CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Progressivism in the United States - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"501ff3a1-ec1d-4e26-8835-ef7ab140abd8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Progressivism_in_the_United_States","wgTitle":"Progressivism in the United States","wgCurRevisionId":1258811920,"wgRevisionId":1258811920,"wgArticleId":2035730,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from August 2023","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Webarchive template archiveis links","Commons category link from Wikidata","Progressivism in the United States","History of the United States by topic","Political history of the United States","Progressive Era in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Progressivism_in_the_United_States","wgRelevantArticleId":2035730,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4379869","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Progressivism in the United States - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Progressivism_in_the_United_States rootpage-Progressivism_in_the_United_States skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Progressivism+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Progressivism+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Progressivism+in+the+United+States" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Progressivism+in+the+United+States" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Progressive Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_corporations_and_monopolies:_trust_busting_vs._regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_corporations_and_monopolies:_trust_busting_vs._regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Large corporations and monopolies: trust busting vs. regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_corporations_and_monopolies:_trust_busting_vs._regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Efficiency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Efficiency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Governmental corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social work</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_work-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social work subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anti-prostitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enactment_of_child_labor_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enactment_of_child_labor_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Enactment of child labor laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enactment_of_child_labor_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_goals_of_organized_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_goals_of_organized_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Support for the goals of organized labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_goals_of_organized_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eugenics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eugenics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Eugenics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eugenics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purifying_the_electorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purifying_the_electorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Purifying the electorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purifying_the_electorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Municipal administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_parks_and_wildlife_refuges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks_and_wildlife_refuges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>National parks and wildlife refuges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks_and_wildlife_refuges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Reclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>National politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In the 21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mitigating_income_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigating_income_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Mitigating income inequality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigating_income_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wall_Street_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wall_Street_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>Wall Street reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wall_Street_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Health care reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimum_wage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimum_wage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Minimum wage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimum_wage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Environmental justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Social justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Progressive parties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Progressive_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Progressive parties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Progressive_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_Party,_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Party,_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Progressive Party, 1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Party,_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Party,_1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Party,_1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Progressive Party, 1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Party,_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Party,_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Party,_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Progressive Party, 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Party,_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmer–Labor_Parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmer–Labor_Parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Farmer–Labor Parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmer–Labor_Parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>National politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Progressivism in the United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="التقدمية في الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التقدمية في الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americk%C3%BD_progresivismus" title="Americký progresivismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Americký progresivismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivismus_in_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Progressivismus in den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Progressivismus in den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ترقی‌خواهی در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترقی‌خواهی در ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרוגרסיביזם בארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוגרסיביזם בארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="アメリカ合衆国における進歩主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国における進歩主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%DA%AB%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="په امریکا کې پرمختګپالنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په امریکا کې پرمختګپالنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Прогрессивизм в США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прогрессивизм в США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پێشکەوتنخوازی لە ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێشکەوتنخوازی لە ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4379869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Progressivism_in_the_United_States" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1258811920" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&id=1258811920&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgressivism_in_the_United_States"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FProgressivism_in_the_United_States"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Progressivism_in_the_United_States" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4379869" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political philosophy and reform movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #800080; background:var( --background-color-base, #800080 ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" title="Cloward–Piven strategy">Cloward–Piven strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brinton" title="Sam Brinton">Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haben_Girma" title="Haben Girma">Girma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jenkins" title="Andrea Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Mahogany" title="Honey Mahogany">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Kate_Dale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Kate Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre#MoveOn_and_political_commentary" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Kasparian" title="Ana Kasparian">Kasparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Marsh" title="Jeffrey Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn" title="Zoë Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffals" title="Keffals">Sorrenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Finke" title="Leigh Finke">Finke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama (Barack)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Obama (Michelle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">AMLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"> Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (Woodrow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a></i> (1987–2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a></i> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Media" title="Crooked Media">Crooked Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">Progressive era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #800080; border-bottom:1px solid #800080; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Progressivism in the United States</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left-leaning</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and reform movement. Into the 21st century, it advocates policies that are generally considered <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a>. It has also expressed itself within <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">center-right</a> politics, such as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">progressive conservatism</a>. It reached its height early in the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_working_class" class="mw-redirect" title="American working class">working class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> in nature, it arose as a response to the vast changes brought by <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>, such as the growth of large corporations, <a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_United_States" title="Pollution in the United States">pollution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">corruption</a> in American politics. Historian <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Hamby" title="Alonzo Hamby">Alonzo Hamby</a> describes American progressivism as a "political movement that addresses ideas, impulses, and issues stemming from modernization of American society. Emerging at the end of the nineteenth century, it established much of the tone of American politics throughout the first half of the century."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progressive economic policies incorporate the socioeconomic principles and views of social democracy and <a href="/wiki/Political_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political progressivism">political progressivism</a>. These views are often rooted in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> and have the goal of improving the human condition through <a href="/wiki/Government_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government regulation">government regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_protection" title="Social protection">social protections</a>, and the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on the idea that <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> markets left to operate with limited government regulation are inherently unfair, favoring <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wealthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealthy">wealthy</a>. Specific economic policies that are considered progressive include <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive taxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income redistribution</a> aimed at reducing <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">inequalities of wealth</a>, a comprehensive package of <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">universal health care</a>, resisting <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">involuntary unemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">social security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage</a> laws, <a href="/wiki/Antitrust_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust laws">antitrust laws</a>, legislation protecting <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, and the rights of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">labor unions</a>. While the modern progressive movement may be characterized as largely secular in nature, the historical progressive movement was by comparison to a significant extent rooted in and energized by religion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progressive_Era">Progressive Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Progressive Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></div> <p>Historians debate the exact contours, but they generally date the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> in response to the excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> from the 1890s to either <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1917 or the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the core principles of the progressive movement focused on the need for efficiency in all areas of society, and for greater democratic control over public policy. Purification to eliminate waste and corruption was a powerful element as well as the progressives' support of worker compensation, improved child labor laws, minimum wage legislation, a limited workweek, graduated income tax and allowing women the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Link" title="Arthur S. Link">Arthur S. Link</a> and Vincent P. De Santis argue that the majority of progressives wanted to purify politics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some Progressives, purification meant taking the vote away from blacks in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Large_corporations_and_monopolies:_trust_busting_vs._regulation">Large corporations and monopolies: trust busting vs. regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Large corporations and monopolies: trust busting vs. regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/300px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/450px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/600px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5111" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate" title="The Bosses of the Senate">The Bosses of the Senate</a></i>, a cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ferdinand_Keppler" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ferdinand Keppler">Joseph Keppler</a> depicting corporate interests—from <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">steel</a>, copper, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States">oil</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">sugar</a>, tin, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">coal</a> to paper bags, envelopes and salt—as giant money bags looming powerfully over the tiny, weak U.S. Senators<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Most progressives hoped that by regulating large corporations they could liberate human energies from the restrictions imposed by industrial <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. Nonetheless, the progressive movement was split over which of the following solutions should be used to regulate corporations. Many progressives argued that industrial monopolies were unnatural economic institutions which suppressed the competition which was necessary for progress and improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a> prohibits anti-competitive behavior (<a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Unfair_business_practices" title="Unfair business practices">unfair business practices</a>. Presidents such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Trust-busting" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust-busting">trust-busting</a>. During their presidencies, the otherwise-conservative Taft brought down 90 trusts in four years while Roosevelt took down 44 in seven and a half years in office.