,<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> New Jersey, Texas and Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Holmes-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> No such suit resulted in the grant of any relief to the plaintiffs by any court; all of the cases were rejected in lower courts.<a href="#cite_note-20081208OS-254">[254]</a> Three post-election suits were dismissed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-Change-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-jonsson-hurdle-255">[255]</a> In April 2011, the Arizona legislature became the first to pass a bill "requiring President Obama and other presidential candidates to prove their U.S. citizenship before their names can appear on the state's ballot".<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The bill, HB 2177, was vetoed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brewer" title="Jan Brewer">Jan Brewer</a> on April 18.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Obama is not the first President to be the subject of controversy surrounding the location of his birth. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> was the subject of similar claims, although it is not certain that they were raised during his presidency. Some said that <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> was born outside the United States, with his birth records later allegedly falsified to show he was born in Vermont.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_the_2012_presidential_election_and_beyond">Impact on the 2012 presidential election and beyond</h2></div> In May 2012, the Arizona Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Bennett" title="Ken Bennett">Ken Bennett</a>, asked Hawaii to verify Obama's Hawaiian birth to ensure his eligibility to appear on the November ballot.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> After Bennett proved that he needed the information as part of the regular course of official business, Hawaii officially confirmed that the information in the copy of the Certificate of Live Birth for the President matches the original record in their files.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Later the same month, the Mississippi state Democratic Party requested Hawaii to verify that the long-form image on the White House website matched the copy on file, and they were provided with a certified verification, bearing the state seal and signed by state registrar Alvin T. Onaka, who had certified both released birth certificates.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> In September 2012, the State Objections Board of Kansas, composed of "three of the state's top elected Republicans", delayed acting on a petition to remove Barack Obama's name from the ballot, requesting information from Hawaii regarding his birth certificate;<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> however, they later voted unanimously to accept Obama's citizenship and retain him on the state's ballot, despite objections from the floor by <a href="/wiki/Orly_Taitz" title="Orly Taitz">Orly Taitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_House_responses">White House responses</h2></div> A common claim among those arguing that President Obama was not born in Hawaii is that all doubt would be settled if Obama released his "long form" birth certificate. However, commentators noted that doing so would be disadvantageous to Obama. First, it would encourage speculation as to why it took so long to release the document. Second, caving in to his political adversaries' demands would embolden them by giving them a victory. Finally, it would open the door to demands for other personal records unrelated to his birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> Despite these concerns, both Obama and his press secretary have responded to reporters' questions about the issue. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_secretary's_response">Press secretary's response</h3></div> At the end of the May 27, 2009, <a href="/wiki/News_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="News conference">press briefing</a>, WorldNetDaily reporter <a href="/wiki/Lester_Kinsolving" title="Lester Kinsolving">Lester Kinsolving</a> asked about Obama's birth certificate. <a href="/wiki/White_House_press_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="White House press secretary">White House press secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibbs" title="Robert Gibbs">Robert Gibbs</a> replied "It's on the Internet", to which Kinsolving responded "No, no, no – the long form listing his hospital and physician". Gibbs responded as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Lester, this question in many ways continues to astound me. The state of Hawaii provided a copy with the seal of the President's birth. I know there are apparently at least 400,000 people (laughter) that continue to doubt the existence of and the certification by the state of Hawaii of the President's birth there, but it's on the Internet because we put it on the Internet for each of those 400,000 to download.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></blockquote> At a July 27, 2009, press briefing, radio talk show host <a href="/wiki/Bill_Press" title="Bill Press">Bill Press</a> asked Gibbs if there was anything he could say to make the issue go away. Gibbs answered, "No. I mean, the God's honest truth is no," because "nothing will assuage" those who continue to pursue what he called "made-up, fictional nonsense" despite the evidence that Obama had already provided.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> On August 6, 2009, Gibbs commented, "You couldn't sell this script in Hollywood," and summarized the contentions that he considered "totally crazy": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A pregnant woman leaves her home to go overseas to have a child – who there's not a passport for – so is in cahoots with someone ... to smuggle that child, that previously doesn't exist on a government roll somewhere back into the country and has the amazing foresight to place birth announcements in the Hawaii newspapers? All while this is transpiring in cahoots with those in the border, all so some kid named Barack Obama could run for President 46 and a half years later.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barack_Obama's_response">Barack Obama's response</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv" title="File:Obama speaking after release of long form birth certificate.ogv">"Remarks on Birth Certificate"</a> (5:22)</div> <div><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv/232px--Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="132" data-durationhint="322" data-mwtitle="Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="842" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1234" data-height="704" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="252" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="420" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv/Obama_speaking_after_release_of_long_form_birth_certificate.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360" /></video></div> <div class="description">President Obama discusses the release of his long-form birth certificate in April 2011.</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Remarks_on_Birth_Certificate_%26_the_Real_Issues_Facing_America_(04-27-11,_BHO).ogg" title="File:Remarks on Birth Certificate & the Real Issues Facing America (04-27-11, BHO).ogg">" Remarks on Birth Certificate"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="314" data-mwtitle="Remarks_on_Birth_Certificate_&_the_Real_Issues_Facing_America_(04-27-11,_BHO).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Remarks_on_Birth_Certificate_%26_the_Real_Issues_Facing_America_%2804-27-11%2C_BHO%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Remarks_on_Birth_Certificate_%26_the_Real_Issues_Facing_America_%2804-27-11%2C_BHO%29.ogg/Remarks_on_Birth_Certificate_%26_the_Real_Issues_Facing_America_%2804-27-11%2C_BHO%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">audio only version</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> At the February 2010 <a href="/wiki/National_Prayer_Breakfast" title="National Prayer Breakfast">National Prayer Breakfast</a>, Obama commented, "Surely you can question my policies without questioning my faith. Or for that matter my citizenship."<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> He directly addressed the issue in August 2010, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Brian_Williams" title="Brian Williams">Brian Williams</a>. Williams asked Obama about the fact that a fifth of the American people do not believe that he is either American born or a Christian. Obama responded that "there is a mechanism, a network of misinformation that in a new media era can get churned out there constantly." He then added, "I can't spend all my time with my birth certificate plastered on my forehead."<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> In an April 2011 interview with <a href="/wiki/George_Stephanopoulos" title="George Stephanopoulos">George Stephanopoulos</a>, Obama said, "I think that over the last two and a half years there's been an effort to go at me in a way that is politically expedient in the short-term for Republicans, but creates, I think a problem for them when they want to actually run in a general election where most people feel pretty confident the President was born where he says he was, in Hawaii. He doesn't have horns. We may disagree with him on some issues and we may wish that you know, the unemployment rate was coming down faster and we want him to know his plan on gas prices. But we're not really worrying about conspiracy theories or ... birth certificates. And so ... I think it presents a problem for them."<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> On April 27, 2011, referring to "sideshows and carnival barkers",<a href="#cite_note-MSNBCStatement-274">[274]</a> Obama appeared in the White House press room an hour after the release of the long form and said, "I know there is going to be a segment of people for which no matter what we put out this issue will not be put to rest. But I am speaking to the vast majority of the American people, as well as to the press. We do not have time for this kind of silliness. We've got better stuff to do."<a href="#cite_note-Timelongform-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSNBCStatement-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joking_acknowledgements">Joking acknowledgements</h4></div> On several occasions, Obama joked about the conspiracy theories surrounding his birth certificate and citizenship. At the 2010 <a href="/wiki/White_House_Correspondents%27_Association" title="White House Correspondents' Association">White House Correspondents' Dinner</a>, Obama said there are few things in life harder to find and more important to keep than love, and then added, "Well, love and a birth certificate."<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> At the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridiron Dinner">Gridiron Dinner</a>, Obama referred to <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>'s song, "<a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_U.S.A._(song)" title="Born in the U.S.A. (song)">Born in the U.S.A.</a>", and commented, "Some things just bear repeating."<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> On March 17, 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a>), Obama said, "Now, speaking of ancestry, there has been some controversy about my own background. Two years into my presidency, some are still bent on peddling rumors about my origins. So today, I want to put all those rumors to rest. It is true my great-great-great-grandfather really was from Ireland. It's true. <a href="/wiki/Moneygall" title="Moneygall">Moneygall</a>, to be precise. I can't believe I have to keep pointing this out."<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> At the 2011 White House Correspondents' Dinner, following the release of his long-form Hawaiian birth certificate, Obama declared that he would "go a step further" and release his "official birth video"—actually a clip from the opening of <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> (1994) where <a href="/wiki/Simba" title="Simba">Simba</a> is born in the African savanna—after which he defeatedly remarked, "Oh well. Back to square one." He then clarified "to the Fox News table" that he was indeed joking, and that they could contact <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> for the "original long-form version".<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Later in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012">Obama's re-election campaign</a> offered for sale mugs with a picture of Obama (captioned "Made in the USA") and the image of the birth certificate. The campaign states, "There's really no way to make the conspiracy about President Obama's birth certificate completely go away, so we might as well laugh at it – and make sure as many people as possible are in on the joke."<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> On January 17, 2012, during a televised tribute to actress <a href="/wiki/Betty_White" title="Betty White">Betty White</a> on her 90th birthday, Obama taped a segment in which he wrote White a letter saying that, given her appearance and vitality, he not only could not believe she was 90, he did not believe her, and requested to see her birth certificate.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career of Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">Birthright citizenship in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur#Birth_and_family" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">Dreams from My Real Father</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJardinaTraugott2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jardina, Ashley; Traugott, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frep.2018.25">"The Genesis of the Birther Rumor: Partisanship, Racial Attitudes, and Political Knowledge"</a>. