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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-European_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-European_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-European history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-European_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dutch control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English–Dutch_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English–Dutch_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>English–Dutch rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English–Dutch_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre_of_the_Bandanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_of_the_Bandanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Massacre of the Bandanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_of_the_Bandanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VOC_monopoly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VOC_monopoly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>VOC monopoly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VOC_monopoly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English–Dutch_rivalry_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English–Dutch_rivalry_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>English–Dutch rivalry continues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English–Dutch_rivalry_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Banda Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جزر باندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر باندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_de_Banda" title="Islles de Banda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles de Banda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B)" title="Банда (астравы) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Банда (астравы)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_Banda" title="Inizi Banda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi Banda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Banda" title="Illes Banda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Banda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau-Pulau_Banda" title="Pulau-Pulau Banda – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pulau-Pulau Banda" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Banda" title="Ynysoedd Banda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Banda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda%C3%B8erne" title="Bandaøerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bandaøerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda-Inseln" title="Banda-Inseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Banda-Inseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_de_Banda" title="Islas de Banda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas de Banda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda-insuloj" title="Banda-insuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banda-insuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_uharteak" title="Banda uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banda uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جزایر باندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر باندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Banda" title="Îles Banda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Banda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Banda" title="Illas Banda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas Banda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8B%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="반다 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반다 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="बांदा द्वीप समूह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बांदा द्वीप समूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Banda" title="Kepulauan Banda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Banda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Banda" title="Isole Banda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole Banda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Banda" title="Kapuloan Banda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapuloan Banda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Банда ошмаотывлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Банда ошмаотывлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_Bandanae" title="Insulae Bandanae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insulae Bandanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandos_salos" title="Bandos salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bandos salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ബാൻഡ ദ്വീപുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാൻഡ ദ്വീപുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Banda" title="Kepulauan Banda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Banda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda-eilanden" title="Banda-eilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banda-eilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="バンダ諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バンダ諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Banda" title="Wyspy Banda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Banda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_Banda" title="Ilhas Banda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas Banda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Банда (архипелаг) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банда (архипелаг)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandasaaret" title="Bandasaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bandasaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda%C3%B6arna" title="Bandaöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bandaöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="หมู่เกาะบันดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่เกาะบันดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Банда (архіпелаг) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банда (архіпелаг)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuropod-an_Banda" title="Kapuropod-an Banda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kapuropod-an Banda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Banda_Islands&params=4_35_S_129_55_E_region:ID_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°35′S</span> <span class="longitude">129°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.583°S 129.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.583; 129.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Volcanic islands in the Banda Sea, Maluku, Indonesia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Banda Islands</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG/260px-BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG/390px-BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG/520px-BandaBesarIslandSeenFromFortBelgica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="667" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Banda Besar island seen from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belgica" title="Fort Belgica">Fort Belgica</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="7" data-overlays="["_9ff500c83169f9ffb3cbe73bdc81f7eacb644ad8"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Banda_Islands&revid=1250158363&groups=_9ff500c83169f9ffb3cbe73bdc81f7eacb644ad8" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Banda_Islands&revid=1250158363&groups=_9ff500c83169f9ffb3cbe73bdc81f7eacb644ad8 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Banda_Islands&params=4_35_S_129_55_E_region:ID_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°35′S</span> <span class="longitude">129°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.583°S 129.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.583; 129.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total islands</th><td class="infobox-data">11 (7 inhabited)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major islands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lontor_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontor (island)">Banda Besar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Neira" title="Banda Neira">Neira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Api" title="Banda Api">Banda Api</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatta_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hatta (island) (page does not exist)">Pulau Hatta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ay_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ay (island) (page does not exist)">Pulau Ay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Run_(island)" title="Run (island)">Pulau Rhun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">172 km<sup>2</sup> (66 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">641 m (2103 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data">Gunung Api</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">21,902 (mid 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">127.3/km<sup>2</sup> (329.7/sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maluku_Islands_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Maluku_Islands_en.png/250px-Maluku_Islands_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Maluku_Islands_en.png/375px-Maluku_Islands_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Maluku_Islands_en.png/500px-Maluku_Islands_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Banda Islands in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda_Islands_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Banda_Islands_en.png/250px-Banda_Islands_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Banda_Islands_en.png/375px-Banda_Islands_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Banda_Islands_en.png/500px-Banda_Islands_en.