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progressives, such as Benjamin Parke De Witt, argued that, in a modern economy, large corporations and even monopolies were both inevitable and desirable. He argued that with their massive resources and economies of scale, large corporations offered the United States advantages which smaller companies could not offer. However, these large corporations might abuse their great power. The federal government should allow these companies to exist, but otherwise regulate them for the public interest. President Roosevelt generally supported this idea and incorporated it as part of his "<a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency">Efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many progressives such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> hoped to make American governments better able to serve the people's needs by making governmental operations and services more efficient and rational. Rather than making legal arguments against ten-hour workdays for women, he used "scientific principles" and data produced by social scientists documenting the high costs of long working hours for both individuals and society.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The progressives' quest for efficiency was sometimes at odds with the progressives' quest for democracy. Taking power out of the hands of elected officials and placing that power in the hands of professional administrators reduced the voice of the politicians and in turn reduced the voice of the people. Centralized decision-making by trained experts and reduced power for local wards made government less corrupt but more distant and isolated from the people it served. Progressives who emphasized the need for efficiency typically argued that trained independent experts could make better decisions than the local politicians. In his influential <i>Drift and Mastery</i> (1914) stressing the "scientific spirit" and "discipline of democracy", <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> called for a strong central government guided by experts rather than public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of progressive reform was the rise of the <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">city manager</a> system in which paid, professional engineers ran the day-to-day affairs of city governments under guidelines established by elected <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city councils</a>. Many cities created municipal "reference bureaus" which did expert surveys of government departments looking for waste and inefficiency. After in-depth surveys, local and even state governments were reorganized to reduce the number of officials and to eliminate overlapping areas of authority between departments. City governments were reorganized to reduce the power of local ward bosses and to increase the powers of the city council. Governments at every level began developing budgets to help them plan their expenditures rather than spending money haphazardly as needs arose and revenue became available. Governor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Lowden">Frank Lowden</a> of Illinois showed a "passion for efficiency" as he streamlined state government.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_corruption">Governmental corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governmental corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corruption represented a source of waste and inefficiency in the government. <a href="/wiki/William_Simon_U%27Ren" title="William Simon U'Ren">William Simon U'Ren</a> in Oregon, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> in Wisconsin and others worked to clean up state and local governments by passing laws to weaken the power of <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine politicians</a> and political bosses. In Wisconsin, La Follette pushed through an <a href="/wiki/Open_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Open primary">open primary</a> system that stripped party bosses of the power to pick party candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oregon System included a "Corrupt Practices Act", a public referendum and a state-funded voter's pamphlet, among other reforms which were exported to other states in the Northwest and Midwest. Its high point was in 1912, after which they detoured into a disastrous third party status.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a></div> <p>Early progressive thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lester_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester Ward">Lester Ward</a> placed a universal and comprehensive system of education at the top of the progressive agenda, reasoning that if a democracy were to be successful, its leaders, the general public, needed a good education.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressives worked hard to expand and improve public and private education at all levels. They believed that modernization of society necessitated the compulsory education of all children, even if the parents objected. Progressives turned to educational researchers to evaluate the reform agenda by measuring numerous aspects of education, later leading to <a href="/wiki/Standardized_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized testing">standardized testing</a>. Many educational reforms and innovations generated during this period continued to influence debates and initiatives in American education for the remainder of the 20th century. One of the most apparent legacies of the Progressive Era left to American education was the perennial drive to reform schools and curricula, often as the product of energetic grass-roots movements in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since progressivism was and continues to be "in the eyes of the beholder", progressive education encompasses very diverse and sometimes conflicting directions in educational policy. Such enduring legacies of the Progressive Era continue to interest historians. Progressive Era reformers stressed "object teaching", meeting the needs of particular constituencies within the school district, equal educational opportunity for boys and girls and avoiding corporal punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Gamson examines the implementation of progressive reforms in three city school districts—<a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>—during 1900–1928. Historians of educational reform during the Progressive Era tend to highlight the fact that many progressive policies and reforms were very different and at times even contradictory. At the school district level, contradictory reform policies were often especially apparent, though there is little evidence of confusion among progressive school leaders in Denver, Seattle and Oakland. District leaders in these cities, including <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Cooper" title="Frank B. Cooper">Frank B. Cooper</a> in Seattle and Fred M. Hunter in Oakland, often employed a seemingly contradictory set of reforms. Local progressive educators consciously sought to operate independently of national progressive movements as they preferred reforms that were easy to implement and were encouraged to mix and blend diverse reforms that had been shown to work in other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reformers emphasized professionalization and bureaucratization. The old system whereby ward politicians selected school employees was dropped in the case of teachers and replaced by a merit system requiring a college-level education in a <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> (teacher's college).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid growth in size and complexity the large urban school systems facilitated stabilized employment for women teachers and provided senior teachers greater opportunities to mentor younger teachers. By 1900, most women in <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, remained as teachers for at least 17.5 years, indicating teaching had become a significant and desirable career path for women.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_work">Social work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg/220px-SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg/330px-SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg/440px-SMASH_THE_PROSTITUTION_RACKET_-_NARA_-_515431.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>United States federal government <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era poster against <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Progressives set up training programs to ensure that welfare and charity work would be undertaken by trained professionals rather than warm-hearted amateurs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> of Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> typified the leadership of residential, community centers operated by social workers and volunteers and located in inner city <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>. The purpose of the settlement houses was to raise the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> of urbanites by providing adult education and cultural enrichment programs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-prostitution">Anti-prostitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anti-prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this era of massive reformation among all social aspects, elimination of prostitution was vital for the progressives, especially the women.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-prostitution movement involved three main groups: Christians, Progressive Era feminists, and physicians. Many individuals active in the anti-prostitution movement shared some of the same perspectives from each of these groups. Jane Addams, one of the most notable of early American social workers, wrote a book addressing prostitution. According to her argument in <i>A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the reason why women resorted to prostitution was due to the inadequate salaries they received. However, she also mentions the absence of family oversight of female modesty, as young women migrated from rural to urban areas. Although most prostitutes were born in America, the public believed that women were being brought into the United States and later sold into prostitution. The opposition against prostitution could have been a reflection of concerns regarding the influx of immigrants, the growth of cities, the development of industries, and the erosion of established moral standards.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enactment_of_child_labor_laws">Enactment of child labor laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enactment of child labor laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">Child labor laws in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_(10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_%2810%29.jpg/220px-A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_%2810%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_%2810%29.jpg/330px-A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_%2810%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_%2810%29.jpg/440px-A_poster_highlighting_situation_of_child_labor_in_USA_in_early_20th_century_%2810%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3574" /></a><figcaption>A poster highlighting the situation of child labor in the United States in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Child labor laws were designed to prevent the overuse of children in the newly emerging industries. The goal of these laws was to give <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> children the opportunity to go to school and mature more institutionally, thereby liberating the potential of humanity and encouraging the advancement of humanity. Factory owners generally did not want this progression because of lost workers. Parents relied on the income of children to keep the family solvent. Progressives enacted state and federal laws against child labor, but these were overturned by the US Supreme Court. A proposed constitutional amendment was opposed by business and Catholics; it passed Congress but was never ratified by enough states. Child labor was finally outlawed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_for_the_goals_of_organized_labor">Support for the goals of organized labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support for the goals of organized labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Jumblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal (Alva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal (Gunnar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Social_Democracy_in_Asia" title="Network of Social Democracy in Asia">Network of Social Democracy in Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #B60202; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Labor unions grew steadily until 1916, then expanded fast during the war. In 1919, a wave of major strikes alienated the middle class and the strikes were lost which alienated the workers. In the 1920s, the unions were in the doldrums. In 1924, they supported <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)">Progressive Party</a>, but he only carried his base in Wisconsin. The <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> under <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a> after 1907 began supporting the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, who promised more favorable judges as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> appointed pro-business judges. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and his third party also supported such goals as the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour work day</a>, improved safety and health conditions in factories, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> laws and <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> laws for women.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition">Prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most progressives, especially in rural areas, adopted the cause of <a href="/wiki/Prohibitionism" title="Prohibitionism">prohibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They saw the saloon as political corruption incarnate and bewailed the damage done to women and children. They believed the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> limited mankind's potential for advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressives achieved success first with state laws then with the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1919. The golden day did not dawn as enforcement was lax, especially in the cities where the law had very limited popular support and where notorious criminal gangs such as the Chicago gang of <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> made a crime spree based on illegal sales of liquor in speakeasies. The "experiment" (as President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> called it) also cost the federal and local treasuries large sums of taxes. The 18th amendment was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eugenics">Eugenics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eugenics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some progressives sponsored <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> as a solution to excessively large or under-performing families, hoping that <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> would enable parents to focus their resources on fewer, better children while others, like <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> advocated it.<sup id="cite_ref-retrospectives_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retrospectives-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressives also advocated for <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> of those deemed "unfit".