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics. 4 (1): 60–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frep.2018.25">10.1017/rep.2018.25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+the+Birther+Rumor%3A+Partisanship%2C+Racial+Attitudes%2C+and+Political+Knowledge&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-80&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Frep.2018.25&rft.aulast=Jardina&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Traugott%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Frep.2018.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation news cs1">Howard, Adam (August 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-s-conspiracy-theories-aren-t-far-outside-gop-mainstream-n628191">"Trump's Conspiracy Theories Aren't Far Outside GOP Mainstream"</a>. 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The Arizona Independent. Mohave County, AZ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azinews.com/2011/05/05/the-untold-story-of-barack-obama-sr-immigration-file-sheds-new-light/">the original</a> on January 19, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Story+Of+Barack+Obama+Sr.%3A+Immigration+File+Sheds+New+Light&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.aulast=Smathers&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azinews.com%2F2011%2F05%2F05%2Fthe-untold-story-of-barack-obama-sr-immigration-file-sheds-new-light%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noelani_Elementary-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Noelani_Elementary_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrifonovitch,_Kelli_Abe2008" class="citation news cs1">Trifonovitch, Kelli Abe (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807085834/http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/October-2008/Being-Local-Barry-and-Bryan/">"Being local, Barry and Bryan"</a>. Hawaii Business Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/October-2008/Being-Local-Barry-and-Bryan">the original</a> on August 7, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hawaii+Business+Magazine&rft.atitle=Being+local%2C+Barry+and+Bryan&rft.date=2008-10&rft.au=Trifonovitch%2C+Kelli+Abe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaiibusiness.com%2FHawaii-Business%2FOctober-2008%2FBeing-Local-Barry-and-Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDingeman,_Robbie2008" class="citation news cs1">Dingeman, Robbie (December 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/03/ln/hawaii812030386.html">"Obama childhood locales attracting more tourists"</a>. The Honolulu Advertiser. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712220246/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/03/ln/hawaii812030386.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Obama+childhood+locales+attracting+more+tourists&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.au=Dingeman%2C+Robbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FDec%2F03%2Fln%2Fhawaii812030386.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFM-Soetoro-28"><a href="#cite_ref-DFM-Soetoro_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObama1995" class="citation book cs1">Obama, Barack (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreamsfrommyfath00bara_0/page/44">Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance</a>. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreamsfrommyfath00bara_0/page/44">44–45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-38341-9"><bdi>978-0-307-38341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+from+My+Father%3A+A+Story+of+Race+and+Inheritance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-307-38341-9&rft.aulast=Obama&rft.aufirst=Barack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdreamsfrommyfath00bara_0%2Fpage%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickler2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nedra_Pickler" title="Nedra Pickler">Pickler, Nedra</a> (January 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371.html">"Obama Debunks Claim About Islamic School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104064625/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Debunks+Claim+About+Islamic+School&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.aulast=Pickler&rft.aufirst=Nedra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F24%2FAR2007012400371.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbs2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(American_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dobbs (American author)">Dobbs, Michael</a> (June 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730110947/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/06/was_obama_a_muslim.html">"Was Obama ever a Muslim?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/06/was_obama_a_muslim.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Was+Obama+ever+a+Muslim%3F&rft.date=2008-06-13&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.washingtonpost.com%2Ffact-checker%2F2008%2F06%2Fwas_obama_a_muslim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Sabarini, Prodita (January 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-southeastasia.asp?parentid=62743">"Impish Obama couldn't sit still, says school pal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228144442/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-southeastasia.asp?parentid=62743">Archived</a> February 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a> Retrieved January 28, 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-breitbart-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breitbart_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-breitbart_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2012" class="citation news cs1">Stableford, Dylan (May 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706093227/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/born-kenya-obamas-literary-agent-misidentified-birthplace-1991/story?id=16372566#.Vj6h4r9mqjc">"'Born in Kenya': Obama's Literary Agent Misidentified His Birthplace in 1991"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/OTUS/born-kenya-obamas-literary-agent-misidentified-birthplace-1991/story?id=16372566">the original</a> on July 6, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27Born+in+Kenya%27%3A+Obama%27s+Literary+Agent+Misidentified+His+Birthplace+in+1991&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FOTUS%2Fborn-kenya-obamas-literary-agent-misidentified-birthplace-1991%2Fstory%3Fid%3D16372566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406160925/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/columnist-says-barack-obama-lied-to-the-american-people-asks-publisher-to-withdraw-obamas-book-71586122.html">"Columnist Says Barack Obama 'Lied To The American People;' Asks Publisher to Withdraw Obama's Book"</a> (Press release). New York: Andy Martin Worldwide Communications. <a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>. August 10, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/columnist-says-barack-obama-lied-to-the-american-people-asks-publisher-to-withdraw-obamas-book-71586122.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2018. Retrieved January 4, 2019. <q>Obama is a Muslim who has concealed his religion. I am a strong supporter of the Muslim community, and I believe Muslims have been scapegoated. Obama has a great opportunity to be forthright. Instead, he has treated his Muslim heritage as a dark secret. His grandfather was named 'Hussein'. That is an Arabic-Muslim, not African, name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columnist+Says+Barack+Obama+%27Lied+To+The+American+People%3B%27+Asks+Publisher+to+Withdraw+Obama%27s+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Andy+Martin+Worldwide+Communications&rft.date=2004-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fcolumnist-says-barack-obama-lied-to-the-american-people-asks-publisher-to-withdraw-obamas-book-71586122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-editorial-34"><a href="#cite_ref-latimes-editorial_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-dec-03-ed-obama3-story.html">"Smears 2.0"</a>. Opinion. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. December 3, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921170747/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/dec/03/opinion/ed-obama3">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2016. <q>So it's worth considering the persistence of the Internet rumors that Obama, well known to Chicagoans as a Christian, is actually a stealth Muslim, a "Manchurian candidate" who would take the presidential oath with his hand on the Koran. The rumors first surfaced during Obama's run for Senate but took off in a viral e-mail campaign in 2006.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Smears+2.0&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-dec-03-ed-obama3-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithTau2011" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ben; Tau, Byron (April 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/birtherism-where-it-all-began-053563">"Birtherism: Where it all began"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200616004248/https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/birtherism-where-it-all-began-053563">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birtherism%3A+Where+it+all+began&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=2011-04-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Tau%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2011%2F04%2Fbirtherism-where-it-all-began-053563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2015" class="citation web cs1">Greenberg, Jon (September 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2015/sep/23/donald-trump/hillary-clinton-obama-birther-fact-check/">"Donald Trump stated on September 22, 2015 in a tweet: 'The birther movement was started by Hillary Clinton in 2008. She was all in!'"</a>. PolitiFact. Retrieved February 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolitiFact&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+stated+on+September+22%2C+2015+in+a+tweet%3A+%27The+birther+movement+was+started+by+Hillary+Clinton+in+2008.+She+was+all+in%21%27&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ffactchecks%2F2015%2Fsep%2F23%2Fdonald-trump%2Fhillary-clinton-obama-birther-fact-check%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2015" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Robert (July 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factcheck.org/2015/07/was-hillary-clinton-the-original-birther/">"Was Hillary Clinton the Original 'Birther'?"</a>. FactCheck.org. Retrieved February 27, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FactCheck.org&rft.atitle=Was+Hillary+Clinton+the+Original+%27Birther%27%3F&rft.date=2015-07-02&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2015%2F07%2Fwas-hillary-clinton-the-original-birther%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullspotting-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullspotting_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullspotting_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_Collins" class="citation web cs1">Loren Collins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bullspotting.com/articles/the-secret-origins-of-birtherism/">"The Secret Origins of Birtherism"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190210044455/http://www.bullspotting.com/articles/the-secret-origins-of-birtherism/">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2019. 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Snopes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180330054933/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hillary-clinton-started-birther-movement/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2018. 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McClatchy DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161115205806/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article102354777.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2016. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114234211/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/16/politics/hillary-clinton-patti-solis-doyle-birther-donald-trump/">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2016. 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Retrieved November 14, 2016. <q>Then in August 2008 Phil Berg, an ex-deputy attorney general for Pennsylvania and a renowned conspiracy theorist, filed a lawsuit alleging that Mr Obama was ineligible to be a candidate ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Birther+row+began+with+Hillary+Clinton+supporters&rft.aulast=Swaine&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fbarackobama%2F8478044%2FBirther-row-began-with-Hillary-Clinton-supporters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkelman2008" class="citation news cs1">Hinkelman, Michael (October 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028103254/http://www.philly.com/dailynews/local/20081025_Judge_rejects_Montco_lawyer_s_bid_to_have_Obama_removed_from_ballot.html">"Judge rejects Montco lawyer's bid to have Obama removed from ballot"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campaignspot.nationalreview.com/post/?q=NWVjN2I1MjlhM2ZjZjRjYzBkODAxZjZkZGQyYWNkMDk=">the original</a> on July 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Certification+of+Live+Birth+Found+and+Posted+at+Daily+Kos&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.au=Geraghty%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampaignspot.nationalreview.com%2Fpost%2F%3Fq%3DNWVjN2I1MjlhM2ZjZjRjYzBkODAxZjZkZGQyYWNkMDk%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fight_smears-60"><a href="#cite_ref-fight_smears_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110203021238/http://fightthesmears.com/">"Fight the Smears"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightthesmears.com/">the original</a> on February 3, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fight+the+Smears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightthesmears.