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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Administration and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administration and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Waste management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Tourism and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_based_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_based_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 City based teams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_based_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Foreign missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Chennai</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" > 134 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD" title="ቸናይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸናይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="تشيناي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيناي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5_(%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD)" title="Չեննայ (Մատրաս) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չեննայ (Մատրաս)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চেন্নাই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চেন্নাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ennai" title="Çennai – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çennai" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چنای – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چنای" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9nnai" title="Chénnai – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chénnai" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চেন্নাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেন্নাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Ченнаи – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ченнаи" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Чэнаі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чэнаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Чэнаі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэнаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ченай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ченай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ченнай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ченнай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Chennai (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chennai (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cenna%C3%AD" title="Čennaí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čennaí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Τσεννάι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσεννάι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88enajo" title="Ĉenajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉenajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چنای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چنای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras" title="Madras – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madras" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A5%88" title="清奈 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="清奈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مدرس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مدرس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%88" title="ચેન્નઈ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચેન્નઈ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B8%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4" title="첸나이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="첸나이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Չեննայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեննայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চেন্নাই – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চেন্নাই" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Ченнаи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ченнаи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="צ'נאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'נאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88" title="ಚೆನ್ನೈ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೆನ್ನೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჩენაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩენაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Ченнаи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ченнаи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maderaspatanum" title="Maderaspatanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maderaspatanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cennai" title="Čennai – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čennai" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cenajus" title="Čenajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čenajus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csennai" title="Csennai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csennai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88" title="ചെന്നൈ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെന്നൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenai" title="Kenai – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kenai" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჩენაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩენაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%89" title="تشيناى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشيناى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مدرس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مدرس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ченнай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ченнай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ချန်နိုင်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချန်နိုင်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="चेन्नई – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चेन्नई" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4" title="チェンナイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェンナイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Ченнаи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ченнаи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Ченнаи – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ченнаи" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87" title="ଚେନ୍ନାଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚେନ୍ନାଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennay" title="Chennay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chennay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%88" title="ਚੇਨਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੇਨਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چنائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چنائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چينای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86ennaj" title="Ćennaj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćennaj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenai" title="Chenai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chenai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennai" title="Shennai – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Shennai" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Ченнаи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ченнаи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88" title="चेन्नै – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चेन्नै" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87enai" title="Çenai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çenai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="චෙන්නායි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෙන්නායි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="چنائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چنائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cennai" title="Čennai – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čennai" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cenaj" title="Čenaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čenaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86ennaj" title="Ćennaj – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ćennaj" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="چێنای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چێنای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Ченај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ченај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cenaj" title="Čenaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čenaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="சென்னை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சென்னை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ченнай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ченнай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88" title="చెన్నై – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చెన్నై" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99" title="เจนไน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจนไน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ченнай – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ченнай" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ченнай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ченнай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چنائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چنائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مادراس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مادراس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cennai" title="Čennai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čennai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%A5%88" title="金奈 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金奈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A5%88" title="清奈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="清奈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87enay" title="Çenay – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çenay" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%A5%88" title="金奈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金奈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chennai" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1352#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="View the content page [c]" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Madras_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Madras (disambiguation)">Madras (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For its eponymous district, see <a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai district</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chennai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chennai (disambiguation)">Chennai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Megacity in Tamil Nadu, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Chennai</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Madras</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Central.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chennai_Central.jpg/250px-Chennai_Central.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chennai_Central.jpg/375px-Chennai_Central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chennai_Central.jpg/500px-Chennai_Central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="438" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapaleeswarar_Temple,_Mylapore,_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg/124px-Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg/186px-Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg/248px-Kapaleeswarar_Temple%2C_Mylapore%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG/124px-Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG/186px-Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG/248px-Valluvar_Kottam_Edit1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg/124px-Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg/186px-Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg/248px-Chennai_LabourStatue_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathipara_Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kathipara_Crop.jpg/124px-Kathipara_Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kathipara_Crop.jpg/186px-Kathipara_Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kathipara_Crop.jpg/248px-Kathipara_Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG/124px-Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG/186px-Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG/248px-Ripon_Building_Chennai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg/124px-Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg/186px-Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg/248px-Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station" title="Chennai Central railway station">Chennai Central railway station</a>; <a href="/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kathipara_junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathipara junction">Kathipara junction</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marina_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina beach">Marina beach</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Building" title="Ripon Building">Ripon Building</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Labour" title="Triumph of Labour">Triumph of Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapaleeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapaleeswarar Temple">Kapaleeswarar Temple</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Chennai"><img alt="Coat of arms of Chennai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png/75px-Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png/112px-Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png/150px-Chennai_Corporation_Emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="438" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Gateway of South India<a href="#cite_note-OI_Turns375-2">[1]</a> Detroit of India<a href="#cite_note-USDept1997-3">[2]</a> Health Capital of India<a href="#cite_note-HC-4">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 275px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="275" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-lat="13.05" data-lon="80.2" data-overlays="["_9e49130e20fe925f7842dac84899b540091e65d7"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/13.05/80.2/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,13.05,80.2,275x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chennai&revid=1257196512&groups=_9e49130e20fe925f7842dac84899b540091e65d7" width="275" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,13.05,80.2,275x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chennai&revid=1257196512&groups=_9e49130e20fe925f7842dac84899b540091e65d7 2x" alt="Map" /></a> <hr /> <div class="switcher-container"><div> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 275px; height: 275px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="275" data-height="275" data-zoom="6" data-lat="10.83" data-lon="78.6" data-overlays="["_00f51e120fbf095d5f6c76f96248d3f8f226374e"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/10.83/78.6/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,10.83,78.6,275x275.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chennai&revid=1257196512&groups=_00f51e120fbf095d5f6c76f96248d3f8f226374e" width="275" height="275" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,10.83,78.6,275x275@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chennai&revid=1257196512&groups=_00f51e120fbf095d5f6c76f96248d3f8f226374e 2x" alt="Map" /></a> Location in Tamil Nadu</div><div> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 275px; height: 275px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="275" data-height="275" data-zoom="3" data-lat="23.0681" data-lon="82.6115" data-overlays="["_5ec466e2fa726ec5989fd5ef4c04f3b4f4109aa3"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/23.0681/82.6115/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,23.0681,82.6115,275x275.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chennai&revid=1257196512&groups=_5ec466e2fa726ec5989fd5ef4c04f3b4f4109aa3" width="275" height="275" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,23.0681,82.6115,275x275@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Chennai&revid=1257196512&groups=_5ec466e2fa726ec5989fd5ef4c04f3b4f4109aa3 2x" alt="Map" /></a> Location in India</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chennai&params=13_4_57_N_80_16_30_E_region:IN-TN_type:city(6748026)">13°4′57″N 80°16′30″E / 13.08250°N 80.27500°E / 13.08250; 80.27500</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Tamil Nadu">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a><a href="#cite_note-CMA-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1639</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennakesava_Perumal_Temple" title="Chennakesava Perumal Temple">Chennakesava Perumal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Damarla_Chennappa_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Damarla Chennappa Nayaka">Chennappa Nayaka</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporation_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporation (India)">Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Chennai">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Priya_Rajan" title="Priya Rajan">Priya Rajan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Commissioner</th><td class="infobox-data">J. Kumaragurubaran <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CET-6">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">426 km2 (164 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CMDA-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMA-1">[a]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,904 km2 (2,280 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 m (23 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-UA2011-9">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,748,026</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">6th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">16,000/km2 (41,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,696,010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-plus agglomerations in India">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chennaiite</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$143.9 billion<a href="#cite_note-C40-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">Pincode(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">600xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">+91-44</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TN-01 to TN-14, TN-18, TN-22, TN-85</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chennaicorporation.gov.in">chennaicorporation.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Population Note: The population as per 2011 census calculated basis pre-expansion city area of 174 sq.km. was 4,646,732.<a href="#cite_note-UA2011-9">[7]</a> Post expansion of city limits to 426 sq.km.,<a href="#cite_note-CET-6">[4]</a> the population including the new city limits was provided by Government of Tamil Nadu was 6,748,026.<a href="#cite_note-Cpop-11">[9]</a> The 2011 census data for the urban agglomeration is available and has been provided.<a href="#cite_note-UA2011-9">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Chennai (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʃɛnaɪ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg\/Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ta-ind-Chennai EshwerShiv.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg/Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ta-ind-Chennai_EshwerShiv.ogg" title="File:Ta-ind-Chennai EshwerShiv.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Tamil: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[ˈt͡ɕenːaɪ̯]</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: Ceṉṉai), formerly known as Madras,<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">largest</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, the southernmost <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">state of India</a>. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Indian census</a>, Chennai is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">sixth-most populous city</a> in India and forms the <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">fourth-most populous urban agglomeration</a>. Incorporated in 1688, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> in India and the second oldest in the world after <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Historically, the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> kingdoms during various eras. The coastal land which then contained the fishing village Madrasapattinam, was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Damarla_Chennapa_Nayaka" title="Damarla Chennapa Nayaka">Chennapa Nayaka</a> in the 17th century. The British garrison established the Madras city and <a href="/wiki/Chennai_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai port">port</a> and built <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a>, the first British fortress in India. The city was made the winter capital of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India gained independence</a> in 1947, Madras continued as the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> and present-day Tamil Nadu. The city was officially <a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_Indian_cities_and_states#Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of renamed Indian cities and states">renamed</a> as Chennai in 1996. The city is coterminous with <a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai district</a>, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Metropolitan Area">Chennai Metropolitan Area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban areas by population">35th-largest urban area in the world by population</a> and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. Chennai has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">fifth-largest urban economy</a> and the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> population in India. As a gateway to South India, Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities ranking 36th among the most-visited cities in the world in 2019. Ranked as a beta-level city in the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Global Cities Index</a>, Chennai regularly features among the best cities to live in India and is amongst the safest cities in India. Chennai is a major centre for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> and is termed "India's health capital". Chennai houses a major portion of India's automobile industry, hence the name "<a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> of India". It was the only South Asian city to be ranked among <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>'s "Top 10 food cities" in 2015 and ranked ninth on <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>'s best cosmopolitan cities in the world. In October 2017, Chennai was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list. It is a major <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">film production</a> centre and home to the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil-language film industry</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Chennai_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Chennai in different languages">Names of Chennai in different languages</a></div> The name Chennai was derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Damarla_Chennapa_Nayaka" title="Damarla Chennapa Nayaka">Chennappa Nayaka</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a> ruler who served as a general under <a href="/wiki/Peda_Venkata_Raya" title="Peda Venkata Raya">Venkata Raya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> from whom <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">the British East India Company</a> acquired the town in 1639.<a href="#cite_note-Hist-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> The first official use of the name was in August 1639 in a sale deed to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Day_of_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Day of Madras">Francis Day</a> of the East India Company.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> A land grant was given to the <a href="/wiki/Chennakesava_Perumal_Temple,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennakesava Perumal Temple, Chennai">Chennakesava Perumal Temple</a> in Chennapatanam later in 1646, which some scholars argue to be the first use of the name.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hist-15">[11]</a> The name Madras is of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India.<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> A Vijayanagara-era inscription found in 2015 was dated to the year 1367 and mentions the port of Mādarasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, and it was theorized that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of <a href="/wiki/Royapuram" title="Royapuram">Royapuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> Madras might have been derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a> but it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> In July 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a> officially <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">changed</a> the name from Madras to Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> The name "Madras" continues to be used occasionally for the city as well as for places or things named after the city in the past.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">History of Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chennai_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Chennai history">Timeline of Chennai history</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> implements have been found near <a href="/wiki/Pallavaram" title="Pallavaram">Pallavaram</a> in Chennai and according to the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI), Pallavaram was a <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> The region around Chennai was an important administrative, military, and economic centre for many centuries. During the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">CE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> poet named <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a> lived in the town of <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a>, a neighbourhood of present-day Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> The region was part of Tondaimandalam which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> in the 2nd century CE by subduing <a href="/wiki/Kurumbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurumbas">Kurumbas</a>, the original inhabitants of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Chist-26">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchi</a> became independent rulers of the region from 3rd to 9th century CE and the areas of <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> and Pallavaram were built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mahendravarman_I" title="Mahendravarman I">Mahendravarman I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> In 879, Pallavas were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jatavarman_Sundara_Pandyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan">Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan</a> later brought the region under the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandya</a> rule in 1264.<a href="#cite_note-Chist-26">[22]</a> The region came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> in the 15th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chist-26">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/220px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/330px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg/440px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>18th-century print of Fort St. George, the oldest English settlement in India</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> arrived in 1522 and built a port named São Tomé after the Christian apostle, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_(apostle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas (apostle)">St. Thomas</a>, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a> established themselves near <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pulicat</a>, north of Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-COR-29">[25]</a> On 20 August 1639, Francis Day of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Nayak_of_Kalahasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayak of Kalahasti">Nayak of Kalahasti</a> Chennappa Nayaka met with the Vijayanager Emperor <a href="/wiki/Peda_Venkata_Raya" title="Peda Venkata Raya">Peda Venkata Raya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri" title="Chandragiri">Chandragiri</a> and obtained a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> On 22 August, he secured the grant for a strip of land about 9.7 km (6 mi) long and 1.6 km (1 mi) inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">pagodas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> The region was then formerly a fishing village known as "Madraspatnam".<a href="#cite_note-COR-29">[25]</a> A year later, the company built <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a>, the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_(Baedeker,_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Madras_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/200px-Madras_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Madras_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/300px-Madras_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Madras_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg/400px-Madras_%28Baedeker%2C_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>Map of Madras, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1914</figcaption></figure> In 1746, Fort St. George and the town <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madras" title="Battle of Madras">were captured</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Bertrand-Fran%C3%A7ois_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais" title="Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais">La Bourdonnais</a>, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.<a href="#cite_note-COR-29">[25]</a> The British regained control in 1749 through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">king of Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> They resisted a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">French siege attempt</a> in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> In 1769, the city was threatened by Hyder Ali during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First Anglo-Mysore War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madras" title="Treaty of Madras">Treaty of Madras</a> ending the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> with Madras as the capital.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> The city became a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> The city was the baseline for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Trigonometrical_Survey" title="Great Trigonometrical Survey">Great Trigonometrical Survey of India</a>, which was started on 10 April 1802.<a href="#cite_note-Gill-40">[36]</a> With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">railways in India</a> in the 19th century, the city was connected to other major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, promoting increased communication and trade with the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India gained its independence</a> in 1947, the city became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a>, the predecessor of the current state of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> The city was the location of the hunger strike and death of <a href="/wiki/Potti_Sreeramulu" title="Potti Sreeramulu">Potti Sreeramulu</a> which resulted in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_State" title="Andhra State">Andhra State</a> in 1953 and eventually the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">re-organization of Indian states</a> based on linguistic boundaries in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Hindi agitations">agitations</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Imposition_of_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imposition of Hindi">imposition of Hindi</a> and in support of continuing English as a medium of communication arose which marked a major shift in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">political dynamics</a> of the city and eventually led to English being retained as an official language of India alongside Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> On 17 July 1996, the city was officially renamed from Madras to Chennai, in line with then a <a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">nationwide trend</a> to using less Anglicised names.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> On 26 December 2004, a <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">tsunami</a> lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2015_South_Indian_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 South Indian floods">2015 Chennai Floods</a> submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of ₹86.4 billion (US$1 billion).<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chennai" title="Geography of Chennai">Geography of Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg/220px-Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg/330px-Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg/440px-Chennai_80.26884E_13.04434N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Chennai</figcaption></figure> Chennai is located on the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Coastline of Tamil Nadu">southeastern coast</a> of India in the northeastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> with an average elevation of 6.7 m (22 ft) and highest point at 60 m (200 ft).<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-highest-point-51">[47]</a> Chennai's soil is mostly <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> Clay underlies most of the city with sandy areas found along the river banks and coasts where rainwater <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolates</a> quickly through the soil. Certain areas in South Chennai have a hard rock surface.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 per cent, with a per capita green cover of 8.5 square metres against the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommendation of nine square metres.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, water bodies cover an estimated 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi) area of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Shrunk-56">[52]</a> Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the <a href="/wiki/Cooum_River" title="Cooum River">Cooum River</a> (or Koovam) through the centre and the <a href="/wiki/Adyar_River" title="Adyar River">Adyar River</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-River-57">[53]</a> A section of the <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Canal" title="Buckingham Canal">Buckingham Canal</a> built in 1877-78, runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal coast, linking the two rivers.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kosasthalaiyar_River" title="Kosasthalaiyar River">Kosasthalaiyar River</a> traverses through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at <a href="/wiki/Ennore_Creek" title="Ennore Creek">Ennore Creek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ennore-59">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Otteri_Nullah" title="Otteri Nullah">Otteri Nullah</a>, an east–west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at <a href="/wiki/Basin_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Basin Bridge">Basin Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">groundwater table</a> in Chennai is at 4–5 m (13–16 ft) below ground level on average and is replenished mainly by rainwater.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Of the 24.87 km (15.45 mi) coastline of the city, 3.08 km (1.91 mi) experiences erosion, with sand accretion along the shoreline at the <a href="/wiki/Marina_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina beach">Marina beach</a> and the area between the <a href="/wiki/Ennore_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennore Port">Ennore Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosasthalaiyar_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosasthalaiyar river">Kosasthalaiyar river</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> Chennai is situated in <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic Zone III</a>, indicating a moderate risk of damage from <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Owing to the tectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a> site. The <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> has old granite rocks dating back nearly a billion years indicating volcanic activities in the past with expected temperatures of 200–300 °C (392–572 °F) at 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) depth.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Chennai has a dry-summer <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a> which is designated As under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> The city lies on the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_equator" title="Thermal equator">thermal equator</a> and as it is also located on the coast, there is no extreme variation in seasonal temperature.<a href="#cite_note-CMDAA-66">[62]</a> The hottest time of the year is from April to June with an average temperature of 35–40 °C (95–104 °F).<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> The highest recorded temperature was 45 °C (113 °F) on 31 May 2003.<a href="#cite_note-IMDE-68">[64]</a> The coldest time of the year is in December–January, with average temperature of 19–25 °C (66–77 °F) and the lowest recorded temperature of 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905.<a href="#cite_note-IMDNorm-69">[65]</a> Chennai receives most of its rainfall from the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast monsoon">northeast monsoon</a> between October and December while smaller amounts of rain come from the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest monsoon">southwest monsoon</a> between June and September. The average annual rainfall is about 120 cm (47 in).<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> The highest annual rainfall recorded was 257 cm (101 in) in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October and northeasterly during the rest of the year.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> The city relies on the annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Indian_Ocean_tropical_cyclone" title="North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone">Cyclones and depressions</a> are common features during the season.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Water inundation and flooding happen in low-lying areas during the season with significant flooding in <a href="/wiki/2015_South_India_floods#Chennai" title="2015 South India floods">2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Chennai_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Chennai floods">2023</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Chennai (Nungambakkam; rainfall from Chennai Airport) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6 (105.1) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8 (109.0) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td> <td style="background: #E60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.3 (109.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.0 (113.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 (87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2 (93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8 (85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6 (79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (0.79) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (0.19) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (0.13) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5 (0.69) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.7 (1.96) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.4 (2.97) </td> <td style="background: #56FF56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.1 (4.45) </td> <td style="background: #2CFF2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.4 (5.57) </td> <td style="background: #21FF21; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.9 (5.67) </td> <td style="background: #005F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">278.3 (10.96) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">377.3 (14.85) </td> <td style="background: #00EC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.7 (7.23) </td> <td style="background: #4CFF4C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,408.4 (55.45) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">60.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">232.5 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240.1 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">294.0 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.0 </td> <td style="background: #C0C022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">195.0 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.3 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261.0 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">210.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,848.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDnormals-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDextremes-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDsun-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDcityweather-79">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-TCC1-80">[76]</a> </ref> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg/220px-GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg/330px-GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg/440px-GreaterFlamingo-Mudaliarkuppam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greater_flamingo" title="Greater flamingo">Greater flamingos</a> wintering at Mudaliarkuppam</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Chennai" title="Flora and fauna of Chennai">Flora and fauna of Chennai</a></div> A protected <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> on the Adyar River forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Chennai is also a <a href="/wiki/Birding_in_Chennai" title="Birding in Chennai">popular city for birding</a> with more than 130 recorded species of birds have been recorded in the city.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Marshy wetlands such as <a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai_wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallikaranai wetland">Pallikaranai</a> and inland lakes also host a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">olive ridley sea turtles</a> to lay eggs every winter.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guindy_National_Park" title="Guindy National Park">Guindy National Park</a> is a protected area within the city limits and wildlife conservation and research activities take place at <a href="/wiki/Arignar_Anna_Zoological_Park" title="Arignar Anna Zoological Park">Arignar Anna Zoological Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank_Trust" title="Madras Crocodile Bank Trust">Madras Crocodile Bank Trust</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">herpetology</a> research station, located 40 km (25 mi) south of Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06 km2 (24.73 sq mi) with 121 recorded species belonging to 94 genera and 42 families. Major species include <a href="/wiki/Copper_pod" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper pod">Copper pod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian beech">Indian beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulmohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulmohar">Gulmohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanea_saman" title="Samanea saman">Raintree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neem" class="mw-redirect" title="Neem">Neem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Almond" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Almond">Tropical Almond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The city's marine and inland water bodies house a number of fresh water and salt water fishes, and marine organisms.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg/220px-Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg/330px-Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg/440px-Chitlapakkam-lake-chennai-7-r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chitlapakkam_Lake" title="Chitlapakkam Lake">Chitlapakkam Lake</a> in the southern part of the city</figcaption></figure> Chennai had many lakes spread across the city, but <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> has led to the shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The water bodies have shrunk from an estimated 12.6 km2 (4.9 sq mi) in 1893 to 3.2 km2 (1.2 sq mi) in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Shrunk-56">[52]</a> The number of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 in 1970 to 27 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared with only 25 per cent of the erstwhile area covered with aquatic plants still viable.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> The major water bodies including the Adyar, Cooum and Kosathaliyar rivers, and the Buckingham canal are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-River-57">[53]</a> The encroachment of urban development on wetlands has hampered the sustainability of water bodies and was a major contributor to the floods in 2015 and <a href="/wiki/2023_Chennai_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Chennai floods">2023</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Chennai_water_crisis" title="2019 Chennai water crisis">water scarcity crisis in 2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> The Chennai River Restoration Trust set up by the government of Tamil Nadu is working on the restoration of the Adyar River.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist_Foundation_of_India" title="Environmentalist Foundation of India">Environmentalist Foundation of India</a> is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chennai" title="Demographics of Chennai">Demographics of Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chennai" title="Religion in Chennai">Religion in Chennai</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale collapsible collapsed" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1639</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1646</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+171.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1670</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+110.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1681</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">200,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+400.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1685</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">300,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+50.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1691</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">400,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1715</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−75.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1726</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1733</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1791</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">300,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+200.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">367,552</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">405,848</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">452,518</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">509,346</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">518,660</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">526,911</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">647,232</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">777,481</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,416,056</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+82.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,729,141</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+22.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,469,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,266,034</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,841,396</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,343,645</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,748,026</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+55.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>1639–1791:<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></li> <li>1871–1901:<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a></li> <li>1871–1931:<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></li> <li>1931–1951:<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a></li> <li>1951–1961:<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a></li> <li>1991–2001:<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></li> <li>2001:<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a></li> <li>2011:<a href="#cite_note-Cpop-11">[9]</a></li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 km2 (67 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Post expansion of the city to 426 km2 (164 sq mi), the Chennai Municipal Corporation was renamed as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a> and the population including the new city limits as per the 2011 census was 6,748,026.<a href="#cite_note-Cpop-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-CET-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, 40 per cent of the 1.788 million families in the city live below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city had 2.2 million households, with 40 per cent of the residents not owning a house.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> There are about 1,131 <a href="/wiki/Slums_in_Chennai" title="Slums in Chennai">slums</a> in the city housing more than 300,000 households.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_politics">Administration and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_District.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chennai_District.png/180px-Chennai_District.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chennai_District.png/270px-Chennai_District.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chennai_District.png/360px-Chennai_District.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Divisions of Chennai district</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Chennai">Administration of Chennai</a></div> The city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation (formerly "Corporation of Madras"), which was established on 29 September 1688. It is the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporation</a> in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from 174 km2 (67 sq mi) to an area of 426 km2 (164 sq mi), divided into three regions North, South and Central covering <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chennai_Corporation_wards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chennai Corporation wards">200 wards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> The corporation is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Chennai">mayor</a>, elected by the <a href="/wiki/Councillors" class="mw-redirect" title="Councillors">councillors</a>, who are elected through a popular vote by the residents.