<sup id="cite_ref-retrospectives_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-retrospectives-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressive leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> indicated their classical liberal concern over the danger posed to the individual by the practice of eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressive politician <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> opposed eugenics on the grounds of his anti-evolution activism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a paper titled "The Progressives: Racism and Public Law", American legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hovenkamp" title="Herbert Hovenkamp">Herbert Hovenkamp</a> (MA, PhD, JD) wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>When examining the Progressives on race, it is critical to distinguish the views that they inherited from those that they developed. The rise of Progressivism coincided with the death of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, which had been taught in American universities since the early nineteenth century and featured prominently in the scientific debate over Darwin’s theory of evolution. Eugenics, which attempted to use genetics and mathematics to validate many racist claims, was its last gasp. The most notable thing about the Progressives is that they were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purifying_the_electorate">Purifying the electorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Purifying the electorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Progressives repeatedly warned that illegal voting was corrupting the political system. They especially identified big-city bosses, working with <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">saloon</a> keepers and precinct workers, as the culprits who stuffed the ballot boxes. The solution to purifying the vote included prohibition (designed to close down the saloons), voter registration requirements (designed to end multiple voting), and literacy tests (designed to minimize the number of ignorant voters).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> used devices to <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchise black voters</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, the progressive elements in those states pushed for disenfranchisement, often fighting against the conservatism of the Black Belt whites.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major reason given was that whites routinely purchased black votes to control elections, and it was easier to disenfranchise blacks than to go after powerful white men.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern states</a>, progressives such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Simon_U%27Ren" title="William Simon U'Ren">William Simon U'Ren</a> argued that the average citizen should have more control over his government. The Oregon System of "<a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiative, Referendum, and Recall</a>" was exported to many states, including Idaho, Washington and Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many progressives such as George M. Forbes, president of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>'s Board of Education, hoped to make government in the United States more responsive to the direct voice of the American people, arguing: </p> <blockquote><p>[W]e are now intensely occupied in forging the tools of democracy, the direct primary, the initiative, the referendum, the recall, the short ballot, commission government. But in our enthusiasm we do not seem to be aware that these tools will be worthless unless they are used by those who are aflame with the sense of brotherhood. ... The idea [of the social centers movement is] to establish in each community an institution having a direct and vital relation to the welfare of the neighborhood, ward, or district, and also to the city as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Philip J. Ethington seconds this high view of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, saying that "initiatives, referendums, and recalls, along with direct primaries and the direct election of US Senators, were the core achievements of 'direct democracy' by the Progressive generation during the first two decades of the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City,_1912.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City%2C_1912.jpeg/220px-Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City%2C_1912.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City%2C_1912.jpeg/330px-Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City%2C_1912.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City%2C_1912.jpeg/440px-Feminist_Suffrage_Parade_in_New_York_City%2C_1912.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Women marching for the right to vote, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Progressives fought for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> to purify the elections using supposedly purer female voters.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressives in the South supported the elimination of supposedly corrupt black voters from the election booth. Historian Michael Perman says that in both Texas and Georgia "disfranchisement was the weapon as well as the rallying cry in the fight for reform". In Virginia, "the drive for disfranchisement had been initiated by men who saw themselves as reformers, even progressives".<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Perman_2001_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Perman_2001-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the ultimate significance of the progressive movement on today's politics is still up for debate, Alonzo L. Hamby asks: </p> <blockquote><p>What were the central themes that emerged from the cacophony [of progressivism]? Democracy or elitism? Social justice or social control? Small entrepreneurship or concentrated capitalism? And what was the impact of American foreign policy? Were the progressives isolationists or interventionists? Imperialists or advocates of national self-determination? And whatever they were, what was their motivation? Moralistic utopianism? Muddled relativistic pragmatism? Hegemonic capitalism? Not surprisingly many battered scholars began to shout 'no mas!' In 1970, Peter Filene declared that the term 'progressivism' had become meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_administration">Municipal administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Municipal administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The progressives typically concentrated on city and state government, looking for waste and better ways to provide services as the cities grew rapidly. These changes led to a more structured system, power that had been centralized within the legislature would now be more locally focused. The changes were made to the system to effectively make legal processes, market transactions, bureaucratic administration and democracy easier to manage, putting them under the classification of "Municipal Administration". There was also a change in authority for this system as it was believed that the authority that was not properly organized had now given authority to professionals, experts and bureaucrats for these services. These changes led to a more solid type of municipal administration compared to the old system that was underdeveloped and poorly constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The progressives mobilized concerned middle class voters as well as newspapers and magazines to identify problems and concentrate reform sentiment on specific problems. Many Protestants focused on the saloon as the power base for corruption as well as violence and family disruption, so they tried to get rid of the entire saloon system through prohibition. Others such as <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> in Chicago promoted <a href="/wiki/Settlement_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement houses">settlement houses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early municipal reformers included <a href="/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree" title="Hazen S. Pingree">Hazen S. Pingree</a> (mayor of Detroit in the 1890s)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_L._Johnson" title="Tom L. Johnson">Tom L. Johnson</a> in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1901, Johnson won election as mayor of Cleveland on a platform of just taxation, home rule for Ohio cities and a 3-cent streetcar fare.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbia University President <a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a> was elected mayor of New York City in 1901 on a reform ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history_of_the_United_States" title="Environmental history of the United States">Environmental history of the United States</a></div> <p>During the term of the progressive Republican President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909) and influenced by the ideas of philosopher-scientists such as <a href="/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh" title="George Perkins Marsh">George Perkins Marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_John_McGee" title="William John McGee">William John McGee</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest government-funded conservation-related projects in United States history were undertaken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks_and_wildlife_refuges">National parks and wildlife refuges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National parks and wildlife refuges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_Organic_Act" title="National Park Service Organic Act">National Park Service Organic Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge</a></div> <p>On March 14, 1903, President Roosevelt created the first National Bird Preserve, the beginning of the Wildlife Refuge system, on Pelican Island, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. In all, by 1909, the Roosevelt administration had created an unprecedented 42 million acres (170,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">United States National Forests</a>, 53 <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuges</a> and 18 areas of "special interest" such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclamation">Reclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, Roosevelt approved the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</a> of 1902 which gave subsidies for irrigation in 13 (eventually 20) Western states. Another conservation-oriented bill was the <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a> of 1906 that protected large areas of land by allowing the president to declare areas meriting protection to be <a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">national monuments</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Commission" title="Inland Waterways Commission">Inland Waterways Commission</a> was appointed by Roosevelt on March 14, 1907, to study the river systems of the United States, including the development of water power, flood control and land reclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_politics">National politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, politicians of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican</a> parties, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Roosevelt_League" title="Lincoln–Roosevelt League">Lincoln–Roosevelt League</a> Republicans (in California) and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)">Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party</a> all pursued environmental, political and economic reforms. Chief among these aims was the pursuit of trust busting, the breaking up very large monopolies and support for labor unions, public health programs, decreased corruption in politics and environmental conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The progressive movement enlisted support from both major parties and from minor parties as well. One leader, the Democratic <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, had won both the Democratic Party and the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> nominations in 1896. At the time, the great majority of other major leaders had been opposed to populism. When Roosevelt left the Republican Party in 1912, he took with him many of the intellectual leaders of progressivism, but very few political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Party then became notably more committed to business-oriented and efficiency-oriented progressivism, typified by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #3333FF; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3333FF; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Liberalism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism#United_States" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern/Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal egalitarianism">Legal egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unalienable_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Unalienable rights">Unalienable rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frank" title="Thomas Frank">Frank (Thomas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Abrams" title="Stacey Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams"> Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank (Barney)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Glasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy (Joseph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King (Coretta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Martin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Kinzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamelle_Bouie" title="Jamelle Bouie">Bouie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carville" title="James Carville">Carville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chait" title="Jonathan Chait">Chait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Nehisi_Coates" title="Ta-Nehisi Coates">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Colbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Dowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxane_Gay" title="Roxane Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hayes" title="Chris Hayes">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_Huffington" title="Arianna Huffington">Huffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel" title="Jimmy Kimmel">Kimmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein (Naomi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meyers" title="Seth Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(political_strategist)" title="Tim Miller (political strategist)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Moyers" title="Bill Moyers">Moyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Noah" title="Trevor Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Polgreen" title="Lydia Polgreen">Polgreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Yglesias" class="mw-redirect" title="Matt Yglesias">Yglesias</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Darrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. B. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive Party</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction" title="Black-and-tan faction">Black-and-tans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Roosevelt Republicans">Roosevelt Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwumps" title="Mugwumps">Mugwumps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party (factions)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #3333FF; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberal_Imagination" title="The Liberal Imagination">The Liberal Imagination</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheJungleSinclair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/TheJungleSinclair.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="338" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> exposed Americans to the horrors of the Chicago meatpacking plants.