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex_61-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppelman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Koppelman, Alex (December 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/12/05/birth_certificate">"Why the stories about Obama's birth certificate will never die"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100131045201/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2008/12/05/birth_certificate">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2010. <q>Barack Obama was, without question, born in the U.S., and he is eligible to be president, but experts on conspiracy theories say that won't ever matter to those who believe otherwise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Why+the+stories+about+Obama%27s+birth+certificate+will+never+die&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft.aulast=Koppelman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2008%2F12%2F05%2Fbirth_certificate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/presidentialrace/2008337771_rumorside01.html">"Hawaii: Obama born in U.S."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. November 1, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223032518/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/presidentialrace/2008337771_rumorside01.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Hawaii%3A+Obama+born+in+U.S.&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Fpresidentialrace%2F2008337771_rumorside01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuelas2016" class="citation news cs1">Ruelas, Richard (October 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-best-reads/2016/10/16/how-arizona-became-ground-zero-birthers/91924322/">"How Arizona became ground zero for 'birthers'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">The Arizona Republic</a>. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=How+Arizona+became+ground+zero+for+%27birthers%27&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft.aulast=Ruelas&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farizona-best-reads%2F2016%2F10%2F16%2Fhow-arizona-became-ground-zero-birthers%2F91924322%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Ja'han (September 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/trumps-lies-costly-investigations-marred-arizona-decade-rcna2256">"Trump's lies and costly investigations have marred Arizona for a decade"</a>. MSNBC. Retrieved February 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+lies+and+costly+investigations+have+marred+Arizona+for+a+decade&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ja%27han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fmsnbc%2Ftrumps-lies-costly-investigations-marred-arizona-decade-rcna2256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediaite.com/tv/cnn-interview-goes-off-the-rails-after-jerome-corsis-lawyer-insists-obamas-birth-certificates-fraudulent/">"CNN Interview Goes Off the Rails After Jerome Corsi's Lawyer Insists Obama's Birth Certificate is Fraudulent"</a>. March 5, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190305115801/https://www.mediaite.com/tv/cnn-interview-goes-off-the-rails-after-jerome-corsis-lawyer-insists-obamas-birth-certificates-fraudulent/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+Interview+Goes+Off+the+Rails+After+Jerome+Corsi%27s+Lawyer+Insists+Obama%27s+Birth+Certificate+is+Fraudulent&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Ftv%2Fcnn-interview-goes-off-the-rails-after-jerome-corsis-lawyer-insists-obamas-birth-certificates-fraudulent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/birth-certificate/">"FACT CHECK: Is Barack Obama's Birth Certificate Fake?"</a>. Snopes.com. August 27, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180808081108/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/birth-certificate/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=FACT+CHECK%3A+Is+Barack+Obama%27s+Birth+Certificate+Fake%3F&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fbirth-certificate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakaso2008" class="citation news cs1">Nakaso, Dan (November 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210131342/https://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20081101/NEWS05/811010345/1001/localnewsfront">"Obama's certificate of birth OK, state says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20081101/NEWS05/811010345/1001/localnewsfront">the original</a> on December 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+certificate+of+birth+OK%2C+state+says&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.aulast=Nakaso&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F20081101%2FNEWS05%2F811010345%2F1001%2Flocalnewsfront&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol06_Ch0321-0344/HRS0338/HRS_0338-0018.htm">Hawaii Revised Statutes §338-18 Disclosure of records</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427033036/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/vol06_ch0321-0344/HRS0338/HRS_0338-0018.htm">Archived</a> April 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 4, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2009" class="citation news cs1">Gold, Matea (July 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2009/07/cnn-president-jon-klein-declares-birther-story-dead.html">"CNN President Jon Klein declares Obama birther story 'dead'"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726113942/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2009/07/cnn-president-jon-klein-declares-birther-story-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=CNN+President+Jon+Klein+declares+Obama+birther+story+%27dead%27&rft.date=2009-07-24&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Matea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fshowtracker%2F2009%2F07%2Fcnn-president-jon-klein-declares-birther-story-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-officials_confirm-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-officials_confirm_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-officials_confirm_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakaso2009" class="citation news cs1">Nakaso, Dan (July 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jul/28/ln/hawaii907280345.html">"Hawaii officials confirm Obama's original birth certificate still exists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Honolulu_Advertiser" title="The Honolulu Advertiser">The Honolulu Advertiser</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110401130033/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jul/28/ln/hawaii907280345.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Hawaii+officials+confirm+Obama%27s+original+birth+certificate+still+exists&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.aulast=Nakaso&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2FJul%2F28%2Fln%2Fhawaii907280345.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov/health/about/pr/2009/09-063.pdf">Hawaii Department of Health News Release: statement by Health Director Chiyome Fukino MD"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611160151/http://hawaii.gov/health/about/pr/2009/09-063.pdf">Archived</a> June 11, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> July 27, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Long_Form_Birth_Certificate_Posted_on_White_House_website-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Long_Form_Birth_Certificate_Posted_on_White_House_website_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate.pdf">"Certificate of Live Birth"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125144906/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Certificate+of+Live+Birth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502024801/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-correspondence.pdf">"Correspondence with the Hawaii State Department of Health"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-correspondence.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 2, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Correspondence+with+the+Hawaii+State+Department+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitehouse.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Frss_viewer%2Fbirth-certificate-correspondence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809165634/http://hawaii.gov/gov/newsroom/press-releases/AttachmentsToCertificateOfLiveBirthRelease.pdf">"Attachments to Certificate of Live Birth Release"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov/gov/newsroom/press-releases/AttachmentsToCertificateOfLiveBirthRelease.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 9, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attachments+to+Certificate+of+Live+Birth+Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaii.gov%2Fgov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2FAttachmentsToCertificateOfLiveBirthRelease.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, David (April 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-releases-birth-records/1">"Obama releases his Hawaii birth certificate"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429102815/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/04/obama-releases-birth-records/1">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Obama+releases+his+Hawaii+birth+certificate&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftheoval%2Fpost%2F2011%2F04%2Fobama-releases-birth-records%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724095254/http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=71462e6edb79c23595f73fe38&id=9d8904b9d5">"Hawaii Health Department Grants President Obama's Request for Certified Copies of 'Long Form' Birth Certificate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=71462e6edb79c23595f73fe38&id=9d8904b9d5">the original</a> on July 24, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Health+Department+Grants+President+Obama%27s+Request+for+Certified+Copies+of+%27Long+Form%27+Birth+Certificate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus2.campaign-archive1.com%2F%3Fu%3D71462e6edb79c23595f73fe38%26id%3D9d8904b9d5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429013125/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf">"Barack Obama's long form birth certificate"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved April 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Talking+Points+Memo&rft.atitle=With+Drudge+Report%27s+Help%2C+Birthers+Latch+Onto+Phony+Forgery+Theory&rft.date=2011-04-29&rft.au=Benjy+Sarlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com%2F2011%2F04%2Fwith-drudge-reports-help-birthers-latch-onto-phony-forgery-theory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2011" class="citation news cs1">Richardson, Valerie (May 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/18/birth-papers-hit-book-sales/">"Birth papers hit book sales"</a>. 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National Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522025007/http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/265767/pdf-layers-obamas-birth-certificate-nathan-goulding">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=PDF+Layers+in+Obama%27s+Birth+Certificate&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Goulding&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2F265767%2Fpdf-layers-obamas-birth-certificate-nathan-goulding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Goldie (April 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711174949/http://maddowblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/27/6547023-why-obama-shouldnt-have-had-to-show-his-papers-full-version">"Why Obama shouldn't have had to 'show his papers'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Rachel_Maddow_Show_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rachel Maddow Show (TV series)">The Rachel Maddow Show</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maddowblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/04/27/6547023-why-obama-shouldnt-have-had-to-show-his-papers-full-version">the original</a> on July 11, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rachel+Maddow+Show&rft.atitle=Why+Obama+shouldn%27t+have+had+to+%27show+his+papers%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Goldie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaddowblog.msnbc.msn.com%2F_news%2F2011%2F04%2F27%2F6547023-why-obama-shouldnt-have-had-to-show-his-papers-full-version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hughey, Matthew (2012). "Show Me Your Papers! Obama's Birth and the Whiteness of Belonging". <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_Sociology" title="Qualitative Sociology">Qualitative Sociology</a>. 35 (2): 163–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11133-012-9224-6">10.1007/s11133-012-9224-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145812135">145812135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Sociology&rft.atitle=Show+Me+Your+Papers%21+Obama%27s+Birth+and+the+Whiteness+of+Belonging&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-181&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11133-012-9224-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145812135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hughey&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2009" class="citation news cs1">Malcolm, Andrew (June 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/06/barack-obama-birth-certificate.html">"More questions about Barack Obama's birth certificate, still"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703070147/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/06/barack-obama-birth-certificate.