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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoolisme_en_Russie" title="Alcoolisme en Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcoolisme en Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алкохол во Русија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алкохол во Русија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Алкоголизм в России – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алкоголизм в России" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Алкохолизам у Русији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкохолизам у Русији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%97" 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According to a 2011 report by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, annual per capita consumption of alcohol in Russia was about 15.76 litres of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">pure alcohol</a>, the fourth-highest volume in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-report_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-report-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It dropped to 11.7 litres in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dropping further to about 10.5 litres in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another general trait of Russian alcohol consumption pattern was the high volume of spirits compared with other alcoholic drinks (such as beer or red wine).<sup id="cite_ref-demographic_crisis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demographic_crisis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mortality_crisis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortality_crisis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia currently implements a variety of anti-<a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> measures (banning spirits and beer trade at night, raising taxes, banning the advertising of alcohol). According to medical officials, these policies have resulted in a considerable fall of alcohol consumption volumes, to 13.5 litres by 2013, with wine and beer overtaking spirits as the main source of beverage alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-lenta_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These levels are comparable with European Union averages. Alcohol producers claim that falling legal consumption is accompanied by growth in sales of illegally produced drink.<sup id="cite_ref-rosinvest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosinvest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High volumes of alcohol consumption have serious negative effects on Russia's social fabric and bring political, economic and public health ramifications. Alcoholism has been a problem throughout the country's history because drinking is a pervasive, socially acceptable behaviour in Russian society<sup id="cite_ref-demographic_crisis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demographic_crisis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mortality_crisis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortality_crisis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and alcohol has also been a major source of government revenue for centuries. It has repeatedly been targeted as a major national problem,<sup id="cite_ref-Pravda_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pravda-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with mixed results. Alcoholism in Russia has, according to some authors, acquired a character of a national disaster<sup id="cite_ref-Заграев_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Заграев-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has the scale of a humanitarian catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>According to Russian legend, one of the main reasons that the 10th-century Russian prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is because of Islam's prohibition of drinking alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is purportedly quoted stating: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Drinking is the joy of all Rus'. We cannot exist without its pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-k868_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k868-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historically, alcohol has been tolerated or even encouraged as a source of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-McKee_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1540s, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> began setting up kabaks (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">кабак</span>) or taverns in his major cities to help fill his coffers;<sup id="cite_ref-McKee_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a third of Russian men were in debt to the kabaks by 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1859 <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>, the national drink, was the source of more than 40% of the government's revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909 average alcohol consumption was said to be 11 bottles per capita per year. An estimated 4% of the population of St. Petersburg were alcoholics in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, prohibition was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, limiting the sale of hard liquor to restaurants. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Party">Bolshevik Party</a> came to power, they made repeated attempts to reduce consumption in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKee_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1925, vodka had reappeared in state-run stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> reestablished a state monopoly to generate revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-McKee_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcohol-related taxes constituted one third of government revenues by the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKee_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet leaders <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dorman_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dorman_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> all tried to stem alcoholism.<sup id="cite_ref-McKee_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKee-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> increased controls on alcohol in 1985;<sup id="cite_ref-Times_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he attempted to impose a <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union#Gorbachev_prohibition_campaign" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">partial prohibition</a>, which involved a massive anti-alcohol campaign, severe penalties against public drunkenness and alcohol consumption, and restrictions on sales of liquor. The campaign was temporarily successful in reducing per capita alcohol consumption and improving quality-of-life measures such as life expectancies and crime rates, but it was deeply unpopular among the population and it ultimately failed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, a new alcohol <a href="/wiki/Excise_stamps_of_Russia" title="Excise stamps of Russia">excise stamp</a> known as the EGAIS system was introduced, allowing to identify every bottle sold in Russia through a centralized data system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> nearly doubled the minimum price of a bottle of vodka in an effort to combat the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, a national ban on sales of all types of alcoholic beverages from 11 p.m. to 8 a.m. was introduced to complement regional bans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian government has proposed reducing the state minimum price of vodka in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Russian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Russian financial crisis">2014–15 Russian financial crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2016, 78 people in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a> died in <a href="/wiki/2016_Irkutsk_mass_methanol_poisoning" title="2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning">a mass methanol poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medvedev reacted by calling for a ban on non-traditional alcoholic liquids like the bath lotion involved in this case, stating that "it's an outrage, and we need to put an end to this".<sup id="cite_ref-AP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, alcohol-related deaths in Russia have dropped dramatically year over year falling to 6,789 in 2017 from 28,386 in 2006 and continuing to decline into 2018. Under Vladimir Putin, new restrictions have been imposed, and officials have discussed raising the legal drinking age from 18 to 21.