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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">List of states with limited recognition</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lys van omstrede gebiede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="قائمة الدول ذات الاعتراف المحدود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الدول ذات الاعتراف المحدود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_d%27estaus_con_reconoiximiento_limitau" title="Lista d'estaus con reconoiximiento limitau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lista d'estaus con reconoiximiento limitau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1u_con_reconocencia_parcial" title="Estáu con reconocencia parcial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estáu con reconocencia parcial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C4%B1nmayan_v%C9%99_ya_qism%C9%99n_tan%C4%B1nan_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99tl%C9%99rin_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Tanınmayan və ya qismən tanınan dövlətlərin siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tanınmayan və ya qismən tanınan dövlətlərin siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="সীমিত স্বীকৃতিপ্রাপ্ত রাষ্ট্রসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সীমিত স্বীকৃতিপ্রাপ্ত রাষ্ট্রসমূহের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Непрызнаныя і часткова прызнаныя дзяржавы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Непрызнаныя і часткова прызнаныя дзяржавы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сьпіс непрызнаных краінаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьпіс непрызнаных краінаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Непризнати държави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Непризнати държави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_nepriznatih_i_djelomi%C4%8Dno_priznatih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Spisak nepriznatih i djelomično priznatih država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak nepriznatih i djelomično priznatih država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_amb_reconeixement_limitat" title="Estats amb reconeixement limitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats amb reconeixement limitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seznam_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_s_%C5%BE%C3%A1dn%C3%BDm_nebo_%C4%8D%C3%A1ste%C4%8Dn%C3%BDm_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%ADm_uzn%C3%A1n%C3%ADm" title="Seznam států s žádným nebo částečným mezinárodním uznáním – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Seznam států s žádným nebo částečným mezinárodním uznáním" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhestr_o_wledydd_anghydnabyddedig" title="Rhestr o wledydd anghydnabyddedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhestr o wledydd anghydnabyddedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke-anerkendt_stat" title="Ikke-anerkendt stat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ikke-anerkendt stat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ليسطة د الدول اللي عندها عتيراف محدود – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليسطة د الدول اللي عندها عتيراف محدود" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Gebiete_mit_begrenzter_Anerkennung_als_Staat" title="Liste der Gebiete mit begrenzter Anerkennung als Staat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Gebiete mit begrenzter Anerkennung als Staat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnustamata_riikide_loend" title="Tunnustamata riikide loend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tunnustamata riikide loend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κατάλογος χωρών με περιορισμένη αναγνώριση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλογος χωρών με περιορισμένη αναγνώριση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Estados_no_reconocidos" title="Anexo:Estados no reconocidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Estados no reconocidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neagnoskita_%C5%9Dtato" title="Neagnoskita ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neagnoskita ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onartu_gabeko_estatuak" title="Onartu gabeko estatuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onartu gabeko estatuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="فهرست کشورهای با رسمیت محدود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست کشورهای با رسمیت محدود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%89tats_non_reconnus_internationalement" title="Liste des États non reconnus internationalement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste des États non reconnus internationalement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_non_reco%C3%B1ecido" title="Estado non recoñecido – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado non recoñecido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D2%97_%D0%93%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Медҗ Гөрдлтә Орн Нутгин буулһавр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Медҗ Гөрдлтә Орн Нутгин буулһавр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%8A%B9%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="미승인 국가 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미승인 국가 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin_%C6%98asashe_marasa_cikakken_%C6%B4anci" title="Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Չճանաչված կամ մասամբ ճանաչված պետությունների ցանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չճանաչված կամ մասամբ ճանաչված պետությունների ցանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="अमान्य देशों की सूची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमान्य देशों की सूची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popis_nepriznatih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Popis nepriznatih država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Popis nepriznatih država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_negara_dengan_pengakuan_terbatas" title="Daftar negara dengan pengakuan terbatas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar negara dengan pengakuan terbatas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æнæбанымад паддзахæдтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æнæбанымад паддзахæдтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_a_riconoscimento_limitato" title="Stato a riconoscimento limitato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato a riconoscimento limitato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="מדינות שההכרה בהן מוגבלת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינות שההכרה בהן מוגבלת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Танылмагъан кърал – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Танылмагъан кърал" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არაღიარებული ქვეყნების სია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაღიარებული ქვეყნების სია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мойындалмаған және жартылай мойындалған мемлекеттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мойындалмаған және жартылай мойындалған мемлекеттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautiski_neatz%C4%ABtu_valstu_uzskait%C4%ABjums" title="Starptautiski neatzītu valstu uzskaitījums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiski neatzītu valstu uzskaitījums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Nepripa%C5%BEintos_valstyb%C4%97s" title="Sąrašas:Nepripažintos valstybės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Nepripažintos valstybės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neet-erkinde_staot" title="Neet-erkinde staot – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Neet-erkinde staot" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_a_recognossiment_limitad" title="Stat a recognossiment limitad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stat a recognossiment limitad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetk%C3%B6zileg_el_nem_ismert_de_facto_%C3%A1llamok" title="Nemzetközileg el nem ismert de facto államok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetközileg el nem ismert de facto államok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Список на непризнаени држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на непризнаени држави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="जगातील अमान्य व अंशतः मान्य देशांची यादी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जगातील अमान्य व अंशतः मान्य देशांची यादी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვააღიარაფილი ქიანეფიშ ერკებული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვააღიარაფილი ქიანეფიშ ერკებული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84" title="لستة الدول اللى مش معترف بيها بالكامل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لستة الدول اللى مش معترف بيها بالكامل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_negara_dengan_pengiktirafan_terhad" title="Senarai negara dengan pengiktirafan terhad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai negara dengan pengiktirafan terhad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_staten_met_beperkte_erkenning" title="Lijst van staten met beperkte erkenning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van staten met beperkte erkenning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="आंशिक मान्यता पाएका राज्यहरूको सूची – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आंशिक मान्यता पाएका राज्यहरूको सूची" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%89%BF%E8%AA%8D%E3%82%92%E5%BE%97%E3%81%9F%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E9%9D%9E%E5%8A%A0%E7%9B%9F%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="国家承認を得た国連非加盟の国と地域の一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家承認を得た国連非加盟の国と地域の一覧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0,_%D1%86%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Къобалъянза