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=More+questions+about+Barack+Obama%27s+birth+certificate%2C+still&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fwashington%2F2009%2F06%2Fbarack-obama-birth-certificate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-66/pdf/STATUTE-66-Pg163.pdf#page=74">"PUBLIC LAW 4 14-JUNE 27, 1952"</a> (PDF). govinfo.gov. Section 301(a)(7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129175216/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-66/pdf/STATUTE-66-Pg163.pdf#page=74">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=PUBLIC+LAW+4+14-JUNE+27%2C+1952&rft.pages=Section+301%28a%29%287%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-66%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-66-Pg163.pdf%23page%3D74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volokh-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Volokh_88-0">^</a> Volokh interpreted the law differently in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanega2008" class="citation news cs1">Janega, James (October 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227063603/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-birth-certificate-30-oct30,0,1742172.story">"Rumor calls Obama's birth certificate fake But his critics don't appear to have proof"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-birth-certificate-30-oct30,0,1742172.story">the original</a> on December 27, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Rumor+calls+Obama%27s+birth+certificate+fake+But+his+critics+don%27t+appear+to+have+proof&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Janega&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-birth-certificate-30-oct30%2C0%2C1742172.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988">, but later posted a correction at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolokh2008" class="citation web cs1">Volokh, Eugene (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokh.com/archives/archive_2008_11_30-2008_12_06.shtml#1227910730">"Correction About Natural-Born Citizen Law"</a>. 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Retrieved July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Volokh+Conspiracy&rft.atitle=Correction+About+Natural-Born+Citizen+Law&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Volokh&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolokh.com%2Farchives%2Farchive_2008_11_30-2008_12_06.shtml%231227910730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppelman2009" class="citation news cs1">Koppelman, Alex (July 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2009/07/24/liddy/">"No, Obama's grandmother didn't say he was born in Kenya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203213719/http://www.salon.com/2009/07/24/liddy/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=No%2C+Obama%27s+grandmother+didn%27t+say+he+was+born+in+Kenya&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.aulast=Koppelman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2009%2F07%2F24%2Fliddy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomma2009" class="citation news cs1">Thomma, Steven (July 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/227/story/72794.html">"Here's the truth: 'Birther' claims are just plain nuts"</a>. 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Retrieved July 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here%27s+the+truth%3A+%27Birther%27+claims+are+just+plain+nuts&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft.aulast=Thomma&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F227%2Fstory%2F72794.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821054242/http://www.courant.com/news/nationworld/world/chi-0703270151mar27-archive%2C0%2C2145571.story">"Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas"</a>. Hartford Courant. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courant.com/news/nationworld/world/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,2145571.story">the original</a> on August 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama%3A+Mother+not+just+a+girl+from+Kansas&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fchi-0703270151mar27-archive%2C0%2C2145571.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmon-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Carmon_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmon2012" class="citation news cs1">Carmon, Irin (June 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2012/06/22/barack_obama_wasnt_born_in_kenya/">"Barack Obama wasn't born in Kenya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623174221/https://www.salon.com/2012/06/22/barack_obama_wasnt_born_in_kenya/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved June 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Barack+Obama+wasn%27t+born+in+Kenya&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.aulast=Carmon&rft.aufirst=Irin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2012%2F06%2F22%2Fbarack_obama_wasnt_born_in_kenya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CopyofKenyanDocument-93"><a href="#cite_ref-CopyofKenyanDocument_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2009" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Rachel (August 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/03/kenyan-birth-certificate_n_249850.html">"Kenyan Birth Certificate: Obama Birthers Latch On To Forgery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606215710/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/03/kenyan-birth-certificate_n_249850.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Kenyan+Birth+Certificate%3A+Obama+Birthers+Latch+On+To+Forgery&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F08%2F03%2Fkenyan-birth-certificate_n_249850.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/08/04/Birther-She-has-Obama-birth-certificate/UPI-75631249420557/">"Kenya 'birth certificate' said to be fake"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807091357/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/08/04/Birther-She-has-Obama-birth-certificate/UPI-75631249420557">Archived</a> August 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Press International. August 4, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Snopes.com: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/politics/obama/birthers/kenyacert.asp">Kenyan Mistake.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200616024917/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/kenyan-mistake/">Archived</a> June 16, 2020, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> February 15, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Rosendorff, Dina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2646009.htm">"Adelaide man caught up in bid to oust Obama"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805192904/http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2008/s2646009.htm">Archived</a> August 5, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/PM_(ABC_Radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="PM (ABC Radio)">PM</a>, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Transcript of program aired August 4, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Koppelman, Alex (August 4, 2009).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/08/04/australia_certificate/">"Source for forged Kenyan birth certificate found?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807025005/http://www.salon.com/politics/war_room/2009/08/04/australia_certificate/">Archived</a> August 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Salon. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fearlessblogging.com/comment/view/6816">anonymous blogger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810020800/http://fearlessblogging.com/comment/view/6816">Archived</a> August 10, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2009" class="citation news cs1">Weigel, David (August 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090808043052/http://washingtonindependent.com/54104/punkin-the-birthers-priceless">"Punkin' the Birthers: Priceless"</a>. The Washington Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtonindependent.com/54104/punkin-the-birthers-priceless">the original</a> on August 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Independent&rft.atitle=Punkin%27+the+Birthers%3A+Priceless&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonindependent.com%2F54104%2Fpunkin-the-birthers-priceless&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2010" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Anderson (August 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101108051128/http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2010/08/06/video-release-birth-certificate-military-doctor-demands-2/">"Release birth certificate, military doctor demands"</a>. CNN: Anderson Cooper 360. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2010/08/06/video-release-birth-certificate-military-doctor-demands-2/">the original</a> on November 8, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN%3A+Anderson+Cooper+360&rft.atitle=Release+birth+certificate%2C+military+doctor+demands&rft.date=2010-08-06&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fac360.blogs.cnn.com%2F2010%2F08%2F06%2Fvideo-release-birth-certificate-military-doctor-demands-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weigel-dogs-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel-dogs_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weigel-dogs_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigel2009" class="citation news cs1">Weigel, David (July 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725043238/http://washingtonindependent.com/51489/birther-movement-picks-up-steam">"'Birther' Movement Dogs Republicans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Independent">Washington Independent</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtonindependent.com/51489/birther-movement-picks-up-steam">the original</a> on July 25, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Independent&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-left%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3EBirther%27+Movement+Dogs+Republicans&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonindependent.com%2F51489%2Fbirther-movement-picks-up-steam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kornhaber-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kornhaber_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kornhaber_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornhaber2009" class="citation news cs1">Kornhaber, Spencer (June 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocweekly.com/2009-06-18/news/orly-taitz/1">"Meet Orly Taitz, Queen Bee of People Obsessed With Barack Obama's Birth Certificate"</a>. OC Weekly. Costa Mesa, CA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090623063731/http://www.ocweekly.com/2009-06-18/news/orly-taitz/1">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OC+Weekly&rft.atitle=Meet+Orly+Taitz%2C+Queen+Bee+of+People+Obsessed+With+Barack+Obama%27s+Birth+Certificate&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft.aulast=Kornhaber&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocweekly.com%2F2009-06-18%2Fnews%2Forly-taitz%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukino-Release-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Fukino-Release_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov/health/about/pr/2009/09-063.pdf">"Statement by Health Director Chiyome Fukino, M.D."</a> (PDF) (Press release). Hawaii State Department of Health. July 27, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611160151/http://hawaii.gov/health/about/pr/2009/09-063.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+by+Health+Director+Chiyome+Fukino%2C+M.D.&rft.pub=Hawaii+State+Department+of+Health&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhawaii.gov%2Fhealth%2Fabout%2Fpr%2F2009%2F09-063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakaso-Isle-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Nakaso-Isle_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakaso2009" class="citation news cs1">Nakaso, Dan (July 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jul/27/br/hawaii90727082.html">"Obama Hawaii born, insist Isle officials"</a>. Honolulu Advertiser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610044239/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Jul/27/br/hawaii90727082.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Obama+Hawaii+born%2C+insist+Isle+officials&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft.aulast=Nakaso&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2009%2FJul%2F27%2Fbr%2Fhawaii90727082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-honolulu_advertiser-105"><a href="#cite_ref-honolulu_advertiser_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoig2008" class="citation news cs1">Roig, Suzanne (October 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Oct/18/ln/hawaii810180353.html">"Suit targets Obama document: Foe of presidential candidate wants birth certificate, related files"</a>. Honolulu Advertiser. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721040552/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Oct/18/ln/hawaii810180353.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2009. Retrieved March 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Suit+targets+Obama+document%3A+Foe+of+presidential+candidate+wants+birth+certificate%2C+related+files&rft.date=2008-10-18&rft.aulast=Roig&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe.honoluluadvertiser.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2FOct%2F18%2Fln%2Fhawaii810180353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> Martin was seeking "a copy of Obama's birth certificate, and related files and records". </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090729_No_doubt_about_Obamas_birth">"No doubt about Obama's birth"</a>. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. July 29, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515004859/http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090729_No_doubt_about_Obamas_birth">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Honolulu+Star-Bulletin&rft.atitle=No+doubt+about+Obama%27s+birth&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2Fcontent%2F20090729_No_doubt_about_Obamas_birth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKornhaber2009">Kornhaber 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocweekly.com/2009-06-18/news/orly-taitz/4">4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Crossette1981" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Crossette" title="Barbara Crossette">Barbara Crossette</a> (June 14, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/14/travel/lahore-a-survivor-with-a-bittersweet-history.html">"Lahore, a Survivor With a Bittersweet History"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220094017/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/14/travel/lahore-a-survivor-with-a-bittersweet-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2011. Retrieved March 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lahore%2C+a+Survivor+With+a+Bittersweet+History&rft.date=1981-06-14&rft.au=Barbara+Crossette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F06%2F14%2Ftravel%2Flahore-a-survivor-with-a-bittersweet-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Travel-109"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Travel_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrims1981" class="citation news cs1">Brims, John S. 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The Denver Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081213044903/http://www.denverpost.com/president08/ci_11201168">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2008. Retrieved December 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=State%27s+9+electors+unmoved+by+anti-Obama+pitch&rft.date=2008-12-12&rft.au=Crummy%2C+Karen+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fpresident08%2Fci_11201168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-Whisper-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-Whisper_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-Whisper_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr,_Andy2008" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Andy (December 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211013725/http://news.yahoo.com/s/politico/20081207/pl_politico/16257">"Whisper campaign persists despite election"</a>. The Politico. 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(June 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QPHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80">"Farah, Joseph Francis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/modern-american-extremism-and-domestic-terrorism-9781440852756/">Modern American Extremism and Domestic Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Extremists and Extremist Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 110–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440852756" title="Special:BookSources/9781440852756"><bdi>9781440852756</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 15, 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>At one point, Farah had pledged $15,000 for the "long form" birth certificate that proved Obama's birth in Hawaii (WND 2010). 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100423144052/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111409944">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2010. 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Retrieved July 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eligibility+Lawsuits&rft.pub=The+Right+side+of+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therightsideoflife.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Gonzales, Veronica (November 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20081114/ARTICLES/811140244/-1/SPORTS0701?Title=Hampstead_man_s_suit_contests_President_elect_Obama_s_citizenship">"Hampstead man's suit contests President-elect Obama's citizenship"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128052303/http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20081114/ARTICLES/811140244/-1/SPORTS0701?Title=Hampstead_man_s_suit_contests_President_elect_Obama_s_citizenship">Archived</a> January 28, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Star-News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington Star-News">Wilmington Star-News</a> (North Carolina). </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> McLaughlin, Sheila (November 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20081101/NEWS0107/811010316">"Lawsuit tossed on Obama's birth site"</a>, Cincinnati Enquirer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211045806/http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20081101/NEWS0107/811010316">Archived</a> February 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/26/around-the-nation-14956785/">"Judge tosses suit over Obama's birth"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029192641/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/26/around-the-nation-14956785/">Archived</a> October 29, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Washington Times. October 26, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_251-1">b</a> Holmes, Jamie (October 23, 2008). "Obama citizenship questions continue", <a href="/wiki/WPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="WPTV">WPTV</a> (West Palm Beach, Florida). </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courant.com/news/local/statewire/hc-03113426.apds.m0709.bc-ct--obamnov03,0,6569534.story">"Conn. court upholds Obama's place on ballot"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a>. Associated Press. November 3, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107023107/http://www.courant.com/news/local/statewire/hc-03113426.apds.m0709.bc-ct--obamnov03,0,6569534.story">Archived</a> November 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iw1At-4G1xuE50oXVFRlBPfR3dqgD945OLU00">"State declares Obama birth certificate genuine"</a>. Associated Press. October 31, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081130002657/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iw1At-4G1xuE50oXVFRlBPfR3dqgD945OLU00">Archived</a> November 30, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20081208OS-254"><a href="#cite_ref-20081208OS_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2008" class="citation news cs1">Savage, David G. (December 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721090000/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/topic/chi-obama-citizen_q_and_adec08,0,7609381.story">"Fast facts on Barack Obama citizenship lawsuits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/topic/chi-obama-citizen_q_and_adec08,0,7609381.story">the original</a> on July 21, 2009. Retrieved December 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Fast+facts+on+Barack+Obama+citizenship+lawsuits&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Ftopic%2Fchi-obama-citizen_q_and_adec08%2C0%2C7609381.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jonsson-hurdle-255"><a href="#cite_ref-jonsson-hurdle_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsson2008" class="citation news cs1">Jonsson, Patrik (November 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/1126/a-last-electoral-hurdle-for-obama">"A last electoral hurdle for Obama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024225133/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/1126/a-last-electoral-hurdle-for-obama">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2009. <q>A Web-driven challenge to his legitimacy targets members of the Electoral College.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=A+last+electoral+hurdle+for+Obama&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft.aulast=Jonsson&rft.aufirst=Patrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2F2008%2F1126%2Fa-last-electoral-hurdle-for-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/politics/arizona-plows-controversial-ground-with-birther-bill/">"Arizona Plows Controversial Ground With Birther Bill"</a>. Phoenix: Fox News Channel. Associated Press. April 16, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209014424/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/04/16/arizona-plows-controversial-ground-birther/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arizona+Plows+Controversial+Ground+With+Birther+Bill&rft.date=2011-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Farizona-plows-controversial-ground-with-birther-bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110428103934/http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/dpp/news/politics/state_politics/brewer-vetoes-birther-bill-guns-on-campus-4-18-2011">"Gov. Brewer Vetoes Birther Bill, Guns on Campus"</a>. Phoenix: myfoxphoenix.com. April 18, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxphoenix.com/story/18119918/gov-brewer-vetoes-birther-bill-guns-on-campus">the original</a> on April 28, 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2013. <q>I never imagined being presented with a bill that could require candidates for President of the greatest and most powerful nation on earth to submit their 'early baptismal or circumcision certificates' ... this is a bridge too far. This measure creates significant new problems while failing to do anything constructive for Arizona.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gov.+Brewer+Vetoes+Birther+Bill%2C+Guns+on+Campus&rft.place=Phoenix&rft.pub=myfoxphoenix.com&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfoxphoenix.com%2Fstory%2F18119918%2Fgov-brewer-vetoes-birther-bill-guns-on-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell2004" class="citation book cs1">Karabell, Zachary (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chesteralanarthu00kara">Chester Alan Arthur</a> (1st ed.). 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Retrieved February 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Hawaii+sends+Arizona+verification+of+Obama%27s+birth&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+Wingett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2012%2F05%2F22%2F20120522obama-birth-hawaii-arizona-verification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/05/24/arizona-birther-renaissance-sparked-by-sheriff-arpaio-secretary-of-state-bennett.html">"Arizona Birther Renaissance Sparked By Sheriff Arpaio, Secretary of State Bennett"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. May 24, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120709134517/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/05/24/arizona-birther-renaissance-sparked-by-sheriff-arpaio-secretary-of-state-bennett.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Arizona+Birther+Renaissance+Sparked+By+Sheriff+Arpaio%2C+Secretary+of+State+Bennett&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F05%2F24%2Farizona-birther-renaissance-sparked-by-sheriff-arpaio-secretary-of-state-bennett.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/hawaii-verifies-president-obama-birth-records-arizona-elections-chief-ken-bennett-article-1.1083039">"Hawaii verifies President Obama's birth records to Arizona's elections chief Ken Bennett"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a>. New York. Associated Press. May 23, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525103815/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/hawaii-verifies-president-obama-birth-records-arizona-elections-chief-ken-bennett-article-1.1083039">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Hawaii+verifies+President+Obama%27s+birth+records+to+Arizona%27s+elections+chief+Ken+Bennett&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fhawaii-verifies-president-obama-birth-records-arizona-elections-chief-ken-bennett-article-1.1083039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz-Wald2012" class="citation news cs1">Seitz-Wald, Alex (June 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2012/06/07/orly_taitzs_birther_suit_backfires/singleton/">"Orly Taitz's Birther Suit Backfires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607162213/http://www.salon.com/2012/06/07/orly_taitzs_birther_suit_backfires/singleton/">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Orly+Taitz%27s+Birther+Suit+Backfires&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=Seitz-Wald&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2012%2F06%2F07%2Forly_taitzs_birther_suit_backfires%2Fsingleton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2012" class="citation news cs1">Carpenter, Tim (September 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjonline.com/news/2012-09-13/kansas-panel-delays-ballot-decision-obama">"Kansas panel delays ballot decision on Obama"</a>. Topeka Capital Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915052711/http://cjonline.com/news/2012-09-13/kansas-panel-delays-ballot-decision-obama">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topeka+Capital+Journal&rft.atitle=Kansas+panel+delays+ballot+decision+on+Obama&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcjonline.com%2Fnews%2F2012-09-13%2Fkansas-panel-delays-ballot-decision-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelock2012" class="citation web cs1">Celock, John (September 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/17/kansas-birther-hearing-obama-orly-taitz_n_1890446.html">"At Kansas Birther Hearing, Board Allows Obama On Ballot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329235717/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/17/kansas-birther-hearing-obama-orly-taitz_n_1890446.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+Kansas+Birther+Hearing%2C+Board+Allows+Obama+On+Ballot&rft.pub=Huffington+Post&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Celock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuffingtonpost.com%2F2012%2F09%2F17%2Fkansas-birther-hearing-obama-orly-taitz_n_1890446.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppelman2009" class="citation news cs1">Koppelman, Alex (August 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/08/05/birther_faq/">"Salon's handy-dandy guide to refuting the Birthers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809023256/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2009/08/05/birther_faq/">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2009. <q>Myth #8</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Salon%27s+handy-dandy+guide+to+refuting+the+Birthers&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft.aulast=Koppelman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2F2009%2F08%2F05%2Fbirther_faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/video/White-House-Press-Briefing-7/27/09#transcript">"Official transcript of the May 27, 2009, WhiteHouse press briefing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206105253/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/video/White-House-Press-Briefing-7/27/09#transcript">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Official+transcript+of+the+May+27%2C+2009%2C+WhiteHouse+press+briefing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fvideo%2FWhite-House-Press-Briefing-7%2F27%2F09%23transcript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the_press_office/Briefing-by-White-House-Press-Secretary-Robert-Gibbs-7-27-09/">Press briefing by White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090730021021/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Briefing-by-White-House-Press-Secretary-Robert-Gibbs-7-27-09/">Archived</a> July 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, White House (July 27, 2009). 