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Banda Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Banda Islands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Kepulauan Banda</i>) are a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_group" title="Volcanic group">volcanic group</a> of ten small <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a>, about 140 km (87 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Seram_Island" title="Seram Island">Seram Island</a> and about 2,000 km (1,243 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, and constitute an administrative district (<i>kecamatan</i>) within the <a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_Regency" title="Central Maluku Regency">Central Maluku Regency</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Maluku_(Indonesian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluku (Indonesian province)">Maluku</a>. The islands rise out of 4-to-6-kilometre (2.5 to 3.7 mi) deep ocean and have a total land area of approximately 172 square kilometres (66 sq mi); with associated maritime area this reaches 736.3 square kilometres (284.3 sq mi). They had a population of 18,544 at the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 20,924 at the 2020 Census;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 21,902.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a>, produced from the nutmeg tree. The islands are also popular destinations for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkeling</a>. The main town and administrative centre is <a href="/wiki/Banda_Neira" title="Banda Neira">Banda Neira</a>, located on the island of the same name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are seven inhabited islands and several that are uninhabited. The inhabited islands are: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BandaVolcano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BandaVolcano.JPG/220px-BandaVolcano.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BandaVolcano.JPG/330px-BandaVolcano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BandaVolcano.JPG/440px-BandaVolcano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The active volcano <a href="/wiki/Banda_Api" title="Banda Api">Banda Api</a> in the Banda Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda-0039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Banda-0039.jpg/220px-Banda-0039.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Banda-0039.jpg/330px-Banda-0039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Banda-0039.jpg/440px-Banda-0039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>The main island, Banda Neira (centre) viewed from the peak of Gunung Api volcano. In the background is <a href="/wiki/Lontar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontar Island">Lontar Island</a> (Banda Besar).</figcaption></figure> <p>Main group (formed from the drowned <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of a former volcano, with Bandaneira and still-smoking Guning Api islands at the centre of the crater, and the crescent-shaped Lonthair, Pulau Pisang and Batu Kapal being the surviving above-water parts of the volcanic rim): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Neira" title="Banda Neira">Bandaneira</a>, or Naira, the island with the administrative capital and a small airfield (which stretches across the whole island, splitting the southern third from the northern two-thirds) as well as accommodation for visitors. It contains six villages (<i>desa</i>), from south to north being Nusantara (that part not on Gunung Api Island, and containing the district administration), Kampung Baru, Dwiwarna, Rajawali, Tanah Rata and Merdeka. Present on Banda Neira is Fort Belgica, one of the largest remaining Dutch forts that are still intact in Indonesia, and Fort Nassau.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Api" title="Banda Api">Banda Api</a>, an active volcano (Gunung Api) with a peak of about 650 m. It forms most of the land area of the <i>desa</i> of Nusantara.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Besar" title="Banda Besar">Banda Besar</a>, also called Lontar or Lonthoir, is the largest island (Indonesian <i>besar</i>, big), 12 km (7 mi) long and 3 km (2 mi) wide. It has three main settlements, Lonthoir (in the west of the island), Selamon (which includes Pulau Pisang, and which with Cumbir Kaisastoren, Walling Spanciby and Boiyauw villages faces the islands in the centre of the caldera) and Waer (which with Dender to its north and Lautang and Uring-Tutra to its west face away from the caldera). The residual former Dutch fortifications of Fort Hollandia and Fort Concordia are on this island.</li></ul> <p>Some distance to the west: </p> <ul><li>Pulau Ay (formerly spelt Pulau Ai), 12 km from Bandaneira, and containing the remains of the former Dutch Fort Revenge.</li> <li>Pulau <a href="/wiki/Run_(island)" title="Run (island)">Rhun</a> (formerly spelt Run), another 8 km further west again. In the 17th century, this island was involved in an exchange between the British and the Dutch, when it was exchanged for the island of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in New York.</li></ul> <p>To the north of Banda Besar: </p> <ul><li>Pulau Pisang (Banana Island), also known as Syahrir.</li></ul> <p>To the southeast: </p> <ul><li>Pulau Hatta (formerly Rosengain or Rozengain), 19 km from Bandaneira, with its single village (of the same name) at its northern tip.</li></ul> <p>Others, all small and/or uninhabited, are: </p> <ul><li>Naijalaka, a short distance northeast of Pulau Rhun</li> <li>Batu Kapal, a small island northwest of Pulau Pisang</li> <li>Manuk, an active volcano</li> <li>Pulau Keraka or Pulau Karaka (Crab Island), a short distance north of Banda Api</li> <li>Manukang or Suanggi, to the northwest of the main group</li> <li>Skaru Reef, a short distance south of Pulau Hatta</li></ul> <p>The islands are part of the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea_Islands_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests">Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Banda Islands District (<i>kecamatan</i>) is sub-divided into eighteen administrative villages (<i>desa</i>), listed below with their areas and their officially-estimated populations as at mid 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All share the postcode of 97586. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode <br />Wilayah</th> <th>Name of <br /> <i>kelurahan</i></th> <th>Area <br />in <br />km<sup>2</sup></th> <th>Population<br />mid 2022<br />estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2001</td> <td>Nusantara</td> <td align="right">13.30</td> <td align="right">1,993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2002</td> <td>Dwiwarna</td> <td align="right">1.40</td> <td align="right">947 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2003</td> <td>Merdeka</td> <td align="right">3.44</td> <td align="right">814 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2004</td> <td>Rajawali</td> <td align="right">2.95</td> <td align="right">824 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2005</td> <td>Kampung Baru</td> <td align="right">5.70</td> <td align="right">3,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2006</td> <td>Pulau Hatta</td> <td align="right">15.88</td> <td align="right">683 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2007</td> <td>Selamon</td> <td align="right">28.97</td> <td align="right">1,991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2008</td> <td>Lonthoir</td> <td align="right">16.07</td> <td align="right">2,972 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2009</td> <td>Pulau Ay</td> <td align="right">15.19</td> <td align="right">1,577 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2010</td> <td>Pulau Rhun</td> <td align="right">13.16</td> <td align="right">1,572 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2011</td> <td>Tanah Rata</td> <td align="right">2.20</td> <td align="right">874 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2012</td> <td>Waer</td> <td align="right">7.99</td> <td align="right">1,407 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2013</td> <td>Boiyauw</td> <td align="right">7.15</td> <td align="right">625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2014</td> <td>Dender</td> <td align="right">3.40</td> <td align="right">164 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2015</td> <td>Lautang</td> <td align="right">4.70</td> <td align="right">233 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2016</td> <td>Uring-Tutra</td> <td align="right">7.50</td> <td align="right">313 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2017</td> <td>Walling Spanciby</td> <td align="right">14.00</td> <td align="right">893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61.01.09.2018</td> <td>Combir Kaisastoren</td> <td align="right">9.00</td> <td align="right">493 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>61.01.09</b></td> <td><i><b>Totals</b></i></td> <td align="right"><i><b>736.30</b></i></td> <td align="right"><i><b>21,425 <sup>(a)</sup></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: (a) comprising 10,723 males and 10,702 females. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_history">Pre-European history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-European history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first documented human presence in the Banda Islands comes from a <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelter</a> site on Pulau Ay that was in use at least 8,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lape2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lape2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest mention of the Banda Islands is found in Chinese records dating as far back as 200 BCE<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though there is speculation that it is mentioned in earlier Indian sources. The <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Kingdom</a> had extensive trade contacts with the Banda Islands. Also during this period (from the late 13th century and onwards) Islam arrived in the region. It soon became established in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the arrival of Europeans, Banda had an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchic">oligarchic</a> form of government led by <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">orang kaya</i></span> ('rich men') and the Bandanese had an active and independent role in trade throughout the archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> Banda was the world's only source of <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a>, spices used as flavourings, medicines, and preserving agents that were at the time highly valued in European markets. They were sold by <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traders to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a> for exorbitant prices. The traders did not divulge the exact location of their source and no European was able to deduce their location. </p><p>The first written accounts of Banda are in <i>Suma Oriental</i>, a book written by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> who was based in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> from 1512 to 1515 but visited Banda several times. On his first visit, he interviewed the Portuguese and the far more knowledgeable Malay sailors in Malacca. He estimated the early sixteenth century population to be 2500–3000. He reported the Bandanese as being part of an Indonesia-wide trading network and the only native Malukan long-range traders taking cargo to Malacca, although shipments from Banda were also being made by <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> traders. </p><p>In addition to the production of nutmeg and mace, Banda maintained significant <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> trade; goods that moved through Banda included cloves from <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Bird-of-paradise" title="Bird-of-paradise">bird-of-paradise</a> feathers from the <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, and <i>massoi</i> bark for traditional medicines and salves. In exchange, Banda predominantly received rice and cloth; namely light cotton <i><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calicoes</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sundas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Sundas">Lesser Sundas</a>. In 1603, an average quality <i><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">sarong</a></i>-sized cloth traded for eighteen kilograms of nutmeg. Some of these textiles were then sold on, ending up in <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Coarser <i>ikat</i> from the Lesser Sundas was traded for <a href="/wiki/Sago" title="Sago">sago</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kei_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei Islands">Kei Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seram" class="mw-redirect" title="Seram">Seram</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1511, on behalf of the king of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, which at the time was a major hub of Asian trade. In November of that year, after having secured Malacca and learned of the Banda Islands' location, Albuquerque sent an expedition of three ships led by his good friend <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a> to find them. <a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malay</a> pilots, either recruited or forcibly conscripted, guided them via <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sundas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Sundas">Lesser Sundas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> to Banda, arriving in early 1512.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milton1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 5, 7">: 5, 7 </span></sup> The first Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained in Banda for about one month, purchasing and filling their ships with Banda's nutmeg, mace, and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> D'Abreu sailed through <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seram_Island" title="Seram Island">Seram</a> while his second in command <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> went ahead towards the Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and ended up in <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>Distracted by hostilities elsewhere in the archipelago, such as Ambon and Ternate, the Portuguese did not return to the Banda Islands until 1529, when Portuguese trader Captain Garcia Henriques landed troops. Five of the Banda islands were within gunshot of each other and Henriques realised that a fort on the main island Neira would give him full control of the group. The Bandanese were, however, hostile to such a plan, and their warlike behavior was both costly and tiresome to Garcia whose men were attacked when they attempted to build a fort. From then on, the Portuguese were infrequent visitors to the islands, preferring to buy their nutmeg from traders in Malacca.<sup id="cite_ref-Milton1999_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 5, 7">: 5, 7 </span></sup> </p><p>Unlike inhabitants of other eastern Indonesian islands visited by the Portuguese, such as <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solor" title="Solor">Solor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a>, the Bandanese displayed no enthusiasm for Christianity or the Europeans who brought it in the sixteenth century, and no serious attempt was made to Christianise the Bandanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs1993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Maintaining their independence, the Bandanese never allowed the Portuguese to build a fort or permanent post in the islands. Ironically, it was this lack of presence which attracted the Dutch to trade in Banda instead of the clove-producing islands of Ternate and Tidore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_control">Dutch control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dutch control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Governorate of the Banda Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg/220px-Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg/330px-Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg/440px-Fort_Nassau_1646.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau,_Banda_Islands" title="Fort Nassau, Banda Islands">Fort Nassau</a> in 1646</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch followed the Portuguese to Banda but were to have a much more dominating and lasting presence. Dutch–Bandanese relations were mutually resentful from the outset, with Holland's first merchants complaining of Bandanese reneging on agreed deliveries and price, and cheating on quantity and quality. For the Bandanese, on the other hand, although they welcomed another competitor purchaser for their spices, the items of trade offered by the Dutch—heavy woolens, and damasks, unwanted manufactured goods, for example—were usually unsuitable in comparison to traditional trade products. The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, and Portuguese traders for example brought indispensable items along with steel knives, copper, medicines, and prized Chinese <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As much as the Dutch disliked dealing with the Bandanese, the trade was a highly profitable one with spices selling for 300 times the purchase price in Banda. This amply justified the expense and risk in shipping them to Europe. The allure of such profits saw an increasing number of Dutch expeditions; it was soon seen that in trade with the East Indies, competition from each would eat into all their profits. Thus the competitors united to form the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie</i></span> (VOC) (the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">United East India Company</a>, referred to in English as the Dutch East India Company) in 1602.