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority</a> (CMDA) is the nodal agency responsible for the planning and development of the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Metropolitan Area">Chennai Metropolitan Area</a>, which is spread over an area of 1,189 km2 (459 sq mi), covering the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai district</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a> districts.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> The metropolitan area consists of four <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">municipal corporations</a>, 12 municipalities and other smaller <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayati Raj">panchayats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMDA-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> As the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, the city houses the state executive and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a> headquarters primarily in the secretariat buildings in Fort St George.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> is the highest <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_High_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chennai_High_Court.jpg/220px-Chennai_High_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chennai_High_Court.jpg/330px-Chennai_High_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chennai_High_Court.jpg/440px-Chennai_High_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gcp_patrol_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gcp_patrol_car.jpg/220px-Gcp_patrol_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gcp_patrol_car.jpg/330px-Gcp_patrol_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gcp_patrol_car.jpg/440px-Gcp_patrol_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A police patrol car</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Police" title="Greater Chennai Police">Greater Chennai Police</a> (GCP) is the primary law enforcement agency in the city and is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">commissioner of police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Tamil Nadu Police</a>, the administrative control of which lies with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home,_Prohibition_and_Excise" title="Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise">Home ministry</a> of the Government of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_City_Traffic_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai City Traffic Police">Greater Chennai Traffic Police</a> (GCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Metropolitan Police">Chennai Metropolitan Police</a>, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Police_Commissionerate" title="Chennai Police Commissionerate">Chennai Police Commissionerate</a>, and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by respective police departments of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram, Chengalpattu and Ranipet districts.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, Greater Chennai had 135 police stations across four zones with 20,000 police personnel.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, the crime rate in the city was 101.2 per hundred thousand people.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Central_Prison" title="Madras Central Prison">Madras Central Prison</a>, the major prison and one of the oldest in India was demolished with the prisoners moved to the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Puzhal_Central_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzhal Central Prison">Puzhal Central Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_St._George,_Chennai_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/220px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/330px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg/440px-Fort_St._George%2C_Chennai_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George">Tamil Nadu legislative assembly</a></figcaption></figure> While the major part of the city falls under three <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliamentary</a> constituencies (<a href="/wiki/Chennai_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chennai North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chennai Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chennai_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chennai South</a>), the Chennai metropolitan area is spread across five constituencies. It elects 28 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLAs</a> to the state legislature.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Being the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Province">Madras Province</a> that covered a large area of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region, Chennai remained the centre of politics during the British colonial era. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which was founded by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> movement based on the idea conceived in a private meeting after a Theosophical convention held in the city in December 1884.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The city has hosted yearly conferences of the Congress seven times, playing a major part in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Chennai is also the birthplace of regional political parties such as the South Indian Welfare Association in 1916 which later became the <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)" title="Justice Party (India)">Justice Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Politics is characterized by a mix of regional and national political parties.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> During the 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Self-Respect_Movement" title="Self-Respect Movement">Self-Respect Movement</a>, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Theagaroya_Chetty" class="mw-redirect" title="Theagaroya Chetty">Theagaroya Chetty</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._V._Ramaswamy" class="mw-redirect" title="E. V. Ramaswamy">E. V. Ramaswamy</a> emerged in Madras.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Congress dominated the political scene post Independence in the 1950s and 1960s under <a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> and later <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The Anti-Hindi agitations led to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian parties</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK) forming the first government under <a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C. N. Annadurai</a> in 1967. In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (AIADMK) led by <a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a>. The two Dravidian parties continue to dominate electoral politics, the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the two major Dravidian parties.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Many film personalities became politicians and later chief ministers, including C. N. Annadurai, <a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a>, M. G. Ramachandran, <a href="/wiki/Janaki_Ramachandran" class="mw-redirect" title="Janaki Ramachandran">Janaki Ramachandran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jayalalithaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayalalithaa">Jayalalithaa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chennai" title="Culture of Chennai">Culture of Chennai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">Tamil culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is the language spoken by most of Chennai's population; <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a> is largely spoken by <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> As per the 2011 census, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is the most spoken language with 3,640,389 (78.3%) of speakers followed by <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (432,295), <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (198,505), <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (159,474) and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (104,994).<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of the Tamil spoken by people in the city.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> It originated with words introduced from other languages such as <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and Telugu on the Tamil originally spoken by the native people of the city.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Language">Japanese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FP-155">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Language">Spanish</a> are spoken by foreign expatriates residing in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FP-155">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_ethnicity">Religion and ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chennai" title="Religion in Chennai">Religion in Chennai</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Chennai City (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Rel2011-158">[154]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:80.73%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">80.73%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:9.45%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.45%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:7.72%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.72%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:2.10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.10%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Chennai is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> As per census of 2011, Chennai's population was majority <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> (80.73%) with 9.45% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 7.72% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, 1.27% others and 0.83% with no religion or not indicating any religious preference.<a href="#cite_note-Rel2011-158">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamils</a> form majority of the population with minorities including <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marwaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwaris">Marwaris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odias</a>,<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Goans" title="Goans">Goans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kannadigas" title="Kannadigas">Kannadigas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalees" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalees">Malayalees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> The city also has a significant expatriate population.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> As of 2001<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, out of the 2,937,000 migrants in the city, 61.5% were from other parts of the state, 33.8% were from rest of India and 3.7% were from outside the country.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chennai" title="Architecture of Chennai">Architecture of Chennai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Chennai" title="List of tallest buildings in Chennai">List of tallest buildings in Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_structures_in_Chennai" title="Heritage structures in Chennai">Heritage structures in Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiruvallikeni1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tiruvallikeni1.jpg/220px-Tiruvallikeni1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tiruvallikeni1.jpg/330px-Tiruvallikeni1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tiruvallikeni1.jpg/440px-Tiruvallikeni1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthasarathy Temple">Parthasarathy Temple</a> is one of the oldest buildings in the city</figcaption></figure> With the history of Chennai dating back centuries, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 6th to 8th centuries CE, which include the <a href="/wiki/Kapaleeshwarar_Temple" title="Kapaleeshwarar Temple">Kapaleeshwarar Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthasarathy Temple">Parthasarathy Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Triplicane" title="Triplicane">Triplicane</a>, built in the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a> encompassing various styles developed during the reigns of different empires.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> consisted of large <a href="/wiki/Mantapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantapa">mantapas</a> with gate-pyramids called <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopurams</a> in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The Gopuram, a monumental tower usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Koil" class="mw-redirect" title="Koil">Koils</a> and whose origins can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallavas</a> who built the group of monuments in <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Mamallapuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> The associated <a href="/wiki/Agraharam" title="Agraharam">Agraharam</a> architecture, which consists of traditional row houses can still be seen in the areas surrounding the temples.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> Chennai has the second highest number of heritage buildings in the country.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parrys_Corner,_Chennai,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Parrys_Corner%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/220px-Parrys_Corner%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Parrys_Corner%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/330px-Parrys_Corner%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Parrys_Corner%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/440px-Parrys_Corner%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parry%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Parry's Corner">Parry's Corner</a>, one of the oldest business areas lined up with <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> buildings</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Mugal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugal Empire">Mugals</a> influence in mediaeval times and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> later, the city saw a rise in a blend of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> styles, resulting in the distinct <a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic">Indo-Saracenic</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> The architecture for several institutions followed the Indo-Saracenic style with the <a href="/wiki/Chepauk_Palace" title="Chepauk Palace">Chepauk Palace</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Benfield" title="Paul Benfield">Paul Benfield</a> amongst the first Indo-Saracenic buildings in India.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Other buildings in the city from the era designed in this style of architecture include <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a> (1640), <a href="/wiki/Amir_Mahal" title="Amir Mahal">Amir Mahal</a> (1798), <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum</a> (1854), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras#Senate_House" title="University of Madras">Senate House of the University of Madras</a> (1879), <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Public_Hall" title="Victoria Public Hall">Victoria Public Hall</a> (1886), <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> (1892), <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Insurance_Building" title="Bharat Insurance Building">Bharat Insurance Building</a> (1897), <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Building" title="Ripon Building">Ripon Building</a> (1913), <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Guindy" title="College of Engineering, Guindy">College of Engineering</a> (1920) and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_headquarters,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai">Southern Railway headquarters</a> (1921).<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIC_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LIC_building.jpg/220px-LIC_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LIC_building.jpg/330px-LIC_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LIC_building.jpg/440px-LIC_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/LIC_Building" title="LIC Building">LIC Building</a> was the tallest building in the country when completed in 1959</figcaption></figure> Gothic revival-style buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central">Chennai Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Egmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Egmore">Chennai Egmore</a> railway stations. The <a href="/wiki/Santhome_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhome Church">Santhome Church</a>, which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to house the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostle</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a>, was rebuilt in 1893, in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> By the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> made its entry upon the city's urban landscape with buildings in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Chennai" title="George Town, Chennai">George Town</a> including the United India building (presently housing <a href="/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Insurance Corporation of India">LIC</a>) and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House built in 1940 examples of this architecture.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Independence</a>, the city witnessed a rise in the <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and the completion of the <a href="/wiki/LIC_Building" title="LIC Building">LIC Building</a> in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns.<a href="#cite_note-Look-188">[184]</a> The presence of the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_weather_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler weather radar">weather radar</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai Port</a> prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km till 2009.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Look-188">[184]</a> This resulted in the central business district expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities, while the peripheral regions began experiencing vertical growth with the construction of taller buildings with the tallest building at 161 metres (528 ft).<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg/220px-Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg/330px-Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg/440px-Chennai_National_Art_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Art_Gallery,_Chennai" title="National Art Gallery, Chennai">National Art Gallery</a>, one of the oldest art galleries in India</figcaption></figure> Chennai is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The city is called the Cultural Capital of South India.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Season" title="Madras Music Season">Madras Music Season</a>, initiated by <a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Academy" title="Madras Music Academy">Madras Music Academy</a> in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> by artists from the city.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras University">Madras University</a> introduced a course of music, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> curriculum in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaana" title="Gaana">Gaana</a>, a combination of various folk music, is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Sangamam" title="Chennai Sangamam">Chennai Sangamam</a>, an art festival showcasing various arts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> is held every year.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Chennai has been featured in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Creative_Cities_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Creative Cities Network">UNESCO Creative Cities Network</a> list since October 2017 for its old musical tradition.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg/220px-Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg/330px-Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg/440px-Madras_museum_theatre_in_October_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum</a>, the second oldest museum in India</figcaption></figure> Chennai has a diverse theatre scene and is a prominent centre for <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharata Natyam</a>, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance in India.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Cultural centres in the city include <a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakshetra">Kalakshetra</a> and Government Music College.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> Chennai is also home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions that engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Established in the early 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Gallery,_Chennai" title="National Art Gallery, Chennai">National Art Gallery</a> are amongst the oldest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> The museum is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> and has in its possession, the first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Flag of India</a> hoisted at <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St George</a> after the declaration of India's Independence on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">15 August 1947</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Chennai is the base for <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil cinema</a>, nicknamed Kollywood, alluding to the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Kodambakkam" title="Kodambakkam">Kodambakkam</a> where several film studios are located.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> The history of cinema in South India started in 1897 when a European exhibitor first screened a selection of silent short films at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Public_Hall" title="Victoria Public Hall">Victoria Public Hall</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swamikannu_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamikannu Vincent">Swamikannu Vincent</a> purchased a <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">film projector</a> and erected tents for screening films which became popular in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keechaka_Vadham" title="Keechaka Vadham">Keechaka Vadham</a>, the first film in South India was produced in the city and released in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Studios" title="Gemini Studios">Gemini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaya Studios">Vijaya Vauhini studios</a> were established in the 1940s, amongst the largest and earliest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> Chennai hosts many major film studios, including <a href="/wiki/AVM_Productions" title="AVM Productions">AVM Productions</a>, the oldest surviving studio in India.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/170px-Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/255px-Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/340px-Veg_Full_Meals_in_Tamil_Nadu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>A typical vegetarian meal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil cuisine</a></div> Chennai cuisine is predominantly <a href="/wiki/South_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian">South Indian</a> with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavour, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavour to the food and is considered healthy.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Idly" class="mw-redirect" title="Idly">Idly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">dosa</a> are popular <a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">breakfast</a> dishes.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Chennai has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining including <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">North Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_breakfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental breakfast">continental</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> The influx of industries in the early 21st century also bought distinct cuisines from other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Expat-217">[213]</a> Chennai was the only South Asian city to be ranked among <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>'s "Top 10 food cities" in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chennai" title="Economy of Chennai">Economy of Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dare_House,Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dare_House%2CChennai.jpg/220px-Dare_House%2CChennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dare_House%2CChennai.jpg/330px-Dare_House%2CChennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dare_House%2CChennai.jpg/440px-Dare_House%2CChennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Dare House, the corporate headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Murugappa_Group" title="Murugappa Group">Murugappa Group</a> in Chennai</figcaption></figure> The economy of Chennai consistently exceeded national average growth rates due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_reforms_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reforms in India">reform-oriented</a> economic policies in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> With the presence of two major ports, an international airport, and a converging road and rail networks, Chennai is often referred to as the "Gateway of South India".<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-OI_Turns375-2">[1]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>, Chennai is amongst the most integrated with the global economy, classified as a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">beta-city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, Chennai metropolitan area had an estimated <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> of $143.9 billion, ranking it among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">most productive metro areas</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-C40-10">[8]</a> Chennai has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Software services">software services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, Chennai is amongst the top export districts in the country with more than US$2563 billion in exports.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tid.jpg/220px-Tid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Tid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tidel_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidel Park">Tidel Park</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">IT</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">SEZ</a> in the city</figcaption></figure> The city has a permanent exhibition complex <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Trade_Centre" title="Chennai Trade Centre">Chennai Trade Centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nandambakkam" title="Nandambakkam">Nandambakkam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The city hosts the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Global_Investors_Meet" title="Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet">Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet</a>, a business summit organized by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> With about 62% of the population classified as affluent with less than 1% asset-poor, Chennai has the fifth highest number of millionaires.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy,_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg/220px-ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg/330px-ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg/440px-ALCOB_Ashok_Leyland_Corporate_Building_in_Guindy%2C_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of major automobile producer <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Leyland" title="Ashok Leyland">Ashok Leyland</a> in Chennai</figcaption></figure> Chennai is among the major <a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_Chennai" title="Software industry in Chennai">information technology</a> (IT) hubs of India.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tidel_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidel Park">Tidel Park</a> established in 2000 was amongst the first and largest IT parks in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-fordithub-231">[227]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">SEZs</a> and government policies have contributed to the growth of the sector which has attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> In the 2020s, the city has become a major provider of <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">SaaS</a> and has been dubbed the "SaaS Capital of India".<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Chennai" title="Automotive industry in Chennai">automotive industry in Chennai</a> accounts for more than 35% of India's overall automotive components and automobile output, earning the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Detroit_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit of India">Detroit of India</a>".<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> A large number of automotive companies have their manufacturing bases in the city.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Integral Coach Factory</a> in Chennai manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambattur_Industrial_Estate" title="Ambattur Industrial Estate">Ambattur Industrial Estate</a> housing various manufacturing units is among the largest small-scale industrial estates in the country.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> Chennai contributes more than 50 per cent of India's leather exports.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> Chennai is a major electronics hardware exporter.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arjun_Mk_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arjun_Mk_1.jpg/220px-Arjun_Mk_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arjun_Mk_1.jpg/330px-Arjun_Mk_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arjun_Mk_1.jpg/440px-Arjun_Mk_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arjun_(tank)" title="Arjun (tank)">Arjun</a> battle tank, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Vehicles_Factory" title="Heavy Vehicles Factory">Heavy Vehicles Factory</a> at Chennai</figcaption></figure> The city is home to the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Stock_Exchange" title="Madras Stock Exchange">Madras Stock Exchange</a>, India's third-largest by trading volume behind the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay Stock Exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National Stock Exchange of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Madras Bank, the first European-style banking system in India, was established on 21 June 1683 followed by first commercial banks such as Bank of Hindustan (1770) and General Bank of India (1786).<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Madras" title="Bank of Madras">Bank of Madras</a> merged with two other presidency banks to form <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_India" title="Imperial Bank of India">Imperial Bank of India</a> in 1921 which in 1955 became the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a>, the largest bank in India.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> Chennai is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">nationalized banks</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Bank" title="Indian Bank">Indian Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Overseas_Bank" title="Indian Overseas Bank">Indian Overseas Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Chennai hosts the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India,_South_Zonal_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office">south zonal office</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and staff College, one of the two colleges run by the bank.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> The city also houses a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_office,_Chennai" title="World Bank office, Chennai">permanent back office</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> About 400 financial industry businesses are headquartered in the city.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">DRDO</a>, India's premier defence research agency operates various facilities in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Vehicles_Factory" title="Heavy Vehicles Factory">Heavy Vehicles Factory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicles_Nigam_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited">AVANI</a>, headquartered in Chennai manufactures <a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armoured fighting vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">Main battle tanks</a>, tank engines and armoured clothing for the use of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>, the premier Indian space agency primarily responsible for performing tasks related to <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> operates research facilities in the city.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">Medical tourism</a> forms an important part of the city's economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg/220px-Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg/330px-Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg/440px-Chembarambakkam_Lake_-_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4285" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam_Lake" title="Chembarambakkam Lake">Chembarambakkam Lake</a>, one of the major water reservoirs in the city</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_management_in_Chennai" title="Water management in Chennai">Water management in Chennai</a></div> The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_MetroWater_Supply_and_Sewage_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board">Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board</a>. Water is drawn from <a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills Lake">Red Hills Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam_Lake" title="Chembarambakkam Lake">Chembarambakkam Lake</a>, the major water reservoirs in the city and treated at water treatment plants located at <a href="/wiki/Kilpauk" title="Kilpauk">Kilpauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puzhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzhal">Puzhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chembarambakkam">Chembarambakkam</a> and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> The city receives 530 million litres per day (mld) of water from <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> through <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Ganga_project" title="Telugu Ganga project">Telugu Ganga project</a> and 180 mld of water from the <a href="/wiki/Veeranam" class="mw-redirect" title="Veeranam">Veeranam</a> lake project.<a href="#cite_note-Metro_Water-261">[257]</a> 100 million litres of treated water per day is produced from the Minjur <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plant, the country's largest seawater desalination plant.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> Chennai is predicted to face a deficit of 713 mld of water by 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at 1,535 mld.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_management">Waste management</h3></div> Chennai generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day, of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> The Greater Chennai Corporation undertakes garbage collection and processing with collection in some of the wards contracted to private companies.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, an average of 150 tonnes of garbage disposal is done in two landfill sites at <a href="/wiki/Kodungaiyur" title="Kodungaiyur">Kodungaiyur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai" title="Pallikaranai">Pallikaranai</a> daily.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> In market and business areas, the conservancy work is done during the night.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are public toilets in 943 locations, managed by the city corporation.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected by <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">undersea fibre-optic cables</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Cable_landing_point" title="Cable landing point">landing point</a> of <a href="/wiki/SEA-ME-WE_4" title="SEA-ME-WE 4">SMW4</a> (connecting with <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>), <a href="/wiki/I2i" title="I2i">i2i</a> and <a href="/wiki/TIISCS" title="TIISCS">TIC</a> (connecting with <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Gateway" title="Bay of Bengal Gateway">BBG</a> (connecting with Middle East, Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Bridge_International" title="Gulf Bridge International">Gulf Bridge International</a> (connecting with Middle East), and <a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS</a> (connecting with <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>) with 3,175 kilometres (1,973 mi) long i2i having the world's largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, four mobile phone service companies operate <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> networks including <a href="/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" class="mw-redirect" title="BSNL">BSNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Idea" title="Vodafone Idea">Vodafone Idea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Jio" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Jio">Reliance Jio</a> offering <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> and <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> mobile services.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-TRAI-276">[272]</a> Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.<a href="#cite_note-TRAI-276">[272]</a> Chennai is amongst the cities with a high internet usage and penetration.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city had the highest average broadband speed among Indian cities, with a recorded download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalpakkam_04710083_(8386517544).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kalpakkam_04710083_%288386517544%29.jpg/220px-Kalpakkam_04710083_%288386517544%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kalpakkam_04710083_%288386517544%29.jpg/330px-Kalpakkam_04710083_%288386517544%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kalpakkam_04710083_%288386517544%29.jpg/440px-Kalpakkam_04710083_%288386517544%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Madras Atomic Power Station at <a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a></figcaption></figure> Electricity distribution is done by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Board">Tamil Nadu Electricity Board</a> headquartered in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city consumes an average of 2,750 MW of power daily, which is above 18% of the total power consumption of 15,000 MW by the state of Tamil Nadu and ranks the second highest among all cities nationally.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> The city has over 248,000 streetlights maintained by the corporation.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> power plants in the city include <a href="/wiki/North_Chennai_Thermal_Power_Station" title="North Chennai Thermal Power Station">North Chennai Thermal Power Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/GMR_Vasavi_Diesel_Power_Plant" title="GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant">GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennore_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Ennore Thermal Power Station">Ennore Thermal Power Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basin_Bridge_Gas_Turbine_Power_Station" title="Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station">Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Madras Atomic Power Station">Madras Atomic Power Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallur_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Vallur Thermal Power Station">Vallur Thermal Power Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Madras Atomic Power Station">Madras Atomic Power Station</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a> about 80 km (50 mi) south of the city is a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> production, fuel <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">reprocessing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">waste treatment</a> facility and is the first fully indigenous nuclear power station in India.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Chennai" title="Healthcare in Chennai">Healthcare in Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG/220px-GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG/330px-GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG/440px-GovernmentHospitalChennai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_General_Hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government General Hospital, Chennai">General Hospital</a>, the primary public hospital in Chennai</figcaption></figure> Chennai has a well-developed health infrastructure, including both government-run and private hospitals. The corporation runs 138 primary health centres, 14 secondary health centres, three maternity hospitals and three veterinary health centres.<a href="#cite_note-HCR-284">[280]</a> The corporation also runs six diagnostic centres, 37 shelters and 10 health centres for the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-HCR-284">[280]</a> The city attracts many health tourists from abroad and other states and has been termed as India's health capital.<a href="#cite_note-HC-4">[3]</a> Major government run hospitals include <a href="/wiki/Government_General_Hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government General Hospital, Chennai">Government General Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_multi-super_speciality_hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Government multi-super speciality hospital, Chennai">Government multi-super specialty hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilpauk_Medical_College" title="Kilpauk Medical College">Kilpauk medical college hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_Royapettah_Hospital" title="Government Royapettah Hospital">Government Royapettah Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Medical_College" title="Stanley Medical College">Stanley medical college hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_Hospital_of_Thoracic_Medicine,_Chennai" title="Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai">Government hospital of thoracic medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adyar_Cancer_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyar Cancer Institute">Adyar Cancer Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambaram_TB_Sanatorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambaram TB Sanatorium">TB Sanatorium</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Siddha" title="National Institute of Siddha">National Institute of Siddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hosp-285">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> The Government General Hospital was started by 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> Major private hospitals in the city include <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Hospitals" title="Apollo Hospitals">Apollo Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billroth_Hospitals" title="Billroth Hospitals">Billroth Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Mehta%27s_Hospital" title="Dr. Mehta's Hospital">Dr. Mehta's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortis_Malar_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis Malar Hospital">Fortis Malar Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_Mission" title="Madras Medical Mission">Madras Medical Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Orthopaedics_and_Traumatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology">MIOT Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankara_Nethralaya" title="Sankara Nethralaya">Sankara Nethralaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/SRM_Medical_College_Hospital_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre">SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramachandra_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute">Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gleneagles_Global_Hospitals" title="Gleneagles Global Hospitals">Global Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chettinad_Group" title="Chettinad Group">Chettinad Hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kauvery_Hospital" title="Kauvery Hospital">Kauvery Hospital</a> and Vijaya Hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Hosp-285">[281]</a> Corporation is responsible for administration of <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a> for eligible age groups.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine_and_Research" title="King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research">King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research</a> established in 1899 is a research institute specializing in preventive medicine and <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Chennai" title="Media in Chennai">Media in Chennai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newspapers_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Newspapers in Chennai">List of Newspapers in Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_Chennai" title="Broadcasting in Chennai">Broadcasting in Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SUN_network_office.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SUN_network_office.JPG/220px-SUN_network_office.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SUN_network_office.JPG/330px-SUN_network_office.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SUN_network_office.JPG/440px-SUN_network_office.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Network">Sun Network</a>, India's largest private TV broadcaster</figcaption></figure> Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of the weekly The Madras Courier in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> The Spectator, founded in 1836 was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> The first Telugu journal printed from Madras was Satya Doota in 1835, and the first Tamil newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Swadesamitran" title="Swadesamitran">Swadesamitran</a>, was launched in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> Chennai has several newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Tamil, English and Telugu.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> The major dailies with a circulation of more than 100,000 copies per day include <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Thanthi" title="Dina Thanthi">Dina Thanthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinakaran" title="Dinakaran">Dinakaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Malar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dina Malar">Dina Malar</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Deccan_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deccan Chronicle">The Deccan Chronicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from the city.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> The government run <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> broadcasts terrestrial and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> channels from its Chennai centre set up in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> Many private satellite television networks including <a href="/wiki/Sun_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Network">Sun Network</a>, one of India's largest broadcasting companies, are based in the city.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> The cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government while <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">DTH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television">IPTV</a> is available via various private operators.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a> began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> was established in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> The city has four <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> and 11 <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> radio stations operated by <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hello_FM" title="Hello FM">Hello FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suryan_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Suryan FM">Suryan FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_City_(Indian_radio_station)" title="Radio City (Indian radio station)">Radio City</a> and <a href="/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7" class="mw-redirect" title="BIG FM 92.7">BIG FM</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> Fire services are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fire_and_Rescue_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services">Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services</a>, which operates 33 operating fire stations.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> Postal services are handled by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a>, which operates 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises.<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> The first post office was established on 1 June 1786 at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chennai" title="Transport in Chennai">Transport in Chennai</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg/220px-International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg/330px-International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg/440px-International_Terminal_Airside_Chennai_Airport_Aug22_D72_24874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="3853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a> is one of the busiest in India</figcaption></figure> The aviation history of Chennai began in 1910, when <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_D%27Angelis" title="Giacomo D'Angelis">Giacomo D'Angelis</a> built the first powered flight in Asia and tested it in <a href="/wiki/The_Island,_Chennai" title="The Island, Chennai">Island Grounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> In 1915, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Sons" title="Tata Sons">Tata Air Mail</a> started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras marking the beginning of civil aviation in India.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Flying_Club" title="Madras Flying Club">Madras Flying Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[310]</a> On 15 October 1932, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> flew a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Puss_Moth" title="De Havilland Puss Moth">Puss Moth</a> aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Juhu_aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhu aerodrome">Juhu Airstrip</a> and the flight was continued to Madras piloted by aviator <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Vintcent" title="Nevill Vintcent">Nevill Vintcent</a> marking the first scheduled commercial flight.