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Retrieved July 28, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Gibbs%3A+Birth+Certificate+Controversy+is+%22Made-Up+Fictional+Nonsense%22&rft.date=2009-07-27&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.abcnews.com%2Fpoliticalpunch%2F2009%2F07%2Fgibbs-birth-certificate-controversy-is-madeup-fictional-nonsense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapperMiller,_Sunlen2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jake_Tapper" title="Jake Tapper">Tapper, Jake</a>; Miller, Sunlen (August 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/08/gibbs-on-birthers-theories-you-couldnt-sell-this-script-in-hollywood.html">"Gibbs on Birthers' Theories: 'You Couldn't Sell This Script in Hollywood'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090809090953/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2009/08/gibbs-on-birthers-theories-you-couldnt-sell-this-script-in-hollywood.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2009. 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Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Obama+Asks+Betty+White+to+Release+Long-Form+Birth+Certificate&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft.aulast=Daunt&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fbetty-white-obama-birth-certificate-282712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarack+Obama+citizenship+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barack_Obama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">from Illinois</a> (2005–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senator</a> from the 13th district (1997–2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Early life and career of Barack Obama">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama">Illinois Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_career_of_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate career of Barack Obama">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Barack_Obama" title="Political positions of Barack Obama">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Administration foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_on_mass_surveillance" title="Barack Obama on mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Social policy of the Barack Obama administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Space policy of the Barack Obama administration">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wing_Week" title="West Wing Week">West Wing Week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">2013 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Barack Obama presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2009)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2010)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2011)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2012)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency_(2016%E2%80%932017)#January_2017" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency (2016–2017)">January 2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)#Reassessment_and_renewed_commitment_from_2008" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Iraq withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack" title="2012 Benghazi attack">Benghazi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Return to Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">War in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Iran nuclear deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Pivot to Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">Cuban thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="European foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter_Fair_Pay_Act_of_2009" title="Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009">Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration">Energy</a>/Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_R._Lautenberg_Chemical_Safety_for_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act">Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Marine policy of the Barack Obama administration">Marine policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act" title="Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act">Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy,_Hunger-Free_Kids_Act_of_2010" title="Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010">Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_START" title="New START">New START</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">MAP-21st Century Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixing_America%27s_Surface_Transportation_Act" title="Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act">FAST Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_granted_executive_clemency_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of people granted executive clemency by Barack Obama">Pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama">Presidential trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2009)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2010)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2010)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2011)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2012)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2012)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2013)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2014)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2015)" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama_(2016%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama (2016–2017)">2016–17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of international presidential trips made by Barack Obama">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Garland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barack_Obama" title="Cabinet of Barack Obama">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Presidential_Center" title="Barack Obama Presidential Center">Presidential Library and Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of executive actions by Barack Obama">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Hussein_Obama/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Hussein Obama/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_memoranda_by_Barack_Obama" title="List of presidential memoranda by Barack Obama">Memoranda</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Barack_Obama/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations">Proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Trump transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Estate" title="Plantation Estate">Plantation Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_by_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books by Barack Obama">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Thee_I_Sing_(book)" title="Of Thee I Sing (book)">Of Thee I Sing (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Promised_Land" title="A Promised Land">A Promised Land (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Barack_Obama" title="Speeches of Barack Obama">Speeches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention_keynote_address" title="2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address">The Audacity of Hope</a>" (2004)</li> <li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Remarks_of_Senator_Barack_Obama_on_New_Hampshire_Primary_Night" class="extiw" title="s:Remarks of Senator Barack Obama on New Hampshire Primary Night">Yes We Can</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(speech)" title="A More Perfect Union (speech)">A More Perfect Union</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_election_victory_speech" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential election victory speech">Change Has Come to America</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama#Ceremony:_"A_New_Birth_of_Freedom"" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">A New Birth of Freedom</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2009)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_New_Beginning_(speech)" title="A New Beginning (speech)">A New Beginning</a>" (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Barack_Obama_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2009 Barack Obama speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (health care reform)</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2010 State of the Union Address">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2011 State of the Union Address">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2012 State of the Union Address">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2014 State of the Union Address">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2015 State of the Union Address">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2016 State of the Union Address">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Tucson_memorial_speech" title="Barack Obama Tucson memorial speech">Tucson memorial speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jobs_Act" title="American Jobs Act">Joint session of Congress (jobs)</a> (2011)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_didn%27t_build_that" title="You didn't build that">You didn't build that</a>" (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Selma_50th_anniversary_speech" title="Barack Obama Selma 50th anniversary speech">Selma 50th anniversary</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_farewell_address" title="Barack Obama's farewell address">Farewell address</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Barack_Obama" title="Electoral history of Barack Obama">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">State Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#First_state_Senate_election,_1996" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Second_state_Senate_election,_1998" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate_elections_of_Barack_Obama#Third_state_Senate_election,_2002" title="Illinois Senate elections of Barack Obama">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Illinois%27s_1st_congressional_district_election" title="2000 Illinois's 1st congressional district election">2000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois" title="2004 United States Senate election in Illinois">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">GOP/conservative support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign_staff_members" title="List of Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign staff members">staff members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_primary_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign">primary campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Barack_Obama" title="Family of Barack Obama">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">Ann Dunham</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">Barack Obama Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Soetoro" title="Lolo Soetoro">Lolo Soetoro</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Soetoro-Ng" title="Maya Soetoro-Ng">Maya Soetoro-Ng</a> (maternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Armour_Dunham" title="Stanley Armour Dunham">Stanley Armour Dunham</a> (maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madelyn_Dunham" title="Madelyn Dunham">Madelyn Dunham</a> (maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auma_Obama" title="Auma Obama">Auma Obama</a> (paternal half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Obama" title="Malik Obama">Malik Obama</a> (paternal half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Robinson" title="Marian Robinson">Marian Robinson</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Robinson_(basketball)" title="Craig Robinson (basketball)">Craig Robinson</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(dog)" title="Bo (dog)">Bo</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_(dog)" title="Sunny (dog)">Sunny</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barack_Obama" title="Template talk:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barack_Obama" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barack Obama"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_image" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Barack_Obama" title="Public image of Barack Obama">Public image</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News and political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey%27s_endorsement_of_Barack_Obama" title="Oprah Winfrey's endorsement of Barack Obama">Oprah Winfrey's endorsement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Citizenship conspiracy theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">litigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Ayers_2008_presidential_election_controversy" title="Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy">Bill Ayers controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wright_controversy" title="Jeremiah Wright controversy">Jeremiah Wright controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_and_conservative_support_for_Barack_Obama_in_2008" title="Republican and conservative support for Barack Obama in 2008">Republican and conservative support (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Barack_Obama" title="Security