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the early seventeenth century the Bandas were ruled by a group of leading citizens, the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">orang kaya</i></span> (literally 'rich men'); each of these was head of a district. At the time nutmeg was one of the "fine spices" kept expensive in Europe by disciplined manipulation of the market, but a desirable commodity for Dutch traders in the ports of India as well; economic historian <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> notes that India consumed twice as much as Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel1984_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Banda's <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">orang kaya</i></span> were persuaded by the Dutch to sign a treaty granting the Dutch a monopoly on spice purchases. Even though the Bandanese had little understanding of the significance of the treaty known as 'The Eternal Compact',<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or that not all Bandanese leaders had signed, it would later be used to justify Dutch troops being brought in to defend their monopoly. </p><p>In April 1609, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willemsz._Verhoeff" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Willemsz. Verhoeff">Pieter Willemsz. Verhoeff</a> arrived at Banda Neira with a request by <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice, Prince of Orange</a> to build a fort on the island (the eventual <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau,_Banda_Islands" title="Fort Nassau, Banda Islands">Fort Nassau</a>). The Bandanese were not excited about this idea. On 22 May, before building of the fort had started, the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">orang kaya</i></span> called a meeting with the Dutch admiral, purportedly to negotiate prices. Instead, they led Verhoeff and two high-ranked men into an ambush and decapitated them and subsequently killed 46 of the Dutch visitors. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pietersz_Coen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Pietersz Coen">Jan Pietersz Coen</a>, who was a lower-ranked merchant on the expedition, managed to escape, but the traumatic event likely influenced his future attitude towards the Bandanese.<sup id="cite_ref-VanOpstall1972_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanOpstall1972-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 95–98">: 95–98 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg/220px-Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg/330px-Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg/440px-Fort_Belgica_1824.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Fort Belgica in 1824</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English–Dutch_rivalry"><span id="English.E2.80.93Dutch_rivalry"></span>English–Dutch rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: English–Dutch rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Portuguese and Spanish activity in the region had weakened, the English had built fortified trading posts on tiny Ai and <a href="/wiki/Run_(island)" title="Run (island)">Run</a> islands, ten to twenty kilometres from the main Banda Islands. With the English paying higher prices, they were significantly undermining Dutch aims for a monopoly. As Anglo-Dutch tensions increased in 1611 the Dutch built the larger and more strategic <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belgica" title="Fort Belgica">Fort Belgica</a> above Fort Nassau. </p><p>In 1615, the Dutch invaded Ai with 900 men, whereupon the English retreated to Run where they regrouped. Japanese mercenaries served in the Dutch forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Bown2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bown2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same night, the English launched a surprise counter-attack on Ai, retaking the island and killing 200 Dutchmen. A year later, a much stronger Dutch force attacked Ai. This time the defenders were able to hold off the attack with cannon fire, but after a month of siege they ran out of ammunition. The Dutch killed the defenders, and afterwards strengthened the fort, renaming it 'Fort Revenge'. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militairen_bij_het_standbeeld_van_Koning_Willem_III_op_Banda_TMnr_10018594.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Colonial soldiers standing guard next to the statue of <a href="/wiki/King_Willem_III_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="King Willem III of the Netherlands">King Willem III of the Netherlands</a>, representing <a href="/wiki/Dutch_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch empire">Dutch dominance</a> on Banda.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre_of_the_Bandanese">Massacre of the Bandanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Massacre of the Bandanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands</a></div> <p>Newly appointed VOC governor-general <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a> set about enforcing Dutch monopoly over the Banda's spice trade. In 1621 well-armed soldiers were landed on Bandaneira Island and within a few days they had also occupied neighbouring and larger <a href="/wiki/Lontar_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontar island">Lontar</a>. The <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">orang kaya</i></span> were forced at gunpoint to sign an unfeasibly arduous treaty, one that was in fact impossible to keep, thus providing Coen an excuse to use superior Dutch force against the Bandanese.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch quickly noted a number of alleged violations of the new treaty, in response to which Coen launched a punitive massacre. Japanese mercenaries were hired to deal with the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">orang kaya</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Worrall2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worrall2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forty of whom were beheaded with their heads impaled and displayed on bamboo spears.<sup id="cite_ref-Unoki2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unoki2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The butchering and beheadings were carried out by the Japanese for the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-Krondl2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krondl2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islanders were tortured and their villages destroyed by the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-Raden2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raden2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bandanese chiefs were also tortured by the Dutch and Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch carved 68 parcels out of the islands after the enslavement and slaughter of the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-PrakWebb2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrakWebb2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milton2012p163_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton2012p163-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population of the Banda Islands prior to Dutch conquest is generally estimated to have been around 13,000–15,000 people, some of whom were Malay and Javanese traders, as well as Chinese and Arabs. The actual numbers of Bandanese who were killed, forcibly expelled or fled the islands in 1621 remain uncertain. But readings of historical sources suggest around one thousand Bandanese likely survived in the islands, and were spread throughout the nutmeg groves as forced labourers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loth1995_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loth1995-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarling1999_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarling1999-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tarling1992_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarling1992-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch subsequently re-settled the islands with imported slaves, convicts and indentured labourers (to work the nutmeg plantations), as well as immigrants from elsewhere in Indonesia. Most survivors fled as refugees to the islands of their trading partners, in particular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keffing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keffing (page does not exist)">Keffing</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guli_Guli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guli Guli (page does not exist)">Guli Guli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seram" class="mw-redirect" title="Seram">Seram Laut</a> chain and <a href="/wiki/Kei_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei Islands">Kei Besar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shipments of surviving Bandanese were also sent to Batavia (<a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>) to work as slaves in developing the city and its fortress. Some 530 of these individuals were later returned to the islands because of their much-needed expertise in nutmeg cultivation (something sorely lacking among newly arrived Dutch settlers).<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Loth1995_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loth1995-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>Whereas up until this point the Dutch presence had been simply as traders, that was sometimes treaty-based, the Banda conquest marked the start of the first overt colonial rule in Indonesia, albeit under the auspices of the VOC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VOC_monopoly">VOC monopoly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: VOC monopoly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda_Neira_1724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banda_Neira_1724.jpg/220px-Banda_Neira_1724.