</figcaption></figure> <p>The foundation of the progressive tendency was indirectly linked to the unique philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a> which was primarily developed by <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_American_Mind_1952_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_American_Mind_1952-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equally significant to progressive-era reform were the crusading journalists known as <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckrakers</a>. These journalists publicized to middle class readers economic privilege, political corruption and social injustice. Their articles appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="McClure's Magazine">McClure's Magazine</a></i> and other reform periodicals. Some muckrakers focused on <a href="/wiki/Corporate_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate abuses">corporate abuses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a> exposed the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company">Standard Oil Company</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shame_of_the_Cities" title="The Shame of the Cities">The Shame of the Cities</a></i> (1904), <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</a> dissected corruption in city government. In <i>Following the Color Line</i> (1908), <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</a> criticized race relations. Other muckrakers assailed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>, railroad companies, insurance companies and fraud in <a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">patent medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novelists criticized corporate injustices. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a> drew harsh portraits of a type of ruthless businessman in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financier" title="The Financier">The Financier</a></i> (1912) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Titan_(novel)" title="The Titan (novel)">The Titan</a></i> (1914). In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> (1906), socialist <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> repelled readers with descriptions of Chicago's meatpacking plants and his work led to support for remedial food safety legislation. Leading intellectuals also shaped the progressive mentality. In <i>Dynamic Sociology</i> (1883), <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> laid out the philosophical foundations of the progressive movement and attacked the <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> policies advocated by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i> (1899), <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> attacked the "conspicuous consumption" of the wealthy. Educator <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> emphasized a child-centered philosophy of pedagogy known as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">progressive education</a> which affected schoolrooms for three generations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_21st_century">In the 21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_left" class="mw-redirect" title="American left">American left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></div> <p>Modern progressivism can be seen as encompassing many notable differences from the historical progressivism of the 19th–20th centuries. Some viewpoints of modern progressivism highlight these perceived differences like those of Princeton economics professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Leonard" title="Thomas C. Leonard">Thomas C. Leonard</a> who viewed historical progressivism in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i> as being "[a]t a glance, ... not much here for 21st-century progressives to claim kinship with. Today's progressives emphasize racial equality and minority rights, decry U.S. imperialism, shun biological ideas in social science, and have little use for piety or proselytizing," Ultimately, both historical progressivism and the modern movement share the notion that the free markets lead to economic inequalities that must be ameliorated in order to best protect the American working class.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigating_income_inequality">Mitigating income inequality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mitigating income inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose,_CA_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5623" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption>Politician <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> (pictured at podium) is widely recognized for contributing to a progressive shift within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> since the 2010s.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a> has been on the rise since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressives argue that lower union rates, weak policy, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and other drivers have caused the gap in income.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of income inequality has led progressives to draft legislation including, but not limited to, reforming <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, reforming the tax code, reforming <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a>, closing loopholes and keeping domestic work.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wall_Street_reform">Wall Street reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Wall Street reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Progressives began to demand stronger Wall Street regulation after they perceived deregulation and relaxed enforcement as leading to the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement, launched in downtown Manhattan, was one high-profile reaction to the financial shenanigans. Passing the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd-Frank</a> financial regulatory act in 2010 provided increased oversight on financial institutions and the creation of new regulatory agencies, but many progressives argue its broad framework allows for financial institutions to continue to take advantage of consumers and the government.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among others, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> has argued for reimplementing <a href="/wiki/Glass-Steagall" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-Steagall">Glass-Steagall</a>, which regulated banking more strictly, and for breaking up financial institutions where market-share is concentrated in a select few 'too big to fail' corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care_reform">Health care reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health care reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform in the United States">Healthcare reform in the United States</a></div> <p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> (CPC) outlined five key healthcare principles they intended to pass into law. The CPC mandated a nationwide public option, affordable health insurance, insurance market regulations, an employer insurance provision mandate and comprehensive services for children.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2010, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>, generally referred to as Obamacare, which was intended to increase the affordability and efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">United States healthcare</a> system. Although considered a partial success by some progressives, many argued that it did not go far enough in achieving healthcare reform as exemplified with the Democrats' failure in achieving a national public option.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a> has become an important goal in <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare reform">healthcare reform</a> for progressives. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 Democratic Party primaries</a>, progressive presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> raised the issue of a <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a> system, citing his belief that millions of Americans are still paying too much for health insurance and arguing that millions more do not receive the care they need.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2016, an effort was made to implement a single-payer healthcare system in the state of Colorado, known as <a href="/wiki/ColoradoCare" class="mw-redirect" title="ColoradoCare">ColoradoCare</a> (Amendment 69). Senator Sanders held rallies in Colorado in support of Amendment 69 leading up to the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite high-profile support, Amendment 69 failed to pass, with just 21.23% of voting Colorado residents voting in favor and 78.77% against.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimum_wage">Minimum wage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Minimum wage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjusted for inflation, the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage</a> peaked in 1968 at around $9.90 an hour in 2020 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Progressives believe that stagnating wages perpetuate income inequality and that raising the minimum wage is a necessary step to combat inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the minimum wage grew at the rate of productivity growth in the United States, it would be $21.72 an hour, nearly three times as much as the current $7.25 an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular progressives such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> have endorsed a federally mandated wage increase to $15 an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement has already seen success with its implementation in California with the passing of bill to raise the minimum wage $1 every year until reaching $15 an hour in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York workers are lobbying for similar legislation as many continue to rally for a minimum wage increase as part of the <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_worker_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food worker strikes">Fight for $15</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_justice">Environmental justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environmental justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_@_SXSW_2019_(47300368512).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_%40_SXSW_2019_%2847300368512%29.jpg/220px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_%40_SXSW_2019_%2847300368512%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_%40_SXSW_2019_%2847300368512%29.jpg/330px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_%40_SXSW_2019_%2847300368512%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_%40_SXSW_2019_%2847300368512%29.jpg/440px-Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez_%40_SXSW_2019_%2847300368512%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>U.S. representative <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> from New York, an advocate of action on climate change and author of the <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern progressives advocate strong environmental protections and measures to reduce or eliminate pollution. One reason for this is the strong link between economic injustice and adverse environmental conditions as groups that are economically marginalized tend to be disproportionately affected by the harms of pollution and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_justice">Social justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights movement">LGBT rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial justice">Racial justice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></div> <p>In the 21st century progressives in the United States are advocating for the implementation of legislation that will promote a more equal society and help reduce the gaps between diverse populations in the American society, including the gaps between populations of different races, gender gaps and socio-economic gaps. Progressives support the promotion of criminal justice reform to rectify systemic injustices, and the eradication of discriminatory practices in areas such as employment and housing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Center-left_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-left politics">Center-left politics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#3252B4; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Modern liberalism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/90px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/135px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Democratic_Disc.svg/180px-Democratic_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_States" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Harm Principle">Harm Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_A._Berle" title="Adolf A. Berle">Berle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kazin" title="Alfred Kazin">Kazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Vidal</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Bayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden (Joe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Brown (Jerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Brown (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton (Hillary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Cuomo (Mario)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Franken" title="Al Franken">Franken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodell" title="Charles Goodell">Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Halpern" title="Seymour Halpern">Halpern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hatfield" title="Mark Hatfield">Hatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Hoyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson (Henry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson (Hiram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (Lyndon B.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy (Ted)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">La Follette Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Nelson" title="Gaylord Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke" title="Beto O'Rourke">O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Brennan_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson (Ketanji Brown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (Earl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Mennen_Williams" title="G. Mennen Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong" title="Billie Joe Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Biden (Jill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Emhoff" title="Doug Emhoff">Emhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane" title="Seth MacFarlane">MacFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_McIlrath" title="Tim McIlrath">McIlrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Obama (Michelle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">Trotter</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Active</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (1930s–present)</li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li>Progressive Party <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)">1912–1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">1924–1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948%E2%80%931955)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)">1948–1955</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a> (1930s–1970s)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Budget_and_Policy_Priorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Budget and Policy Priorities">Center for Budget and Policy Priorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demos_(U.S._think_tank)" title="Demos (U.S. think tank)">Demos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Policy_Institute" title="Economic Policy Institute">Economic Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFL-CIO" title="AFL-CIO">AFL-CIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Constitution_Society" title="American Constitution Society">American Constitution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_and_State" title="Americans United for Separation of Church and State">Americans United for Separation of Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_For_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennan Center For Justice">Brennan Center For Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Justice_Works" title="Equal Justice Works">Equal Justice Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Fight_Action" title="Fair Fight Action">Fair Fight Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NARAL" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL">NARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">People for the American Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Southern Center for Human Rights">Southern Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNCC" class="mw-redirect" title="SNCC">SNCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Prospect" title="The American Prospect">The American Prospect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlterNet" title="AlterNet">AlterNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Kos" title="Daily Kos">Daily Kos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedoglake" title="Firedoglake">Firedoglake</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ThinkProgress" title="ThinkProgress">ThinkProgress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_with_Jon_Stewart" title="The Problem with Jon Stewart">The Problem with Jon Stewart</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Liberal bias in academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">Liberal bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Liberal theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_liberalism_US" title="Template:Modern liberalism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_liberalism_US" title="Template talk:Modern liberalism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_liberalism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern liberalism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the rise in popularity of progressives such as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, the term <i>progressive</i> began to carry greater cultural currency, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Democratic primaries">2016 Democratic primaries</a>. While answering a question from <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> moderator <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Cooper" title="Anderson Cooper">Anderson Cooper</a> regarding her willingness to shift positions during an October 2015 debate, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> referred to herself as a "progressive who likes to get things done", drawing the ire of a number of Sanders supporters and other critics from her left.