incidents involving Barack Obama">Assassination threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Denver" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Denver">2008 Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_assassination_plot_in_Tennessee" title="Barack Obama assassination plot in Tennessee">2008 Tennessee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invitations_to_the_first_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Invitations to the first inauguration of Barack Obama">First inauguration invitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_One:_The_Obama_Inaugural_Celebration_at_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial">Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Briefing_Book" title="Citizen's Briefing Book">Citizen's Briefing Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_protests" title="Tea Party protests">Tea Party protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Energy_for_America" title="New Energy for America">New Energy for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_arrest_controversy#Presidential_involvement" title="Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy">Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_of_Shirley_Sherrod" title="Firing of Shirley Sherrod">Firing of Shirley Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Barack_Obama" title="Efforts to impeach Barack Obama">Impeachment efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_tan_suit_controversy" title="Barack Obama tan suit controversy">Tan suit controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Books about Barack Obama">Books about</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Barack_Obama" title="Bibliography of Barack Obama">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_From_Promise_to_Power" title="Obama: From Promise to Power">Obama: From Promise to Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_Der_schwarze_Kennedy" title="Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy">Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_Song_(Stanage_book)" title="Redemption Song (Stanage book)">Redemption Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Barack_Obama" title="The Case Against Barack Obama">The Case Against Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Nation" title="The Obama Nation">The Obama Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Corruption" title="Culture of Corruption">Culture of Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophe_(Morris_and_McGann_book)" title="Catastrophe (Morris and McGann book)">Catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_and_Michelle" title="Barack and Michelle">Barack and Michelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sharpley-Whiting_book)" title="The Speech (Sharpley-Whiting book)">The Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Story" title="The Obama Story">The Obama Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Barack_and_a_Hard_Place" title="Between Barack and a Hard Place">Between Barack and a Hard Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Change" title="Game Change">Game Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Zombies" title="Obama Zombies">Obama Zombies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Victory" title="Conservative Victory">Conservative Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge:_The_Life_and_Rise_of_Barack_Obama" title="The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama">The Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Diaries" title="The Obama Diaries">The Obama Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Syndrome" title="The Obama Syndrome">The Obama Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obama_Identity" title="The Obama Identity">The Obama Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O:_A_Presidential_Novel" title="O: A Presidential Novel">O: A Presidential Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where%27s_the_Birth_Certificate%3F" title="Where's the Birth Certificate?">Where's the Birth Certificate?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama%27s_Last_Stand" title="Obama's Last Stand">Obama's Last Stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama:_The_Story" title="Barack Obama: The Story">Barack Obama: The Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Down:_Game_Change_2012" title="Double Down: Game Change 2012"> Game Change 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_Remorse_(book)" title="Buyer's Remorse (book)">Buyer's Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(book)" title="Rising Star (book)">Rising Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade:_A_Tale_of_Two_Presidents" title="Shade: A Tale of Two Presidents">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_It_Is_(book)" title="The World as It Is (book)">The World as It Is</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Lee_Ettinger" title="Amber Lee Ettinger">Obama Girl</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Crush_on_Obama" title="Crush on Obama">I Got a Crush... on Obama</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro#Barack_Obama" title="Magical Negro">Barack the Magic Negro</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will.i.am" title="Will.i.am">will.i.am</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Yes_We_Can_(will.i.am_song)" title="Yes We Can (will.i.am song)">Yes We Can</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_President_Sang_Amazing_Grace" title="The President Sang Amazing Grace">The President Sang Amazing Grace</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/There%27s_No_One_as_Irish_as_Barack_O%27Bama" title="There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama">There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Se_Puede_Cambiar" title="Sí Se Puede Cambiar">Sí Se Puede Cambiar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deadheads_for_Obama" title="Deadheads for Obama">Deadheads for Obama</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Air_and_Simple_Gifts" title="Air and Simple Gifts">Air and Simple Gifts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_Is_Now:_Renewing_America%27s_Promise" title="Change Is Now: Renewing America's Promise">Change Is Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope!_%E2%80%93_Das_Obama_Musical" title="Hope! – Das Obama Musical">Hope! – Das Obama Musical</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_vs._Mitt_Romney_(video)" title="Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney (video)">Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baracksdubs" title="Baracksdubs">Barack's Dubs</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Signed,_Sealed,_Delivered_I%27m_Yours#Political_significance" title="Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours">Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film, TV, and stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By_the_People:_The_Election_of_Barack_Obama" title="By the People: The Election of Barack Obama">By the People: The Election of Barack Obama</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_(film)" title="Change (film)">Change</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Anak_Menteng" title="Obama Anak Menteng">Obama Anak Menteng</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016:_Obama%27s_America" title="2016: Obama's America">2016: Obama's America</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_We%27ve_Traveled" title="The Road We've Traveled">The Road We've Traveled</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southside_with_You" title="Southside with You">Southside with You</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_and_Clinton" title="Hillary and Clinton">Hillary and Clinton</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_(2016_film)" title="Barry (2016 film)">Barry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Great_Divide" title="America's Great Divide">America's Great Divide</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(2021_TV_series)" title="We the People (2021 TV series)">We the People</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegades:_Born_in_the_USA" title="Renegades: Born in the USA">Renegades: Born in the USA</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama:_In_Pursuit_of_a_More_Perfect_Union" title="Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union">Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturing_the_Obamas" title="Picturing the Obamas">Picturing the Obamas</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Barack_Obama" title="Category:Images of Barack Obama">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Barack_Obama" title="Social media use by Barack Obama">Social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_for_Obama" title="Artists for Obama">Artists for Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Hope%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Hope" poster">"Hope" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_%22Joker%22_poster" title="Barack Obama "Joker" poster">"Joker" poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_Like_Mine" title="Hair Like Mine">Hair Like Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_Crosson" title="Iman Crosson">Iman Crosson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Man_(painting)" title="The Forgotten Man (painting)">The Forgotten Man</a> (2010 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Barack_Obama_(painting)" title="President Barack Obama (painting)">President Barack Obama</a> (2018 portrait)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_logo" title="Obama logo">Obama logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_in_comics" title="Barack Obama in comics">In comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama%27s_summer_playlist" title="Barack Obama's summer playlist">Barack Obama's summer playlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Day" title="Barack Obama Day">Barack Obama Day (Illinois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama Day">Obama Day (Kenya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Barack_Obama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Barack Obama">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Barack_Obama" title="List of things named after Barack Obama">Namesakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Ground_Productions" title="Higher Ground Productions">Higher Ground Productions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Time_(Hamilton_song)#Remix" title="One Last Time (Hamilton song)">One Last Time (44 Remix)</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_before_signing" title="Sunlight before signing">Sunlight before signing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">← George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barack_Obama" title="Category:Barack Obama">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Donald_Trump" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Donald_Trump" title="Template talk:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Donald_Trump" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Donald Trump"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Donald_Trump" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">45th</a> (2017–2021) and <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">47th</a> (beginning 2025) <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Business career of Donald Trump">Business career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_and_business_legal_affairs_of_Donald_Trump" title="Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump">legal affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_projects_of_Donald_Trump_in_Russia" title="Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia">business projects in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between business partners and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wealth of Donald Trump">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump" title="Tax returns of Donald Trump">tax returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Media_%26_Technology_Group" title="Trump Media & Technology Group">Trump Media & Technology Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_career_of_Donald_Trump" title="Media career of Donald Trump">Media career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Apprentice_(American_TV_series)" title="The Apprentice (American TV series)">The Apprentice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_golf" title="Donald Trump and golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of awards and honors received by Donald Trump">Honors and awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">Political positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Relationship to fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_of_Donald_Trump" title="Rhetoric of Donald Trump">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="2021 Conservative Political Action Conference">2021 CPAC speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endorsements_by_Donald_Trump" title="List of endorsements by Donald Trump">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump" title="False or misleading statements by Donald Trump">False or misleading statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Protests against Donald Trump">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_protests_against_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of protests against Donald Trump">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump" title="Racial views of Donald Trump">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_Donald_Trump" title="Security incidents involving Donald Trump">Security incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Las_Vegas_rally_incident" title="2016 Donald Trump Las Vegas rally incident">Las Vegas rally incident</a></li></ul></li> <li>Attempted assassinations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">in Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_raised-fist_photographs" title="Donald Trump raised-fist photographs">raised-fist photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Matthew_Crooks" title="Thomas