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a> The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Tirusulam" title="Tirusulam">Tirusulam</a>, around 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_in_India" title="List of busiest airports in India">fourth-busiest</a> airport in India in terms of passenger traffic and cargo handled.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> While the existing airport is undergoing expansion with an addition of 1,069.99 acres (433.01 ha), a new <a href="/wiki/Chennai_greenfield_airport,_Parandur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur">greenfield airport</a> has been proposed to handle additional traffic.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> The region comes under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command,_Indian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Air Command, Indian Air Force">Southern Air Command</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>. The Air Force operates an air base at <a href="/wiki/Tambaram_Air_Force_Station" title="Tambaram Air Force Station">Tambaram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> operates airbases at <a href="/wiki/INS_Rajali" title="INS Rajali">Arakkonam</a> and Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg/220px-Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg/330px-Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg/440px-Southern_Railway_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_zone" title="Southern Railway zone">Southern Railway zone</a> is headquartered in Chennai</figcaption></figure> The history of railway in Chennai began in 1832, when the first railway line in India was proposed between <a href="/wiki/Chinnamalai" title="Chinnamalai">Little Mount</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chintadripet" title="Chintadripet">Chintadripet</a> in the city which became operational in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madras_Railway" title="Madras Railway">Madras Railway</a> was established later in 1845 and the construction on the first main line between Madras and <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a> started in 1853, which became operational in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> In 1944, all the railway companies operating in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> were taken over by the Government.<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> In December 1950, the Central Advisory Committee for Railways approved the plan for Indian Railways into six zonal systems and the Southern Railway zone was created on 14 April 1951 by merging three state railways, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_and_Southern_Mahratta_Railway" title="Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway">Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_Railway_Company" title="South Indian Railway Company">South Indian Railway Company</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_State_Railway" title="Mysore State Railway">Mysore State Railway</a> with Chennai as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_headquarters,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai">headquarters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SR-326">[322]</a> The city has four major railway terminals at <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station" title="Chennai Central railway station">Chennai Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Egmore_railway_station" title="Chennai Egmore railway station">Egmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station" title="Chennai Beach railway station">Beach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tambaram_railway_station" title="Tambaram railway station">Tambaram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> Chennai Central, city's largest station provides access to other major stations nationally and is amongst the busiest stations in the country.<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> <dl><dt>Suburban and MRTS</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg/220px-Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg/330px-Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg/440px-Velachery_Railway_station_June_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Chennai MRTS</a> was the first MRTS system in India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway" title="Chennai Suburban Railway">Chennai Suburban Railway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System</a></div> Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, which was established in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-CSR-329">[325]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_System_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)">Mass Rapid Transit System</a> (MRTS) is an elevated urban mass transit system established in 1995 operating on a single line from <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Beach_railway_station" title="Chennai Beach railway station">Chennai Beach</a> to <a href="/wiki/Velachery_railway_station" title="Velachery railway station">Velachery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CSR-329">[325]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>System </th> <th>Lines </th> <th>Stations </th> <th>Length </th> <th>Opened </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway" title="Chennai Suburban Railway">Chennai Suburban</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Chennai" title="Railway stations in Chennai">53</a> </td> <td>212 km (132 mi) </td> <td>1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Chennai MRTS</a><a href="#cite_note-MRTS-331">[327]</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">17</a> </td> <td>19.715 km (12.250 mi) </td> <td>1995 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Metro</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/220px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/330px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg/440px-Alstom_Metropolis_train-set_at_Guindy_Metro_station_in_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a> is the only metro system operational in the state</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> rail system in Chennai that was opened in 2015. As of 2023, the metro system consists of two operational lines operating across 54.1 km (33.6 mi) with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chennai_Metro_stations" title="List of Chennai Metro stations">41</a> stations.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> The Chennai metro system is being expanded with a proposed addition of three more lines and an extension of 116.1 km (72.1 mi).<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Line </th> <th colspan="2">Terminal </th> <th>Opened </th> <th>Length (km) </th> <th>Stations </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#3281c4; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Line_(Chennai_Metro)" title="Blue Line (Chennai Metro)">Blue Line</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Wimco_Nagar_Depot_metro_station" title="Wimco Nagar Depot metro station">Wimco Nagar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport_metro_station" title="Chennai International Airport metro station">Chennai Airport</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21 September 2016 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.65 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#53b848; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Chennai_Metro)" title="Green Line (Chennai Metro)">Green Line</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Puratchi_Thalaivar_Dr._M.G._Ramachandran_Central_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central metro station">Chennai Central</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount_(Chennai_Suburban_Railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Mount (Chennai Suburban Railway)">St. Thomas Mount</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29 June 2015 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th>54.65 </th> <th>41 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg/220px-Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg/330px-Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg/440px-Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus" title="Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus">CMBT</a>, the major inter-city bus terminus</figcaption></figure> Chennai has an extensive road network covering about 1,780 km (1,110 mi) as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Policy-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a> Chennai is one of the termini of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a> system of <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway (India)">National Highways</a> connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> In addition, two other major national highways namely, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_45_(India)" title="National Highway 45 (India)">NH 45</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_205_(India)" title="National Highway 205 (India)">NH 205</a> originate from the city while it is connected to other major towns of the state and <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> by <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Highway (India)">state highways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> The city has <a href="/wiki/Grade_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade separator">grade separators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">flyovers</a> at major intersections, and two peripheral roads (<a href="/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road,_Chennai" title="Inner Ring Road, Chennai">inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Ring_Road,_Chennai" title="Outer Ring Road, Chennai">outer ring roads</a>).<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> There are two expressways under construction: <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port%E2%80%93Maduravoyal_Expressway" title="Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway">Chennai Port–Maduravoyal Expressway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore%E2%80%93Chennai_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore–Chennai Expressway">Bangalore–Chennai Expressway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Chennai,_India_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Port_of_Chennai%2C_India_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chennai_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai port">Chennai port</a>, amongst the busiest in South India</figcaption></figure> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are over six million registered vehicles in the city.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public bus transport</a> is handled by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Corporation_(Chennai)" title="Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)">Metropolitan Transport Corporation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_State_Transport_Corporation" title="Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation">Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation</a>, which is run by the Government of Tamil Nadu. It was established in 1947 when private buses operating in <a href="/wiki/Madras_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras presidency">Madras presidency</a> were nationalized by the government and runs about 3233 buses As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TNSTC-342">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_Express_Transport_Corporation_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)">State Express Transport Corporation Limited</a> (SETC), established in 1980, runs long-distance express services exceeding 250 km and above and links the city with other important cities and adjoining states of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and the Union Territory of <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a>. SETC operates various classes of services such as semi-deluxe, ultra-deluxe and air-conditioned with advance booking and reservation on all of its routes.<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus" title="Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus">Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus</a> is one of the largest bus stations in Asia and caters to outstation buses.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> The other means of road transport in the city include vans, <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</a>, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> Chennai has two major ports <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamarajar_Port_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamarajar Port Limited">Ennore</a> which are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports,_Shipping_and_Waterways_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)">Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</a> of the Government of India.<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> There are three minor ports, which are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Highways_and_Minor_Ports_(Tamil_Nadu)" title="Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)">department of highways and minor ports</a> of Government of Tamil Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-Policy-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royapuram_fishing_harbour" title="Royapuram fishing harbour">Royapuram fishing harbour</a> is used by fishing boats.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> has a major base at Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_House_(University_of_Madras).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/220px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/330px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg/440px-Senate_House_%28University_of_Madras%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>e. 1857), one of the oldest universities in India</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chennai" title="Education in Chennai">Education in Chennai</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Schools_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools in Chennai">Schools in Chennai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education in India</a></div> Chennai is a major educational hub and home to some of the premium educational institutions in the country.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> The city has a 90.33% literacy rate and ranks second among the major Indian metropolitan city centres.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> Chennai has a mix of public and private schools with the public school system managed by the school education department of Government of Tamil Nadu. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 420 <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Chennai" title="List of schools in Chennai">public schools</a> run by Greater Chennai Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Board_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education">Tamil Nadu State Board</a>, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">Central Board of Secondary Education</a> (CBSE), <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Indian_School_Certificate_Examinations" title="Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations">Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations</a> (ICSE) or <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">National Institute of Open Schooling</a> (NIOS).<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">10+2 plan</a>, ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_university_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anna_university_Chennai.jpg/220px-Anna_university_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anna_university_Chennai.jpg/330px-Anna_university_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Anna_university_Chennai.jpg/440px-Anna_university_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Guindy" title="College of Engineering, Guindy">College of Engineering, Guindy</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">e. 1794) is the oldest engineering college in India</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> was founded in 1857 and is one of India's first modern universities.<a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, which has six campuses in the city.<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Madras">Indian Institute of Technology Madras</a> is a premier institute of engineering and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Guindy" title="College of Engineering, Guindy">College of Engineering, Guindy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a> founded in 1794 is the oldest engineering college in India.<a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connemara_Public_Library,_Chennai-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg/220px-Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg/330px-Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg/440px-Connemara_Public_Library%2C_Chennai-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Connemara_Public_Library" title="Connemara Public Library">Connemara Public Library</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">e. 1896), one of the oldest libraries in India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Officers_Training_Academy" title="Officers Training Academy">Officers Training Academy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> is headquartered in the city.<a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a> There are eight government-run medical colleges in the city including one dental college, three for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine apart from multiple private colleges operating under the purview of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Dr._M.G.R._Medical_University" title="Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University">Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University</a> in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_College" title="Madras Medical College">Madras Medical College</a> was established in 1835 and is one of the oldest medical colleges in India.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> Chennai has many libraries with the major ones being the <a href="/wiki/Connemara_Public_Library" title="Connemara Public Library">Connemara Public Library</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">estd. 1896), one of the four <a href="/wiki/National_Depository_Centre" title="National Depository Centre">National Depository Centres</a> in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country and the <a href="/wiki/Anna_Centenary_Library" title="Anna Centenary Library">Anna Centenary Library</a>, the largest library in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> Chennai has two <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">CSIR</a> research institutions namely <a href="/wiki/Central_Leather_Research_Institute" title="Central Leather Research Institute">Central Leather Research Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structural_Engineering_Research_Centre" title="Structural Engineering Research Centre">Structural Engineering Research Centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a> Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organized by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.<a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism_and_recreation">Tourism and recreation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Chennai">Tourism in Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/220px--Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Chennai_-_bird's-eye_view.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv/Chennai_-_bird%27s-eye_view.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marina_Beach" title="Marina Beach">Marina Beach</a>, one of the longest urban beaches</figcaption></figure> With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance including the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Heritage Site">UNESCO Heritage Site</a> of Mahabalipuram, Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India with 11 million domestic and 630,000 foreign tourists visiting in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a> The gateway to the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern part of India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> Chennai was ranked among the top hundred destinations by <a href="/wiki/Euromonitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Euromonitor">Euromonitor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, the city has about 7,000 luxury rooms across four- and five-star categories, with 85 per cent of the room demand coming from business travellers.<a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a> Chennai has a 19 km (12 mi) coastline with many beaches including the <a href="/wiki/Marina_Beach" title="Marina Beach">Marina</a> spanning 13 km (8.1 mi) which is the second-longest urban beach in the world and <a href="/wiki/Elliot%27s_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot's Beach">Elliot's Beach</a> south of the Adyar delta.<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg/220px-Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg/330px-Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg/440px-Semmozhi_Poonga_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Semmoli_Poonga" title="Semmoli Poonga">Semmoli Poonga</a>, a 20 acres (8.1 ha) <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, Chennai has 835 public parks maintained by the corporation.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> The largest park is the 358-acre <a href="/wiki/Tholkappia_Poonga" title="Tholkappia Poonga">Tholkappia Poonga</a>, developed to restore the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary.<a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a> <a href="/wiki/Semmoli_Poonga" title="Semmoli Poonga">Semmoli Poonga</a> is a 20 acres (8.1 ha) <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> maintained by the horticulture department.<a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Crocodile Bank">Madras Crocodile Bank</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a> located 40 km (25 mi) south of the city and has one of the largest collections of reptiles in the country.<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> Arignar Anna zoological park is a large urban zoo with more than two million visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> Guindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits and has a children's park and a <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Snake_Park_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Snake Park Trust">snake park</a> associated with it.<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> Chennai also houses several theme parks and amusement parks.<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes.<a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> Stage plays and dramas of different genres and languages are enacted in theatres across the city.<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> Chennai is also home to <a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Chennai" title="Shopping in Chennai">several malls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> The city is an important market for <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar" title="Anna Nagar">Anna Nagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nungambakkam" title="Nungambakkam">Nungambakkam</a> are amongst the expensive retail zones in the country.<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chennai" title="Sport in Chennai">Sport in Chennai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/220px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/330px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg/440px-MA_Chidambaram_Stadium_In_the_Night_during_a_CSK_Game.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M._A._Chidambaram_Stadium" title="M. A. Chidambaram Stadium">M. A. Chidambaram Stadium</a>, one of the premier cricket venues in India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport in Chennai and was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Cricket_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Cricket Club">Madras Cricket Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M.A._Chidambaram_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A. Chidambaram Stadium">M.A. Chidambaram Stadium</a>, established in 1916, is one of the oldest cricket stadiums in India and has hosted matches during multiple <a href="/wiki/ICC_Cricket_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Cricket World Cup">ICC Cricket World Cups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a> Other cricketing venues include <a href="/wiki/Chemplast_Cricket_Ground" title="Chemplast Cricket Ground">Chemplast Cricket Ground</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_College_Ground" title="Guru Nanak College Ground">Guru Nanak College Ground</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a> Prominent cricketers from the city include <a href="/wiki/Srinivasaraghavan_Venkataraghavan" title="Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan">S. Venkataraghavan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-391">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kris_Srikkanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kris Srikkanth">Kris Srikkanth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravichandran_Ashwin" title="Ravichandran Ashwin">Ravichandran Ashwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a> Established in 1987, <a href="/wiki/MRF_Pace_Foundation" title="MRF Pace Foundation">MRF Pace Foundation</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)" title="Bowling (cricket)">bowling</a> academy based in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a> Chennai is home to the most successful <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL) cricket team <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings" title="Chennai Super Kings">Chennai Super Kings</a> and hosted the finals during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_premier_league_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian premier league 2011">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_Premier_League" title="2012 Indian Premier League">2012</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_Premier_League" title="2024 Indian Premier League">2024</a> seasons.<a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg/220px-Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg/330px-Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg/440px-Nehru_Stadium_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Chennai)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a> multipurpose stadium</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Chennai)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a> is a multi-purpose venue which hosts <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a> and also houses a multi–purpose indoor complex for <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SDAT-397">[393]</a> Chennai hosted the <a href="/wiki/1995_South_Asian_Games" title="1995 South Asian Games">1995 South Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> Football club <a href="/wiki/Chennaiyin_FC" title="Chennaiyin FC">Chennaiyin FC</a> competes in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> (ISL), the top tier association football league of India and uses the Nehru Stadium for their home matches.<a href="#cite_note-CFC-399">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Radhakrishnan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium">Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a> and was venue for the international hockey tournament the <a href="/wiki/2005_Men%27s_Hockey_Champions_Trophy" title="2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy">2005 Men's Champions Trophy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2007_Men%27s_Hockey_Asia_Cup" title="2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup">2007 Men's Asia Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a> are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex.<a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a> Chennai was the host of the only <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour">ATP World Tour</a> event in India, the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Open">Chennai Open</a> held at <a href="/wiki/SDAT_Tennis_Stadium" title="SDAT Tennis Stadium">SDAT Tennis Stadium</a> from 1997 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-402">[398]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Amritraj" title="Vijay Amritraj">Vijay Amritraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahesh_Bhupathi" title="Mahesh Bhupathi">Mahesh Bhupathi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Krishnan" title="Ramesh Krishnan">Ramesh Krishnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somdev_Devvarman" title="Somdev Devvarman">Somdev Devvarman</a> were professional tennis players from Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a> Chennai is home to <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Slam" title="Chennai Slam">Chennai Slam</a>, two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the <a href="/wiki/UBA_Pro_Basketball_League" title="UBA Pro Basketball League">UBA Pro Basketball League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UBA-404">[400]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg/220px-Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg/330px-Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg/440px-Irungaattukkottai_racing_track.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madras_Motor_Race_Track" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Motor Race Track">Madras Motor Race Track</a>, the first permanent racing circuit in India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Boat_Club" title="Madras Boat Club">Madras Boat Club</a> (founded in 1846) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Madras_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Madras Yacht Club">Royal Madras Yacht Club</a> (founded in 1911) promote <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowing" title="Rowing">rowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">canoeing</a> sports in Chennai.<a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> Inaugurated in 1990, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Motor_Race_Track" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Motor Race Track">Madras Motor Race Track</a> was the first permanent racing circuit in India and hosts formula racing events.<a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Karun_Chandhok" title="Karun Chandhok">Karun Chandhok</a> was from the city.<a href="#cite_note-407">[403]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> is held at the <a href="/wiki/Guindy_Race_Course" title="Guindy Race Course">Guindy Race Course</a> and the city has two 18-hole golf courses, the <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Club_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)">Cosmopolitan Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gymkhana_Club,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymkhana Club, Chennai">Gymkhana Club</a> established in the late nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-408">[404]</a> Chennai is often dubbed "India's chess capital" as the city is home to multiple chess <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmasters</a> including former world champion <a href="/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[406]</a> The city played host to the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">World Chess Championship 2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/44th_Chess_Olympiad" title="44th Chess Olympiad">44th Chess Olympiad</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[408]</a> Other sports persons from Chennai include table tennis player <a href="/wiki/Sharath_Kamal" title="Sharath Kamal">Sharath Kamal</a> and two–time world <a href="/wiki/Carrom" title="Carrom">carrom</a> champion, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Irudayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Irudayam">Maria Irudayam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_based_teams">City based teams</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chennai#Teams" title="Sport in Chennai">Sport in Chennai § Teams</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Home Stadium </th> <th>Founded </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings" title="Chennai Super Kings">Chennai Super Kings</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M.A._Chidambaram_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A. Chidambaram Stadium">M.A. Chidambaram Stadium</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-415">[411]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennaiyin_FC" title="Chennaiyin FC">Chennaiyin FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marina_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Arena">Marina Arena</a> </td> <td>2013 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-CFC-399">[395]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Slam" title="Chennai Slam">Chennai Slam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UBA_Pro_Basketball_League" title="UBA Pro Basketball League">UBA Pro Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium">Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-UBA-404">[400]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Superstarz" title="Chennai Superstarz">Chennai Superstarz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Premier_Badminton_League" title="Premier Badminton League">Premier Badminton League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium">Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-416">[412]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_Super_Gillies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk Super Gillies">Chepauk Super Gillies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Premier_League" title="Tamil Nadu Premier League">Tamil Nadu Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M.A._Chidambaram_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="M.A. Chidambaram Stadium">M.A. Chidambaram Stadium</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-417">[413]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thalaivas" title="Tamil Thalaivas">Tamil Thalaivas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pro_Kabaddi_League" title="Pro Kabaddi League">Pro Kabaddi League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium">Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium</a> </td> <td>2017 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-418">[414]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Lions" title="Chennai Lions">Chennai Lions</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Table_Tennis" title="Ultimate Table Tennis">Ultimate Table Tennis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium">Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-419">[415]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Blitz" title="Chennai Blitz">Chennai Blitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prime_Volleyball_League" title="Prime Volleyball League">Prime Volleyball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Indoor_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium">Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-420">[416]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_missions">Foreign missions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Chennai" title="List of diplomatic missions in Chennai">List of diplomatic missions in Chennai</a></div> The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[418]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 60 foreign representations in Chennai, including 16 consulates general and 28 honorary consulates.<a href="#cite_note-423">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[420]</a> <a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Chennai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Chennai">American Consulate in Chennai</a> is amongst the top employment-based visa processing centres.<a href="#cite_note-425">[421]</a> The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) is in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city.<a href="#cite_note-426">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_India" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in India">List of twin towns and sister cities in India</a></div> Chennai has <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister city</a> relationships with the following cities of the world: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City </th> <th>Country </th> <th>State/Region </th> <th>Since </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volgograd_Oblast" title="Volgograd Oblast">Volgograd Oblast</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SS-427">[423]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SS-427">[423]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-428">[424]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Territory (Malaysia)">Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-429">[425]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-controlled municipalities of China">Municipality of Chongqing</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-430">[426]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Ulsan Metropolitan City</a> </td> <td>2016 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-431">[427]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Chennai" title="List of people from Chennai">List of people from Chennai</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Chennai" title="Areas of Chennai">Areas of Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chennai_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Chennai history">Timeline of Chennai history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CMA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMA_1-1">b</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Metropolitan Area">Chennai Metropolitan Area</a> also includes portions of <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchipuram District">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvallur District">Tiruvallur</a> districts adjoining the <a href="/wiki/Chennai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai District">Chennai District</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> There is a disagreement among scholars as to the origin of the first use of the name. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈdrɑːs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b6\/Madras_MW.ogg\/Madras_MW.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Madras MW.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/Madras_MW.ogg/Madras_MW.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_MW.ogg" title="File:Madras MW.ogg">ⓘ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈdræs/</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The term Chennai is often used to denote the Chennai Metropolitan Area, colloquially applied for the wider area than just the city. This area includes the city/district of Chennai, and adjacent parts from its three neighbouring districts. This wider usage of the term has been documented as far back as 1639, when the Madras Municipal Corporation was created </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OI_Turns375-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OI_Turns375_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OI_Turns375_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharma2014" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Reetu (23 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html">"Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'"</a>. One India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032944/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+turns+375%3A+Things+you+should+know+about+%27Gateway+to+South+India%27&rft.date=2014-08-23&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Reetu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneindia.com%2Ffeature%2Fchennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDept1997-3"><a href="#cite_ref-USDept1997_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ">Business America</a>. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1997. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135928/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Aa4AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+America&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Aa4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HC_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HC_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2012" class="citation news cs1">Hamid, Zubeda (20 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece">"The medical capital's place in history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+medical+capital%27s+place+in+history&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Zubeda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fthe-medical-capitals-place-in-history%2Farticle3796305.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CET-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CET_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CET_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CET_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-city-just-got-bigger/articleshow/5393680.cms">"Chennai city just got bigger"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 30 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208145408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-city-just-got-bigger/articleshow/5393680.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+city+just+got+bigger&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-city-just-got-bigger%2Farticleshow%2F5393680.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMDA-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMDA_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMDA_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/">"CMDA, about us"</a>. CMDA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208134637/https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CMDA%2C+about+us&rft.pub=CMDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmdachennai.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">Cities having population 1 Lakh and above</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Retrieved 17 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cities+having+population+1+Lakh+and+above&rft.pub=The+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fpaper2%2Fdata_files%2FIndia2%2FTable_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UA2011-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UA2011_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UA2011_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UA2011_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019053153if_/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx">Census 2011: Population of cities in India</a> (Report). 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Retrieved 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Population+of+cities+in+India&rft.pub=The+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F42876%2Fdownload%2F46544%2FCLASS_I.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C40-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C40_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C40_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c40.org/cities/chennai/">"Chennai - C40 Cities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Group</a>. 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P Varadachary and co. pp. 63–69. Retrieved 27 November 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+City+of+Madrae+third-largest+economys&rft.pages=63-69&rft.pub=P+Varadachary+and+co&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Srinivasachari&rft.aufirst=C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofthecity035512mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthiah2012" class="citation news cs1">Muthiah, S. (4 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-town-temple-resurrected/article2960548.ece">"The 'Town Temple' resurrected"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307234509/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2960548.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+%27Town+Temple%27+resurrected&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft.aulast=Muthiah&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fchen-columns%2Fthe-town-temple-resurrected%2Farticle2960548.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muthiah2008" class="citation book cs1">S. Muthiah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C">Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India</a>. Palaniappa Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8379-468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8379-468-8"><bdi>978-81-8379-468-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135924/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras%2C+Chennai%3A+A+400-year+Record+of+the+First+City+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=Palaniappa+Brothers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8379-468-8&rft.au=S.+Muthiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbR_LLkqdI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamachari2014" class="citation news cs1">Krishnamachari, Suganthy (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece">"Madras is not alien"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119060322/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+is+not+alien&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.aulast=Krishnamachari&rft.aufirst=Suganthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fmadras-is-not-alien%2Farticle6338551.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamachari2014" class="citation news cs1">Krishnamachari, Suganthy (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece">"Madras is not alien"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. No. Friday Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119060322/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-is-not-alien/article6338551.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+is+not+alien&rft.issue=Friday+Review&rft.date=2014-08-21&rft.aulast=Krishnamachari&rft.aufirst=Suganthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fmadras-is-not-alien%2Farticle6338551.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xPUvqtdfjyAC&pg=PA181">The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-202-4"><bdi>978-1-61530-202-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135929/https://books.google.com/books?id=xPUvqtdfjyAC&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+India%3A+Sacred+and+Historic+Places&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-202-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxPUvqtdfjyAC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Aug/22/madras-384th-anniversary-the-making-of-madras-2607438.html">"Madras' 384th anniversary: The making of Madras"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 22 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128054045/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/aug/22/madras-384th-anniversary-the-making-of-madras-2607438.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Madras%27+384th+anniversary%3A+The+making+of+Madras&rft.date=2023-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2023%2FAug%2F22%2Fmadras-384th-anniversary-the-making-of-madras-2607438.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-nalla-madras/article3296560.ece">"Madras nalla Madras!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 9 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208125552/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/madras-nalla-madras/article3296560.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+nalla+Madras%21&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fmadras-nalla-madras%2Farticle3296560.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/road-workers-stumble-upon-ancient-grinding-stone-in-pallavaram/articleshow/6581764.cms">"Road workers stumble upon ancient grinding stone in Pallavaram"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 19 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407175605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/road-workers-stumble-upon-ancient-grinding-stone-in-pallavaram/articleshow/6581764.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Road+workers+stumble+upon+ancient+grinding+stone+in+Pallavaram&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Froad-workers-stumble-upon-ancient-grinding-stone-in-pallavaram%2Farticleshow%2F6581764.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Awakening Indians to India. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. 2008. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17597-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17597-433-3"><bdi>978-8-17597-433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awakening+Indians+to+India&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Central+Chinmaya+Mission+Trust&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-17597-433-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chist-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chist_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chist_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chist_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennai.nic.in/history/">"Chennai, history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209121530/https://chennai.nic.in/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chennai%2C+history&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennai.nic.in%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélouHurry2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain; Hurry, Kenneth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwnv3I6qIosC&pg=PA173">A brief history of India</a>. Alain Daniélou. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135925/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwnv3I6qIosC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+India&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Hurry%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwnv3I6qIosC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chola-vijayanagara-period-copper-coins-found-on-riverbed/articleshow/104270641.cms">"Chola, Vijayanagara period copper coins found on riverbed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 9 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016131901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chola-vijayanagara-period-copper-coins-found-on-riverbed/articleshow/104270641.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chola%2C+Vijayanagara+period+copper+coins+found+on+riverbed&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fchola-vijayanagara-period-copper-coins-found-on-riverbed%2Farticleshow%2F104270641.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-COR-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COR_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COR_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-COR_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/">"Origin of the Name Madras"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406202458/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/origin-and-growth/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Name+Madras&rft.pub=Greater+Chennai+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennaicorporation.gov.in%2Fgcc%2Fabout-GCC%2Fabout-chennai%2Forigin-and-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoShulmanSubrahmanyam1998" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana; Shulman, David; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998). Symbols of substance : court and state in Nayaka period Tamilnadu. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. xix, 349 p., [16] p. of plates : ill., maps; 22 cm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19564-399-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19564-399-2"><bdi>978-0-19564-399-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+substance+%3A+court+and+state+in+Nayaka+period+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=xix%2C+349+p.%2C+16+p.+of+plates+%3A+ill.%2C+maps%3B+22-cm&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19564-399-2&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David&rft.au=Subrahmanyam%2C+Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThilakavathyMaya2019" class="citation book cs1">Thilakavathy, M.; Maya, R. K. (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583">Facets of Contemporary history</a>. MJP Publishers. p. 583. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=3HCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facets+of+Contemporary+history&rft.pages=583&rft.pub=MJP+Publishers&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Thilakavathy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Maya%2C+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3HCbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrykenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Frykenberg, Robert Eric (26 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19826-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19826-377-7"><bdi>978-0-19826-377-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082100/https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+India%3A+From+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19826-377-7&rft.aulast=Frykenberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts_J._M.1997" class="citation book cs1">Roberts J. M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC">A short history of the world</a>. Helicon Publishing. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19511-504-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19511-504-8"><bdi>978-0-19511-504-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603081944/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+the+world&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Helicon+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19511-504-8&rft.au=Roberts+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3QZXvUhGwhAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagret1977" class="citation book cs1">Wagret, Paul (1977). Nagel's encyclopedia-guide. India, Nepal. Geneva: Nagel Publishers. p. 556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-82630-023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-82630-023-6"><bdi>978-2-82630-023-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4202160">4202160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nagel%27s+encyclopedia-guide&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=India%2C+Nepal&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Nagel+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4202160&rft.isbn=978-2-82630-023-6&rft.aulast=Wagret&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756">A global chronology of conflict</a>. ABC—CLIO. p. 756. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-667-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-667-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082105/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA756">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+global+chronology+of+conflict&rft.pages=756&rft.pub=ABC%E2%80%94CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-667-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.2010" class="citation news cs1">S., Muthiah (21 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece">"Madras Miscellany: When Pondy was wasted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501074741/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Madras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted/article15719768.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+Miscellany%3A+When+Pondy+was+wasted&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Muthiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2FMadras-Miscellany-When-Pondy-was-wasted%2Farticle15719768.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhey_Shyam_Chaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94">History of Modern India:1707 A.D. to 2000 A.D</a>. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12690-085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12690-085-5"><bdi>978-8-12690-085-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082104/https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+India%3A1707+A.D.+to+2000+A.D&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-12690-085-5&rft.au=Radhey+Shyam+Chaurasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMS_jrForJOoC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency">"Madras Presidency"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017071545/https://www.britannica.com/place/Madras-Presidency">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madras+Presidency&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMadras-Presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation2007" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&pg=PA442">World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76147-645-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76147-645-0"><bdi>978-0-76147-645-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135935/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZBaVhmRvCkC&pg=PA442">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-76147-645-0&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5ZBaVhmRvCkC%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill,_B.2001" class="citation report cs1">Gill, B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krcmar.ca/resource-articles/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf">Surveying Sir George Everest</a> (PDF) (Report). Professional Surveyor Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327033525/https://www.krcmar.ca/resource-articles/2000_Winter_The%20Big%20Man-%20Surveying%20Sir%20George_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Surveying+Sir+George+Everest&rft.pub=Professional+Surveyor+Magazine&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Gill%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.krcmar.ca%2Fresource-articles%2F2000_Winter_The%2520Big%2520Man-%2520Surveying%2520Sir%2520George_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallach2005" class="citation book cs1">Wallach, Bret (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2J3YXhZaG8C">Understanding the cultural landscape</a>. The Guilford Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-119-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59385-119-4"><bdi>978-1-59385-119-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135930/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2J3YXhZaG8C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+cultural+landscape&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=The+Guilford+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59385-119-4&rft.aulast=Wallach&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2J3YXhZaG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm">"Madras Renamed Tamil Nadu"</a>. Hubert Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911082149/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaTamilNadu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hubert+Herald&rft.atitle=Madras+Renamed+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hubert-herald.nl%2FBhaTamilNadu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurthy1984" class="citation book cs1">Murthy, Chippada Suryanarayana (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xahAAAAAMAAJ">Andhra Martyr Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu</a>. 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News Minute. 2 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014912/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/explainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Minute&rft.atitle=The+reorganization+of+states+in+India+and+why+it+happened&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Farticle%2Fexplainer-reorganization-states-india-and-why-it-happened-52273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Shoba2011" class="citation news cs1">V. Shoba (14 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/">"Chennai says it in Hindi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430174614/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/chennai-says-it-in-hindi/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Chennai+says+it+in+Hindi&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft.au=V.+Shoba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-archive%2Fweb%2Fchennai-says-it-in-hindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meity.gov.in/content/official-language-act">Official Language Act</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>. 1963. 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Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madras+renamed+Chennai&rft.pub=Maps+of+India&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fon-this-day%2Fjuly-17-1996-madras-came-to-be-known-as-chennai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltaffJ_Sugumaran,_Maryland_S_Naveed2005" class="citation journal cs1">Altaff, K; J Sugumaran, Maryland S Naveed (10 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110427">"Impact of tsunami on meiofauna of Marina beach, Chennai, India"</a>. Current Science. 89 (1): 34–38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110427">24110427</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113053446/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110427">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Impact+of+tsunami+on+meiofauna+of+Marina+beach%2C+Chennai%2C+India&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-38&rft.date=2005-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24110427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Altaff&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=J+Sugumaran%2C+Maryland+S+Naveed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24110427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-government-pegs-flood-damage-at-rs-8481-crore-cm-jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-modi-2148012">"Tamil Nadu government pegs flood damage at Rs 8,481 crore, CM Jayalalithaa writes to PM Modi"</a>. Daily News and Analysis. 23 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907224318/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-government-pegs-flood-damage-at-rs-8481-crore-cm-jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-modi-2148012">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu+government+pegs+flood+damage+at+Rs+8%2C481+crore%2C+CM+Jayalalithaa+writes+to+PM+Modi&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-tamil-nadu-government-pegs-flood-damage-at-rs-8481-crore-cm-jayalalithaa-writes-to-pm-modi-2148012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708155304/http://www.spc.tn.gov.in/Exe_Summary_DHDR/Chennai.pdf">Human Development Report, Chennai</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. p. 4. 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Journal of Hazardous Materials. 136 (3): 589–596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JHzM..136..589P">2006JHzM..136..589P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2005.12.039">10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3894">0304-3894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16442714">16442714</a>. <q>Chennai is fairly low–lying, its highest point being only 300 m (980 ft) above sea level is a rugged barren hill opposite to the Airport called Pallavapuram Hill.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hazardous+Materials&rft.atitle=Air+quality+monitoring+in+Chennai%2C+India%2C+in+the+summer+of+2005&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=589-596&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2005.12.039&rft.issn=0304-3894&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16442714&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JHzM..136..589P&rft.aulast=Pulikesi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=P.+Baskaralingam&rft.au=D.+Elango&rft.au=V.N.+Rayudu&rft.au=V.+Ramamurthi&rft.au=S.+Sivanesan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Urban/Practices-and-practitioners.htm">"Practices and Practitioners"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Quality+of+groundwater+better+this+year&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fquality-of-groundwater-better-this-year%2Farticleshow%2F7381926.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakshmi2012" class="citation news cs1">Lakshmi, K. (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tardy-monsoon-chennai-water-table-rises-only-marginally/article3828935.ece">"Tardy monsoon: Chennai water table rises only marginally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922181939/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tardy-monsoon-chennai-water-table-rises-only-marginally/article3828935.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tardy+monsoon%3A+Chennai+water+table+rises+only+marginally&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.aulast=Lakshmi&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Ftardy-monsoon-chennai-water-table-rises-only-marginally%2Farticle3828935.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez2018" class="citation news cs1">Lopez, Aloysius Xavier (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-228-cr-project-to-take-citys-green-cover-to-20/article24824653.ece">"A Rs. 228-cr. project to take city's green cover to 20%"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112857/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-228-cr-project-to-take-citys-green-cover-to-20/article24824653.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+Rs.+228-cr.+project+to+take+city%27s+green+cover+to+20%25&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Aloysius+Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fa-228-cr-project-to-take-citys-green-cover-to-20%2Farticle24824653.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shrunk-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shrunk_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shrunk_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-chennai-one-of-the-worlds-wettest-major-cities-ran-out-of-water/articleshow/80680182.cms?from=mdr">"How Chennai, one of the world's wettest major cities, ran out of water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 4 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529002022/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-chennai-one-of-the-worlds-wettest-major-cities-ran-out-of-water/articleshow/80680182.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=How+Chennai%2C+one+of+the+world%27s+wettest+major+cities%2C+ran+out+of+water&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fhow-chennai-one-of-the-worlds-wettest-major-cities-ran-out-of-water%2Farticleshow%2F80680182.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-River-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-River_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-River_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/its-official-chennais-rivers-are-dead/articleshow/97076908.cms">"It's official: Chennai's rivers are 'dead'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 18 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507030243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/its-official-chennais-rivers-are-dead/articleshow/97076908.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=It%27s+official%3A+Chennai%27s+rivers+are+%27dead%27&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fits-official-chennais-rivers-are-dead%2Farticleshow%2F97076908.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/city/2020/08/30/those-were-the-days-buckingham-canal-and-its-sociopolitical-influences">"Those were the days: Buckingham Canal and its socio-political influences"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Thanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Thanthi">Daily Thanthi</a>. 30 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628082601/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2020/08/30/those-were-the-days-buckingham-canal-and-its-sociopolitical-influences">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Thanthi&rft.atitle=Those+were+the+days%3A+Buckingham+Canal+and+its+socio-political+influences&rft.date=2023-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2Fcity%2F2020%2F08%2F30%2Fthose-were-the-days-buckingham-canal-and-its-sociopolitical-influences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ennore-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Ennore_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jan/06/fishersmull-peoples-plan-for-ennore-creek-restoration-2648396.html">"Fishers mull 'people's plan' for Ennore creek restoration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 6 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628082552/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Jan/06/fishersmull-peoples-plan-for-ennore-creek-restoration-2648396.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Fishers+mull+%27people%27s+plan%27+for+Ennore+creek+restoration&rft.date=2024-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2024%2FJan%2F06%2Ffishersmull-peoples-plan-for-ennore-creek-restoration-2648396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-along-otteri-nullah-complain-of-pollution-health-risk-and-flooding/article67263643.ece">"Residents along Otteri Nullah complain of pollution, health risk and flooding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 3 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112217/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/residents-along-otteri-nullah-complain-of-pollution-health-risk-and-flooding/article67263643.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Residents+along+Otteri+Nullah+complain+of+pollution%2C+health+risk+and+flooding&rft.date=2023-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fresidents-along-otteri-nullah-complain-of-pollution-health-risk-and-flooding%2Farticle67263643.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavanNarayanan2008" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Susheela; Narayanan, Indira (2008). "Chapter 1: Geography". In S.Muthiah (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C">Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India, Volume 1</a>. Palaniappa Brothers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18379-468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18379-468-8"><bdi>978-8-18379-468-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629135924/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Geography&rft.btitle=Madras%2C+Chennai%3A+A+400-year+Record+of+the+First+City+of+Modern+India%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Palaniappa+Brothers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-18379-468-8&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Susheela&rft.au=Narayanan%2C+Indira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbR_LLkqdI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakshmi2018" class="citation news cs1">Lakshmi, K. (10 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-lost-41-shoreline-to-erosion-study/article25458192.ece">"T.N. lost 41% shoreline to erosion: study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129180742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-lost-41-shoreline-to-erosion-study/article25458192.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=T.N.+lost+41%25+shoreline+to+erosion%3A+study&rft.date=2018-11-10&rft.aulast=Lakshmi&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Ftn-lost-41-shoreline-to-erosion-study%2Farticle25458192.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2012" class="citation news cs1">John, Ekatha Ann (29 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/disaster-body-for-panel-to-monitor-highrises-in-chennai/articleshow/16596651.cms">"Disaster body for panel to monitor highrises in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/disaster-body-for-panel-to-monitor-highrises-in-chennai/articleshow/16596651.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Disaster+body+for+panel+to+monitor+highrises+in+Chennai&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Ekatha+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fdisaster-body-for-panel-to-monitor-highrises-in-chennai%2Farticleshow%2F16596651.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2013" class="citation news cs1">Yadav, Priya (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/soon-power-from-ancient-rocks/articleshow/17962871.cms">"Soon, power from ancient rocks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925233731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/soon-power-from-ancient-rocks/articleshow/17962871.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Soon%2C+power+from+ancient+rocks&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2Fsoon-power-from-ancient-rocks%2Farticleshow%2F17962871.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbeltagiPandeMoharirPham2023" class="citation book cs1">Elbeltagi, Ahmed; Pande, Chaitanya B.; Moharir, Kanak N.; Pham, Quoc Bao; Singh, Sudhir Kumar (13 February 2023). Climate Change Impacts on Natural Resources, Ecosystems and Agricultural Systems. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International">Springer International</a>. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03119-059-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03119-059-9"><bdi>978-3-03119-059-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+Impacts+on+Natural+Resources%2C+Ecosystems+and+Agricultural+Systems&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft.isbn=978-3-03119-059-9&rft.aulast=Elbeltagi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft.au=Pande%2C+Chaitanya+B.&rft.au=Moharir%2C+Kanak+N.&rft.au=Pham%2C+Quoc+Bao&rft.au=Singh%2C+Sudhir+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMDAA-66"><a href="#cite_ref-CMDAA_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/tenders/ChengalpattuNewTownDevelopmentPlan/TOR.pdf">"About Chennai"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority</a>. p. 28. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Chennai&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Chennai+Metropolitan+Development+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmdachennai.gov.in%2Fpdfs%2Ftenders%2FChengalpattuNewTownDevelopmentPlan%2FTOR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heat-may-gradually-relent-over-most-parts-of-the-state-after-june-18-says-imd/article66973265.ece">"Heat may gradually relent over most parts of the State after June 18, says IMD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 15 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112216/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heat-may-gradually-relent-over-most-parts-of-the-state-after-june-18-says-imd/article66973265.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Heat+may+gradually+relent+over+most+parts+of+the+State+after+June+18%2C+says+IMD&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fheat-may-gradually-relent-over-most-parts-of-the-state-after-june-18-says-imd%2Farticle66973265.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDE-68"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDE_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">Climatology tables:Extremes till 2012</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Climatology+tables%3AExtremes+till+2012&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2FEXTREMES%2520OF%2520TEMPERATURE%2520and%2520RAINFALL%2520upto%25202012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDNorm-69"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDNorm_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20(STATWISE).pdf">Climatology tables:Normal 1981-2010</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>. p. 279. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620142419/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Climatology+tables%3ANormal+1981-2010&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=India+Meteorological+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimdpune.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fpublic%2F1981-2010%2520CLIM%2520NORMALS%2520%28STATWISE%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgwb.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-10/chennai.pdf">Ground Water Brochure, Chennai</a> (PDF) (Report). Central Ground Water Board, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213065623/https://cgwb.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-10/chennai.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2023. 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Retrieved 31 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Northeast+monsoon+dumps+57%25+excess+rainfall+in+Tamil+Nadu+in+2021&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fnortheast-monsoon-dumps-57-excess-rainfall-in-tamil-nadu-in-2021-1066547.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/easterly-southeasterly-winds-keep-city-cool/articleshow/58454114.cms">"Easterly, southeasterly winds keep city cool"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 1 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/easterly-southeasterly-winds-keep-city-cool/articleshow/58454114.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Easterly%2C+southeasterly+winds+keep+city+cool&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Feasterly-southeasterly-winds-keep-city-cool%2Farticleshow%2F58454114.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mausam.imd.gov.in/chennai/mcdata/ne_monsoon_2022.pdf">Northeast Monsoon, 2022</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112218/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/chennai/mcdata/ne_monsoon_2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2023. 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Retrieved 1 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=NE+monsoon+sets+in%2C+brings+in+copious+rains&rft.date=2005-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Foct%2F12imd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-flooded-2015-all-over-again-cyclonic-storm-michaung-to-blame-or-infrastructure-article-105728590">"Chennai Flooded, 2015 All Over Again! Cyclonic Storm Michaung to blame or infrastructure"</a>. Times Now. 4 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204114100/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-flooded-2015-all-over-again-cyclonic-storm-michaung-to-blame-or-infrastructure-article-105728590">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Now&rft.atitle=Chennai+Flooded%2C+2015+All+Over+Again%21+Cyclonic+Storm+Michaung+to+blame+or+infrastructure&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-flooded-2015-all-over-again-cyclonic-storm-michaung-to-blame-or-infrastructure-article-105728590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMDnormals-76"><a href="#cite_ref-IMDnormals_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf">"Station: Chennai (Nungambakkam) Climatological Table 1981–2010"</a> (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. 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Here is a guide to begin bird watching"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 27 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628082552/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/chennai-welcomes-migratory-birds-here-is-a-guide-to-begin-bird-watching/article67457419.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Good+nesting+season+of+Olive+Ridley+turtles+ends+along+Chennai%27s+coast&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fgood-nesting-season-of-olive-ridley-turtles-ends-along-chennais-coast%2Farticle66854180.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wildlife-centre-at-vandalur-zoo-replaces-night-safari/article5314832.ece">"Wildlife centre at Vandalur zoo replaces safari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730145915/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/wildlife-centre-at-vandalur-zoo-replaces-night-safari/article5314832.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. 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Retrieved 29 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Madras+Crocodile+Bank+Trust+and+its+partner+NGOs+in+India+working+to+raise+awareness+on+snakebites&rft.date=2013-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsci-tech%2Fenergy-and-environment%2Fmadras-crocodile-bank-trust-and-its-partner-ngos-in-india-working-to-raise-awareness-on-snakebites%2Farticle67329345.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankar_RamanR._K._G._MenonR._Sukumar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shankar Raman, T. R.; R. K. G. Menon; R. 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Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Adyar+River+pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fchen-society%2Fissues-of-pollution-raised-at-meeting-for-adyar-river-restoration%2Farticle6194140.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/TNs-Cooum-river-80-dirtier-than-sewage/articleshow/3382689.cms">"Couvum River pollution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310100749/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/pollution/tns-cooum-river-80-dirtier-than-sewage/articleshow/3382689.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Couvum+River+pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Fenvironment%2Fpollution%2FTNs-Cooum-river-80-dirtier-than-sewage%2Farticleshow%2F3382689.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV2019" class="citation news cs1">V, Jinoy Jose P (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/living-without-water-in-chennai/article28065458.ece">"Living without water in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161257/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/living-without-water-in-chennai/article28065458.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Living+without+water+in+Chennai&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.aulast=V&rft.aufirst=Jinoy+Jose+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fspecials%2Findia-file%2Fliving-without-water-in-chennai%2Farticle28065458.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagarajanMegsonWu2021" class="citation news cs1">Nagarajan, Ganesh; Megson, Jody; Wu, Jin (3 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402180757/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-02-03/how-a-water-crisis-hit-india-s-chennai-one-of-the-world-s-wettest-cities">"How One of the World's Wettest Major Cities Ran Out of Water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-02-03/how-a-water-crisis-hit-india-s-chennai-one-of-the-world-s-wettest-cities">the original</a> on 2 April 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=How+One+of+the+World%27s+Wettest+Major+Cities+Ran+Out+of+Water&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.aulast=Nagarajan&rft.aufirst=Ganesh&rft.au=Megson%2C+Jody&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2021-02-03%2Fhow-a-water-crisis-hit-india-s-chennai-one-of-the-world-s-wettest-cities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/tamil-nadu/Muck-in-Chennai-rivers-may-soon-turn-manure/articleshow/49074041.cms">"Muck in Chennai rivers to turn into manure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102012423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/good-governance/tamil-nadu/Muck-in-Chennai-rivers-may-soon-turn-manure/articleshow/49074041.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Muck+in+Chennai+rivers+to+turn+into+manure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fgood-governance%2Ftamil-nadu%2FMuck-in-Chennai-rivers-may-soon-turn-manure%2Farticleshow%2F49074041.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-citizens-initiatives-for-restoring-waterbodies/article7748606.ece">"More citizens initiative for restoring water bodies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730150443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/more-citizens-initiatives-for-restoring-waterbodies/article7748606.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=More+citizens+initiative+for+restoring+water+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fmore-citizens-initiatives-for-restoring-waterbodies%2Farticle7748606.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-security-mission-to-watch-out-for-citys-needs/article7700011.ece">"Water security mission to watch out for city's needs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407180443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/water-security-mission-to-watch-out-for-citys-needs/article7700011.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. 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"Population of Madras". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24142">Vestiges of Old Madras, Vol 3</a>. p. 557.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+of+Madras&rft.btitle=Vestiges+of+Old+Madras%2C+Vol+3&rft.pages=557&rft.date=1913&rft.au=H.+D.+Love&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.24142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 16. 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Muthiah">Muthiah, S.</a> (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88661-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-88661-24-4"><bdi>81-88661-24-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+Rediscovered&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=East+West+Books+%28Madras%29+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-88661-24-4&rft.aulast=Muthiah&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2005" class="citation book cs1">Srivastava, Sangya (2005). Studies in Demography. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-1992-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-1992-9"><bdi>978-81-261-1992-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Demography&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+PVT.+LTD&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-261-1992-9&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Sangya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s313f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910/uploads/2018/06/2018062923.pdf">Statistical handbook 2017 – 2018</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118180529/http://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s313f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910/uploads/2018/06/2018062923.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Statistical+handbook+2017+%E2%80%93+2018&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.s3waas.gov.in%2Fs313f3cf8c531952d72e5847c4183e6910%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2F2018062923.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">2011 Census results</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2011+Census+results&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fpaper2%2Fdata_files%2FIndia2%2FTable_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakshmi2004" class="citation book cs1">Lakshmi, C. S. 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Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unhurried+City%3A+Writings+on+Chennai&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-143-03026-3&rft.aulast=Lakshmi&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnflUVu0w2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2003" class="citation book cs1">Bergman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ws6om7JHZ-sC">Introduction to Geography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-131-70210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-131-70210-9"><bdi>978-8-131-70210-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629140451/https://books.google.com/books?id=ws6om7JHZ-sC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Geography&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8-131-70210-9&rft.au=Bergman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dws6om7JHZ-sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/CitiesProfile/TamilNadu_Chennai.pdf">Smart Cities Mission</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017002449/http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/CitiesProfile/TamilNadu_Chennai.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Smart+Cities+Mission&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmartcities.gov.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FCitiesProfile%2FTamilNadu_Chennai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/It%E2%80%99s-all-about-the-glories-of-Greater-Chennai/article14029085.ece">"Chennai Corporation is re-christened Greater Chennai Corporation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020183202/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/It%E2%80%99s-all-about-the-glories-of-Greater-Chennai/article14029085.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai+Corporation+is+re-christened+Greater+Chennai+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2FIt%25E2%2580%2599s-all-about-the-glories-of-Greater-Chennai%2Farticle14029085.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/number-of-people-below-the-poverty-line-to-increase-in-city/article27111004.ece">"Number of people below the poverty line to increase in city"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. 13 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024213617/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/number-of-people-below-the-poverty-line-to-increase-in-city/article27111004.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Number+of+people+below+the+poverty+line+to+increase+in+city&rft.date=2019-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fnumber-of-people-below-the-poverty-line-to-increase-in-city%2Farticle27111004.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_Lopez2017" class="citation news cs1">Xavier Lopez, Aloysius (26 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-shelter-stalemate/article19562923.ece">"The shelter stalemate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041140/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-shelter-stalemate/article19562923.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+shelter+stalemate&rft.date=2017-08-26&rft.aulast=Xavier+Lopez&rft.aufirst=Aloysius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fthe-shelter-stalemate%2Farticle19562923.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/22_13th_csmc_tamilnadu.pdf">Slum Clearance plan</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095313/https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/22_13th_csmc_tamilnadu.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2023. 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Chennai. 29 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108073927/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world/article5180124.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai%2C+the+2nd+oldest+corporation+in+the+world&rft.date=2013-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-the-2nd-oldest-corporation-in-the-world%2Farticle5180124.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/scope-of-digital-mapping-exercise-in-city-likely-to-be-enlarged/article2745099.ece">"Scope of digital mapping exercise in city likely to be enlarged"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 24 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115231204/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/scope-of-digital-mapping-exercise-in-city-likely-to-be-enlarged/article2745099.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Scope+of+digital+mapping+exercise+in+city+likely+to+be+enlarged&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fscope-of-digital-mapping-exercise-in-city-likely-to-be-enlarged%2Farticle2745099.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/delimited_ward/">"Chennai ward map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a>. 12 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226112713/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/delimited_ward/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chennai+ward+map&rft.pub=Greater+Chennai+Corporation&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennaicorporation.gov.in%2Fgcc%2Fdelimited_ward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/executive_chart.pdf">Executive Chart</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117061733/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/images/executive_chart.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Executive+Chart&rft.pub=Greater+Chennai+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennaicorporation.gov.in%2Fimages%2Fexecutive_chart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/chennai-to-get-its-youngest-and-first-dalit-woman-as-mayor-meet-r-priya-101646304060975.html">"Chennai to get its youngest and first Dalit woman as mayor; meet R Priya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001165924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/chennai-to-get-its-youngest-and-first-dalit-woman-as-mayor-meet-r-priya-101646304060975.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Chennai+to+get+its+youngest+and+first+Dalit+woman+as+mayor%3B+meet+R+Priya&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Felections%2Fchennai-to-get-its-youngest-and-first-dalit-woman-as-mayor-meet-r-priya-101646304060975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivathsan2013" class="citation news cs1">Srivathsan, A (19 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indecisiveness-keeps-urban-projects-on-hold/article5142863.ece">"Indecisiveness keeps urban projects on hold"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730160819/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/indecisiveness-keeps-urban-projects-on-hold/article5142863.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Indecisiveness+keeps+urban+projects+on+hold&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.aulast=Srivathsan&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Findecisiveness-keeps-urban-projects-on-hold%2Farticle5142863.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/greater-chennai-corporation/brief-note-about-GCC/">"About Corporation of Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915090006/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/greater-chennai-corporation/brief-note-about-GCC/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Corporation+of+Chennai&rft.pub=Greater+Chennai+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennaicorporation.gov.in%2Fgcc%2Fabout-GCC%2Fgreater-chennai-corporation%2Fbrief-note-about-GCC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history_fort.php">"History of Tamil Nadu Assembly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082644/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/history/history_fort.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tamil+Nadu+Assembly&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassembly.tn.gov.in%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_fort.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/">"Madras High Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220160337/https://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madras+High+Court&rft.pub=Madras+High+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcmadras.tn.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tnpmcbe.in/history.html">"Tamil Nadu police, history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Tamil Nadu Police</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923233152/http://tnpmcbe.in/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023. 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Retrieved 1 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai+Traffic+Police+issues+advisory+ahead+of+PM+Modi%27s+visit+on+January+19&rft.date=2024-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-traffic-police-issues-advisory-ahead-of-pm-modis-visit-on-friday-january-19%2Farticle67751710.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf">The Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 (Tamil Nadu Act 35 of 1972)</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616025502/http://www.tn.gov.in/tcp/acts_rules/Town_Country_Planning_Act_1971.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2015. 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Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Greater+Chennai+Police+may+be+bifurcated&rft.date=2021-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fgreater-chennai-police-may-be-bifurcated%2Farticle35905908.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/police-station/">"About Chennai Police"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208094840/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/about-GCC/about-chennai/police-station/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. 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Times Now. 16 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208094839/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/with-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data/812708">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Now&rft.atitle=With+2nd+rank%2C+Chennai+at+Delhi%27s+heels+in+crime+rate+among+major+Indian+metro+cities%2C+reveals+NCRB+data&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fchennai%2Farticle%2Fwith-2nd-rank-chennai-at-delhi-s-heels-in-crime-rate-among-major-indian-metro-cities-reveals-ncrb-data%2F812708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/150-yr-old-central-prison-closed-for-good/articleshow/4003254.cms">"150-yr-old Central prison closed for good"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 19 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305024821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/150-yr-old-Central-prison-closed-for-good/articleshow/4003254.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=150-yr-old+Central+prison+closed+for+good&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2F150-yr-old-central-prison-closed-for-good%2Farticleshow%2F4003254.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/TNLA_map.htm">"List of TN Assembly constituencies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">Election Commission of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208120121/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/TNLA_map.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+TN+Assembly+constituencies&rft.pub=Election+Commission+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.tn.gov.in%2FWeb%2FTNLA_map.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/">"Chennai Metropolitan Area – Profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008183728/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chennai+Metropolitan+Area+%E2%80%93+Profile&rft.pub=Chennai+Metropolitan+Development+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmdachennai.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitaramayya1935" class="citation book cs1">Sitaramayya, Pattabhi (1935). The History of the Indian National Congress. Working Committee of the Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Indian+National+Congress&rft.pub=Working+Committee+of+the+Congress&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Sitaramayya&rft.aufirst=Pattabhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevir2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bevir, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all">"Theosophy and the Origins of the Indian National Congress"</a>. International Journal of Hindu Studies. 7 (1–3). University of California, Berkeley: 14–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-003-0005-4">10.1007/s11407-003-0005-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54542458">54542458</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630205548/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/73b4862g?display=all">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2012. <q>Theosophical Society provided the framework for action within which some of its Indian and British members worked to form the Indian National Congress.", "1884 annual convention of the Theosophical Society. At this convention, Rao argued that the Society should start formally to discuss the political situation in India as well as more strictly religious matters. Although Rao did not get his way, he did arrange a meeting of sympathetic theosophists to be held at his home. Those who attended this meeting with Rao included Aiyar, Ananda Charlu, and M. Viraraghavachariar. They formed the Madras Mahajana Sabha," "meeting to coincide with the next annual convention of the Theosophical Society. This meeting would promote their idea of an all-India body." "Hume was probably the single most important individual for the formation of the Indian National Congress.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Theosophy+and+the+Origins+of+the+Indian+National+Congress&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=14-18&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-003-0005-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54542458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F73b4862g%3Fdisplay%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrschick1969" class="citation book cs1">Irschick, Eugene F. (1969). Political and Social Conflict in South India; The non-Brahmin movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-83641-918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-83641-918-4"><bdi>978-0-83641-918-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249254802">249254802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+and+Social+Conflict+in+South+India%3B+The+non-Brahmin+movement+and+Tamil+Separatism%2C+1916%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249254802&rft.isbn=978-0-83641-918-4&rft.aulast=Irschick&rft.aufirst=Eugene+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1982" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Richard Warren (1982). 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Christian Literature Society (for the Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore). p. 242. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9007066">9007066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Society%3A+The+First+Twenty-five+Years%2C+1953%E2%80%931978&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Christian+Literature+Society+%28for+the+Christian+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Religion+and+Society%2C+Bangalore%29&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9007066&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaraman1988" class="citation book cs1">Rajaraman, P. 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Poompozhil Publishers. ch. 4 (Ideology, Organisation and Programme of the Justice Party). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20453430">20453430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Justice+Party%3A+a+historical+perspective%2C+1916%E2%80%9337&rft.pages=ch.+4+%28Ideology%2C+Organisation+and+Programme+of+the+Justice+Party%29&rft.pub=Poompozhil+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20453430&rft.aulast=Rajaraman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGMmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalhan2002" class="citation book cs1">Ralhan, O.P. 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Print House. pp. 180–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1748-8287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1748-8287-5"><bdi>978-8-1748-8287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Parties&rft.pages=180-199&rft.pub=Print+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-1748-8287-5&rft.aulast=Ralhan&rft.aufirst=O.