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">John Fetterman</a> has moderated his foreign and domestic positions that have arisen in late 2023 such as the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">war in Gaza</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration">increased illegal immigration on the southern border</a> creating doubts about his progressivism.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions about the precise meaning of the term have persisted within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and without since the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>, with some candidates using it to indicate their affiliation with the left flank of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Progressive_parties">Progressive parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Progressive parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the first progressive movement of the early 20th century, two later short-lived parties have also identified as progressive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Party,_1912"><span id="Progressive_Party.2C_1912"></span>Progressive Party, 1912</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Progressive Party, 1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party (United States, 1912)</a></div> <p>The first political party named the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> was formed for the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 presidential election</a> to elect <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was formed after Roosevelt lost his bid to become the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate to <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, and became defunct by 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Party,_1924"><span id="Progressive_Party.2C_1924"></span>Progressive Party, 1924</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Progressive Party, 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924)">Progressive Party (United States, 1924)</a></div> <p>In 1924, Wisconsin Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> ran for president on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> ticket. La Follette won the support of <a href="/wiki/Labor-unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor-unions">labor unions</a>, German Americans, and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a> by his crusade. He carried only <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and the party vanished elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wisconsin, it remained a force until the 1940s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Party,_1948"><span id="Progressive_Party.2C_1948"></span>Progressive Party, 1948</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Progressive Party, 1948"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party (United States, 1948)</a></div> <p>A third party was initiated in 1948 by former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> as a vehicle for his campaign for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. He saw the two parties as reactionary and war-mongering, and attracted support from <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> voters who opposed the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policies that had become a national consensus. Most <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Dealers</a>, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a>, denounced the party because in their view it was increasingly controlled by Communists. It faded away after winning 2% of the vote in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farmer–Labor_Parties"><span id="Farmer.E2.80.93Labor_Parties"></span>Farmer–Labor Parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Farmer–Labor Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Roosevelt_League" title="Lincoln–Roosevelt League">Lincoln–Roosevelt League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">Oregon Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Citizens_of_America" title="Progressive Citizens of America">Progressive Citizens of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alonzo L. Hamby, "Progressivism: A Century of Change and Rebirth", in <i>Progressivism and the New Democracy</i>, ed. Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1999), (p.?) 40 also notes that "a plethora of scholarship in the last half of the 1950s left the old consensus [about progressives] in shreds while producing a plethora of alternative views that defy rational synthesis."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2011/03/14/9311/the-origins-and-evolution-of-progressive-economics/">"The Origins and Evolution of Progressive Economics"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrodd2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Trodd, Zoe (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-462">"Social Progressivism and Religion in America"</a>. <i>Social Progressivism and Religion in America</i>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.462">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.462</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Progressivism+and+Religion+in+America&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.462&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Trodd&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2010" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Walter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/progressivismver0000nuge"><i>Progressivism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531106-8"><bdi>978-0-19-531106-8</bdi></a>. <q>Progressivism emerged as a response to the excesses of the Gilded Age ... . [Progressives] fought for worker's compensation, child labor laws, minimum wage and maximum hours legislation; they enacted anti-trust laws, improved living conditions in urban slums, instituted the graduated income tax, won women the right to vote, and laid the groundwork for Roosevelt's New Deal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressivism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531106-8&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprogressivismver0000nuge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Link, Arthur S. (1954). <i>Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1913–1917</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Santis, Vincent P. (1999). <i>The Shaping of Modern America, 1877–1920</i>. p. 171. "[P]rogressives strove to purify politics".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, J. (1 March 1999). "Blacks and the Progressive Movement: Emergence of a New Synthesis". <i>OAH Magazine of History</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F13.3.20">10.1093/maghis/13.3.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163288">25163288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Blacks+and+the+Progressive+Movement%3A+Emergence+of+a+New+Synthesis&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=20-23&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F13.3.20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25163288%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published in <i><a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></i> (23 January 1889)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles R. Geisst, <i>Monopolies in America: Empire builders and their enemies from Jay Gould to Bill Gates</i> (Oxford University Press, 2000) pp 47-91; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monopoliesinamer0000geis">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolasky" class="citation web cs1">Kolasky, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilmerhale.com/files/Publication/cd677ad9-b23f-446e-baea-cdcd7d707932/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/a0605093-e43a-41be-bbe7-d07e800d543f/Theodore%20Roosevelt%20and%20William%20Howard%20Taft%20Marching%20Toward%20Armageddon.pdf">"Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft: Marching Toward Armageddon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Antitrust, Vol. 25, No. 2, Spring 2011</i>. the American Bar Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antitrust%2C+Vol.+25%2C+No.+2%2C+Spring+2011&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+William+Howard+Taft%3A+Marching+Toward+Armageddon&rft.aulast=Kolasky&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilmerhale.com%2Ffiles%2FPublication%2Fcd677ad9-b23f-446e-baea-cdcd7d707932%2FPresentation%2FPublicationAttachment%2Fa0605093-e43a-41be-bbe7-d07e800d543f%2FTheodore%2520Roosevelt%2520and%2520William%2520Howard%2520Taft%2520Marching%2520Toward%2520Armageddon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Parke De Witt, <i>The Progressive Movement</i> (1915) pp. 129–132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.166536/page/n147/mode/1up">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century</i> (Evanston: McDougall Littell, 2006), 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Michael_Hogan2003" class="citation book cs1">J. Michael Hogan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ewMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Rhetoric and reform in the Progressive Era</i></a>. Michigan State U. Press. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-637-5"><bdi>978-0-87013-637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+and+reform+in+the+Progressive+Era&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Michigan+State+U.+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-637-5&rft.au=J.+Michael+Hogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ewMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Thomas_Hutchinson1957" class="citation book cs1">William Thomas Hutchinson (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hszAQAAIAAJ"><i>Lowden of Illinois: the life of Frank O. Lowden</i></a>. U. of Chicago Press. pp. 305 vol 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lowden+of+Illinois%3A+the+life+of+Frank+O.+Lowden&rft.pages=305+vol+1&rft.pub=U.+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=William+Thomas+Hutchinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hszAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Kevin B. (2011). <i>Governing States and Localities</i>. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 189–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60426-728-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60426-728-0"><bdi>978-1-60426-728-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+States+and+Localities&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=189-90&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60426-728-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_A._Schwantes1996" class="citation book cs1">Carlos A. Schwantes (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JImlIbueaXcC&pg=PA347"><i>The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 347–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803292284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803292284"><bdi>978-0803292284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Northwest%3A+An+Interpretive+History&rft.pages=347-&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0803292284&rft.au=Carlos+A.+Schwantes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJImlIbueaXcC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravitch, Diane; Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms; Simon & Schuster</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William J. Reese, <i>Power and the Promise of School Reform: Grassroots Movements during the Progressive Era</i> (1986)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey1999" class="citation journal cs1">Murphey, Kathleen A. (1 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32316%2Fhse%2Frhe.v11i2.1623">"Common School or 'One Best System'? Tracking School Reform in Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1853-75"</a>. <i>Historical Studies in Education</i>: 188–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32316%2Fhse%2Frhe.v11i2.1623">10.32316/hse/rhe.v11i2.1623</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+Education&rft.atitle=Common+School+or+%27One+Best+System%27%3F+Tracking+School+Reform+in+Fort+Wayne%2C+Indiana%2C+1853-75.&rft.pages=188-211&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32316%2Fhse%2Frhe.v11i2.1623&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32316%252Fhse%252Frhe.v11i2.1623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gamson, David (2003). "District Progressivism: Rethinking Reform in Urban School Systems, 1900–1928". <i>Paedagogica Historica</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 417–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230307479">10.1080/00309230307479</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145478829">145478829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=District+Progressivism%3A+Rethinking+Reform+in+Urban+School+Systems%2C+1900%E2%80%931928&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=417-34&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00309230307479&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145478829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gamson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The politicians still picked the school janitors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria-María MacDonald, "The Paradox of Bureaucratization: New Views on Progressive Era Teachers and the Development of a Woman's Profession," <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> 1999 39(4): 427–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mina Carson, <i>Settlement Folk: Social Thought and the American Settlement Movement, 1885–1930</i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Ann Trolander, "Hull-House and the Settlement House Movement: A Centennial Reassessment," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> 1991 17(4): 410–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly1980" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Mark Thomas (1980). <i>The Response to Prostitution in the Progressive Era</i>. The University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1424-6"><bdi>978-0-8078-1424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Response+to+Prostitution+in+the+Progressive+Era&rft.pub=The+University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1424-6&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Mark+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddams2002" class="citation book cs1">Addams, Jane (2002). <i>A new conscience and an ancient evil</i>. University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+conscience+and+an+ancient+evil&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Addams&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2004" class="citation journal cs1">Major, Kara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10822/1051351">"Criminalizing seduction: prostitution, moral reform, and the new york anti-seduction law of 1848"</a>. <i>Digital Georgetown</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10822%2F1051351">10822/1051351</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Georgetown&rft.atitle=Criminalizing+seduction%3A+prostitution%2C+moral+reform%2C+and+the+new+york+anti-seduction+law+of+1848&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10822%2F1051351&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Kara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10822%2F1051351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter I. Trattner, <i>Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America</i> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh D. Hindman, <i>Child Labor: An American History</i> (2002). 