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Alcohol_in_Russia#Dubious" title="Talk:Alcohol in Russia">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/220px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/330px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/440px-Alcohol_use_disorders_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for alcohol use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;"> </span> <50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;"> </span> 50–170</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdc00; color:black;"> </span> 170–290</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc600; color:black;"> </span> 290–410</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb000; color:black;"> </span> 410–530</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a00; color:black;"> </span> 530–650</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;"> </span> 650–770</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6e00; color:black;"> </span> 770–890</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5800; color:black;"> </span> 890–1010</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4200; color:black;"> </span> 1010–1130</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2c00; color:black;"> </span> 1130–1250</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cb0000; color:white;"> </span> >1250</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic">Demographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics of Russia</a></div> <p>A study by Russian, British and French researchers published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i> scrutinized deaths between 1990 and 2001 of residents of three <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> industrial towns with typical mortality rates and determined that 52% of deaths of people between the ages of 15 and 54 were the result of complications of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lead researcher Professor David Zaridze estimated that the increase in alcohol consumption since 1987 has caused an additional three million deaths nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Gennadi Onishenko, the country's chief public health official, voiced his concern over the nearly threefold rise in alcohol consumption over the past 16 years; one in eight deaths was attributed to alcohol-related diseases, playing a major role in Russia's population decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men are particularly hit hard: according to a U.N. National Human Development Report, Russian males born in 2006 had a life expectancy of just over 60 years, or 17 years fewer than western Europeans, while Russian females could expect to live 13 years longer than their male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Chamber_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Chamber of Russia">Public Chamber of Russia</a> reported over 500,000 alcohol-related deaths annually, noting that Russians consume about 18 litres (4.0 imp gal; 4.8 US gal) of spirits a year, more than double the 8 litres (1.8 imp gal; 2.1 US gal) that <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> experts consider dangerous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, at the time of Gorbachev's campaign to reduce drinking, it was estimated that alcoholism resulted in $8 billion in lost production.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime in Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence in Russia</a></div> <p>In the early 1980s, an estimated "two-thirds of murders and violent crimes were committed by intoxicated persons; and drunk drivers were responsible for 14,000 traffic deaths and 60,000 serious traffic injuries".<sup id="cite_ref-Dorman_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorman-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, about three quarters of those arrested for homicide were under the influence of alcohol, and 29% of respondents reported that children beaten within families were the victims of drunks and alcoholics.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-EU_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-EU-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1997 report published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Violence" title="Journal of Family Violence">Journal of Family Violence</a></i> found that among male perpetrators of spousal homicide, 60–75% of offenders had been drinking prior to the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO-EU_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-EU-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicide">Suicide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide in Russia</a></div> <p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> claimed 38,406 lives in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-gks2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gks2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a rate of 27.1 suicides per 100,000 people, Russia has one of the highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">suicide rates</a> in the world, although it has been steadily decreasing since it peaked at around 40 per 100,000 in the mid-late 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a 30% drop from 2001 to 2006. </p><p>Heavy alcohol use is a significant factor in the suicide rate, with an estimated half of all suicides a result of alcohol misuse. This is evident by the fact that Russia's suicide rate since the mid-'90s has declined alongside per capita alcohol consumption, despite the economic crises since then; alcohol consumption is more of a factor than economic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prophylactoriums, medical treatment centres, were established in 1925 to treat alcoholics and prostitutes. By 1929 there were five in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic alcoholics evading treatment were detained for up to two years.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1930s and 1940s until the mid-1980s, the main treatment for alcoholism in Russia was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditioned_response_therapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditioned response therapy (page does not exist)">conditioned response therapy</a>. This treatment has since fallen out of favour, and the modern mainstream treatment has become <a href="/wiki/Pharmacotherapy" title="Pharmacotherapy">pharmacotherapy</a>, which involves detailed analyses of each patient, medicinal treatment, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociotherapy" title="Sociotherapy">sociotherapy</a>, and other support.<sup id="cite_ref-CoEP2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoEP2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholics_Anonymous" title="Alcoholics Anonymous">Alcoholics Anonymous</a> exists in Russia, but is generally dismissed by the Russian population.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Disulfiram" title="Disulfiram">Disulfiram</a> has also seen widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative therapy</a> for alcoholism that has been used in Russia is the practice of "<a href="/wiki/Coding_(therapy)" title="Coding (therapy)">coding</a>", in which therapists pretend to insert a "code" into patients' brains with the ostensible effect that drinking even small amounts of alcohol will be extremely harmful or even lethal. Despite not being recommended in Russian clinical guidelines, it has enjoyed considerable popularity. In recent years its use has lessened, due to the spread of information about its ineffectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Mosher2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosher2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finn2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finn2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Cross" title="Russian Cross">Russian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodka Belt">Vodka Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_incidence_of_substance_abuse" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by incidence of substance abuse">List of federal subjects of Russia by incidence of substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO-report-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHO-report_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf">"Global stat"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+stat&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fsubstance_abuse%2Fpublications%2Fglobal_alcohol_report%2Fmsbgsruprofiles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.tinkoff.ru/drunkards/">"Россияне и алкоголь"</a> [Russians and alcohol] (in Russian). Journal.tinkoff.ru. 21 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.pub=Journal.tinkoff.ru&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.tinkoff.ru%2Fdrunkards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/total-(recorded-unrecorded)-alcohol-per-capita-(15-)-consumption">"Alcohol, total per capita (15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol) (SDG Indicator 3.5.2)"</a>. <i>WHO Global Health Observatory</i>. September 