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/">"A century of reform"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 22 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629150750/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/tamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=A+century+of+reform&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Ftamil-nadu-politics-history-dravidian-movement-brahmins-lower-caste-casteism-madras-presidency-4388452%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada">India through the ages</a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003DXXMC4">B003DXXMC4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003DXXMC4%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wyatt, A.K.J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/new-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu(ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d).html">"New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a>. 42 (5). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>: 733–753. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2002.42.5.733">10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F1811">1983/1811</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070038/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/new-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu(ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d).html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=New+Alignments+in+South+Indian+Politics%3A+The+2001+Assembly+Elections+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=733-753&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F1811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2002.42.5.733&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=A.K.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fnew-alignments-in-south-indian-politics-the-2001-assembly-elections-in-tamil-nadu%28ccd8e236-7d18-4981-92b0-5a1d63ff695d%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Viswanathan2009" class="citation news cs1">S. Viswanathan (7 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article61129.ece">"Language issue again: the need for a clear-headed policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120072025/http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article61129.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Language+issue+again%3A+the+need+for+a+clear-headed+policy&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft.au=S.+Viswanathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2FReaders-Editor%2Farticle61129.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllensSrinivas2005" class="citation book cs1">Ellens, Dan; Srinivas, Lakshmi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nsyr3J1fpIC">A Time for India</a>. Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-53315-092-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-53315-092-2"><bdi>978-0-53315-092-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629140433/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nsyr3J1fpIC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+for+India&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-53315-092-2&rft.aulast=Ellens&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Srinivas%2C+Lakshmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Nsyr3J1fpIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2008" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Zahra (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqRLGSCgfLUC&pg=PA30">Ethnicity, Race and Gender in the Labor Market</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-50781-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-50781-9"><bdi>978-0-549-50781-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Race+and+Gender+in+the+Labor+Market&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-50781-9&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqRLGSCgfLUC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGetterB.Balasubrahmaniyan2008" class="citation book cs1">Getter, Joseph; B.Balasubrahmaniyan (29 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQw5Ci7sbasC&pg=PA119">"Tamil Film Music: Sound and Significance"</a>. In Slobin, Mark (ed.). Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music. Wesleyan University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81956-882-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81956-882-3"><bdi>978-0-81956-882-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629140452/https://books.google.com/books?id=VQw5Ci7sbasC&pg=PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tamil+Film+Music%3A+Sound+and+Significance&rft.btitle=Global+Soundtracks%3A+Worlds+of+Film+Music&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-81956-882-3&rft.aulast=Getter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=B.Balasubrahmaniyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQw5Ci7sbasC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222">Census India Catalog</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208151656/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Census+India+Catalog&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnitskaya2019" class="citation journal cs1">Smirnitskaya, Anna (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782">"Diglossia and Tamil varieties in Chennai"</a>. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. XiV (3): 318–334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30842%2Falp2306573714317">10.30842/alp2306573714317</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173206/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331772782_Diglossia_and_Tamil_varieties_in_Chennai">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Linguistica+Petropolitana&rft.atitle=Diglossia+and+Tamil+varieties+in+Chennai&rft.volume=XiV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=318-334&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30842%2Falp2306573714317&rft.aulast=Smirnitskaya&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331772782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayakrishnan1995" class="citation book cs1">Vijayakrishnan, K. G. (1995). "Compound Typology in Tamil". Theoretical perspectives on word order in South Asian languages. Centre for Study of Language. pp. 263–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-88152-649-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-88152-649-0"><bdi>978-1-88152-649-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Compound+Typology+in+Tamil&rft.btitle=Theoretical+perspectives+on+word+order+in+South+Asian+languages&rft.pages=263-264&rft.pub=Centre+for+Study+of+Language&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-88152-649-0&rft.aulast=Vijayakrishnan&rft.aufirst=K.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkundi2018" class="citation news cs1">Akundi, Sweta (18 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece">"K and the city: Why are more and more Chennaiites learning Korean?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128030545/https://www.thehindu.com/society/k-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean/article25256267.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=K+and+the+city%3A+Why+are+more+and+more+Chennaiites+learning+Korean%3F&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Akundi&rft.aufirst=Sweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fk-and-the-city-why-are-more-and-more-chennaiites-learning-korean%2Farticle25256267.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1">"Konnichiwa!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 25 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020210354/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-file/konnichiwa/article22157129.ece1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Konnichiwa%21&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fspecials%2Findia-file%2Fkonnichiwa%2Farticle22157129.ece1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FP-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FP_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FP_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html">"How many tongues can you speak?"</a>. The New Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107191558/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/feb/21/how-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=How+many+tongues+can+you+speak%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fhow-many-tongues-can-you-speak-1776354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkundi2018" class="citation news cs1">Akundi, Sweta (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece">"How Mandarin has become crucial in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203115726/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/how-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai/article25321543.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=How+Mandarin+has+become+crucial+in+Chennai&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Akundi&rft.aufirst=Sweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fhow-mandarin-has-become-crucial-in-chennai%2Farticle25321543.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms">"Guten Morgen! Chennaiites signing up for German lessons on the rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 14 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/guten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise/articleshow/64152188.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Guten+Morgen%21+Chennaiites+signing+up+for+German+lessons+on+the+rise&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fguten-morgen-chennaiites-signing-up-for-german-lessons-on-the-rise%2Farticleshow%2F64152188.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rel2011-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rel2011_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rel2011_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">"Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu"</a> (XLS). Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+By+Religious+Community+%E2%80%93+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=Office+of+The+Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner%2C+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece">"The magic of melting pot called Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 19 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201746/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai/article2728177.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+magic+of+melting+pot+called+Chennai&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fthe-magic-of-melting-pot-called-chennai%2Farticle2728177.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-different-mirror/article14588903.ece">"A different mirror"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 25 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-different-mirror/article14588903.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. 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Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=From+Rajasthan+with+love&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indulgexpress.com%2Ffood%2Ffood-chennai%2F2023%2Fnov%2F06%2Ffrom-rajasthan-with-love-54864.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/oct/20/go-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html">"Go Gujrati this navratri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="New Indian Express">New Indian Express</a>. 20 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044309/https://www.indulgexpress.com/food/food-chennai/2023/oct/20/go-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Go+Gujrati+this+navratri&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indulgexpress.com%2Ffood%2Ffood-chennai%2F2023%2Foct%2F20%2Fgo-gujarati-this-navratri-54368.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html">"The Parsis of Madras"</a>. Madras Musings. XVIII (12). 15 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619183804/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2012/parsis_of_madras.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madras+Musings&rft.atitle=The+Parsis+of+Madras&rft.volume=XVIII&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadrasmusings.com%2FVol%252018%2520No%252012%2Fparsis_of_madras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms">"Sindhis to usher in new year with fanfare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 24 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002201726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Sindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare/articleshow/12387158.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sindhis+to+usher+in+new+year+with+fanfare&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fsindhis-to-usher-in-new-year-with-fanfare%2Farticleshow%2F12387158.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/why-oriyas-find-chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms">"Why Oriyas find Chennai warm and hospitable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 12 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003065711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Why-Oriyas-find-Chennai-warm-and-hospitable/articleshow/13104180.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Why+Oriyas+find+Chennai+warm+and+hospitable&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fwhy-oriyas-find-chennai-warm-and-hospitable%2Farticleshow%2F13104180.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318134242/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/12/18/stories/101872mz.htm">"Goan spirit in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 18 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/12/18/stories/101872mz.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Goan+spirit+in+Chennai&rft.date=2000-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fbusinessline%2F2000%2F12%2F18%2Fstories%2F101872mz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chennais-kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms">"Chennai's Kannadigas not complaining"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 5 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609022307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chennais-Kannadigas-not-complaining/articleshow/2926980.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai%27s+Kannadigas+not+complaining&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fchennais-kannadigas-not-complaining%2Farticleshow%2F2926980.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html">"The Anglo-Indians of Chennai"</a>. Madras Musings. XX (12). 15 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309162918/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madras+Musings&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-Indians+of+Chennai&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadrasmusings.com%2FVol%252020%2520No%252012%2Fthe-anglo-indians-of-madras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms">"A slice of Bengal in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 22 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407181944/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai/articleshow/16902833.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+slice+of+Bengal+in+Chennai&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fa-slice-of-bengal-in-chennai%2Farticleshow%2F16902833.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB.R.2009" class="citation journal cs1">B.R., Madhu (16 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html">"The Punjabis of Chennai"</a>. Madras Musings. XX (12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217003501/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2011/the-punjabis-of-chennai.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Madras+Musings&rft.atitle=The+Punjabis+of+Chennai&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2009-09-16&rft.aulast=B.R.&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadrasmusings.com%2FVol%252019%2520No%252011%2Fthe-punjabis-of-chennai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediaindia.eu/eyetalk/chennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations/">"Chennai Malayalee Club leads Onam 2023 celebrations"</a>. Media India. 1 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128145731/https://mediaindia.eu/eyetalk/chennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+Malayalee+Club+leads+Onam+2023+celebrations&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediaindia.eu%2Feyetalk%2Fchennai-malayalee-club-leads-onam-2023-celebrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240817/when-madras-welcomed-them.html">"When Madras welcomed them"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a>. 27 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/240817/when-madras-welcomed-them.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=When+Madras+welcomed+them&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Flifestyle%2Fviral-and-trending%2F240817%2Fwhen-madras-welcomed-them.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/24/deepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html">"Deepavali, the expat edition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="New Indian Express">New Indian Express</a>. 24 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209044307/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/oct/24/deepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Deepavali%2C+the+expat+edition&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2022%2Foct%2F24%2Fdeepavalithe-expat-edition-2511219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter02_Demography.pdf">Demography of Chennai</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228081642/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume1_English_PDF/Vol1_Chapter02_Demography.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2020. 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Chennai: Orient Longman Limited. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12501-378-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12501-378-5"><bdi>978-8-12501-378-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629140435/https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chennai&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Orient+Longman+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-12501-378-5&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbw2vDg2fTrMC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1997" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1997) [1910]. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (3rd ed.). 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New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 762. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-47126-892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-47126-892-5"><bdi>978-0-47126-892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-47126-892-5&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Agraharam+%E2%80%93+time+virtually+stands+still+here&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft.aulast=Sujatha&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fagraharam-time-virtually-stands-still-here%2Farticle3367816.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavishankar2007" class="citation news cs1">Ravishankar, Sandhya (6 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103111402/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html">"No fire safety norms at Chennai heritage buildings"</a>. IBN Live. Chennai: CNN-IBN. 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Chennai. 30 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105115119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/living-in-a-city-within-a-city-how-is-spr-city-redefining-the-residential-market/articleshow/67414866.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020. 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Retrieved 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chennai&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-12501-378-5&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbw2vDg2fTrMC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Douglas M. Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C">Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life</a>. 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Berghahn Books. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18735-834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18735-834-3"><bdi>978-8-18735-834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Mansions+for+Music%3A+Performance%2C+Pedagogy+and+Criticism&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-18735-834-3&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=Lakshmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhY6PQ_eK7IUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG2019" class="citation news cs1">G, Ezekiel Majello (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html">"Torching prejudice through gumption and Gaana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206015436/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/101019/torching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Torching+prejudice+through+gumption+and+Gaana&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=G&rft.aufirst=Ezekiel+Majello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F101019%2Ftorching-prejudice-through-gumption-and-gaana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230093936/http://www.chennaisangamam.com/">"Chennai Sangamam 2011"</a>. The official website. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chennai+Sangamam+2011&rft.pub=The+official+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chennaisangamam.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-now-part-of-creative-cities-network/article20008340.ece">"Chennai is now part of UNESCO's 'creative cities network'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055136/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennai-now-part-of-creative-cities-network/article20008340.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Chennai+is+now+part+of+UNESCO%27s+%27creative+cities+network%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-now-part-of-creative-cities-network%2Farticle20008340.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2004" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Peter (29 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262">World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19816-636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19816-636-8"><bdi>978-0-19816-636-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703055734/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2vDlcIyVjUC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Musics+in+Context%3A+A+Comprehensive+Survey+of+the+World%27s+Major+Musical+Cultures&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-04-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19816-636-8&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2vDlcIyVjUC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/chennai/kalakshetra.html">"Kalakshetra"</a>. Incredible India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007021514/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/chennai/kalakshetra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalakshetra&rft.pub=Incredible+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.incredibleindia.org%2Fcontent%2Fincredible-india-v2%2Fen%2Fdestinations%2Fchennai%2Fkalakshetra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/of-choirs-and-carols-110122500009_1.html">"Of choirs and carols"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210221239/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/of-choirs-and-carols-110122500009_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Of+choirs+and+carols&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fbeyond-business%2Fof-choirs-and-carols-110122500009_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest/articleshow/17633409.cms">"CM moots a global arts fest in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 16 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208140112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/jaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest/articleshow/17633409.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=CM+moots+a+global+arts+fest+in+Chennai&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fjaya-moots-a-global-arts-fest%2Farticleshow%2F17633409.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/for-a-solid-grounding-in-arts/article2042038.ece">"For a solid grounding in arts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 3 April 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=For+a+solid+grounding+in+arts&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Feducation%2Fcollege-and-university%2Ffor-a-solid-grounding-in-arts%2Farticle2042038.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/">"Fort St. George museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063923/https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+St.+George+museum&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fmuseum-fort-st-geroge-chennai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece">"Indian tri-colour hoisted at Chennai in 1947 to be on display"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182137/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Indian+tri-colour+hoisted+at+Chennai+in+1947+to+be+on+display&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fnews%2Fvariety%2FIndian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display%2Farticle20567638.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro2010" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zlivv_pQWnAC&pg=PA248">After Empire: The Birth of a Multipolar World</a>. Public Affairs. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-427-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-427-0"><bdi>978-1-56858-427-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Empire%3A+The+Birth+of+a+Multipolar+World&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-427-0&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlivv_pQWnAC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthukumaraswamyKaushal2004" class="citation book cs1">Muthukumaraswamy, M. D; Kaushal, Molly (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&q=Victoria+Public+Hall&pg=PA117">Folklore, public sphere, and civil society</a>. NFSC. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-19014-814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-19014-814-6"><bdi>978-8-19014-814-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240629140959/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&q=Victoria+Public+Hall&pg=PA117#v=snippet&q=Victoria%20Public%20Hall&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore%2C+public+sphere%2C+and+civil+society&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=NFSC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-19014-814-6&rft.aulast=Muthukumaraswamy&rft.aufirst=M.+D&rft.au=Kaushal%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsrgg1Mel8UC%26q%3DVictoria%2BPublic%2BHall%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajmohan2006" class="citation book cs1">Rajmohan, Joshi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aoH81IN8SsC&q=Swamikannu+Vincent&pg=PA68">Encyclopaedia of Journalism and Mass Communication: Media and mass communication</a>. Isha Books. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18205-366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18205-366-3"><bdi>978-8-18205-366-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172925/https://books.google.com/books?id=_aoH81IN8SsC&q=Swamikannu+Vincent&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Journalism+and+Mass+Communication%3A+Media+and+mass+communication&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Isha+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-18205-366-3&rft.aulast=Rajmohan&rft.aufirst=Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_aoH81IN8SsC%26q%3DSwamikannu%2BVincent%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelayutham2008" class="citation book cs1">Velayutham, Selvaraj (2008). "'India' in Tamil silent era cinema". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema">Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film wenr Industry</a>. Routledge. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39680-6"><bdi>978-0-415-39680-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172926/https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC&q=Tamil+cinema">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27India%27+in+Tamil+silent+era+cinema&rft.btitle=Tamil+Cinema%3A+The+Cultural+Politics+of+India%27s+Other+Film+wenr+Industry&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39680-6&rft.aulast=Velayutham&rft.aufirst=Selvaraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65Aqrna4o5oC%26q%3DTamil%2Bcinema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/madras375/the-true-tinsel-town/article6281515.ece">"The true tinsel town"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 5 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209040916/https://www.thehindu.com/madras375/the-true-tinsel-town/article6281515.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+true+tinsel+town&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fmadras375%2Fthe-true-tinsel-town%2Farticle6281515.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heritage-walk-around-old-studios/article2381749.ece">"Heritage walk around old studios"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. 22 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208134610/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/heritage-walk-around-old-studios/article2381749.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Heritage+walk+around+old+studios&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fheritage-walk-around-old-studios%2Farticle2381749.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html">"Serving on a banana leaf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISKCON" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON">ISKCON</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531220859/http://iskconhighertaste.com/bananaleaf_sattvic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Where+Indias+affluent+classes+live&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FPolitics%2FDymS22taK4EyAbSYRx0rSO%2FWhere-Indias-affluent-classes-live.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandramouli2008" class="citation news cs1">Chandramouli, Rajesh (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms">"Chennai emerging as India's Silicon Valley?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820000027/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Infotech/Software/Chennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley/articleshow/3000410.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Chennai+emerging+as+India%27s+Silicon+Valley%3F&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.aulast=Chandramouli&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FInfotech%2FSoftware%2FChennai_emerging_as_Indias_Silicon_Valley%2Farticleshow%2F3000410.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fordithub-231"><a href="#cite_ref-fordithub_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/">"PM opens Asia's largest IT park"</a>. CIOL. 4 July 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209062949/https://www.ciol.com/pm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PM+opens+Asia%27s+largest+IT+park&rft.date=2000-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciol.com%2Fpm-asias-largest-it-park-chennai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html">"Maharashtra tops FDI equity inflows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>. 1 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070339/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/after-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Maharashtra+tops+FDI+equity+inflows&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy-policy%2Fafter-delhi-maharastra-tn-received-highest-fdi-equity-inflows-in-fy15-114113000130_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry/articleshow/99926653.cms">"Tamil Nadu: A small step in inclusivity, a giant leap in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 2 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry/articleshow/99926653.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Nadu%3A+A+small+step+in+inclusivity%2C+a+giant+leap+in+India&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Ftamil-nadu-a-small-step-in-inclusivity-a-giant-leap-in-industry%2Farticleshow%2F99926653.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crayondata.com/heres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india/">"Here's why Chennai is the SAAS capital of India"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+Chennai+is+the+SAAS+capital+of+India&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crayondata.com%2Fheres-why-chennai-is-the-saas-capital-of-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms">"A silent SaaS revolution is brewing in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515030121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/a-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai/articleshow/67583586.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+silent+SaaS+revolution+is+brewing+in+Chennai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Findia-business%2Fa-silent-saas-revolution-is-brewing-in-chennai%2Farticleshow%2F67583586.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm">"Madras, the Detroit of South Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff" class="mw-redirect" title="Rediff">Rediff</a>. 30 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133843/http://www.rediff.com/money/2000/oct/25cars.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. 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Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=World+Bank+expands+footprint+in+city%2C+adds+70k+sqft+back+office&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fworld-bank-expands-footprint-in-city-adds-70k-sqft-back-office-space%2Farticleshow%2F54860801.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShivakumar2018" class="citation news cs1">Shivakumar, C. 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Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Chennai+Finance+City+taking+shape&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.aulast=Shivakumar&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F28%2Fchennai-finance-city-taking-shape-1779935.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShivakumar2019" class="citation news cs1">Shivakumar, C. 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Retrieved 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=State-of-the-art+commerce+hub+likely+on+Anna+Salai&rft.date=2019-06-08&rft.aulast=Shivakumar&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2F2019%2Fjun%2F08%2Fstate-of-the-art-commerce-hub-likely-on-anna-salai-1987448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drdo.gov.in/whats-new/cvrde-chennai-invites-applications-eligible-candidates-apprenticeship-training">"CVRDE invites applications"</a>. 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Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CVRDE+invites+applications&rft.pub=DRDO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdo.gov.in%2Fwhats-new%2Fcvrde-chennai-invites-applications-eligible-candidates-apprenticeship-training&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2021" class="citation news cs1">Roche, Elizabeth (15 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html">"New defence PSUs will help India become self-reliant: PM"</a>. Mint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122133224/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=New+defence+PSUs+will+help+India+become+self-reliant%3A+PM&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fpm-urges-restructured-defence-units-to-help-india-become-military-industry-power-11634288891758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1764148">"Seven new defence companies, carved out of OFB, dedicated to the Nation on the occasion of Vijayadashami"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence (India)</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Press_Information_Bureau" title="Press Information Bureau">Press Information Bureau</a>. 5 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230514174348/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1764148">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+new+defence+companies%2C+carved+out+of+OFB%2C+dedicated+to+the+Nation+on+the+occasion+of+Vijayadashami&rft.pub=Press+Information+Bureau&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressReleasePage.aspx%3FPRID%3D1764148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icandsr.iitm.ac.in/isro.html">"Indian Space Research Organisation-IITM research cell"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206100150/https://icandsr.iitm.ac.in/isro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation-IITM+research+cell&rft.pub=Indian+Space+Research+Organisation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficandsr.iitm.ac.in%2Fisro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremner" class="citation report cs1">Bremner, Caroline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/2017%20Top%20100%20Cities%20Destinations%20Final%20Report.pdf">Top 100 City Destinations Ranking</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=India%27s+biggest+desalination+plant+opens+in+Chennai&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Findia-s-biggest-desalination-plant-opens-in-chennai%2Fstory-cH4doM5UnG3bjLHYAqms7H.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeetharam_SridharKashyap2012" class="citation book cs1">Seetharam Sridhar, Kala; Kashyap, Nivedita (2012). State of India's Cities: An Assessment of Urban Conditions in Four Mega Cities. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Infrastructure&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Chennai+Metropolitan+Development+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmdachennai.gov.in%2FVolume3_English_PDF%2FVol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamkumar2013" class="citation news cs1">Ramkumar, Pratiksha (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-stares-at-a-plastic-disaster/articleshow/19373649.cms">"Chennai stares at a plastic disaster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 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Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+stares+at+a+plastic+disaster&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Ramkumar&rft.aufirst=Pratiksha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-stares-at-a-plastic-disaster%2Farticleshow%2F19373649.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-firm-to-begin-conservancy-work-next-week/article2773817.ece">"New firm to begin conservancy work next week"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 4 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-firm-to-begin-conservancy-work-next-week/article2773817.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. 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Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=After+losing+600%2C000+internet+connections%2C+Tamil+Nadu+adds&rft.date=2021-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fafter-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept%2Farticleshow%2F80426908.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/chennai-tops-average-broadband-speeds-in-india-ookla-report-story-6wrmsQSZ2RWAjtALmd1xEJ.html">"City tops in broadband speed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 19 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607155612/https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/chennai-tops-average-broadband-speeds-in-india-ookla-report-story-6wrmsQSZ2RWAjtALmd1xEJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=City+tops+in+broadband+speed&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.hindustantimes.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2Fchennai-tops-average-broadband-speeds-in-india-ookla-report-story-6wrmsQSZ2RWAjtALmd1xEJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/">"TANGEDCO, contact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185659/https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TANGEDCO%2C+contact&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tangedco.org%2Fen%2Ftangedco%2Freach-us%2Fcontact-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html">"Chennai ranks second among big cities in power usage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 1 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Chennai+ranks+second+among+big+cities+in+power+usage&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil-nadu%2F2023%2Fsep%2F01%2Fchennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/led-lights-on-roads-in-added-city-areas-soon/article4373161.ece">"LED lights on roads in added city areas soon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai. 3 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730164641/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/led-lights-on-roads-in-added-city-areas-soon/article4373161.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=LED+lights+on+roads+in+added+city+areas+soon&rft.date=2013-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fled-lights-on-roads-in-added-city-areas-soon%2Farticle4373161.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/">"TANGEDCO, about us"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185659/https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TANGEDCO%2C+about+us&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tangedco.org%2Fen%2Ftangedco%2Freach-us%2Fcontact-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChetal2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chetal, SC (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223156/http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf">"Beyond PFBR to FBR 1 and 2"</a> (PDF). IGC Newsletter. 95. <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Centre_for_Atomic_Research" title="Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research">Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research</a>: 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IGC+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Beyond+PFBR+to+FBR+1+and+2&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Chetal&rft.aufirst=SC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igcar.gov.in%2Flis%2Fnl95%2Figc95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCR-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCR_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCR_284-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/department/health/">"Health department"</a>. Greater Chennai Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182652/https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/department/health/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Health+department&rft.pub=Greater+Chennai+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennaicorporation.gov.in%2Fgcc%2Fdepartment%2Fhealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosp-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hosp_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hosp_285-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe2006" class="citation book cs1">De, Barun Kumar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLBwsuW26oMC&pg=PA39">Public System Management</a>. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-767-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-767-8"><bdi>978-8-12241-767-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173558/https://books.google.com/books?id=PLBwsuW26oMC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+System+Management&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=New+Age+International+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8-12241-767-8&rft.aulast=De&rft.aufirst=Barun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLBwsuW26oMC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennai.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/">"Hospitals in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government of Tamil Nadu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930035451/https://chennai.nic.in/public-utility-category/hospitals/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospitals+in+Chennai&rft.pub=Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchennai.nic.in%2Fpublic-utility-category%2Fhospitals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmarjothi_JMVJesudasanRamasamyJose2020" class="citation journal cs1">Amarjothi JMV; Jesudasan, J.; Ramasamy, V.; Jose, L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started">"History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India"</a>. The National Medical Journal of India. 33 (3): 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-258X.314010">10.4103/0970-258X.314010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33904424">33904424</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523103919/https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Medical+Journal+of+India&rft.atitle=History+of+Medicine%3A+The+origin+and+evolution+of+the+first+modern+hospital+in+India&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-179&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0970-258X.314010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33904424&rft.au=Amarjothi+JMV&rft.au=Jesudasan%2C+J.&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+V.&rft.au=Jose%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmji.in%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D0970-258X%3Byear%3D2020%3Bvolume%3D33%3Bissue%3D3%3Bspage%3D175%3Bepage%3D179%3Baulast%3DAmarjothi%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201639%252C%2520EIC%2520officials%252C%2520Andrew%2Chospital%2520in%2520India%2520was%2520started&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms">"5.67 lakh kids get polio vaccines at 1,647 camps in Chennai"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. 28 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=5.67+lakh+kids+get+polio+vaccines+at+1%2C647+camps+in+Chennai&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2F5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city%2Farticleshow%2F89879771.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannan2010" class="citation news cs1">Kannan, Ramya (7 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/King-Institute-looking-to-revive-anti-snake-venom-serum-production/article15583103.ece">"King Institute looking to revive anti-snake venom serum production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208184156/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/King-Institute-looking-to-revive-anti-snake-venom-serum-production/article15583103.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=King+Institute+looking+to+revive+anti-snake+venom+serum+production&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft.aulast=Kannan&rft.aufirst=Ramya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2FKing-Institute-looking-to-revive-anti-snake-venom-serum-production%2Farticle15583103.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece">"The first newspaper of Madras Presidency had a 36-year run"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 25 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021204421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+first+newspaper+of+Madras+Presidency+had+a+36-year+run&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftamil-nadu%2Fthe-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run%2Farticle66180704.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Ganesan1988" class="citation book cs1">A. Ganesan (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4">The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937</a>. South Asia Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1709-9082-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1709-9082-6"><bdi>978-8-1709-9082-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173448/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=madras%20gazette&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+in+Tamil+Nadu+and+the+Struggle+for+Freedom%2C+1917-1937&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1988-01&rft.isbn=978-8-1709-9082-6&rft.au=A.+Ganesan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcL7KVAqvSEYC%26dq%3Dmadras%2Bgazette%2B%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReba_Chaudhuri1955" class="citation journal cs1">Reba Chaudhuri (22 February 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225131254/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf">"The Story of the Indian Press"</a> (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Indian+Press&rft.date=1955-02-22&rft.au=Reba+Chaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2F1955_7%2F9%2Fthe_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22">"The Mail, Madras' only English eveninger and one of India's oldest newspapers, closes down"</a>. India Today. 22 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326174134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-18866-124-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-18866-124-4"><bdi>978-8-18866-124-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+Rediscovered&rft.pub=East+West+Books+%28Madras%29+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-18866-124-4&rft.aulast=Muthiah&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayanaShulman2002" class="citation book cs1">Narayana, Velcheru; Shulman, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&q=andhra+patrika+madras">Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology</a>. 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Chennai. 9 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210916/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/city-home-to-some-of-the-best-educational-institutions-in-india/article26775302.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=City+home+to+some+of+the+best+educational+institutions+in+India&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fcity-home-to-some-of-the-best-educational-institutions-in-india%2Farticle26775302.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html">"Indian metro cities with the highest literacy rates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>. 23 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129132031/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow/metro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+metro+cities+with+the+highest+literacy+rates&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.finance.yahoo.com%2Fphotos%2Fmetro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-1350986528-slideshow%2Fmetro-cities-with-the-highest-literacy-rates-photo-1350986351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chennaicorporation.gov.in/gcc/department/education/">"History of the Education Department"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation of Chennai">Corporation of Chennai</a>. 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Times Higher Education. 24 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727204708/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/a-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+the+modern+Indian+university&rft.pub=Times+Higher+Education&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Ffeatures%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-modern-indian-university&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unom.ac.in/index.php?route=colleges/government">"List of colleges, UNOM"</a>. University of Madras. 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Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Top+100+City+Destinations+Ranking&rft.pub=Euromonitor+International&rft.aulast=Bremner&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.euromonitor.com%2Frs%2F805-KOK-719%2Fimages%2F2017%2520Top%2520100%2520Cities%2520Destinations%2520Final%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/wpTop100Cities19.pdf">Top 100 city destinations</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Abc-Clio. p. 618. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31337-462-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31337-462-3"><bdi>978-0-31337-462-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Life+in+the+Republic&rft.pages=618&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-31337-462-3&rft.aulast=Kaminsky&rft.aufirst=Arnold+P&rft.au=Long%2C+Roger+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWDnTWrz4O8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008">"MA Chidambaram stadium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNcricinfo" title="ESPNcricinfo">ESPNcricinfo</a>. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MA+Chidambaram+stadium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fcricket-grounds%2Fma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58001.html">"Guru Nanak College Ground"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNCricinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPNCricinfo">ESPNCricinfo</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guru+Nanak+College+Ground&rft.pub=ESPNCricinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Findia%2Fcontent%2Fground%2F58001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/indian-institute-of-technology-chemplast-ground-chennai-58005">"Chemplast Ground"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNCricinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="ESPNCricinfo">ESPNCricinfo</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemplast+Ground&rft.pub=ESPNCricinfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fcricket-grounds%2Findian-institute-of-technology-chemplast-ground-chennai-58005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/35656.html">"Srinivas Venkataraghavan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESPNcricinfo" title="ESPNcricinfo">ESPNcricinfo</a>. 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Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=RCB+vs+CSK%3A+Chennai+Super+Kings+beat+Royal+Challengers+Bangalore+to+reach+IPL+4+final&rft.date=2011-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Frcb-vs-csk-chennai-super-kings-beat-royal-challengers-bangalore-to-reach-ipl-4-final%2Farticleshow%2F8557943.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms">"Chennai home to IPL final again in 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 30 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210407190123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/chennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012/articleshow/8641266.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+home+to+IPL+final+again+in+2012&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fchennai-home-to-ipl-final-again-in-2012%2Farticleshow%2F8641266.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDAT-397"><a href="#cite_ref-SDAT_397-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/jns.php?token=jns">"Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai"</a>. SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. 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Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Dhoni+becomes+ISL+team+Chennaiyin+FC+co-owner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2F141006%2Fsports-football%2Farticle%2Fdhoni-becomes-isl-team-chennaiyin-fc-co-owner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/mrk.php">"Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium"</a>. SDAT, Government of Tamil Nadu. 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Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreigners+Regional+Registration+Office%2C+Chennai&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Immigration%2C+Ministry+of+Home+Affairs%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mha.gov.in%2FPDF_Other%2FAddressoffices_25042017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SS-427">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SS_427-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SS_427-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-has-six-sister-cities-but-few-benefits-have-flowed/articleshow/68998638.cms">"Chennai has six sister cities"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chennai+has+six+sister+cities&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fchennai-has-six-sister-cities-but-few-benefits-have-flowed%2Farticleshow%2F68998638.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-428"><a href="#cite_ref-428">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sainternationalrelations.org/sister-cities-program.html">"What is it?"</a>. Official Website of the City of San Antonio. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+it%3F&rft.pub=Official+Website+of+the+City+of+San+Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainternationalrelations.org%2Fsister-cities-program.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/sister-cities-best-buddies-but-pacts-yield-little/articleshow/19961376.cms">"Sister cities best buddies, but pacts yield little"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Sister+cities+best+buddies%2C+but+pacts+yield+little&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2Fsister-cities-best-buddies-but-pacts-yield-little%2Farticleshow%2F19961376.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25240/Joint_Statement_between_the_India_and_China_during_Prime_Ministers_visit_to_China">"Agreement between PRC and India"</a>. Ministry of external affairs, India. 15 May 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+external+affairs%2C+India&rft.atitle=Agreement+between+PRC+and+India&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mea.gov.in%2Fbilateral-documents.htm%3Fdtl%2F25240%2FJoint_Statement_between_the_India_and_China_during_Prime_Ministers_visit_to_China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Another-Sister-City-pact-this-time-with-South-Korea%E2%80%99s-Ulsan/article14547911.ece">"Another Sister City pact, this time with South Korea's Ulsan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 3 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804024935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Another-Sister-City-pact-this-time-with-South-Korea%E2%80%99s-Ulsan/article14547911.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Another+Sister+City+pact%2C+this+time+with+South+Korea%27s+Ulsan&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2FAnother-Sister-City-pact-this-time-with-South-Korea%25E2%2580%2599s-Ulsan%2Farticle14547911.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChennai" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011354/http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/">Official website</a> of Chennai district</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chennai">Chennai</a> Encyclopædia Britannica entry</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chennai_topics" title="Template talk:Chennai topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chennai_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chennai topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chennai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early history (pre-1500)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Dynasty">Pallava Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Chola Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial period (1500–1900)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_de_Meliapore" title="São Tomé de Meliapore">São Tomé de Meliapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragiri" title="Chandragiri">Raja of Chandragiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Presidency" title="Bantam Presidency">Agency of Fort St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721_Madras_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="1721 Madras cyclone">1721 Madras cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madras" title="Battle of Madras">Madras</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adyar" title="Battle of Adyar">Adyar</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chingleput" title="Battle of Chingleput">Chingleput</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_Governors_and_Presidents_of_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras">Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern period (1900–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_Bank_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbuthnot Bank Crash">Arbuthnot Bank Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besant_v._Narayaniah" title="Besant v. Narayaniah">Besant v. Narayaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Madras_by_SMS_Emden" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden">Bombardment of Madras by SMS Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Haye_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="De La Haye scandal">de La Haye scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Buckingham_and_Carnatic_Mills_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike">1921 Buckingham and Carnatic Mills Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Statue_Satyagraha" title="Neil Statue Satyagraha">Neil Statue Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_South_Indian_Railway_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1928 South Indian Railway Strike">1928 South Indian Railway Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Madras_and_Southern_Mahratta_Railway_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike">1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Chennai_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Chennai floods">1943 Chennai floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Manade" title="Madras Manade">Madras Manade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._S._S._Chennai_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="R. S. S. Chennai bombing">R. S. S. Chennai bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Anti-Sri_Lanka_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests">2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_South_India_floods" title="2015 South India floods">2015 South India floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S._Muthiah" title="S. Muthiah">S. Muthiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randor_Guy" title="Randor Guy">Randor Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Theodore_Baskaran" title="S. Theodore Baskaran">S. Theodore Baskaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Sriram" title="V. Sriram">V. Sriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._R._Venkatachalapathy" title="A. R. Venkatachalapathy">A. R. Venkatachalapathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography_and_wildlife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chennai" title="Geography of Chennai">Geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Chennai" title="Flora and fauna of Chennai">wildlife</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Metropolitan Area">Chennai Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Chennai" title="Central Chennai">Central Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chennai" title="North Chennai">North Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Chennai" title="South Chennai">South Chennai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waterways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyar_River" title="Adyar River">Adyar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Canal" title="Buckingham Canal">Buckingham Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coovum_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Coovum River">Coovum River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosasthalaiyar_River" title="Kosasthalaiyar River">Kosasthalaiyar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otteri_Nullah" title="Otteri Nullah">Otteri Nullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Chennai" title="Category:Lakes of Chennai">Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adambakkam_Lake" title="Adambakkam Lake">Adambakkam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambattur_Lake" title="Ambattur Lake">Ambattur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanambakkam_Lake" title="Ayanambakkam Lake">Ayanambakkam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam_Lake" title="Chembarambakkam Lake">Chembarambakkam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetput_Lake" title="Chetput Lake">Chetput Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitlapakkam_Lake" title="Chitlapakkam Lake">Chitlapakkam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholavaram_aeri" title="Cholavaram aeri">Cholavaram aeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Lake_(Chennai)" title="ICF Lake (Chennai)">ICF Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korattur_Aeri" title="Korattur Aeri">Korattur Aeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Tank,_Madras" title="The Long Tank, Madras">Long Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madambakkam_Lake" title="Madambakkam Lake">Madambakkam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_Lake" title="Madhavaram Lake">Madhavaram Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduranthakam_Lake" title="Maduranthakam Lake">Maduranthakam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Lake_(Chennai)" title="Mangal Lake (Chennai)">Mangal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Manali Lake">Manali Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavaram_Lake" title="Pallavaram Lake">Pallavaram Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paruthipattu_Lake" title="Paruthipattu Lake">Paruthipattu Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungudi_Lake" title="Perungudi Lake">Perungudi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur_Lake" title="Porur Lake">Porur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulhal_Lake" title="Pulhal Lake">Pulhal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur_Lake" title="Porur Lake">Porur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills Lake">Red Hills Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retteri" title="Retteri">Retteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervoy_Kandigai_reservoir" title="Thervoy Kandigai reservoir">Thervoy Kandigai reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruninravur_Lake" title="Tiruninravur Lake">Tiruninravur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery_Lake" title="Velachery Lake">Velachery Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranam" class="mw-redirect" title="Veeranam">Veeranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilinjiyambakkam_Lake" title="Vilinjiyambakkam Lake">Vilinjiyambakkam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villivakkam_lake" title="Villivakkam lake">Villivakkam lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kattupalli_Island" title="Kattupalli Island">Kattupalli Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibble_Island" title="Quibble Island">Quibble Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island,_Chennai" title="The Island, Chennai">The Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zoological parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arignar_Anna_Zoological_Park" title="Arignar Anna Zoological Park">Arignar Anna Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Snake_Park_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Snake Park Trust">Chennai Snake Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_National_Park" title="Guindy National Park">Guindy National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Crocodile_Bank_Trust" title="Madras Crocodile Bank Trust">Madras Crocodile Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reserve Forests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanmangalam_Reserve_Forest" title="Nanmangalam Reserve Forest">Nanmangalam Reserve Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalur_Reserve_Forest" title="Vandalur Reserve Forest">Vandalur Reserve Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marshlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyar_Creek" title="Adyar Creek">Adyar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennore_Creek" title="Ennore Creek">Ennore Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai_Wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallikaranai Wetland">Pallikaranai Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heritage_structures_in_Chennai" title="Heritage structures in Chennai">Heritage monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mahal" title="Amir Mahal">Amir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Insurance_Building" title="Bharat Insurance Building">Bharat Insurance Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenral" title="Thenral">Brodie Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central Prison">Chennai Central Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_Palace" title="Chepauk Palace">Chepauk Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIC_Building" title="LIC Building">LIC Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Lighthouse" title="Chennai Lighthouse">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_headquarters_building,_Chennai" title="Police headquarters building, Chennai">Police headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port_Trust_Centenary_Building" title="Chennai Port Trust Centenary Building">Port Trust Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_Hall" title="Rajaji Hall">Rajaji Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Building" title="Ripon Building">Ripon Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapuram_railway_station" title="Royapuram railway station">Royapuram railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_House_(University_of_Madras)" title="Senate House (University of Madras)">University of Madras Senate House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_headquarters,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai">Southern Railway headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar_Kottam" title="Valluvar Kottam">Valluvar Kottam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Public_Hall" title="Victoria Public Hall">Victoria Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_twin_arches" title="Anna Nagar twin arches">Anna Nagar twin arches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statues_on_Marina_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Statues on Marina Beach">Marina Beach Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Munro" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Thomas Munro">Thomas Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_Labour" title="Triumph of Labour">Triumph of Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Memorial" title="Anna Memorial">Anna Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.G.R._and_Amma_Memorial" title="M.G.R. and Amma Memorial">M.G.R. and Amma Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_War_Cemetery" title="Madras War Cemetery">Madras War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial" title="Rajiv Gandhi Memorial">Rajiv Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_War_Memorial" title="Victory War Memorial">Victory War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekanandar_Illam" title="Vivekanandar Illam">Vivekanandar Illam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administration_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Administration of Chennai">Administration and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai District">Chennai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvallur District">Tiruvallur District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchipuram District">Kanchipuram District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellore District">Vellore District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taluks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai District">Chennai District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminjikarai_taluk" title="Aminjikarai taluk">Aminjikarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanavaram_taluk" title="Ayanavaram taluk">Ayanavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmore_taluk" title="Egmore taluk">Egmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_taluk" title="Guindy taluk">Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambalam_taluk" title="Mambalam taluk">Mambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylapore_taluk" title="Mylapore taluk">Mylapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambur_taluk" title="Perambur taluk">Perambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purasaiwalkam_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Purasaiwalkam taluk">Purasaiwalkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondiarpet_taluk" title="Tondiarpet taluk">Tondiarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery_taluk" title="Velachery taluk">Velachery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvottiyur_taluk" title="Tiruvottiyur taluk">Tiruvottiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_taluk" title="Madhavaram taluk">Madhavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambattur_taluk" title="Ambattur taluk">Ambattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadi_taluk" title="Avadi taluk">Avadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduravoyal_taluk" title="Maduravoyal taluk">Maduravoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponneri_taluk" title="Ponneri taluk">Ponneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee_taluk" title="Poonamallee taluk">Poonamallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_taluk" title="Tiruvallur taluk">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummidipoondi_taluk" title="Gummidipoondi taluk">Gummidipoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthukottai_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthukottai taluk">Uthukottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruttani_taluk" title="Tiruttani taluk">Tiruttani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipattu_taluk" title="Pallipattu taluk">Pallipattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alandur_taluk" title="Alandur taluk">Alandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholinganallur_taluk" title="Sholinganallur taluk">Sholinganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavaram_taluk" title="Pallavaram taluk">Pallavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram_taluk" title="Tambaram taluk">Tambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_taluk" title="Chengalpattu taluk">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruporur_taluk" title="Thiruporur taluk">Thiruporur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukalukundram_taluk" title="Tirukalukundram taluk">Tirukalukundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur_taluk" title="Sriperumbudur taluk">Sriperumbudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walajabad_taluk" title="Walajabad taluk">Walajabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_taluk" title="Kanchipuram taluk">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthiramerur_taluk" title="Uthiramerur taluk">Uthiramerur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurantakam_taluk" title="Madurantakam taluk">Madurantakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyyur_taluk" title="Cheyyur taluk">Cheyyur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vellore_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellore District">Vellore District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakkonam_taluk" title="Arakkonam taluk">Arakkonam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Parliamentary </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chennai Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_North_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chennai North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_South_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chennai South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Sriperumbudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvallur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Thiruvallur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alandur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alandur (State Assembly Constituency)">Alandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambattur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambattur (State Assembly Constituency)">Ambattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)">Anna Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadi_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadi (State Assembly Constituency)">Avadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengalpattu (State Assembly Constituency)">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk (State Assembly Constituency)">Chepauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmore_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egmore (State Assembly Constituency)">Egmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour (State Assembly Constituency)">Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathur_(Chennai)_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolathur (Chennai) (State Assembly Constituency)">Kolathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhavaram (State Assembly Constituency)">Madhavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduravoyal_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maduravoyal (State Assembly Constituency)">Maduravoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylapore_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylapore (State Assembly Constituency)">Mylapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavaram_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavaram (State Assembly Constituency)">Pallavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)">Perambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponneri_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponneri (State Assembly Constituency)">Ponneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonamallee (State Assembly Constituency)">Poonamallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Radhakrishnan_Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)">RK Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapuram_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)">Royapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidapet_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saidapet (State Assembly Constituency)">Saidapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholinganallur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sholinganallur (State Assembly Constituency)">Sholinganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sriperumbudur (State Assembly Constituency)">Sriperumbudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theagaraya_Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)">T.Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambaram (State Assembly Constituency)">Tambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiru._Vi._Ka._Nagar_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)">Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvottiyur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)">Thiruvottiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Lights_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Lights (State Assembly Constituency)">Thousand Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvallur (State Assembly Constituency)">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villivakkam_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Villivakkam (State Assembly Constituency)">Villivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virugambakkam_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virugambakkam (State Assembly Constituency)">Virugambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery_(State_Assembly_Constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Velachery (State Assembly Constituency)">Velachery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nodal agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Greater Chennai Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Development_Authority" title="Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority">Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metropolitan_Water_Supply_and_Sewerage_Board" title="Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board">Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Police_Commissionerate" title="Chennai Police Commissionerate">Chennai Police Commissionerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Chennai" title="General Post Office, Chennai">General Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Police" title="Greater Chennai Police">Greater Chennai Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Madras" title="Sheriff of Madras">Sheriff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Electricity_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Electricity Board">Tamil Nadu Electricity Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Fire_and_Rescue_Services" title="Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services">Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chennai" title="Economy of Chennai">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Bazaar" title="Burma Bazaar">Burma Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothawal_Chavadi" title="Kothawal Chavadi">Kothawal Chavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyambedu_Wholesale_Market_Complex" title="Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex">Koyambedu Wholesale Market Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagal_Park" title="Panagal Park">Panagal Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Parry's Corner">Parry's Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondy_Bazaar" title="Pondy Bazaar">Pondy Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purasawalkam" title="Purasawalkam">Purasawalkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathan_Street" title="Ranganathan Street">Ranganathan Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Street" title="Ritchie Street">Ritchie Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery" title="Velachery">Velachery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washermanpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Washermanpet">Washermanpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SEZ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEZ_Corridor" title="SEZ Corridor">SEZ Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEPZ,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="MEPZ, Chennai">MEPZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidel_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidel Park">Tidel Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Chennai" title="World Trade Center Chennai">World Trade Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aavin" title="Aavin">Aavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Leyland" title="Ashok Leyland">Ashok Leyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_Bridge_Gas_Turbine_Power_Station" title="Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station">Basin Bridge Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dart_Aviation" title="Blue Dart Aviation">Blue Dart Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chettinad_Group" title="Chettinad Group">Chettinad Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Trade_Centre" title="Chennai Trade Centre">Chennai Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EID_Parry" title="EID Parry">EID Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennore_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Ennore Thermal Power Station">Ennore Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMR_Vasavi_Diesel_Power_Plant" title="GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant">GMR Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Vehicles_Factory" title="Heavy Vehicles Factory">Heavy Vehicles Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higginbotham%27s" title="Higginbotham's">Higginbotham's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Bank" title="Indian Bank">Indian Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Overseas_Bank" title="Indian Overseas Bank">Indian Overseas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Coach_Factory" title="Integral Coach Factory">Integral Coach Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Madras Atomic Power Station">Madras Atomic Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Rubber_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Rubber Factory">Madras Rubber Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Stock_Exchange" title="Madras Stock Exchange">Madras Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murugappa_Group" title="Murugappa Group">Murugappa Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chennai_Thermal_Power_Station" title="North Chennai Thermal Power Station">North Chennai Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India,_South_Zonal_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of India, South Zonal Office">Reserve Bank of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Enfield_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Enfield (India)">Royal Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIC_(Indian_company)" title="SPIC (Indian company)">SPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Group" title="Sun Group">Sun Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_Cycles_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Cycles of India">TI Cycles of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVS_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="TVS Motors">TVS Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallur_Thermal_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallur Thermal Power Project">Vallur Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_office,_Chennai" title="World Bank office, Chennai">World Bank office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Chennai" title="Automotive industry in Chennai">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_manufacturing_in_Chennai" title="Electronics manufacturing in Chennai">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_industry_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail industry in Chennai">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry_in_Chennai" title="Software industry in Chennai">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_recreation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Chennai" title="Culture of Chennai">Culture and recreation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chennai" title="Architecture of Chennai">Architecture of Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_Chennai" title="Broadcasting in Chennai">Broadcasting in Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Kollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassi">Madrassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Bashai" title="Madras Bashai">Madras Bashai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_School" title="Madras School">Madras School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Chennai">Tourism in Chennai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Beaches</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covelong" title="Covelong">Covelong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot%27s_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot's Beach">Elliot's Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Beach,_Chennai" title="Golden Beach, Chennai">Golden Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Beach" title="Marina Beach">Marina Beach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parks_in_Chennai" title="Parks in Chennai">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_Tower_Park" title="Anna Nagar Tower Park">Anna Nagar Tower Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Annie_Besant_Park" title="Dr. Annie Besant Park">Dr. Annie Besant Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Day_Park,_Chennai" title="May Day Park, Chennai">May Day Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natesan_Park" title="Natesan Park">Natesan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagal_Park" title="Panagal Park">Panagal Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Park,_Chennai" title="People's Park, Chennai">People's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmoli_Poonga" title="Semmoli Poonga">Semmoli Poonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_Park" title="Secretariat Park">Secretariat Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholkappia_Poonga" title="Tholkappia Poonga">Tholkappia Poonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinemas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9polis" title="Cinépolis">Cinépolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INOX_Leisure_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="INOX Leisure Limited">INOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PVR_Cinemas" class="mw-redirect" title="PVR Cinemas">PVR Cinemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayajaal" title="Mayajaal">Mayajaal Multiplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Theatre" title="Shanti Theatre">Shanti Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Book_Fair" title="Chennai Book Fair">Chennai Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Film_Festival" title="Chennai International Film Festival">Chennai International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Sangamam" title="Chennai Sangamam">Chennai Sangamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lit_for_Life" title="Lit for Life">Lit for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Day" title="Madras Day">Madras Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Season" title="Madras Music Season">Madras Music Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarang" title="Saarang">Saarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techofes" title="Techofes">Techofes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theme parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MGM_Dizzee_World" title="MGM Dizzee World">MGM Dizzee World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Land" title="Queens Land">Queens Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGP_Universal_Kingdom" title="VGP Universal Kingdom">VGP Universal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_N_Splash" class="mw-redirect" title="Dash N Splash">Dash N Splash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkinta" title="Kishkinta">Kishkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayajaal" title="Mayajaal">Mayajaal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shopping_in_Chennai" title="Shopping in Chennai">Shopping malls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Mega_Mall" title="Abhirami Mega Mall">Abhirami Mega Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsa_Mall" title="Alsa Mall">Alsa Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampa_Skywalk" title="Ampa Skywalk">Ampa Skywalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Mall">Chandra Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Citi_Centre" title="Chennai Citi Centre">Chennai Citi Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromandel Plaza">Coromandel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_Avenue" title="Express Avenue">Express Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Souk_Grande_Mall_Chennai" title="Gold Souk Grande Mall Chennai">Gold Souk Grande Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Market_City_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Market City (Chennai)">Phoenix Market City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramee_Mall" title="Ramee Mall">Ramee Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_Mall_(Chennai)" title="Spectrum Mall (Chennai)">Spectrum Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Plaza" title="Spencer Plaza">Spencer Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_Vijaya" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum Vijaya">Forum Vijaya Mall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymkhana_Club,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymkhana Club, Chennai">Gymkhana Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Boat_Club" title="Madras Boat Club">Madras Boat Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Madras_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Madras Yacht Club">Royal Madras Yacht Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chennai" title="Religion in Chennai">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Chennai" title="Category:Hindu temples in Chennai">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adikesava_Perumal_temple,_Mylapore" title="Adikesava Perumal temple, Mylapore">Adikesava Perumal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantha_Padmanabhaswami_Temple,_Chennai" title="Anantha Padmanabhaswami Temple, Chennai">Anantha Padmanabhaswami Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjaneya_Temple,_Nanganallur" title="Anjaneya Temple, Nanganallur">Anjaneya Temple, Nanganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_Ayyappan_Koil,_Chennai" title="Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil, Chennai">Ayyappan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi_Kovil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtalakshmi Kovil">Ashtalakshmi Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyguard_Muniswaran_Temple" title="Bodyguard Muniswaran Temple">Bodyguard Muniswaran Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandeeswarar_Temple" title="Dandeeswarar Temple">Dandeeswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruverkadu_Devi_Karumariamman_Temple" title="Tiruverkadu Devi Karumariamman Temple">Devi Karumariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple,_Chennai" title="Ekambareswarar Temple, Chennai">Ekambareswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="ISKCON Temple Chennai">ISKCON Temple Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikambal_Temple" title="Kalikambal Temple">Kalikambal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple,_Mangadu" title="Kamakshi Amman Temple, Mangadu">Kamakshi Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapaleeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapaleeswarar Temple">Kapaleeswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundrathur_Murugan_Temple" title="Kundrathur Murugan Temple">Kundrathur Murugan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalikambal_Temple" title="Kalikambal Temple">Kalikambal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Kailash" title="Madhya Kailash">Madhya Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marundeeswarar_Temple" title="Marundeeswarar Temple">Marundeeswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Kanni_Amman_Temple" title="Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple">Mundaka Kanni Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthasarathy_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthasarathy Temple">Parthasarathy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathyangira_Devi_Temple,_Shollinganallur" title="Prathyangira Devi Temple, Shollinganallur">Prathyangira Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishwarar_Temple" title="Ravishwarar Temple">Ravishwarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirdi_Sai_Baba_Temple,_Mylapore" title="Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, Mylapore">Shirdi Sai Baba Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadapalani_Andavar_Temple" title="Vadapalani Andavar Temple">Vadapalani Andavar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varasiddhi_Vinayaka_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple">Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Church,_Chennai" title="Armenian Church, Chennai">Armenian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Light,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady of Light, Chennai">Church of Our Lady of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's Church, Chennai">St. Andrew's Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Chennai" title="St. George's Cathedral, Chennai">St. George's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Chennai">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Cathedral_Basilica,_Chennai" title="St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai">Santhome Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church_(Fort_St._George)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Church (Fort St. George)">St. Mary's Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Synagogue" title="Madras Synagogue">Madras Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Mahabodhi_Centre,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Mahabodhi Centre, Chennai">Mahabodhi Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Lights_Mosque" title="Thousand Lights Mosque">Thousand Lights Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chennai" title="Transport in Chennai">Transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennore_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennore Port">Ennore Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattupalli_Shipyard" title="Kattupalli Shipyard">Kattupalli Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapuram_fishing_harbour" title="Royapuram fishing harbour">Royapuram fishing harbour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Railways</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metrolite" title="Chennai Metrolite">Chennai Metrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Chennai MRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway" title="Chennai Suburban Railway">Chennai Suburban Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station" title="Chennai Central railway station">Chennai Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Egmore_railway_station" title="Chennai Egmore railway station">Chennai Egmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram_railway_station" title="Tambaram railway station">Tambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Chennai" title="Railway stations in Chennai">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Roads and expressways</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Salai" title="Anna Salai">Anna Salai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenotaph_Road" title="Cenotaph Road">Cenotaph Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Bypass">Chennai Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port_-_Maduravoyal_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway">Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Bazaar_Road,_Chennai" title="China Bazaar Road, Chennai">China Bazaar Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Corridor" title="Entertainment Corridor">East Coast Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Ring_Road,_Chennai" title="Inner Ring Road, Chennai">Inner Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Ring_Road,_Chennai" title="Outer Ring Road, Chennai">Outer Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee_High_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonamallee High Road">Poonamallee High Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Salai" title="Rajiv Gandhi Salai">Rajiv Gandhi Salai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Patel_Road,_Chennai" title="Sardar Patel Road, Chennai">Sardar Patel Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grade separators and flyovers</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Flyover" title="Anna Flyover">Anna Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Airport_Flyover" title="Chennai Airport Flyover">Chennai Airport Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrompet_Flyover" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrompet Flyover">Chrompet Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irumbuliyur_Junction" title="Irumbuliyur Junction">Irumbuliyur Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathipara_Junction" title="Kathipara Junction">Kathipara Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyambedu_Junction" title="Koyambedu Junction">Koyambedu Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_Junction" title="Madhavaram Junction">Madhavaram Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduravoyal_Junction" title="Maduravoyal Junction">Maduravoyal Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolakadai_Junction" title="Moolakadai Junction">Moolakadai Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padi_Junction" title="Padi Junction">Padi Junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus" title="Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus">Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Contract_Carriage_Bus_Terminus" title="Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus">Chennai Contract Carriage Bus Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilambakkam_bus_terminus,_Chennai" title="Kilambakkam bus terminus, Chennai">Kilambakkam bus terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus" title="Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus">Madhavaram Mofussil Bus Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Corporation_(Chennai)" title="Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)">Metropolitan Transport Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Express_Transport_Corporation_(Tamil_Nadu)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)">State Express Transport Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Chennai" title="Sport in Chennai">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_Race_Course" title="Guindy Race Course">Guindy Race Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Chennai)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Chidambaram_Stadium" title="M. A. Chidambaram Stadium">M. A. Chidambaram Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Motor_Race_Track" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Motor Race Track">Madras Motor Race Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_Radhakrishnan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium">Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRF_Pace_Foundation" title="MRF Pace Foundation">MRF Pace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudaliarkuppam_boat_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudaliarkuppam boat house">Mudaliarkuppam boat house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttukadu_boat_house" title="Muttukadu boat house">Muttukadu boat house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarathinam_Stadium,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajarathinam Stadium, Chennai">Rajarathinam Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDAT_Tennis_Stadium" title="SDAT Tennis Stadium">SDAT Tennis Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Badminton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Superstarz" title="Chennai Superstarz">Chennai Superstarz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cricket</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Super_Kings" title="Chennai Super Kings">Chennai Super Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepauk_Super_Gillies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chepauk Super Gillies">Chepauk Super Gillies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Field hockey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Cheetahs" title="Chennai Cheetahs">Chennai Cheetahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Veerans" title="Chennai Veerans">Chennai Veerans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_City_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai City F.C.">Chennai City F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennaiyin_FC" title="Chennaiyin FC">Chennaiyin FC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kabaddi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Thalaivas" title="Tamil Thalaivas">Tamil Thalaivas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Tennis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_Chennai_Warriors" title="V Chennai Warriors">V Chennai Warriors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Table tennis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Lions" title="Chennai