431 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie Greene, <i>Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881–1917</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James H. Timberlake, <i>Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920</i> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman H. Clark, <i>Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition</i> (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Okrent, <i>Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Last-Call-Rise-Fall-Prohibition/dp/074327704X/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413181625/https://www.amazon.com/Last-Call-Rise-Fall-Prohibition/dp/074327704X">Archived</a> 2019-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-retrospectives-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-retrospectives_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-retrospectives_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Leonard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533005775196642">"Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 207–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F089533005775196642">10.1257/089533005775196642</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Retrospectives%3A+Eugenics+and+Economics+in+the+Progressive+Era.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=207-224&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F089533005775196642&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252F089533005775196642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2002" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Nancy (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam00cohe"><i>The Reconstruction of American Liberalism, 1865–1914</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionam00cohe/page/n257">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807853542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807853542"><bdi>978-0807853542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+American+Liberalism%2C+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=The+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0807853542&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructionam00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2009" class="citation cs2">Paul, Diane B. (2009), Radick, Gregory; Hodge, Jonathan (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-darwin/darwin-social-darwinism-and-eugenics/E780A0DF21387E8011E03BF9C2650748">"Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Darwin</i>, Cambridge Companions to Philosophy (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 219–245, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fccol9780521884754.010">10.1017/ccol9780521884754.010</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88475-4"><bdi>978-0-521-88475-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-10</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Darwin&rft.atitle=Darwin%2C+social+Darwinism+and+eugenics&rft.pages=219-245&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fccol9780521884754.010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88475-4&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Diane+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-darwin%2Fdarwin-social-darwinism-and-eugenics%2FE780A0DF21387E8011E03BF9C2650748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovenkamp2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hovenkamp, Herbert (Nov 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2767&context=faculty_scholarship">"The Progressives: Racism and Public Law"</a>. <i>Penn Carey Law:Legal Scholarship Repository</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penn+Carey+Law%3ALegal+Scholarship+Repository&rft.atitle=The+Progressives%3A+Racism+and+Public+Law&rft.date=2017-11&rft.aulast=Hovenkamp&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2767%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Keyssar2009" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Keyssar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UijIgQP0xF8C"><i>The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States</i></a>. Basic Books, 2nd ed. pp. 103–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465010141" title="Special:BookSources/9780465010141"><bdi>9780465010141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Right+to+Vote%3A+The+Contested+History+of+Democracy+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=103-30&rft.pub=Basic+Books%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780465010141&rft.au=Alexander+Keyssar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUijIgQP0xF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Cocks2009" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Cocks; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA112"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810862937" title="Special:BookSources/9780810862937"><bdi>9780810862937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Progressive+Era&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810862937&rft.au=Catherine+Cocks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpvxD_LjXVRMC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David W. Southern, <i>The Progressive Era and Race: Reaction and Reform, 1900–1917</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Perman2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Perman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CamlCytE1IgC&pg=PA174"><i>Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807899250" title="Special:BookSources/9780807899250"><bdi>9780807899250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pursuit+of+Unity%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+American+South&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780807899250&rft.au=Michael+Perman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCamlCytE1IgC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_P._Henry1999" class="citation book cs1">Charles P. Henry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgQrH75yH9wC&pg=PA96"><i>Ralph Bunche: Model Negro Or American Other?</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. 96–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814735824" title="Special:BookSources/9780814735824"><bdi>9780814735824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+Model+Negro+Or+American+Other%3F&rft.pages=96-98&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780814735824&rft.au=Charles+P.+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgQrH75yH9wC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/tp&CISOPTR=52010&CISOSHOW=51998">"4. Shall the People Rule?"</a>, <i>La Follette campaign literature</i>, Wisconsin Historical Society, <q>La Follette has ever sought to give the people greater power over their affairs. He has favored and now favors the direct election of senators ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Shall+the+People+Rule%3F&rft.btitle=La+Follette+campaign+literature&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fcdm4%2Fdocument.php%3FCISOROOT%3D%2Ftp%26CISOPTR%3D52010%26CISOSHOW%3D51998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur, "Progressivism and the New Democracy," (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1999) 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip J. Ethington, "The Metropolis and Multicultural Ethics: Direct Democracy versus Deliberative Democracy in the Progressive Era," in <i>Progressivism and the New Democracy,</i> ed. Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur (Amherst: Massachusetts University Press, 1999), 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraditor1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aileen_S._Kraditor" title="Aileen S. Kraditor">Kraditor, Aileen S.</a> (1965). <i>The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideas+of+the+Woman+Suffrage+Movement&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kraditor&rft.aufirst=Aileen+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Perman_2001-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Perman_2001_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Perman.<i>Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908</i>. (University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 63, 85, 177, 186–87; quotes on pp. 223, 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Sidney M. Milkis and Jerome M. Mileur, "Progressivism and the New Democracy," (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1999) 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph L. Tropea, "Rational Capitalism and Municipal Government: The Progressive Era." <i>Social Science History</i> (1989): 137–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael H. Ebner and Eugene M. Tobin, eds., <i>The Age of Urban Reform,</i> (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley Robert Rice, <i>Progressive cities: the commission government movement in America, 1901–1920</i> (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin J. Schiesl, <i>The politics of efficiency: municipal reform in the Progressive Era 1880–1920</i> (1972)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Fox, <i>Better city government: innovation in American urban politics, 1850–1937</i> (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Buenker, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melvin G. Holli, <i>Reform in Detroit: Hazen S. Pingree and Urban Politics</i> (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdock1994" class="citation book cs1">Murdock, Eugene C. (1994). <i>Tom Johnson of Cleveland</i>. Wright State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781882090051" title="Special:BookSources/9781882090051"><bdi>9781882090051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tom+Johnson+of+Cleveland&rft.pub=Wright+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781882090051&rft.aulast=Murdock&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. E. Fredman, "Seth Low: Theorist of Municipal Reform," <i>Journal of American Studies</i> 1972 6(1): 19–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/2348/2307">"Ross, John R.; Man Over Nature – Origins of the Conservation Movement"</a>. Journals.ku.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ross%2C+John+R.%3B+Man+Over+Nature+%E2%80%93+Origins+of+the+Conservation+Movement&rft.pub=Journals.ku.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Findex.php%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2348%2F2307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426182331/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/conConf.htm">"Conservation Commissions and Conferences under the Roosevelt Administration 1901–1909"</a>. Theodore Roosevelt Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/conConf.htm">the original</a> on 2012-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conservation+Commissions+and+Conferences+under+the+Roosevelt+Administration+1901%E2%80%931909&rft.pub=Theodore+Roosevelt+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodoreroosevelt.org%2Flife%2FconConf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buenker and Burnham (2006)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Gould, <i> Four hats in the ring: the 1912 election and the birth of modern American Politics</i> (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoff_Wilson1975" class="citation book cs1">Hoff Wilson, Joan (1975). <i>Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316944168" title="Special:BookSources/9780316944168"><bdi>9780316944168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbert+Hoover%3A+Forgotten+Progressive&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780316944168&rft.aulast=Hoff+Wilson&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestbrook1991" class="citation book cs1">Westbrook, Robert Brett (1991). <i>John Dewey and American Democracy</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801425608" title="Special:BookSources/9780801425608"><bdi>9780801425608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Dewey+and+American+Democracy&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780801425608&rft.aulast=Westbrook&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_American_Mind_1952-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_American_Mind_1952_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommager1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Commager, Henry Steele</a> (1952). <i>The American Mind</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Mind&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Commager&rft.aufirst=Henry+Steele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiller1976" class="citation book cs1">Filler, Louis (1976). <i>The Muckrakers</i>. Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271012124" title="Special:BookSources/9780271012124"><bdi>9780271012124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780271012124&rft.aulast=Filler&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Steele Commager, ed., <i>Lester Frank Ward and the Welfare State</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buenker and Buenker, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.</i> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C.2016" class="citation web cs1">Thomas C., Leonard (29 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-dark-heart-of-progressivism/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Dark Heart of Progressivism' by Matthew Harwood (Interview with Princeton economics professor)"</a>. <i>The American Conservative</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=%27The+Dark+Heart+of+Progressivism%27+by+Matthew+Harwood+%28Interview+with+Princeton+economics+professor%29&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft.aulast=Thomas+C.&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-dark-heart-of-progressivism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimTebaldi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Jongsung; Tebaldi, Edinaldo (Fall 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/de49735ff9dbd5a5cf6273a30eff6af2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30316">"Trends and Sources of Income Inequality in the United States"</a>. <i>Journal of Business & Economic Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+%26+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Trends+and+Sources+of+Income+Inequality+in+the+United+States&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jongsung&rft.au=Tebaldi%2C+Edinaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Fde49735ff9dbd5a5cf6273a30eff6af2%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D30316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesternRosenfeld2011" class="citation journal cs1">Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (August 2011). "Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 513–537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122411414817">10.1177/0003122411414817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18351034">18351034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Unions%2C+Norms%2C+and+the+Rise+in+U.S.+Wage+Inequality&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-537&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122411414817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18351034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Western&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Jake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoserCuaresma2016" class="citation journal cs1">Roser, Max; Cuaresma, Jesus Crespo (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/12012/1/Why%20is%20Income%20Inequality%20Increasing%20%20in%20the%20Developed%20World.pdf">"Why is Income Inequality Increasing in the Developed World?