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHO+Global+Health+Observatory&rft.atitle=Alcohol%2C+total+per+capita+%2815%2B%29+consumption+%28in+litres+of+pure+alcohol%29+%28SDG+Indicator+3.5.2%29&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fdata%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Findicators%2Findicator-details%2FGHO%2Ftotal-%28recorded-unrecorded%29-alcohol-per-capita-%2815-%29-consumption&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demographic_crisis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_crisis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demographic_crisis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorotayevKhalturina2008" class="citation book cs1">Korotayev, Andrey; Khalturina, Darya (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32754260">"Russian Demographic Crisis in Cross-National Perspective"</a>. <i>Russia and Globalization: Identity, Security, and Society in an Era of Change</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2F2.1.1452.9600">10.13140/2.1.1452.9600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Demographic+Crisis+in+Cross-National+Perspective&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Globalization%3A+Identity%2C+Security%2C+and+Society+in+an+Era+of+Change&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2F2.1.1452.9600&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft.au=Khalturina%2C+Darya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32754260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mortality_crisis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mortality_crisis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mortality_crisis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaltourinaKorotayev2008" class="citation journal cs1">Khaltourina, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatment+systems+overview&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6930-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0ZCt60i3M8C%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeyfakh2013" class="citation news cs1">Neyfakh, Leon (November 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/11/02/why-russia-drinkers-resist/6uJ7ugDd5H2Kko28ykXs9K/story.html">"Why Russia's drinkers resist AA"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marketplace.org&rft.atitle=The+killer+cure+for+alcoholism+in+Russia&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2F2011%2F03%2F03%2Fkiller-cure-alcoholism-russia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosher2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mosher2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosher2007" class="citation book cs1">Mosher, Clayton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aDMvoMxx0-IC&pg=PA269"><i>Drugs and Drug Policy</i></a>. Thousand Oaks: Sage. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3007-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3007-5"><bdi>978-0-7619-3007-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+and+Drug+Policy&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3007-5&rft.aulast=Mosher&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaDMvoMxx0-IC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finn2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finn2005_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinn,_Peter2005" class="citation news cs1">Finn, Peter (October 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/01/AR2005100101196.html">"Russia's 1-Step Program: Scaring Alcoholics Dry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+1-Step+Program%3A+Scaring+Alcoholics+Dry&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.au=Finn%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F10%2F01%2FAR2005100101196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2004" class="citation book cs1">WHO (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/russian_federation.pdf">"Country Profiles. Russian Federation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WHO Global Status Report on Alcohol</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Country+Profiles.+Russian+Federation&rft.btitle=WHO+Global+Status+Report+on+Alcohol&rft.date=2004&rft.au=WHO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fsubstance_abuse%2Fpublications%2Fen%2Frussian_federation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJargin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jargin, SV (2010). "On the causes of alcoholism in the former Soviet Union". <i>Alcohol and Alcoholism</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 104–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagp082">10.1093/alcalc/agp082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19951961">19951961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alcohol+and+Alcoholism&rft.atitle=On+the+causes+of+alcoholism+in+the+former+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falcalc%2Fagp082&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19951961&rft.aulast=Jargin&rft.aufirst=SV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcohol+in+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_by_country" title="Category:Alcohol by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Afghanistan" title="Alcohol in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Australia" title="Alcohol in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Bangladesh" title="Alcohol in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Indonesia" title="Alcohol in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Malaysia" title="Alcohol in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_New_Zealand" title="Alcohol in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Alcohol in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Somalia" title="Alcohol in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Sudan" title="Alcohol in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking culture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture_of_Korea" title="Drinking culture of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Drinking culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> 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age">Current</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_Australia" title="Alcohol laws of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_India" title="Alcohol laws of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition_in_India" title="Alcohol prohibition in India">Prohibition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_in_Germany" title="Alcohol laws in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption in Russia">Alcohol consumption in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_laws_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol laws of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Russia">Russia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li>Feudal Rus' <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Expansion (1500–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Army of the Tsardom of Russia">Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian state">Russian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Russian Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_journalism" title="History of Russian journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet_in_Russia" title="History of the Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Judicial system of the Russian Empire">Judicial system of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Russia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Russia">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_city_of_Russia" title="Historical city of Russia">Historical cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Alcohol in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Afghanistan" title="Alcohol in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Bangladesh" title="Alcohol in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Indonesia" title="Alcohol in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iran" title="Alcohol in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Malaysia" title="Alcohol in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Nepal" title="Alcohol in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Alcohol in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Thailand" title="Alcohol in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcohol_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcohol_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Alcohol in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_France" title="Alcohol in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Poland (page does not exist)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Alcohol in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcohol in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&oldid=1252281982">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_in_Russia&oldid=1252281982</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Category:Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol in Russia</a></li><li><a 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