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banda_Neira_1724.jpg/330px-Banda_Neira_1724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banda_Neira_1724.jpg/440px-Banda_Neira_1724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Banda Neira in 1724</figcaption></figure> <p>Having nearly eradicated the islands' native population, Coen divided the productive land of approximately half a million nutmeg trees into sixty-eight 1.2-hectare <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">perken</i></span>. These land parcels were then handed to Dutch planters known as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">perkeniers</i></span> of which 34 were on <a href="/wiki/Lontar_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontar island">Lontar</a>, 31 on Ai and 3 on Neira. With few Bandanese left to work them, slaves from elsewhere were brought in.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now enjoying control of the nutmeg production, the VOC paid the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">perkeniers</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">122</span></span>nd of the Dutch market price for nutmeg; however, the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">perkeniers</i></span> still profited immensely, building substantial villas with opulent imported European decorations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The outlying island of Run was harder for the VOC to control and they exterminated all nutmeg trees there. The production and export of nutmeg was a VOC monopoly for almost two hundred years. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belgica" title="Fort Belgica">Fort Belgica</a>, one of many forts built by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, is one of the largest remaining European forts in Indonesia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English–Dutch_rivalry_continues"><span id="English.E2.80.93Dutch_rivalry_continues"></span>English–Dutch rivalry continues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English–Dutch rivalry continues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Invasion of the Spice Islands</a></div> <p>Though not physically present at the Banda Islands, the English claimed the small island of <a href="/wiki/Run_(island)" title="Run (island)">Run</a> until 1667 when, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breda_(1667)" title="Treaty of Breda (1667)">Treaty of Breda</a>, the Dutch and English agreed to maintain the colonial <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> and relinquish their respective claims. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banda1810Cole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Banda1810Cole.jpg/220px-Banda1810Cole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Banda1810Cole.jpg/330px-Banda1810Cole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Banda1810Cole.jpg/440px-Banda1810Cole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>View of the Island of Banda-Neira captured by the British on 9 August 1810</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1810, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a> was a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a> and hence in conflict with Britain. The French and British were each seeking to control lucrative Indian Ocean trade routes. On 10 May 1810, a squadron consisting of the 36-gun frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Caroline" title="HMS Caroline">HMS <i>Caroline</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Pi%C3%A9montaise_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="French frigate Piémontaise (1804)">HMS <i>Piedmontaise</i></a> (formerly a French frigate), 18-gun <a href="/wiki/Cruizer-class_brig-sloop" title="Cruizer-class brig-sloop">sloop</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Barracouta_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Barracouta (1807) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Barracouta</i></a>, and the 12-gun transport <a href="/wiki/HMS_Mandarin_(1810)" title="HMS Mandarin (1810)">HMS <i>Mandarin</i></a> left <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> with money, supplies and troops to support the garrison at <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Amboyna</a>, recently captured from the Dutch. The frigates and sloop carried a hundred officers and men of the <a href="/wiki/102nd_Regiment_of_Foot_(Royal_Madras_Fusiliers)" title="102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)">Madras European Regiment</a>, while the <i>Mandarin</i> carried supplies. The squadron was commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cole_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Christopher Cole (Royal Navy officer)">Christopher Cole</a>, with Captain Charles Foote on the <i>Piedmontaise</i> and Captain Richard Kenah aboard the <i>Barracouta</i>. After departing from Madras, Cole informed Foote and Kenah of Cole's plan to capture the Bandas; Foote and Kenah agreed. In Singapore, Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_Spencer_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Richard Spencer (Royal Navy officer)">Spencer</a> informed Cole that over 700 regular Dutch troops may have been located in the Bandas.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The squadron took a circuitous route to avoid alerting the Dutch. On 9 August 1810, the British appeared at <a href="/wiki/Banda_Neira" title="Banda Neira">Banda Neira</a>. They quickly stormed the island and attacked <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belgica" title="Fort Belgica">Belgica Castle</a> at sunrise. The battle was over within hours, with the Dutch surrendering <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau,_Banda_Islands" title="Fort Nassau, Banda Islands">Fort Nassau</a> – after some subterfuge – and within days the remainder of the Banda Islands. After the Dutch surrender, Captain Charles Foote (of the <i>Piedmontaise</i>) was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the Banda Islands. This action was a prelude to Britain's <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">invasion of Java</a> in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins2008_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Dutch retook control of the islands, the British removed many nutmeg trees and transplanted them to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> and other British colonies. The competition largely destroyed the value of the Banda Islands to the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-Milne2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milne2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1990s, violence between Christians and Muslims spilled over from <a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">intercommunal conflict</a> in Ambon. The disturbance and resulting deaths damaged the previously prosperous <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-WittonEtAl2003_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WittonEtAl2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bandanese speak <a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Bandanese_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Banda Malay</a>, which has several features distinguishing it from <a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a>, a Malay dialect that is a lingua franca in central and southern Maluku alongside <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>. Banda Malay is famous in the region for its unique, lilting accent, but it also has a number of locally identifying words in its lexicon, many of them borrowings or <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>fork: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">forok</span></span> (Dutch <span title="Dutch-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nl-Latn">vork</span></span>)</li> <li>ant: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">mir</span></span> (Dutch <span title="Dutch-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nl-Latn">mier</span></span>)</li> <li>spoon: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">lepe</span></span> (Dutch <span title="Dutch-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nl-Latn">lepel</span></span>)</li> <li>difficult: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">lastek</span></span> (Dutch <span title="Dutch-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nl-Latn">lastig</span></span>)</li> <li>floor: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">plur</span></span> (Dutch <span title="Dutch-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nl-Latn">vloer</span></span>)</li> <li>porch: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">stup</span></span> (Dutch <span title="Dutch-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nl-Latn">stoep</span></span>)</li></ul> <p>Banda Malay shares many <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> loanwords with Ambonese Malay not appearing in the national language, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>. But it has comparatively fewer, and they differ in pronunciation. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>turtle: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">tetaruga</span></span> (Banda Malay); <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">totoruga</span></span> (Ambonese Malay) (from Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="pt-Latn">tartaruga</span></span>)</li> <li>throat: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">gargontong</span></span> (Banda Malay); <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">gargangtang</span></span> (Ambonese Malay) (from Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="pt-Latn">garganta</span></span>)</li></ul> <p>Finally, and most noticeably, Banda Malay uses some distinct pronouns. The most immediately distinguishing is that of the second person singular familiar form of address: <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ms-Latn">pané</span></span>. </p><p>The descendants of some of the Bandanese who fled Dutch conquest in the seventeenth century live in the <a href="/wiki/Kai_Islands" title="Kai Islands">Kai Islands</a> (Kepulauan Kei) to the east of the Banda group, where a version of the original <a href="/wiki/Banda_language_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda language (Indonesia)">Banda language</a> is still spoken in the villages of Banda Eli and Banda Elat on Kai Besar Island. While long integrated into Kei Island society, residents of these settlements continue to value the historical origins of their ancestors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the present-day inhabitants of the Banda Islands are descended from migrants and plantation labourers from various parts of Indonesia, as well as from indigenous Bandanese. They have inherited aspects of pre-colonial ritual practices in the Banda Islands that are highly valued and still performed, giving them a distinct and very local cultural identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Winn2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winn2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1938_Banda_Sea_earthquake" title="1938 Banda Sea earthquake">1938 Banda Sea earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch East India Company in Indonesia">Dutch East India Company in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">List of earthquakes in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia#Banda_Sea" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">List of volcanoes in Indonesia § Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Ghosh, Amitav</a> (2021). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lK0GEAAAQBAJ&dq">The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis</a></i>. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 1529369479.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Giles Milton</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel%27s_Nutmeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel's Nutmeg (page does not exist)">Nathaniel's Nutmeg</a>: How One Man's Courage Changed the Course of History</i> (Sceptre books, Hodder and Stoughton, London)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128054403/https://vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php/gunungapi/data-dasar-gunungapi/507-qetna-van-indonesiaq-menurut-drrdm-verbeek-1900">"G. Banda Api"</a>. Badan Geologi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vsi.esdm.go.id/index.php/gunungapi/data-dasar-gunungapi/507-qetna-van-indonesiaq-menurut-drrdm-verbeek-1900">the original</a> on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.+Banda+Api&rft.pub=Badan+Geologi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvsi.esdm.go.id%2Findex.php%2Fgunungapi%2Fdata-dasar-gunungapi%2F507-qetna-van-indonesiaq-menurut-drrdm-verbeek-1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badan Pusat Statistik, 2023, Kecamatan Banda, Katalog/Catalog: 1102001.8103010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lape2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lape2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLape2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lape, Peter (2013). "Die erste Besiedlung auf den Banda-Inseln: 8000 Jahre Archäologie auf den Molukken" [The first settlement in the Banda Islands: 8000 years of archeology in the Moluccas]. <i>Antike Welt</i>. <b>5</b> (13): 9–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antike+Welt&rft.atitle=Die+erste+Besiedlung+auf+den+Banda-Inseln%3A+8000+Jahre+Arch%C3%A4ologie+auf+den+Molukken&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lape&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellingerSalkin1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. 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Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4"><bdi>1-884964-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884964-04-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs1993-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1993" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M. C. (1993). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333576892" title="Special:BookSources/9780333576892"><bdi>9780333576892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780333576892&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanna1991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1991_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_A._Hanna" title="Willard A. Hanna">Hanna, Willard A.</a> (1991). <i>Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands</i>. Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915980918" title="Special:BookSources/9780915980918"><bdi>9780915980918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Banda%3A+Colonialism+and+Its+Aftermath+in+the+Nutmeg+Islands&rft.pub=Yayasan+Warisan+dan+Budaya+Banda+Naira&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780915980918&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Willard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milton1999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milton1999_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milton1999_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giles_Milton" title="Giles Milton">Milton, Giles</a> (1999). <i>Nathaniel's Nutmeg</i>. London: Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340696767" title="Special:BookSources/9780340696767"><bdi>9780340696767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nathaniel%27s+Nutmeg&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780340696767&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braudel1984-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braudel1984_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Braudel, Fernand (1984). <i>Civilization and Capitalism: 15th–18th Century</i>. Vol. III: The Perspective of the World. 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Utrecht University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+reis+van+de+vloot+van+Pieter+Willemsz+Verhoeff+naar+Azi%C3%AB+1607%E2%80%931612&rft.pub=Utrecht+University&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Van+Opstall&rft.aufirst=Margaretha+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bown2010-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bown2010_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBown2009" class="citation book cs1">Bown, Stephen R. (2009). <i>Merchant kings: when companies ruled the world, 1600–1900</i>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books (published 2010). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312616113" title="Special:BookSources/9780312616113"><bdi>9780312616113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+kings%3A+when+companies+ruled+the+world%2C+1600%E2%80%931900&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780312616113&rft.aulast=Bown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worrall2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Worrall2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorrall2012" class="citation news cs1">Worrall, Simon (23 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18551857">"The world's oldest clove tree"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+oldest+clove+tree&rft.date=2012-06-23&rft.aulast=Worrall&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18551857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unoki2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unoki2013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnoki2013" class="citation book cs1">Unoki, Ko (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UaeL64p-ukC&pg=PA56"><i>Mergers, Acquisitions and Global Empires: Tolerance, Diversity and the Success of M&A</i></a>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136215384" title="Special:BookSources/9781136215384"><bdi>9781136215384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mergers%2C+Acquisitions+and+Global+Empires%3A+Tolerance%2C+Diversity+and+the+Success+of+M%26A&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136215384&rft.aulast=Unoki&rft.aufirst=Ko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UaeL64p-ukC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krondl2008-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krondl2008_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrondl2008" class="citation book cs1">Krondl, Michael (2008). <i>The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice</i>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345509826" title="Special:BookSources/9780345509826"><bdi>9780345509826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+Conquest%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Three+Great+Cities+of+Spice&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780345509826&rft.aulast=Krondl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raden2015-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raden2015_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaden2015" class="citation book cs1">Raden, Aja (2015). <i>Stoned: Jewelry, Obsession, and How Desire Shapes the World</i>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062334718" title="Special:BookSources/9780062334718"><bdi>9780062334718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stoned%3A+Jewelry%2C+Obsession%2C+and+How+Desire+Shapes+the+World&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780062334718&rft.aulast=Raden&rft.aufirst=Aja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <i>Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300105186" title="Special:BookSources/9780300105186"><bdi>9780300105186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780300105186&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309040116/http://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/nature-rambles/frigates-war-canoes-and-volcanoes/">"Frigates, War Canoes, and Volcanoes"</a>. 