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Income and Wealth</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 1–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Froiw.12153">10.1111/roiw.12153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153341589">153341589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Income+and+Wealth&rft.atitle=Why+is+Income+Inequality+Increasing+in+the+Developed+World%3F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-27&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Froiw.12153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153341589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Cuaresma%2C+Jesus+Crespo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F12012%2F1%2FWhy%2520is%2520Income%2520Inequality%2520Increasing%2520%2520in%2520the%2520Developed%2520World.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarry2016" class="citation news cs1">Garry, Patrick M. (17 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isi.org/modern-age/conservatism-and-the-real-problems-of-income-inequality/">"Conservatism and the Real Problems of Income Inequality"</a>. <i>Intercollegiate Studies Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intercollegiate+Studies+Institute&rft.atitle=Conservatism+and+the+Real+Problems+of+Income+Inequality&rft.date=2016-02-17&rft.aulast=Garry&rft.aufirst=Patrick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisi.org%2Fmodern-age%2Fconservatism-and-the-real-problems-of-income-inequality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperLutzPalumbo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Daniel H.; Lutz, Byron F.; Palumbo, Michael G. (1 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428082818/https://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/68/4/ntj-v68n04p943-974-taxes-mitigating-income-inequality.pdf">"The Role of Taxes in Mitigating Income Inequality Across the U.S. States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Tax Journal</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 943–974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17310%2Fntj.2015.4.03">10.17310/ntj.2015.4.03</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157588016">157588016</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1794901698">1794901698</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/68/4/ntj-v68n04p943-974-taxes-mitigating-income-inequality.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Tax+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Taxes+in+Mitigating+Income+Inequality+Across+the+U.S.+States&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=943-974&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17310%2Fntj.2015.4.03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157588016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Lutz%2C+Byron+F.&rft.au=Palumbo%2C+Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntanet.org%2FNTJ%2F68%2F4%2Fntj-v68n04p943-974-taxes-mitigating-income-inequality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pollin, Robert (May 2013). "Fighting for Wall Street Regulation: Who Said It Was Easy?". <i>New Labor Forum</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 88–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1095796013482455">10.1177/1095796013482455</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155745898">155745898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Labor+Forum&rft.atitle=Fighting+for+Wall+Street+Regulation%3A+Who+Said+It+Was+Easy%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-91&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1095796013482455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155745898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pollin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520012951/https://berniesanders.com/yes-glass-steagall-matters-here-are-5-reasons-why/">"5 Reasons Glass-Steagall Matters – Bernie Sanders"</a>. <i>Bernie Sanders</i>. 2015-11-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berniesanders.com/yes-glass-steagall-matters-here-are-5-reasons-why/">the original</a> on 2017-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bernie+Sanders&rft.atitle=5+Reasons+Glass-Steagall+Matters+%E2%80%93+Bernie+Sanders&rft.date=2015-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberniesanders.com%2Fyes-glass-steagall-matters-here-are-5-reasons-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221015519/https://berniesanders.com/issues/reforming-wall-street/">"Reforming Wall Street – Bernie Sanders"</a>. <i>Bernie Sanders</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berniesanders.com/issues/reforming-wall-street/">the original</a> on 2018-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bernie+Sanders&rft.atitle=Reforming+Wall+Street+%E2%80%93+Bernie+Sanders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberniesanders.com%2Fissues%2Freforming-wall-street%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044305/https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/health-care-reform/cpc-releases-health-care-principles/">"Congressional Progressive Caucus : Health Care Reform : CPC Releases Health Care Principles"</a>. <i>cpc-grijalva.house.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpc-grijalva.house.gov/health-care-reform/cpc-releases-health-care-principles/">the original</a> on 2019-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cpc-grijalva.house.gov&rft.atitle=Congressional+Progressive+Caucus+%3A+Health+Care+Reform+%3A+CPC+Releases+Health+Care+Principles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpc-grijalva.house.gov%2Fhealth-care-reform%2Fcpc-releases-health-care-principles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigbyClarkPelika2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rigby, E.; Clark, J. H.; Pelika, S. (1 January 2014). "Party Politics and Enactment of 'Obamacare': A Policy-Centered Analysis of Minority Party Involvement". <i>Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 57–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F03616878-2395181">10.1215/03616878-2395181</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24193613">24193613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Politics%2C+Policy+and+Law&rft.atitle=Party+Politics+and+Enactment+of+%27Obamacare%27%3A+A+Policy-Centered+Analysis+of+Minority+Party+Involvement&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-95&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F03616878-2395181&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24193613&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Clark%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Pelika%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2015" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Brent Budowsky, columnist, The (2015-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/healthcare/246459-sanders-calls-for-single-payer-healthcare/">"Sanders calls for single-payer healthcare"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Sanders+calls+for+single-payer+healthcare&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Brent+Budowsky%2C+columnist%2C+The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fblogs%2Fpundits-blog%2Fhealthcare%2F246459-sanders-calls-for-single-payer-healthcare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailycamera.com/news/boulder/ci_30479825/bernie-sanders-boulder-residents-stand-tall-and-vote">"Bernie Sanders at CU Boulder: 'Stand tall and vote yes on Amendment 69'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+at+CU+Boulder%3A+%27Stand+tall+and+vote+yes+on+Amendment+69%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailycamera.com%2Fnews%2Fboulder%2Fci_30479825%2Fbernie-sanders-boulder-residents-stand-tall-and-vote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Wayne (November 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/63746/184388/Web01/en/summary.html">"Colorado Election Results"</a>. <i>sos.state.co.us</i>. Colorado State Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sos.state.co.us&rft.atitle=Colorado+Election+Results&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresults.enr.clarityelections.com%2FCO%2F63746%2F184388%2FWeb01%2Fen%2Fsummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/23/5-facts-about-the-minimum-wage/">"5 facts about the minimum wage"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. 2015-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=5+facts+about+the+minimum+wage&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2015%2F07%2F23%2F5-facts-about-the-minimum-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2012" class="citation web cs1">Schmitt, John (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepr.net/documents/publications/min-wage1-2012-03.pdf">"The Minimum Wage is Too Damn Low"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Center for Economic and Policy Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minimum+Wage+is+Too+Damn+Low&rft.pub=Center+for+Economic+and+Policy+Research&rft.date=2012-03&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcepr.net%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2Fmin-wage1-2012-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813072633/https://ourrevolution.com/issues/a-living-wage/">"A Living Wage"</a>. <i>Our Revolution</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourrevolution.com/issues/a-living-wage/">the original</a> on 2019-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Revolution&rft.atitle=A+Living+Wage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourrevolution.com%2Fissues%2Fa-living-wage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/California_%22Fair_Wage_Act_of_2016%22_$15_Minimum_Wage_Initiative_(2016)#Senate_Bill_3">"California "Fair Wage Act of 2016" $15 Minimum Wage Initiative (2016)"</a>. <i>BallotPedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BallotPedia&rft.atitle=California+%22Fair+Wage+Act+of+2016%22+%2415+Minimum+Wage+Initiative+%282016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FCalifornia_%2522Fair_Wage_Act_of_2016%2522_%2415_Minimum_Wage_Initiative_%282016%29%23Senate_Bill_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightfor15.org/">"Fight for $15"</a>. <i>Fight for $15</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fight+for+%2415&rft.atitle=Fight+for+%2415&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightfor15.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2014" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, OA (November 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice">"Environmental Justice"</a>. <i>US EPA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Environmental+Justice&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=OA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fenvironmentaljustice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/speedreads/583116/hillary-clinton-flipflop-charge-im-progressive-but-im-progressive-who-likes-things-done">"Hillary Clinton on flip-flop charge: 'I'm a progressive, but I'm a progressive who likes to get things done'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>. 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton+on+flip-flop+charge%3A+%27I%27m+a+progressive%2C+but+I%27m+a+progressive+who+likes+to+get+things+done%27&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Fspeedreads%2F583116%2Fhillary-clinton-flipflop-charge-im-progressive-but-im-progressive-who-likes-things-done&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newsweek staff. (20 December 2023). "John Fetterman Faces Rebellion From Democratic Voters". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/john-fetterman-senator-progressive-1853806">Newsweek Magazine website</a> Retrieved 23 December 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Dobkin. (22 December 2023). "John Fetterman Now Embraced by Conservatives". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/john-fetterman-now-embraced-conservatives-1855082">Newsweek Magazine website</a> Retrieved 23 December 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/transforming-american-democracy-tr-and-bull-moose-campaign-1912">"Transforming American Democracy: TR and The Bull Moose Campaign of 1912 | Miller Center"</a>. <i>millercenter.org</i>. 2017-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=millercenter.org&rft.atitle=Transforming+American+Democracy%3A+TR+and+The+Bull+Moose+Campaign+of+1912+%7C+Miller+Center&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Ftransforming-american-democracy-tr-and-bull-moose-campaign-1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelen1976" class="citation book cs1">Thelen, David Paul (1976). <i>Robert M. La Follette and the Insurgent Spirit</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/565078133">565078133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+M.+La+Follette+and+the+Insurgent+Spirit&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F565078133&rft.aulast=Thelen&rft.aufirst=David+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_W._Devine2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomas W. Devine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8sbrXAKLB0C&pg=PA195"><i>Henry Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism</i></a>. U North Carolina Press. pp. 195–201, 211–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469602035" title="Special:BookSources/9781469602035"><bdi>9781469602035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Wallace%27s+1948+Presidential+Campaign+and+the+Future+of+Postwar+Liberalism&rft.pages=195-201%2C+211-12&rft.pub=U+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781469602035&rft.au=Thomas+W.+Devine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8sbrXAKLB0C%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Buenker, John D., John C. Burnham, and Robert M. Crunden. <i>Progressivism</i> (1986) short overview</li> <li>Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. Sharpe Reference, 2005. xxxii + 1256 pp. in three volumes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-8051-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-8051-3">0-7656-8051-3</a>. 900 articles by 200 scholars</li> <li>Buenker, John D., ed. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era</i> (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000buen">online</a></li> <li>Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. <i>Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era</i> (2009)</li> <li>Chambers, John Whiteclay II. <i>The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920</i> (2000), textbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0813527996">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061336/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0813527996">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Crunden, Robert M. <i>Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889–1920</i> (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252011678">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061325/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252011678">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Dawley, Alan. <i>Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691122350/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213420/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691122350/">Archived</a> 2021-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Diner, Steven J. <i>A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era</i> (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0809025531">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061330/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0809025531">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Flanagan, Maureen. <i>America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s–1920s</i> (2007).</li> <li>Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. <i>Who Were the Progressives?</i> (2002)</li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0582356717">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061331/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0582356717">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. ed., <i>The Progressive Era</i> (1974), essays by scholars</li> <li>Hays, Samuel P. <i>The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914</i> (1957), old but influential short survey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Richard</a> <i>The Age of Reform</i> (1954), Pulitzer Prize, but now sadly outdated</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, <i>Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000</i> (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp. 149–80; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805235051/http://www.uic.edu/~rjensen/rj0025.htm">Archived</a> 2012-08-05 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li>Johnston, Robert D. "Re-Democratizing the Progressive Era: The Politics of Progressive Era Political Historiography," <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> (2002) 1#1 pp. 68–92</li> <li>Kennedy, David M. ed., <i>Progressivism: The Critical Issues</i> (1971), readings</li> <li>Kloppenberg, James T. <i>Uncertain victory: social democracy and progressivism in European and American thought, 1870–1920</i> 1986 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000707012840/http://www.historyebook.org/">online at ACLS e-books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Leuchtenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Leuchtenburg">Leuchtenburg, William E.