Matthew Crooks">perpetrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Florida" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Florida">in Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Wesley_Routh" title="Ryan Wesley Routh">suspect</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Donald_Trump" title="Age and health concerns about Donald Trump">Age and health concerns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Trump" title="Ivana Trump">Ivana Trump</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marla_Maples" title="Marla Maples">Marla Maples</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Jr." title="Donald Trump Jr.">Donald Trump Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanka_Trump" title="Ivanka Trump">Ivanka Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Trump" title="Eric Trump">Eric Trump</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_Trump" title="Tiffany Trump">Tiffany Trump</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_MacLeod_Trump" title="Mary Anne MacLeod Trump">Mary Anne MacLeod Trump</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Trump_Barry" title="Maryanne Trump Barry">Maryanne Trump Barry</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_Jr." title="Fred Trump Jr.">Fred Trump Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trump" title="Robert Trump">Robert Trump</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Trump" title="Frederick Trump">Frederick Trump</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Christ_Trump" title="Elizabeth Christ Trump">Elizabeth Christ Trump</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Kushner" title="Jared Kushner">Jared Kushner</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Trump" title="Lara Trump">Lara Trump</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Trump" title="Vanessa Trump">Vanessa Trump</a> (former daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Trump" title="Blaine Trump">Blaine Trump</a> (former sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalija_Knavs" title="Amalija Knavs">Amalija Knavs</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Trump" title="John G. Trump">John G. Trump</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_L._Trump" title="Mary L. Trump">Mary L. Trump</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump_III" title="Fred Trump III">Fred Trump III</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_Walter" title="John Whitney Walter">John Whitney Walter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Donald_Trump" title="Bibliography of Donald Trump">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Deal" title="Trump: The Art of the Deal">Trump: The Art of the Deal</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_Surviving_at_the_Top" title="Trump: Surviving at the Top">Trump: Surviving at the Top</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_The_Art_of_the_Comeback" title="Trump: The Art of the Comeback">Trump: The Art of the Comeback</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_America_We_Deserve" title="The America We Deserve">The America We Deserve</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump:_How_to_Get_Rich" title="Trump: How to Get Rich">Trump: How to Get Rich</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_the_Top" title="The Way to the Top">The Way to the Top</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_101" title="Trump 101">Trump 101</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Want_You_to_Be_Rich" title="Why We Want You to Be Rich">Why We Want You to Be Rich</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big_and_Kick_Ass" title="Think Big and Kick Ass">Think Big and Kick Ass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_to_Get_Tough" title="Time to Get Tough">Time to Get Tough</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_Touch_(book)" title="Midas Touch (book)">Midas Touch</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippled_America" title="Crippled America">Crippled America</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">2000 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">announcement</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_America_Great_Again" title="Make America Great Again">Make America Great Again</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2016_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Links_between_Trump_associates_and_Russian_officials" title="Links between Trump associates and Russian officials">links between campaign officials and Russian government officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_Hurricane_(FBI_investigation)" title="Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)">Crossfire Hurricane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International reactions to the 2016 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Voters_Against_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Voters Against Trump">Republican opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney%27s_2016_anti-Trump_speech" title="Mitt Romney's 2016 anti-Trump speech">Mitt Romney speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_oppose_the_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Republicans who oppose the Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_sexual_misconduct_allegations" title="Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations">Sexual misconduct allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_Access_Hollywood_tape" title="Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape">Access Hollywood recording</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_rallies_(December_2016%E2%80%932022)#2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Donald Trump rallies (December 2016–2022)">rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Trump_Tulsa_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Trump Tulsa rally">2020 Tulsa rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">2020 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">attempts to overturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Biden transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">2024 presidential campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign#Announcement" title="Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign">annoucement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rallies_for_the_2024_Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign" title="List of rallies for the 2024 Donald Trump presidential campaign">rallies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">2024 Republican primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2024 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2024 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 general election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_eligibility_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump">eligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2024_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the 2024 United States presidential election">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_is_for_they/them" title="Kamala is for they/them">Kamala is for they/them</a> (attack ad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A._Bible" title="God Bless the U.S.A. Bible">Trump Bible</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_the_U.S.A." title="God Bless the U.S.A.">God Bless the U.S.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Y.M.C.A._(song)" title="Y.M.C.A. (song)">Y.M.C.A.</a>" (campaign song)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBI_investigation_into_Donald_Trump%27s_handling_of_government_documents" title="FBI investigation into Donald Trump's handling of government documents">FBI investigation into handling of government documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">FBI search of Mar-a-Lago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_investigations_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York investigations of The Trump Organization">New York investigations of The Trump Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stormy_Daniels%E2%80%93Donald_Trump_scandal" title="Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal">Stormy Daniels scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_civil_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization">civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_criminal_investigation_of_The_Trump_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New York criminal investigation of The Trump Organization">criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Jean_Carroll_v._Donald_J._Trump" title="E. Jean Carroll v. Donald J. Trump">Carroll v. Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2022)" title="Trump v. United States (2022)">Trump v. United States (2022)</a></li> <li>State prosecutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_special_counsel_investigation" title="Smith special counsel investigation">Smith special counsel investigation</a></li> <li>Federal prosecution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(classified_documents_case)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (classified documents case)">classified documents case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_(election_obstruction_case)" title="Federal prosecution of Donald Trump (election obstruction case)">election obstruction case</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mug_shot_of_Donald_Trump" title="Mug shot of Donald Trump">Trump mug shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Donald_Trump" title="Family of Donald Trump">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_Foundation" title="Donald J. Trump Foundation">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_popular_culture" title="Donald Trump in popular culture">In popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Dance" title="Trump Dance">Trump Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_filmography" title="Donald Trump filmography">filmography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_in_music" title="Donald Trump in music">in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Donald_Trump" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump">SNL parodies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residences_of_Donald_Trump" title="Residences of Donald Trump">Residences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/85-15_Wareham_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="85-15 Wareham Place">85-15 Wareham Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower" title="Trump Tower">Trump Tower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_penthouse_of_Donald_Trump" title="Trump Tower penthouse of Donald Trump">penthouse apartment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_National_Golf_Club_Bedminster" title="Trump National Golf Club Bedminster">Bedminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-a-Lago" title="Mar-a-Lago">Mar-a-Lago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visionary" title="The Visionary">The Visionary</a></li> <li>Social media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_by_Donald_Trump" title="Social media use by Donald Trump">media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_conflict_with_the_media" title="Donald Trump's conflict with the media">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Tower_wiretapping_allegations" title="Trump Tower wiretapping allegations">wiretapping allegations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_News_Update" title="Real News Update">Real News Update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covfefe" title="Covfefe">covfefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Trump_State_Park" title="Donald J. Trump State Park">Donald J. Trump State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_Donald_Trump_about_other_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nicknames used by Donald Trump about other people">Nicknames used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Force_One" title="Trump Force One">Trump Force One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_derangement_syndrome" title="Trump derangement syndrome">Trump derangement syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Trump" title="Fort Trump">Fort Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikers_for_Trump" title="Bikers for Trump">Bikers for Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_Trump" title="Women for Trump">Women for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacks_for_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacks for Trump">Blacks for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Voices_for_Trump" title="Black Voices for Trump">Black Voices for Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_for_Trump" title="Gays for Trump">Gays for Trump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudonyms_used_by_Donald_Trump" title="Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump">Pseudonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_coverage_of_Donald_Trump" title="Wikipedia coverage of Donald Trump">Wikipedia coverage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">← Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">← Joe Biden →</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Donald_Trump" title="Category:Donald Trump">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Estimate of the Situation</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Estermann" title="Alois Estermann">Alois Estermann</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste">Mary Celeste</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"></a></li></ul><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> </a><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory">California drought manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha / beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">turbo cancer</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas (outside the United States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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