Lions">Chennai Lions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Volleyball</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Spartans" title="Chennai Spartans">Chennai Spartans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Spikers" title="Chennai Spikers">Chennai Spikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Blitz" title="Chennai Blitz">Chennai Blitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Open">Chennai Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._J._Gopalan_Trophy" title="M. J. Gopalan Trophy">M. J. Gopalan Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency_Matches" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Presidency Matches">Madras Presidency Matches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chennai" title="Education in Chennai">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Madras" title="Alliance Française de Madras">Alliance Française de Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Centenary_Library" title="Anna Centenary Library">Anna Centenary Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Planetarium,_Chennai" title="Birla Planetarium, Chennai">Birla Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholamandal_Artists%27_Village" title="Cholamandal Artists' Village">Cholamandal Artists' Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connemara_Public_Library" title="Connemara Public Library">Connemara Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DakshinaChitra" title="DakshinaChitra">DakshinaChitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Government Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police_Museum,_Chennai" title="Tamil Nadu Police Museum, Chennai">Tamil Nadu Police Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalakshetra">Kalakshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KM_Music_Conservatory" title="KM Music Conservatory">KM Music Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Music_Academy" title="Madras Music Academy">Madras Music Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools in Chennai">Schools in Chennai</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_University" title="Anna University">Anna University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Dr._M.G.R._Medical_University" title="Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University">Dr MGR Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Dr._Ambedkar_Law_University" title="Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University">Dr Ambedkar Law University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Maritime_University" title="Indian Maritime University">Indian Maritime University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Veterinary_and_Animal_Sciences_University" title="Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University">Veterinary and Animal Sciences University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_University_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="VIT University Chennai">VIT University Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRM_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="SRM Institute of Science and Technology">SRM Institute of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Abdur_Rahman_University" class="mw-redirect" title="B. S. Abdur Rahman University">B S Abdur Rahman University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Open_University" title="Tamil Nadu Open University">Tamil Nadu Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Teachers_Education_University" title="Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University">Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vels_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Vels University">Vels University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan University">Hindustan University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engineering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Madras">Indian Institute of Technology Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Guindy" title="College of Engineering, Guindy">College of Engineering, Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Institute_of_Technology" title="Madras Institute of Technology">Madras Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alagappa_College_of_Technology" title="Alagappa College of Technology">Alagappa College of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_College" title="Madras Medical College">Madras Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Medical_College" title="Stanley Medical College">Stanley Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilpauk_Medical_College" title="Kilpauk Medical College">Kilpauk Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramachandra_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute">Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Siddha" title="National Institute of Siddha">National Institute of Siddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Arts and science</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_College,_Chennai" title="Loyola College, Chennai">Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Christian_College" title="Madras Christian College">Madras Christian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_College,_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary%27s_College,_Chennai" title="Queen Mary's College, Chennai">Queen Mary's (Women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Vivekananda_College" title="Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachaiyappa%27s_College" title="Pachaiyappa's College">Pachaiyappa's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Maris_College,_Chennai" title="Stella Maris College, Chennai">Stella Mary's (Women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_Vaishnav_College" title="DG Vaishnav College">DG Vaishnav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.O.P.Vaishnav_College_for_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="M.O.P.Vaishnav College for Women">MOP Vaishnav (Women)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_College,_Chennai" title="Women's Christian College, Chennai">Women's Christian College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leather_Research_Institute" title="Central Leather Research Institute">Central Leather Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Ocean_Technology" title="National Institute of Ocean Technology">National Institute of Ocean Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences,_Chennai" title="Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mathematical_Institute" title="Chennai Mathematical Institute">Chennai Mathematical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Meteorological_Centre,_Chennai" title="Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai">Regional Meteorological Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_Engineering_Research_Centre" title="Structural Engineering Research Centre">Structural Engineering Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Plastics_Engineering_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology">Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Chennai" title="List of diplomatic missions in Chennai">Diplomatic missions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Chennai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Chennai">American Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Deputy_High_Commission,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="British Deputy High Commission, Chennai">British Deputy High Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Malaysia_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of Malaysia in Chennai">Malaysian Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_Russian_Federation_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of the Russian Federation in Chennai">Russian Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of the Federal Republic of Germany in Chennai">German Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_High_Commission_of_Sri_Lanka,_Chennai" title="Deputy High Commission of Sri Lanka, Chennai">Sri Lanka Deputy High Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Consulate_General,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Consulate General, Chennai">Royal Thai Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_South_Korea,_Chennai" title="Consulate General of South Korea, Chennai">South Korean Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Chennai" title="Healthcare in Chennai">Hospitals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Government General Hospital">Government General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilnadu_Government_Multi_Super_Speciality_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital">Government Multi Super-speciality Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Royapettah_Hospital" title="Government Royapettah Hospital">Royapettah Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Stanley_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Stanley Hospital">Stanley Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilpauk_Medical_College_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilpauk Medical College Hospital">Kilpauk Medical College Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambur_railway_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Perambur railway hospital">Perambur railway hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Hospitals" title="Apollo Hospitals">Apollo Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Institute_of_Ophthalmology_and_Government_Ophthalmic_Hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai">Egmore Eye Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ivan_Stedeford_Hospital" title="Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital">Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Nethralaya" title="Sankara Nethralaya">Sankara Nethralaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_Medical_Mission" title="Madras Medical Mission">Madras Medical Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Health_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntary Health Services">Voluntary Health Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIOT_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="MIOT Hospital">MIOT Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Hospital_of_Thoracic_Medicine,_Chennai" title="Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai">Tambaram TB Sanatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Dental_Hospital_and_College,_Chennai" title="Government Dental Hospital and College, Chennai">Government Dental Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mission_Hospital,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Mission Hospital, Chennai">Hindu Mission Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortis_Malar_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis Malar Hospital">Fortis Malar Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramachandra_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute">Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaram_Medical_Foundation" title="Sundaram Medical Foundation">Sundaram Medical Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Chennai" title="List of hotels in Chennai">Hotels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Coromandel" title="Taj Coromandel">Taj Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Park,_Chennai" title="The Park, Chennai">The Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Royal_Meridien,_Chennai" title="Le Royal Meridien, Chennai">Le Royal Meridien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_Chennai" title="Hyatt Regency Chennai">Hyatt Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Fortune,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="My Fortune, Chennai">Chola Sheraton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Club_House_Chennai" title="Taj Club House Chennai">Taj Mount Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Leela_Palace_Chennai" title="The Leela Palace Chennai">The Leela Kempinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITC_Grand_Chola_Hotel" title="ITC Grand Chola Hotel">ITC Grand Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Chennai" title="Hilton Chennai">Hilton Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Connemara" title="Taj Connemara">Taj Connemara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisherman's Cove">Fisherman's Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_Hilton,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident Hilton, Chennai">Trident Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITC_Sheraton_Park_Hotel_%26_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="ITC Sheraton Park Hotel & Towers">Park Sheraton & Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radisson_GRT,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Radisson GRT, Chennai">Radisson GRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accord_Metropolitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Accord Metropolitan">Accord Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Marriott_Chennai" title="JW Marriott Chennai">JW Marriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Hyatt_Chennai" title="Park Hyatt Chennai">Park Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radisson_Blu_City_Centre_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Radisson Blu City Centre Chennai">Radisson Blu City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raintree_Hotel_St_Mary%27s_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Raintree Hotel St Mary's Road">Raintree Hotel St Mary's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Raintree_Hotel_Anna_Salai" title="The Raintree Hotel Anna Salai">The Raintree Hotel Anna Salai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savera_Hotel" title="Savera Hotel">Savera Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_Towers_Chennai" title="Residency Towers Chennai">Residency Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westin_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Westin Chennai">Westin Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohinoor_Asiana_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohinoor Asiana Hotel">Kohinoor Asiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Localities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Localities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aamullaivoyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aamullaivoyal">Aamullaivoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aathur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aathur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Aathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaram,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Agaram, Chennai">Agaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamathi" title="Alamathi">Alamathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarkuppam,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Andarkuppam, Chennai">Andarkuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadu" title="Angadu">Angadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuppampattu" title="Anuppampattu">Anuppampattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arambakkam" title="Arambakkam">Arambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arani,_Chennai" title="Arani, Chennai">Arani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur,_Chennai" title="Ariyalur, Chennai">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arumandhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arumandhai (page does not exist)">Arumandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisi_Nagar,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisi Nagar, Chennai">Assisi Nagar, Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athipattu" title="Athipattu">Athipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athipattu_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Athipattu New Town">Athipattu New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athivakkam" title="Athivakkam">Athivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attanthangal" title="Attanthangal">Attanthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avurikollaimedu" class="mw-redirect" title="Avurikollaimedu">Avurikollaimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanavaram" title="Ayanavaram">Ayanavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhinjivakkam" title="Azhinjivakkam">Azhinjivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bandikavanoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bandikavanoor (page does not exist)">Bandikavanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Basin Bridge">Basin Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnasekkadu" title="Chinnasekkadu">Chinnasekkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chettimedu,_Chennai" title="Chettimedu, Chennai">Chettimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edapalayam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edapalayam (page does not exist)">Edapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edayanchavadi" title="Edayanchavadi">Edayanchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennore" title="Ennore">Ennore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elandanur" class="mw-redirect" title="Elandanur">Elandanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elanthancherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elanthancherry">Elanthancherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elavur" title="Elavur">Elavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernavoor" title="Ernavoor">Ernavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erukkancherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Erukkancherry">Erukkancherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnayiru" title="Gnayiru">Gnayiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gounderpalayam" title="Gounderpalayam">Gounderpalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Lyon" title="Grant Lyon">Grant Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummidipoondi" title="Gummidipoondi">Gummidipoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janapanchatram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janapanchatram (page does not exist)">Janapanchatram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Nagar,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawahar Nagar, Chennai">Jawahar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadapakkam,_Chennai" title="Kadapakkam, Chennai">Kadapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaladipet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaladipet (page does not exist)">Kaladipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakkral" title="Kalakkral">Kalakkral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpalayam" title="Kalpalayam">Kalpalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanniammanpettai" title="Kanniammanpettai">Kanniammanpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannigaipair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannigaipair (page does not exist)">Kannigaipair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanodai" title="Karanodai">Karanodai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathirvedu,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathirvedu, Chennai">Kathirvedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathivakkam" title="Kathivakkam">Kathivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattupalli,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattupalli, Chennai">Katupalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavangarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavangarai">Kavangarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaraipettai" title="Kavaraipettai">Kavaraipettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasimedu" title="Kasimedu">Kasimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattur,_Chennai" title="Kattur, Chennai">Kattur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KK_Thazhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KK Thazhai (page does not exist)">KK Thazhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KKD_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="KKD Nagar">Kaviarasu Kannadhasan Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodipallam,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodipallam, Chennai (page does not exist)">Kodipallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungaiyur" title="Kodungaiyur">Kodungaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathur,_Chennai" title="Kolathur, Chennai">Kolathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondithope" title="Kondithope">Kondithope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korukkupet" title="Korukkupet">Korukkupet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosappur,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosappur, Chennai">Kosappur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kottai_Karai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kottai Karai (page does not exist)">Kottai Karai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaran_Nagar,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaran Nagar, Chennai">Kumaran Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmipuram,_Kolathur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmipuram, Kolathur">Lakshmipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram,_Chennai" title="Madhavaram, Chennai">Madhavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_Milk_Colony" title="Madhavaram Milk Colony">Madhavaram Milk Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madharpakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madharpakkam (page does not exist)">Madharpakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madiyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madiyur (page does not exist)">Madiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKB_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="MKB Nagar">Mahakavi Bharathi Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali,_Chennai" title="Manali, Chennai">Manali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Manali New Town">Manali New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjambakkam,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjambakkam, Chennai">Manjambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathur,_Chennai" title="Mathur, Chennai">Mathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mettu_Surapedu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mettu Surapedu (page does not exist)">Mettu Surapedu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mettu_Thandalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mettu Thandalam (page does not exist)">Mettu Thandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjur" title="Minjur">Minjur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moolachatiram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moolachatiram (page does not exist)">Moolachatiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolakadai" title="Moolakadai">Moolakadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthialpet,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthialpet, Chennai">Muthialpet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nallur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nallur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Nallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandiambakkam" title="Nandiambakkam">Nandiambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalayam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napalayam (page does not exist)">Napalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naravarikuppam" title="Naravarikuppam">Naravarikuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Erumai_Vetti_Palayam" class="mw-redirect" title="New Erumai Vetti Palayam">New Erumai Vetti Palayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Erumai_Vetti_Palayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Erumai Vetti Palayam">Old Erumai Vetti Palayam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orakadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orakadu (page does not exist)">Orakadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padianallur" title="Padianallur">Padianallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipattu" title="Pallipattu">Pallipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchetti (page does not exist)">Panchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payasambakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Payasambakkam (page does not exist)">Payasambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pazhaverkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambur" title="Perambur">Perambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravallur" title="Peravallur">Peravallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periapalayam" title="Periapalayam">Periapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periyamullavoyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periyamullavoyal (page does not exist)">Periyamullavoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_Nagar,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Nagar, Chennai">Periyar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyasekkadu" title="Periyasekkadu">Periyasekkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Perungavur">Perungavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponniammanmedu" title="Ponniammanmedu">Ponniammanmedu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pothur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pothur (page does not exist)">Pothur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puthubakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puthubakkam (page does not exist)">Puthubakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puduvoyal" title="Puduvoyal">Puduvoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulli_Lyon" title="Pulli Lyon">Pulli Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthagaram" title="Puthagaram">Puthagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzhal">Puzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills, Chennai">Red Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retteri" title="Retteri">Retteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapuram" title="Royapuram">Royapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadayankuppam" title="Sadayankuppam">Sadayankuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sathangadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sathangadu (page does not exist)">Sathangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sathyamoorthy_Nagar_(Tiruvottiyur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Tiruvottiyur) (page does not exist)">Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Tiruvottiyur)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sathyamoorthy_Nagar_(Vyasarpadi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Vyasarpadi) (page does not exist)">Sathyamoorthy Nagar (Vyasarpadi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seemavaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Seemavaram">Seemavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selavayal" title="Selavayal">Selavayal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sembilivaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sembilivaram (page does not exist)">Sembilivaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembium" title="Sembium">Sembium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sembiyamanali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sembiyamanali (page does not exist)">Sembiyamanali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholavaram" title="Sholavaram">Sholavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siruvapuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siruvapuri (page does not exist)">Siruvapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirunium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirunium (page does not exist)">Sirunium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowcarpet" title="Sowcarpet">Sowcarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sothuperumbedu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sothuperumbedu (page does not exist)">Sothuperumbedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surapet" title="Surapet">Surapet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thadaperumbakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thadaperumbakkam (page does not exist)">Thadaperumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thatchoor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thatchoor (page does not exist)">Thatchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thathaimanji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thathaimanji (page does not exist)">Thathaimanji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theerthakariampattu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theerthakariampattu (page does not exist)">Theerthakariampattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theeyampakkam" title="Theeyampakkam">Theeyampakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervoy_Kandigai" title="Thervoy Kandigai">Thervoy Kandigai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thirunilai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirunilai (page does not exist)">Thirunilai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiruvellavoyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiruvellavoyal (page does not exist)">Thiruvellavoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVK_Nagar,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="TVK Nagar, Chennai">Thiru Vi Ka Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvottiyur" title="Tiruvottiyur">Tiruvottiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgate" title="Tolgate">Tollgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondiarpet" title="Tondiarpet">Tondiarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthukottai" title="Uthukottai">Uthukottai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadagarai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadagarai (page does not exist)">Vadagarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamadurai,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadamadurai, Chennai">Vadamadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadaperumbakkam,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadaperumbakkam, Chennai">Vadaperumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikkadu" title="Vaikkadu">Vaikkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallalar_Nagar" title="Vallalar Nagar">Vallalar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vallur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Vallur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vannipakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vannipakkam (page does not exist)">Vannipakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazhuthigaimedu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazhuthigaimedu (page does not exist)">Vazhuthigaimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellivoyalchavadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vellivoyalchavadi (page does not exist)">Vellivoyalchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vengal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vengal (page does not exist)">Vengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichoor,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichoor, Chennai">Vichoor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijayanallur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijayanallur (page does not exist)">Vijayanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilakupattu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilakupattu (page does not exist)">Vilakupattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilangadupakkam" title="Vilangadupakkam">Vilangadupakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villivakkam" title="Villivakkam">Villivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagapuram" title="Vinayagapuram">Vinayagapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VOC_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VOC Nagar (page does not exist)">VOC Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyalur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyalur (page does not exist)">Voyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasarpadi" title="Vyasarpadi">Vyasarpadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washermanpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Washermanpet">Washermanpet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wimco_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wimco Nagar (page does not exist)">Wimco Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adayalampattu" title="Adayalampattu">Adayalampattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwarthirunagar" title="Alwarthirunagar">Alwarthirunagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambattur" title="Ambattur">Ambattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminjikarai" title="Aminjikarai">Aminjikarai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athipet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athipet (page does not exist)">Athipet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andankuppam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andankuppam (page does not exist)">Andankuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar" title="Anna Nagar">Anna Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_West" title="Anna Nagar West">Anna Nagar West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annanur" title="Annanur">Annanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkambakkam" title="Arakkambakkam">Arakkambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranvoyal" title="Aranvoyal">Aranvoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Nagar,_Chennai" title="Ashok Nagar, Chennai">Ashok Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkonam" title="Arakkonam">Arakkonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumbakkam" title="Arumbakkam">Arumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadi" title="Avadi">Avadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanambakkam" title="Ayanambakkam">Ayanambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayapakkam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayapakkam">Ayapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayathur" title="Ayathur">Ayathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beemanthangal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beemanthangal (page does not exist)">Beemanthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chembarambakkam">Chembarambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choolaimedu" title="Choolaimedu">Choolaimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egattur_(Tiruvallur_District)" title="Egattur (Tiruvallur District)">Egattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerugambakkam" title="Gerugambakkam">Gerugambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Govardhanagiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Govardhanagiri (page does not exist)">Govardhanagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Colony" title="ICF Colony">ICF Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irungattukottai" title="Irungattukottai">Irungattukottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyyapanthangal" title="Iyyapanthangal">Iyyapanthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Nagar,_Chennai" title="K. K. Nagar, Chennai">K. K. Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadambathur" title="Kadambathur">Kadambathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadavur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadavur (page does not exist)">Kadavur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakkalur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakkalur (page does not exist)">Kakkalur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakkalur_Industrial_Estate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakkalur Industrial Estate (page does not exist)">Kakkalur Industrial Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikuppam,_Ambattur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallikuppam, Ambattur">Kallikuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karambakkam" title="Karambakkam">Karambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karayanchavadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karayanchavadi (page does not exist)">Karayanchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattupakkam" title="Kattupakkam">Kattupakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilkondaiyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilkondaiyur (page does not exist)">Kilkondaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvalli" title="Koduvalli">Koduvalli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koladi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koladi (page does not exist)">Koladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolapakkam" title="Kolapakkam">Kolapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konnur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konnur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Konnur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korattur" title="Korattur">Korattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovur,_Kanchipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovur, Kanchipuram">Kovur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyambedu" title="Koyambedu">Koyambedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumananchavadi" title="Kumananchavadi">Kumananchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundrathur" title="Kundrathur">Kundrathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuthambakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuthambakkam (page does not exist)">Kuthambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduravoyal" title="Maduravoyal">Maduravoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayambakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malayambakkam (page does not exist)">Malayambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manapakkam" title="Manapakkam">Manapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manavala_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manavala Nagar (page does not exist)">Manavala Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melkondaiyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melkondaiyur (page does not exist)">Melkondaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mettu_Kandigai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mettu Kandigai (page does not exist)">Mettu Kandigai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGR_Nagar" title="MGR Nagar">MGR Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogappair" title="Mogappair">Mogappair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morai,_Chennai" title="Morai, Chennai">Morai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulivakkam" title="Moulivakkam">Moulivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugalivakkam" title="Mugalivakkam">Mugalivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthapudupet" title="Muthapudupet">Muthapudupet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandambakkam" title="Nandambakkam">Nandambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nandambakkam,_Kundrathur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nandambakkam, Kundrathur (page does not exist)">Nandambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasingapuram,_Thiruvallur" title="Narasingapuram, Thiruvallur">Narasingapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nazarathpettai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nazarathpettai (page does not exist)">Nazarathpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemam,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemam, Chennai (page does not exist)">Nemam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemilichery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemilichery (page does not exist)">Nemilichery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesapakkam" title="Nesapakkam">Nesapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerkundram" title="Nerkundram">Nerkundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolambur" title="Nolambur">Nolambur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noombal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noombal (page does not exist)">Noombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oragadam,_Ambattur" class="mw-redirect" title="Oragadam, Ambattur">Oragadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padi,_Chennai" title="Padi, Chennai">Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakkam" title="Pakkam">Pakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandeswaram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandeswaram (page does not exist)">Pandeswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Pandur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraniputhur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraniputhur (page does not exist)">Paraniputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parivakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parivakkam (page does not exist)">Parivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paruthipattu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paruthipattu (page does not exist)">Paruthipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabiram" title="Pattabiram">Pattabiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattaravakkam" title="Pattaravakkam">Pattaravakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambakkam" title="Perambakkam">Perambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyapanicheri" title="Periyapanicheri">Periyapanicheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumalpattu" title="Perumalpattu">Perumalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poochi_Athipedu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poochi Athipedu (page does not exist)">Poochi Athipedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee" title="Poonamallee">Poonamallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poondi" class="mw-redirect" title="Poondi">Poondi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poonthandalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poonthandalam (page does not exist)">Poonthandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur" title="Porur">Porur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudur,_Ambattur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudur, Ambattur">Pudhur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Putlur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Putlur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Putlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramapuram,_Chennai" title="Ramapuram, Chennai">Ramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramavaram">Ramavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekkadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekkadu (page does not exist)">Sekkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seneerkuppam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seneerkuppam (page does not exist)">Seneerkuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sevvapet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sevvapet (page does not exist)">Sevvapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoy_Nagar" title="Shenoy Nagar">Shenoy Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorancheri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorancheri (page does not exist)">Sorancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunguvarchatram" title="Sunguvarchatram">Sunguvarchatram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surapet" title="Surapet">Surapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraipakkam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaraipakkam">Tamaraipakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandalam,_Chennai" title="Thandalam, Chennai">Thandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thandurai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thandurai (page does not exist)">Thandurai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thathankuppam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thathankuppam (page does not exist)">Thathankuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumangalam,_Chennai" title="Thirumangalam, Chennai">Thirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumazhisai" title="Thirumazhisai">Thirumazhisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullaivoyal" title="Thirumullaivoyal">Thirumullaivoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruninravur" title="Thiruninravur">Thiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur" title="Tiruvallur">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruverkadu" title="Tiruverkadu">Tiruverkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valasaravakkam" title="Valasaravakkam">Valasaravakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanagaram" title="Vanagaram">Vanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veerapuram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veerapuram (page does not exist)">Veerapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellanur,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vellanur, Chennai (page does not exist)">Vellanur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vellavedu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vellavedu (page does not exist)">Vellavedu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velappanchavadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velappanchavadi (page does not exist)">Velappanchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengathur" title="Vengathur">Vengathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venkatapuram,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venkatapuram, Chennai (page does not exist)">Venkatapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veppampattu" title="Veppampattu">Veppampattu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilinjiyambakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilinjiyambakkam (page does not exist)">Vilinjiyambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virugambakkam" title="Virugambakkam">Virugambakkam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alwarpet" title="Alwarpet">Alwarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadway,_Chennai" title="Broadway, Chennai">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Bazaar" title="Burma Bazaar">Burma Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Central_railway_station" title="Chennai Central railway station">Chennai Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepauk" title="Chepauk">Chepauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetput_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetput (Chennai)">Chetput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintadripet" title="Chintadripet">Chintadripet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choolai" title="Choolai">Choolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmore" title="Egmore">Egmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshore_Estate" title="Foreshore Estate">Foreshore Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Chennai" title="George Town, Chennai">George Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalapuram,_Chennai" title="Gopalapuram, Chennai">Gopalapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenways_Road" title="Greenways Road">Greenways Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilpauk" title="Kilpauk">Kilpauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodambakkam" title="Kodambakkam">Kodambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosapet" title="Kosapet">Kosapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothawal_Chavadi" title="Kothawal Chavadi">Kothawal Chavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotturpuram" title="Kotturpuram">Kotturpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavelli" title="Mandavelli">Mandavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mannady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannady (page does not exist)">Mannady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambalam" title="Mambalam">Mambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRC_Nagar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRC Nagar (page does not exist)">MRC Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandanam" title="Nandanam">Nandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nochikuppam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nochikuppam (page does not exist)">Nochikuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungambakkam" title="Nungambakkam">Nungambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otteri" title="Otteri">Otteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagal_Park" title="Panagal Park">Panagal Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Town,_Chennai" title="Park Town, Chennai">Park Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Parry's Corner">Parry's Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattalam,_Chennai" title="Pattalam, Chennai">Pattalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periamet" title="Periamet">Periamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondy_Bazaar" title="Pondy Bazaar">Pondy Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pudupet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pudupet (page does not exist)">Pudupet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulianthope" title="Pulianthope">Pulianthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purasawalkam" title="Purasawalkam">Purasawalkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quibble_Island" title="Quibble Island">Quibble Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Annamalai_Puram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Annamalai Puram (page does not exist)">Raja Annamalai Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapettah" title="Royapettah">Royapettah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidapet" title="Saidapet">Saidapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saligramam" title="Saligramam">Saligramam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhome" title="Santhome">Santhome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="T Nagar">T Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teynampet" title="Teynampet">Teynampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island,_Chennai" title="The Island, Chennai">The Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplicane" title="Triplicane">Triplicane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trustpuram" title="Trustpuram">Trustpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadapalani" title="Vadapalani">Vadapalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepery" title="Vepery">Vepery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mambalam" class="mw-redirect" title="West Mambalam">West Mambalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adambakkam" title="Adambakkam">Adambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyar_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyar (Chennai)">Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaramthen" title="Agaramthen">Agaramthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alandur" title="Alandur">Alandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakaputhur" title="Anakaputhur">Anakaputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besant_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Besant Nagar">Besant Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitlapakkam" title="Chitlapakkam">Chitlapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromepet" title="Chromepet">Chromepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu" title="Chengalpattu">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egattur_(Kanchipuram_District)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egattur (Kanchipuram