26 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/nature-rambles/frigates-war-canoes-and-volcanoes/">the original</a> on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frigates%2C+War+Canoes%2C+and+Volcanoes&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nicholas.duke.edu%2Fnature-rambles%2Ffrigates-war-canoes-and-volcanoes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2008" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jack (10 December 2008). <i>Spice: The History of a Temptation</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307491220" title="Special:BookSources/9780307491220"><bdi>9780307491220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spice%3A+The+History+of+a+Temptation&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft.isbn=9780307491220&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrakWebb2005-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrakWebb2005_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakWebb2005" class="citation book cs1">Prak, Maarten; Webb, Diane (22 September 2005). <i>The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521843522" title="Special:BookSources/9780521843522"><bdi>9780521843522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+The+Golden+Age&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft.isbn=9780521843522&rft.aulast=Prak&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft.au=Webb%2C+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milton2012p163-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milton2012p163_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton2012" class="citation book cs1">Milton, Giles (12 April 2012). <i>Nathaniel's Nutmeg</i>. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444717716" title="Special:BookSources/9781444717716"><bdi>9781444717716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nathaniel%27s+Nutmeg&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.isbn=9781444717716&rft.aulast=Milton&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loth1995-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loth1995_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loth1995_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoth.1995" class="citation journal cs1">Loth., Vincent C. 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Vol. 1, Part 2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521663700" title="Special:BookSources/9780521663700"><bdi>9780521663700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521663700&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarling1992-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarling1992_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tarling, Nicholas (1992). <i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia</i>. Vol. 1: From Early Times to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521355056" title="Special:BookSources/9780521355056"><bdi>9780521355056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521355056&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Iem (2004). <i>The Territories of Indonesia</i>. Routledge. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135355418" title="Special:BookSources/9781135355418"><bdi>9781135355418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+Indonesia&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135355418&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Iem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkins2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins2008_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins2008_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley (2008). <i>The War for All the Oceans: From Nelson at the Nile to Napoleon at Waterloo</i>. Penguin. pp. 344–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311392-8"><bdi>978-0-14-311392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+All+the+Oceans%3A+From+Nelson+at+the+Nile+to+Napoleon+at+Waterloo&rft.pages=344-355&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311392-8&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Sir Christopher Cole, K.C.B.". <i>The Annual biography and obituary</i>. Vol. 21. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & Brown. 1837. pp. 114–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Christopher+Cole%2C+K.C.B.&rft.btitle=The+Annual+biography+and+obituary&rft.place=London&rft.pages=114-123&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+%26+Brown&rft.date=1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milne2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milne2011_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2011" class="citation news cs1">Milne, Peter (16 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/16/banda-nutmeg-treasure-islands.html">"Banda, the nutmeg treasure islands"</a>. <i>The Jakarta Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>But the economic importance of the Bandas was only fleeting. With the Napoleonic wars raging across Europe, the English returned to the Bandas in the early 19th century, temporarily taking over control from the Dutch. This gave the English an opportunity to uproot hundreds of valuable nutmeg seedlings and transport them to their own colonies in Ceylon and Singapore, breaking forever the Dutch monopoly and consigning the Bandas to economic decline and irrelevance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Banda%2C+the+nutmeg+treasure+islands&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F01%2F16%2Fbanda-nutmeg-treasure-islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WittonEtAl2003-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WittonEtAl2003_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittonElliottGreenwayJealous2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick; Elliott, Mark; Greenway, Paul; Jealous, Virginia (2003). <i>Indonesia</i>. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740591546" title="Special:BookSources/9781740591546"><bdi>9781740591546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781740591546&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Mark&rft.au=Greenway%2C+Paul&rft.au=Jealous%2C+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winn2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winn2010_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2010" class="citation journal cs1">Winn, Phillip (2010). "Slavery and cultural creativity in the Banda Islands". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 365–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022463410000238">10.1017/s0022463410000238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+cultural+creativity+in+the+Banda+Islands&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-389&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022463410000238&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLape2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lape, Peter (2000). "Political dynamics and religious change in the late pre-colonial Banda Islands, Eastern Indonesia". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): 138–155. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.500.4009">10.1.1.500.4009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F004382400409934">10.1080/004382400409934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19503031">19503031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Political+dynamics+and+religious+change+in+the+late+pre-colonial+Banda+Islands%2C+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=138-155&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.500.4009%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19503031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F004382400409934&rft.aulast=Lape&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1997" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Karl (1997). Pickell, David (ed.). <i>Maluku: Indonesian Spice Islands</i>. Singapore: Periplus Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-176-0"><bdi>978-962-593-176-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maluku%3A+Indonesian+Spice+Islands&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-593-176-0&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilliers1981" class="citation journal cs1">Villiers, John (1981). "Trade and society in the Banda Islands in the sixteenth century". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 723–750. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x0000874x">10.1017/s0026749x0000874x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Trade+and+society+in+the+Banda+Islands+in+the+sixteenth+century&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=723-750&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x0000874x&rft.aulast=Villiers&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Warburg, Otto (1897) <i>Die Muskatnuss: ihre Geschichte, Botanik, Kultur, Handel und Verwerthung sowie ihre Verfälschungen und Surrogate zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte der Banda-Inseln</i>. Leipzig: Engelmann.