</a> "Progressivism and Imperialism: The Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898–1916," <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,</i> Vol. 39, No. 3. (Dec., 1952), pp. 483–504. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895006">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113190242/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1895006">Archived</a> 2017-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lears, T. J. Jackson. <i>Rebirth of a Nation: The Remaking of Modern America, 1877-1920</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060747501">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213409/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060747501">Archived</a> 2021-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Link" title="Arthur S. Link">Link, Arthur S.</a> <i>Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era: 1913–1917</i> (1954), standard scholarly survey; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonand007665mbp">online</a></li> <li>Mann, Arthur. ed., <i>The Progressive Era</i> (1975), readings from scholars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch, Christopher</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_and_Only_Heaven" title="The True and Only Heaven">The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics</a></i> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393307956">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712013846/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0393307956/">Archived</a> 2022-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>McGerr, Michael. <i>A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870–1920</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195183657/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213412/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195183657/">Archived</a> 2021-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Mowry, George. <i>The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900–1912.</i> (1954) general survey of era; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eraoftheodoreroo0000unse_f2f3">online</a></li> <li>Noggle, Burl. "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," <i>The Journal of American History,</i> Vol. 53, No. 2. (Sep., 1966), pp. 299–314. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894201">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Perry, Elisabeth Israels and Karen Manners Smith, eds. <i>The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion</i> (2006)</li> <li>Piott, Steven. <i>American Reformers 1870–1920</i> (2006). 240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=24927">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061334/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24927">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rodgers, Daniel T. <i>Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age</i> (2000). stresses links with Europe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502223719/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001">Archived</a> 2015-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Schutz, Aaron. <i>Social Class, Social Action, and Education: The Failure of Progressive Democracy.</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educationaction.org">introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609035440/http://www.educationaction.org/">Archived</a> 2010-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Stromquist, Shelton. <i>Reinventing "the People": The Progressive Movement, the Class Problem and the Origins of Modern Liberalism</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252072693/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061334/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0252072693/">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism," <i>Journal of American History</i> 56 (1969), 323–341 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1908127">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221093624/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1908127">Archived</a> 2016-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Wiebe, Robert. <i>The Search For Order, 1877–1920</i> (1967) highly influential interpretation</li> <li>Young, Jeremy C. <i>The Age of Charisma: Leaders, Followers, and Emotions in American Society, 1870-1940</i> (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1107114624/">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711213418/https://www.amazon.com/dp/1107114624/">Archived</a> 2021-07-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_politics_2">National politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: National politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Blum, John Morton <i>The Republican Roosevelt.</i> (1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics</li> <li>Brands, H.W. <i>T.R.: The Last Romantic</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/T-R-Romantic-H-W-Brands-ebook/dp/B07MZ29NB6/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Clements, Kendrick A. <i>The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwood00clem">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Coletta, Paolo. <i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i> (1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwill0000cole/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper,_John_Milton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper, John Milton">Cooper, John Milton</a> <i>The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.</i> (1983), influential dual biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorpries00coop">online</a></li> <li>Edwards, Barry C. "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive?." <i>Congress & the Presidency</i> 41#1 (2014) pp 49–83 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.720.8853&rep=rep1&type=pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221900/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.720.8853&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Archived</a> 2018-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt</i> (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyoftheo0000goul">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Harrison, Robert. <i>Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521827892">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061328/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521827892">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Richard</a>. <i>The American Political Tradition</i> (1948), ch. 8–10 on Bryan, Roosevelt and Wilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679723153">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112001530/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0679723153/">Archived</a> 2021-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Link, Arthur Stanley. <i>Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910–1917</i> (1972), standard history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilsonand007665mbp">online</a></li> <li>Morris, Edmund <i>Theodore Rex</i>. (2001), very well written biography of Theodore Roosevelt covers 1901–1909 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0812966007">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Mowry, George E. <i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement</i>. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87002">online</a></li> <li>Sanders, Elizabeth. <i>Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877–1917</i> (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226734773">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229061340/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226734773">Archived</a> 2022-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalworth1958" class="citation book cs1">Walworth, Arthur (1958). <i>Woodrow Wilson, Volume I, Volume II</i>. Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woodrow+Wilson%2C+Volume+I%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Walworth&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProgressivism+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span>; 904pp; full scale scholarly biography; winner of Pulitzer Prize; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodrowwilson00walw">online 2nd ed. 1965</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Progressivism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li>"The Fifty Most Influential Progressives of the Twentieth Century" — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/slide-show-fifty-most-influential-progressives-twentieth-century/">Part I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/slide-show-fifty-most-influential-progressives-20th-century-2/">Part II</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/slide-show-fifty-most-influential-progressives-twentieth-century-3/">Part III</a>, slideshows by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#3252B4; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_liberalism_US_footer" title="Template:Modern liberalism US footer"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_liberalism_US_footer" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Modern liberalism US footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_liberalism_US_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern liberalism US footer"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States"><span style="color:white">Modern liberalism in the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism#United_States" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Core principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#1950s" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Richard_Nixon" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">1960s and 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberals_and_civil_rights" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberalism in the United States">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberalism_during_the_Cold_War" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Harry_S._Truman's_Fair_Deal" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Fair Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Great_Society:_1964–1968" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberal_coalition" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Liberal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberal_Republicans" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Liberal Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Neoconservatives" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#New_Deal" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">New Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Bill_Clinton_administration_and_the_Third_Way" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Third Way</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Under_attack_from_the_New_Left" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Progressive_Era" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States#Liberals_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Vietnam War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Significant figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Edith Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steele_Commager" title="Henry Steele Commager">Henry Steele Commager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers" title="Samuel Gompers">Samuel Gompers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Ireland" title="Patricia Ireland">Patricia Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kazin" title="Alfred Kazin">Alfred Kazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Michael Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Maddow" title="Rachel Maddow">Rachel Maddow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_Murray" title="Pauli Murray">Pauli Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Monroe_Trotter" title="William Monroe Trotter">William Monroe Trotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Significant politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Barney Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">Jacob Javits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello H. La Guardia">Fiorello H. La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Tim Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Yarborough" title="Ralph Yarborough">Ralph Yarborough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#3252B4; color:white">Major political parties <br /> and political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (since the 1930s)</li> <li>Progressive Party (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%9334)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Republicans">Rockefeller Republicans</a> (1930s–1970s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">economic progressivism</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#3252B4; color:white"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/23px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism"><span style="color:white">Liberalism portal</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379869#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379869#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4379869#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1078751/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85107324">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126505226">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126505226">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538603405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1258811920">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&oldid=1258811920</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States_by_topic" title="Category:History of the United States by topic">History of the United States by topic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Political history of the United States">Political history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progressive_Era_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Progressive Era in the United States">Progressive Era in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2020">Articles with dead external links from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from August 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 19:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressivism_in_the_United_States&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-q7ww6","wgBackendResponseTime":1778,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.319","walltime":"1.590","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5885,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":299828,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3969,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":274222,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1164.855 1 -total"," 51.28% 597.379 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.30% 154.901 3 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.33% 120.350 21 Template:Cite_book"," 10.31% 120.121 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 10.25% 119.432 1 Template:Progressivism_sidebar"," 8.65% 100.789 4 Template:Fix"," 7.48% 87.176 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.13% 71.456 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.43% 63.306 1 Template:Dead_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.697","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8238287,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-q7ww6","timestamp":"20241125121854","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Progressivism in the United States","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progressivism_in_the_United_States","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4379869","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4379869","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-13T10:34:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T19:27:51Z","headline":"political philosophy and reform movement in the United States advocating for progress"}</script> </body> </html>