District)">Egattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekkaduthangal" title="Ekkaduthangal">Ekkaduthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erumaiyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erumaiyur (page does not exist)">Erumaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gowrivakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gowrivakkam (page does not exist)">Gowrivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduvancheri" title="Guduvancheri">Guduvancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy" title="Guindy">Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_TVK_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Guindy TVK Estate">Guindy TVK Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devaneri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devaneri (page does not exist)">Devaneri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasthinapuram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasthinapuram (page does not exist)">Hasthinapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illalur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illalur (page does not exist)">Illalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injambakkam" title="Injambakkam">Injambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irumbuliyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irumbuliyur (page does not exist)">Irumbuliyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafferkhanpet" title="Jafferkhanpet">Jafferkhanpet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaladampet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaladampet (page does not exist)">Jaladampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathur_(Chennai)" title="Kanathur (Chennai)">Kanathur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandanchavadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandanchavadi (page does not exist)">Kandanchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannivakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannivakkam (page does not exist)">Kannivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karanai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karanai (page does not exist)">Karanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapakkam" title="Karapakkam">Karapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karumbakkam" title="Karumbakkam">Karumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattankulathur" title="Kattankulathur">Kattankulathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazhipattur" title="Kazhipattur">Kazhipattur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kizhkalvoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kizhkalvoy (page does not exist)">Kizhkalvoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelkattalai" title="Keelkattalai">Keelkattalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelambakkam" title="Kelambakkam">Kelambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottivakkam" title="Kottivakkam">Kottivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covelong" title="Covelong">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilambakkam" title="Kovilambakkam">Kovilambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kovilanchery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kovilanchery (page does not exist)">Kovilanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madambakkam" title="Madambakkam">Madambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhuvankarai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhuvankarai (page does not exist)">Madhuvankarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madipakkam" title="Madipakkam">Madipakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mamallapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimangalam" title="Manimangalam">Manimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannivakkam" title="Mannivakkam">Mannivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraimalai_Nagar" title="Maraimalai Nagar">Maraimalai Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medavakkam" title="Medavakkam">Medavakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenambakkam" title="Meenambakkam">Meenambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melkalvoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melkalvoy (page does not exist)">Melkalvoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEPZ,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="MEPZ, Chennai">MEPZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mettukuppam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mettukuppam (page does not exist)">Mettukuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudichur" title="Mudichur">Mudichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttukadu_boat_house" title="Muttukadu boat house">Muttukadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandivaram-Guduvancheri" title="Nandivaram-Guduvancheri">Nandivaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanganallur" title="Nanganallur">Nanganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanmangalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanmangalam (page does not exist)">Nanmangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalur" title="Navalur">Navalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelankarai" title="Neelankarai">Neelankarai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nellikuppam,_Chennai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nellikuppam, Chennai (page does not exist)">Nellikuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noothancheri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noothancheri (page does not exist)">Noothancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okkiyam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okkiyam (page does not exist)">Okkiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okkiyampet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okkiyampet (page does not exist)">Okkiyampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oragadam" title="Oragadam">Oragadam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottiambakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottiambakkam (page does not exist)">Ottiambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padappai" title="Padappai">Padappai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palavakkam" title="Palavakkam">Palavakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palavanthangal" title="Palavanthangal">Palavanthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavaram" title="Pallavaram">Pallavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai" title="Pallikaranai">Pallikaranai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pammal" title="Pammal">Pammal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panaiyur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panaiyur (page does not exist)">Panaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranur" title="Paranur">Paranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattipulam" title="Pattipulam">Pattipulam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Payanur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Payanur (page does not exist)">Payanur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pazhanthandalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pazhanthandalam (page does not exist)">Pazhanthandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerkankaranai" title="Peerkankaranai">Peerkankaranai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbakkam" title="Perumbakkam">Perumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perumathunallur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perumathunallur (page does not exist)">Perumathunallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungalathur" title="Perungalathur">Perungalathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungudi" title="Perungudi">Perungudi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perunthandalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perunthandalam (page does not exist)">Perunthandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponmar (page does not exist)">Ponmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polichalur" title="Polichalur">Polichalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Potheri">Potheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudupakkam" title="Pudupakkam">Pudupakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhuthivakkam" title="Puzhuthivakkam">Puzhuthivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakilpakkam" title="Rajakilpakkam">Rajakilpakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rathinamangalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rathinamangalam (page does not exist)">Rathinamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaiyur" title="Selaiyur">Selaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakkam" title="Sembakkam">Sembakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmencherry" title="Semmencherry">Semmencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholinganallur" title="Sholinganallur">Sholinganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaperumalkoil" title="Singaperumalkoil">Singaperumalkoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruseri" title="Siruseri">Siruseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithalapakkam" title="Sithalapakkam">Sithalapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somangalam" title="Somangalam">Somangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Mount">St. Thomas Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram" title="Tambaram">Tambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram_Sanatorium" title="Tambaram Sanatorium">Tambaram Sanatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaiyur" title="Thaiyur">Thaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharamani" title="Tharamani">Tharamani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tharapakkam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tharapakkam (page does not exist)">Tharapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumudivakkam" title="Thirumudivakkam">Thirumudivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruneermalai" title="Thiruneermalai">Thiruneermalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruporur" title="Thiruporur">Thiruporur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanmiyur" title="Thiruvanmiyur">Thiruvanmiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvidandai" title="Thiruvidandai">Thiruvidandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuraipakkam" title="Thuraipakkam">Thuraipakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirusulam" title="Tirusulam">Tirusulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullagaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullagaram">Ullagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapakkam" title="Urapakkam">Urapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uthandi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uthandi (page does not exist)">Uthandi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vadanemili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vadanemili (page does not exist)">Vadanemili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalur" title="Vandalur">Vandalur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanuvampet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanuvampet (page does not exist)">Vanuvampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery" title="Velachery">Velachery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vengaivasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vengaivasal (page does not exist)">Vengaivasal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vettuvankeni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vettuvankeni (page does not exist)">Vettuvankeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chennai" title="Category:Chennai">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chennai" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chennai">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbourhoods_of_Chennai_(city)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Chennai" title="Template:Neighbourhoods of Chennai"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neighbourhoods_of_Chennai" title="Template talk:Neighbourhoods of Chennai"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neighbourhoods_of_Chennai" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neighbourhoods of Chennai"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbourhoods_of_Chennai_(city)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbourhoods of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a> (city)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyar,_Chennai" title="Adyar, Chennai">Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adambakkam" title="Adambakkam">Adambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adayalampattu" title="Adayalampattu">Adayalampattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alapakkam" title="Alapakkam">Alapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alandur" title="Alandur">Alandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwarpet" title="Alwarpet">Alwarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwarthirunagar" title="Alwarthirunagar">Alwarthirunagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambattur" title="Ambattur">Ambattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminjikarai" title="Aminjikarai">Aminjikarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar" title="Anna Nagar">Anna Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nagar_West" title="Anna Nagar West">Anna Nagar West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annanur" title="Annanur">Annanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarkuppam" title="Andarkuppam">Andarkuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumbakkam" title="Arumbakkam">Arumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Nagar,_Chennai" title="Ashok Nagar, Chennai">Ashok Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athipattu" title="Athipattu">Athipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadi" title="Avadi">Avadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanavaram" title="Ayanavaram">Ayanavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besant_Nagar,_Chennai" title="Besant Nagar, Chennai">Besant Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepauk" title="Chepauk">Chepauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembarambakkam_Lake" title="Chembarambakkam Lake">Chembarambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu" title="Chengalpattu">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetput_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetput (Chennai)">Chetput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choolai" title="Choolai">Choolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choolaimedu" title="Choolaimedu">Choolaimedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edayanchavadi" title="Edayanchavadi">Edayanchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmore" title="Egmore">Egmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennore" title="Ennore">Ennore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernavoor" title="Ernavoor">Ernavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreshore_Estate" title="Foreshore Estate">Foreshore Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Chennai" title="George Town, Chennai">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenways_Road" title="Greenways Road">Greenways Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduvancheri" title="Guduvancheri">Guduvancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummidipoondi" title="Gummidipoondi">Gummidipoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy" title="Guindy">Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_Thiru_Vi_Ka_Estate" title="Guindy Thiru Vi Ka Estate">Guindy TVK Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICF_Colony" title="ICF Colony">ICF Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injambakkam" title="Injambakkam">Injambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irumbuliyur_Junction" title="Irumbuliyur Junction">Irumbuliyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irungattukottai" title="Irungattukottai">Irungattukottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Island,_Chennai" title="The Island, Chennai">The Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Nagar" title="Jawahar Nagar">Jawahar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._K._Nagar,_Chennai" title="K. K. Nagar, Chennai">K. K. Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandanchavadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandanchavadi (page does not exist)">Kandanchavadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannammapet" title="Kannammapet">Kannammapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapakkam" title="Karapakkam">Karapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanodai" title="Karanodai">Karanodai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathivakkam" title="Kathivakkam">Kathivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattankulathur" title="Kattankulathur">Kattankulathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaraipettai" title="Kavaraipettai">Kavaraipettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelambakkam" title="Kelambakkam">Kelambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilambakkam" title="Kilambakkam">Kilambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilpauk" title="Kilpauk">Kilpauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanathur_(Chennai)" title="Kanathur (Chennai)">Kanathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodambakkam" title="Kodambakkam">Kodambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungaiyur" title="Kodungaiyur">Kodungaiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathur,_Chennai" title="Kolathur, Chennai">Kolathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komakkambedu" title="Komakkambedu">Komakkambedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korattur" title="Korattur">Korattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosappur,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosappur, Chennai">Kosappur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottivakkam" title="Kottivakkam">Kottivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotturpuram" title="Kotturpuram">Kotturpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covelong" title="Covelong">Kovalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilambakkam" title="Kovilambakkam">Kovilambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyambedu" title="Koyambedu">Koyambedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundrathur" title="Kundrathur">Kundrathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madipakkam" title="Madipakkam">Madipakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram,_Chennai" title="Madhavaram, Chennai">Madhavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavaram_Milk_Colony" title="Madhavaram Milk Colony">Madhavaram Milk Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduravoyal" title="Maduravoyal">Maduravoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mamallapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali,_Chennai" title="Manali, Chennai">Manali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manali_New_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Manali New Town">Manali New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manapakkam" title="Manapakkam">Manapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavelli" title="Mandavelli">Mandavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangadu" title="Mangadu">Mangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjambakkam,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjambakkam, Chennai">Manjambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraimalai_Nagar" title="Maraimalai Nagar">Maraimalai Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathur,_Chennai" title="Mathur, Chennai">Mathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medavakkam" title="Medavakkam">Medavakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenambakkam" title="Meenambakkam">Meenambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjur" title="Minjur">Minjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogappair" title="Mogappair">Mogappair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moolakadai" title="Moolakadai">Moolakadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttukadu_boat_house" title="Muttukadu boat house">Muttukadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandanam" title="Nandanam">Nandanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandambakkam" title="Nandambakkam">Nandambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandiambakkam" title="Nandiambakkam">Nandiambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanganallur" title="Nanganallur">Nanganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navalur" title="Navalur">Navalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelankarai" title="Neelankarai">Neelankarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerkundram" title="Nerkundram">Nerkundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesapakkam" title="Nesapakkam">Nesapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolambur" title="Nolambur">Nolambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungambakkam" title="Nungambakkam">Nungambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padi,_Chennai" title="Padi, Chennai">Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palavakkam" title="Palavakkam">Palavakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palavanthangal" title="Palavanthangal">Palavanthangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai" title="Pallikaranai">Pallikaranai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagal_Park" title="Panagal Park">Panagal Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Town,_Chennai" title="Park Town, Chennai">Park Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry%27s_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="Parry's Corner">Parry's Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabiram" title="Pattabiram">Pattabiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattaravakkam" title="Pattaravakkam">Pattaravakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Pazhaverkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambur" title="Perambur">Perambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periapalayam" title="Periapalayam">Periapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbakkam" title="Perumbakkam">Perumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perungudi" title="Perungudi">Perungudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondy_Bazaar" title="Pondy Bazaar">Pondy Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee" title="Poonamallee">Poonamallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur" title="Porur">Porur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Potheri">Potheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudur,_Ambattur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudur, Ambattur">Pudhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purasawalkam" title="Purasawalkam">Purasawalkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzhal">Puzhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhuthivakkam" title="Puzhuthivakkam">Puzhuthivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills, Chennai">Red Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapettah" title="Royapettah">Royapettah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royapuram" title="Royapuram">Royapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadayankuppam" title="Sadayankuppam">Sadayankuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidapet" title="Saidapet">Saidapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santhome" title="Santhome">Santhome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semmencherry" title="Semmencherry">Semmencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholavaram" title="Sholavaram">Sholavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholinganallur" title="Sholinganallur">Sholinganallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenoy_Nagar" title="Shenoy Nagar">Shenoy Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaperumalkoil" title="Singaperumalkoil">Singaperumalkoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siruseri" title="Siruseri">Siruseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithalapakkam" title="Sithalapakkam">Sithalapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunguvarchatram" title="Sunguvarchatram">Sunguvarchatram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surapet" title="Surapet">Surapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowcarpet" title="Sowcarpet">Sowcarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Mount" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Mount">St. Thomas Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Nagar" title="T. Nagar">T. Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharamani" title="Tharamani">Tharamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teynampet" title="Teynampet">Teynampet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumangalam,_Chennai" title="Thirumangalam, Chennai">Thirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumazhisai" title="Thirumazhisai">Thirumazhisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumullaivoyal" title="Thirumullaivoyal">Thirumullaivoyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruninravur" title="Thiruninravur">Thiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanmiyur" title="Thiruvanmiyur">Thiruvanmiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvidandai" title="Thiruvidandai">Thiruvidandhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruporur" title="Thiruporur">Thiruporur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuraipakkam" title="Thuraipakkam">Thuraipakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirusulam" title="Tirusulam">Tirusulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruverkadu" title="Tiruverkadu">Tiruverkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvottiyur" title="Tiruvottiyur">Tiruvottiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolgate" title="Tolgate">Tolgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondiarpet" title="Tondiarpet">Tondiarpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplicane" title="Triplicane">Triplicane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trustpuram" title="Trustpuram">Trustpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapakkam" title="Urapakkam">Urapakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadapalani" title="Vadapalani">Vadapalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadaperumbakkam" title="Vadaperumbakkam">Vadaperumbakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valasaravakkam" title="Valasaravakkam">Valasaravakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallalar_Nagar" title="Vallalar Nagar">Vallalar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanagaram" title="Vanagaram">Vanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalur" title="Vandalur">Vandalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velachery" title="Velachery">Velachery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veppampattu" title="Veppampattu">Veppampattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichoor,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichoor, Chennai">Vichoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villivakkam" title="Villivakkam">Villivakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagapuram" title="Vinayagapuram">Vinayagapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virugambakkam" title="Virugambakkam">Virugambakkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasarpadi" title="Vyasarpadi">Vyasarpadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washermanpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Washermanpet">Washermanpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Mambalam" class="mw-redirect" title="West Mambalam">West Mambalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_transit_in_Chennai" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urban_transit_in_Chennai" title="Template:Urban transit in Chennai"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_transit_in_Chennai" title="Template talk:Urban transit in Chennai"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urban_transit_in_Chennai" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urban transit in Chennai"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_transit_in_Chennai" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Urban transit in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bus transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Bus Rapid Transit System">Chennai Bus Rapid Transit System</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Rapid_Bus_Transit_Ways" title="Chennai Rapid Bus Transit Ways">Chennai Rapid Bus Transit Ways</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transport_Corporation_(Chennai)" title="Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)">Metropolitan Transport Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intra-city expressways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:white;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Bypass">Chennai Bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Ring_Road,_Chennai" title="Outer Ring Road, Chennai">Outer Ring Road</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port_%E2%80%93_Maduravoyal_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway">Chennai Port – Maduravoyal Expressway</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Elevated_Expressways" title="Chennai Elevated Expressways">Chennai Elevated Expressways</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Suburban_Railway" title="Chennai Suburban Railway">Chennai Suburban Railway</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Line,_Chennai_Suburban" title="North Line, Chennai Suburban">North Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Line,_Chennai_Suburban" title="South Line, Chennai Suburban">South Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Line,_Chennai_Suburban" title="South West Line, Chennai Suburban">South West Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Line,_Chennai_Suburban" title="West Line, Chennai Suburban">West Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Line,_Chennai_Suburban" title="West North Line, Chennai Suburban">West North Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Line,_Chennai_Suburban" title="West South Line, Chennai Suburban">West South Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Chennai MRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Chennai Metro</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metrolite" title="Chennai Metrolite">Chennai Metrolite</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Monorail" title="Chennai Monorail">Chennai Monorail</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* Planned</li> <li>† Under construction</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Template talk:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State and Union Territory capitals of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_and_Union_Territory_capitals_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State and Union Territory</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">capitals</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman,_India" title="Daman, India">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispur" title="Dispur">Dispur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaji" title="Panaji">Panaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Blair" title="Port Blair">Port Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizawl" title="Aizawl">Aizawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itanagar" title="Itanagar">Itanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohima" title="Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvorim" title="Porvorim">Porvorim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal" title="Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (winter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (summer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Template talk:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Million-plus agglomerations in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">Million-plus agglomerations</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zonal_Council" title="Northern Zonal Council">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li>Haryana: <a href="/wiki/Faridabad" title="Faridabad">Faridabad</a></li> <li>Jammu and Kashmir: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li>Punjab: <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li>Rajasthan: <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota,_Rajasthan" title="Kota, Rajasthan">Kota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Zonal_Council" title="Central Zonal Council">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chhattisgarh: <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li> <li>Madhya Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Indore" title="Indore">Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a></li> <li>Uttar Pradesh:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zonal_Council" title="Eastern Zonal Council">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bihar: <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li>Jharkhand: <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li>West Bengal: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Zonal_Council" title="Western Zonal Council">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gujarat: <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li>Maharashtra: <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Vasai-Virar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangabad" title="Aurangabad">Aurangabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Zonal_Council" title="Southern Zonal Council">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Andhra Pradesh: <a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a></li> <li>Karnataka: <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li>Kerala: <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a></li> <li>Tamil Nadu: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li>Telangana: <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corporations_and_Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities of Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corporations_and_Municipalities_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Corporations and Municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu">Corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadi_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadi Municipal Corporation">Avadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation" title="Greater Chennai Corporation">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_Municipal_Corporation" title="Coimbatore Municipal Corporation">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_Municipal_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuddalore Municipal corporation">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_Municipal_Corporation" title="Dindigul Municipal Corporation">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erode Municipal Corporation">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosur_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosur Municipal Corporation">Hosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kancheepuram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation">Kancheepuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikudi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Karaikudi Municipal Corporation">Karaikudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_Municipal_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Karur Municipal corporation">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation">Kumbakonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Madurai Municipal Corporation">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagercoil_Municipal_Corporation" title="Nagercoil Municipal Corporation">Nagercoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_Municipal_Corporation" title="Namakkal Municipal Corporation">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukottai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Pudukottai Municipal Corporation">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Municipal Corporation">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivakasi_Municipal_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivakasi Municipal corporation">Sivakasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambaram_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambaram Municipal Corporation">Tambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thanjavur Municipal Corporation">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukkudi_City_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thoothukkudi City Municipal Corporation">Thoothukkudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirappalli Municipal Corporation">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_Municipal_Corporation" title="Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Municipal_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruppur Municipal Corporation">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_Municipal_Corporation" title="Tiruvannamalai Municipal Corporation">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Municipal_Corporation" title="Vellore Municipal Corporation">Vellore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_Local_bodies_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban Local bodies in Tamil Nadu">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri" title="Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodaikanal" title="Kodaikanal">Kodaikanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovilpatti" title="Kovilpatti">Kovilpatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri" title="Krishnagiri">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraimalai_Nagar" title="Maraimalai Nagar">Maraimalai Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai" title="Mayiladuthurai">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollachi" title="Pollachi">Pollachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajapalayam" title="Rajapalayam">Rajapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram" title="Ramanathapuram">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_Allinagaram" title="Theni Allinagaram">Theni Allinagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruverkadu" title="Tiruverkadu">Tiruverkadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udagamandalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Udagamandalam">Udagamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram" title="Viluppuram">Viluppuram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selection grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambur" title="Ambur">Ambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attur,_Salem" title="Attur, Salem">Attur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonoor" title="Coonoor">Coonoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharapuram" title="Dharapuram">Dharapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobichettipalayam" title="Gobichettipalayam">Gobichettipalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannargudi" title="Mannargudi">Mannargudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettupalayam,_Coimbatore" title="Mettupalayam, Coimbatore">Mettupalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mettur" title="Mettur">Mettur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani" title="Palani">Palani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattukkottai" title="Pattukkottai">Pattukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur" title="Perambalur">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet" title="Ranipet">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi" title="Tenkasi">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvarur" title="Thiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuraiyur" title="Thuraiyur">Thuraiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindivanam" title="Tindivanam">Tindivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchengode" title="Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupattur" title="Tirupattur">Tirupattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumalaipettai" title="Udumalaipettai">Udumalaipettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valparai" title="Valparai">Valparai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaniyambadi" title="Vaniyambadi">Vaniyambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar" title="Virudhunagar">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakkonam" title="Arakkonam">Arakkonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aarani,_Thiruvannamalai" title="Aarani, Thiruvannamalai">Arani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranthangi" title="Aranthangi">Aranthangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcot,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Arcot, Tamil Nadu">Arcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruppukkottai" title="Aruppukkottai">Aruppukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodinayakkanur" title="Bodinayakkanur">Bodinayakkanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu" title="Chengalpattu">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colachel" title="Colachel">Colachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbum,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Cumbum, Tamil Nadu">Cumbum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devakottai" title="Devakottai">Devakottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappadi" title="Edappadi">Edappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudiyatham" title="Gudiyatham">Gudiyatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayankondam" title="Jayankondam">Jayankondam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadayanallur" title="Kadayanallur">Kadayanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi" title="Kallakurichi">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarapalayam" title="Komarapalayam">Komarapalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manapparai" title="Manapparai">Manapparai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladam" title="Palladam">Palladam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panruti" title="Panruti">Panruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramakudi" title="Paramakudi">Paramakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonamallee" title="Poonamallee">Poonamallee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasipuram" title="Rasipuram">Rasipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankarankovil" title="Sankarankovil">Sankarankovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathyamangalam" title="Sathyamangalam">Sathyamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga" title="Sivaganga">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumangalam,_Madurai" title="Tirumangalam, Madurai">Tirumangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur" title="Tiruvallur">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruttani" title="Tiruttani">Tiruttani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam" title="Vedaranyam">Vedaranyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhachalam" title="Virudhachalam">Virudhachalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second grade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirampattinam" title="Adirampattinam">Adirampattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambasamudram" title="Ambasamudram">Ambasamudram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur" title="Ariyalur">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavani,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Bhavani, Tamil Nadu">Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyyar" title="Cheyyar">Cheyyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnamanur" title="Chinnamanur">Chinnamanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaganasalai" title="Edaganasalai">Edaganasalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur_(Coimbatore_district)" title="Gudalur (Coimbatore district)">Gudalur (Coimbatore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur (Nilgiris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Theni" title="Gudalur, Theni">Gudalur (Theni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harur" title="Harur">Harur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolarpettai" title="Jolarpettai">Jolarpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalakkad" title="Kalakkad">Kalakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeyam" title="Kangeyam">Kangeyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamadai" title="Karamadai">Karamadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karumathampatti" title="Karumathampatti">Karumathampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayalpatnam" title="Kayalpatnam">Kayalpatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilakarai" title="Kilakarai">Kilakarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollankodu" title="Kollankodu">Kollankodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothanallur" title="Koothanallur">Koothanallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakuppam" title="Kottakuppam">Kottakuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulithalai" title="Kulithalai">Kulithalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundrathur" title="Kundrathur">Kundrathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhithura,_Kanyakumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzhithura, Kanyakumari">Kuzhithurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalgudi" title="Lalgudi">Lalgudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madukkarai" title="Madukkarai">Madukkarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maduranthakam" title="Maduranthakam">Maduranthakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manamadurai" title="Manamadurai">Manamadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangadu" title="Mangadu">Mangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melur" title="Melur">Melur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvisharam" title="Melvisharam">Melvisharam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musiri" title="Musiri">Musiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandivaram-Guduvancheri" title="Nandivaram-Guduvancheri">Nandivaram-Guduvancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasingapuram,_Salem" title="Narasingapuram, Salem">Narasingapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellikuppam" title="Nellikuppam">Nellikuppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliyalam" title="Nelliyalam">Nelliyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddanchatram" title="Oddanchatram">Oddanchatram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabhapuram" title="Padmanabhapuram">Padmanabhapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallapatti,_Karur" title="Pallapatti, Karur">Pallapatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallipalayam" title="Pallipalayam">Pallipalayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyakulam" title="Periyakulam">Periyakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernambut" title="Pernambut">Pernambut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponneri" title="Ponneri">Ponneri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugalur" title="Pugalur">Pugalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyankudi" title="Puliyankudi">Puliyankudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjai_Puliampatti" title="Punjai Puliampatti">Punjai Puliampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattur" title="Sattur">Sattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengottai" title="Sengottai">Sengottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholinghur" title="Sholinghur">Sholinghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirkazhi" title="Sirkazhi">Sirkazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surandai" title="Surandai">Surandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharamangalam" title="Tharamangalam">Tharamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumuruganpoondi" title="Thirumuruganpoondi">Thirumuruganpoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruninravur" title="Thiruninravur">Thiruninravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruthuraipoondi" title="Thiruthuraipoondi">Thiruthuraipoondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuvakudi" title="Thuvakudi">Thuvakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchendur" title="Tiruchendur">Tiruchendur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukoilur" title="Tirukoilur">Tirukoilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittakudi" title="Tittakudi">Tittakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulundurpettai" title="Ulundurpettai">Ulundurpettai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usilampatti" title="Usilampatti">Usilampatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadalur" title="Vadalur">Vadalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandavasi" title="Vandavasi">Vandavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellakoil" title="Vellakoil">Vellakoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramasingapuram" title="Vikramasingapuram">Vikramasingapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walajapet" title="Walajapet">Walajapet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_Nadu_state_symbols" title="List of Tamil Nadu state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Seal: <a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur_Andal_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#History" title="Tamil Nadu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Chennai at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chennai" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chennai">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chennai" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Chennai">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chennai" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Chennai">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chennai" class="extiw" title="q:Chennai">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chennai" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Chennai">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chennai" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Chennai">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chennai" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chennai">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chennai" class="extiw" title="voy:Chennai">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352" class="extiw" title="d:Q1352">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1352#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19145424546186831446">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127838758">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1860073/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5351481-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012073827">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00629280">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0030954&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007407243205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a03385a0-da43-41f9-bbfc-741b949c2e0c">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19705996?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044232">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&oldid=1257196512">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chennai&oldid=1257196512</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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