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/b28109119/mode/2up">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn1998" class="citation journal cs1">Winn, Phillip (1998). "Banda is the Blessed Land: sacred practice and identity in the Banda Islands, Maluku". <i>Antropologi Indonesia</i>. <b>57</b>: 71–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antropologi+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Banda+is+the+Blessed+Land%3A+sacred+practice+and+identity+in+the+Banda+Islands%2C+Maluku&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=71-80&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2001" class="citation journal cs1">Winn, Phillip (2001). "Graves, groves and gardens: place and identity in central Maluku, Indonesia". <i>The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 24–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14442210110001706025">10.1080/14442210110001706025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161495500">161495500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia+Pacific+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Graves%2C+groves+and+gardens%3A+place+and+identity+in+central+Maluku%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-44&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14442210110001706025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161495500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Winn, Phillip (2002). "Everyone searches, everyone finds: moral discourse and resource use in an Indonesian Muslim community". <i>Oceania</i>. <b>72</b> (4): 275–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2002.tb02796.x">10.1002/j.1834-4461.2002.tb02796.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceania&rft.atitle=Everyone+searches%2C+everyone+finds%3A+moral+discourse+and+resource+use+in+an+Indonesian+Muslim+community&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=275-292&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4461.2002.tb02796.x&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banda_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banda_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Banda_Islands#Q739411" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Banda Islands"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Banda_Islands">"Banda Islands" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banda+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302023256/http://www.royal-navy.org/lib/index.php?title=Capture_of_Banda_Neira">Capture of Banda Neira by the British Royal Navy 1810</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/aa0102">"Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Banda+Sea+Islands+moist+deciduous+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Faa0102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanda+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020092430/http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/the-bandas/">Forts of the Spice Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Morotai">Morotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi_Islands" title="Obi Islands">Obi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_Islands_Regency" title="Sula Islands Regency">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau" title="Ambelau">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands_Regency" title="Aru Islands Regency">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano" title="Boano">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru" title="Buru">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babar_Islands" title="Babar Islands">Babar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damar_Island" title="Damar Island">Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorong_archipelago" title="Gorong archipelago">Gorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruku_Island" title="Haruku Island">Haruku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Islands" title="Kai Islands">Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelang" title="Kelang">Kelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisar" title="Kisar">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Leti Islands">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liran" title="Liran">Liran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipa" title="Manipa">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk">Manuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa_(island)" title="Moa (island)">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nila" title="Mount Nila">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut" title="Nusa Laut">Nusa Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romang_(island)" title="Romang (island)">Romang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparua" title="Saparua">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Island" title="Seram Island">Seram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Serua" title="Mount Serua">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbar_Islands" title="Tanimbar Islands">Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayandu_Islands" title="Tayandu Islands">Tayandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watubela_archipelago" title="Watubela archipelago">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetar" title="Wetar">Wetar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_colonies" title="Template talk:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dutch_colonial_empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1602–1798)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (1602–1798)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorate General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Ambon" title="Governorate of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Governorate of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Celebes" title="Dutch Celebes">Celebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands#Dutch" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang#History" title="Semarang">Northeast coast of Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commandments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">West coast of Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cheribon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Malang" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahyangan" title="Parahyangan">Preanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opperhoofd" title="Opperhoofd">Opperhoofd</a> settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mauritius" title="Dutch Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom#Contacts_with_the_West" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–1643)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_and_trading_posts_of_the_Dutch_West_India_Company_(1621–1792)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies and trading posts of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (1621–1792)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies in the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_(Dutch_colony)" title="Cayenne (Dutch colony)">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara" title="Demerara">Demerara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essequibo_(colony)" title="Essequibo (colony)">Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeroon_(colony)" title="Pomeroon (colony)">Pomeroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSS_islands" title="SSS islands">Sint Eustatius and Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Loango-Angola" title="Dutch Loango-Angola">Loango-Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambia_(Dutch_West_India_Company)" title="Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)">Senegambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Slave Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Berbice" title="Society of Berbice">Society of Berbice</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Suriname" title="Society of Suriname">Society of Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Settlements_of_the_Noordsche_Compagnie_(1614–1642)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a> (1614–1642)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Settlements" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeerenburg" title="Smeerenburg">Smeerenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Colonies_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands_(1815–1975)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonies of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> (1815–1975)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1825</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Coromandel" title="Dutch Coromandel">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malacca" title="Dutch Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Suratte" title="Dutch Suratte">Suratte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1853</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1872</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast" title="Dutch Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao and Dependencies">Curaçao and Dependencies</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Until 1962</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Became <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands#Constituent_countries" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">constituent countries</a> of the Kingdom of the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a> gained <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">full independence</a> in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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