а, цхьаццамма къобалйина а пачхьалкхаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къобалъянза а, цхьаццамма къобалйина а пачхьалкхаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_ikke-anerkjente_stater" title="Liste over ikke-anerkjente stater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over ikke-anerkjente stater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_olinmagan_va_qisman_tan_olingan_davlatlar" title="Tan olinmagan va qisman tan olingan davlatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tan olinmagan va qisman tan olingan davlatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%87_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په محدوده رسمي توګه پیژندل سوي دولتونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په محدوده رسمي توګه پیژندل سوي دولتونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_nieuznawane" title="Państwo nieuznawane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo nieuznawane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_Estados_com_reconhecimento_limitado" title="Lista de Estados com reconhecimento limitado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista de Estados com reconhecimento limitado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_statelor_cu_recunoa%C8%99tere_limitat%C4%83" title="Lista statelor cu recunoaștere limitată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lista statelor cu recunoaștere limitată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Непризнанные и частично признанные государства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Непризнанные и частично признанные государства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="List of states with limited recognition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Списак непризнатих и дјелимично признатих држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Списак непризнатих и дјелимично признатих држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_nepriznatih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Lista nepriznatih država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lista nepriznatih država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronations</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Disputed states" redirects here. For a list of territorial disputes including these, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">List of territorial disputes</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limited_Recognition_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Limited_Recognition_States.svg/400px-Limited_Recognition_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Limited_Recognition_States.svg/600px-Limited_Recognition_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Limited_Recognition_States.svg/800px-Limited_Recognition_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  UN member states that at least one other UN member state does not recognise</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states or not recognized by any other state</div> </figcaption></figure> A number of <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> have declared independence and sought <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> control of their territory. <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">A number of such entities</a> have existed in the past. There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a sovereign state comes into being. The <a href="/wiki/Declarative_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarative theory">declarative theory</a> (codified in the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention</a>) defines a state as a <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">person in international law</a> if it meets the following criteria: <ol><li>a defined territory</li> <li>a permanent population</li> <li>a government, and</li> <li>a capacity to enter into relations with other states.</li></ol> According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutive_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutive theory">constitutive theory</a> defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-RecognitionofStates-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">Quasi-states</a> often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. <a href="/wiki/Non-recognition" title="Non-recognition">Non-recognition</a> is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory.<a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-3">[3]</a> In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (for example, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan) and the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>). Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims.<a href="#cite_note-Grzybowski_2017-4">[4]</a> In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's de facto status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> where effective <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> is retained by the foreign power.<a href="#cite_note-Lemkin2008-5">[5]</a> Historical cases in this sense can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a><a href="#cite_note-Middlebush_1934_pp._677–683-6">[6]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>-created <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In the 1996 case <a href="/wiki/Loizidou_v._Turkey" title="Loizidou v. Turkey">Loizidou v. Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rudolf_1997_pp._532–537-7">[7]</a> There are also entities that do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically, this has happened in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (1870–1929); <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (during Soviet annexation);<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-q044-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#International_status" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">currently in this position</a>. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governments in exile">list of governments in exile</a> for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria_for_inclusion">Criteria for inclusion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Country#Statehood" title="Country">Country § Statehood</a></div> State practice relating to the recognition of a country typically falls somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state#Declarative_theory" title="Sovereign state">declarative theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state#Constitutive_theory" title="Sovereign state">constitutive theory</a> approaches.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen_1961_p._1127-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelsen_1941_pp._605–617-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lauterpacht_1944_pp._385–458-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anon._x863-14">[14]</a> The criteria for inclusion on this list are limited to <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> that claim <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, lack recognition from at least one <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member state</a>, and either:<a href="#cite_note-Bedjaoui_1991_p._47]-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seguin_2011_f032-16">[16]</a> <ul><li>satisfy the declarative theory of statehood, or<a href="#cite_note-Anon._e743-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1999_f033-18">[18]</a></li> <li>are <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognised</a> (constitutive theory) as a state by at least one UN member state.<a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com_s696-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg/220px-Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg/330px-Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg/440px-Somaliland_UCID_elections_rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Women in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag</figcaption></figure> There are 193 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states</a>, while both the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> have <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">observer state status</a> in the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> However, some countries that fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations are still included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts. Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not officially recognise them. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (the Republic of China) is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Representative_Office" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office">Economic and Cultural Offices</a>, which allow regular consular services. This allows Taiwan to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Italy,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the United States,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> maintain some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AbkhazRepresentation-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AbkhazRepresentation-27">[27]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestine</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_that_are_state_parties_within_the_United_Nations_System">States that are state parties within the United Nations System</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </th> <td>1991 </td> <td>Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, which has a position of supporting <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> since the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">None </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Armenia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Armenia">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Armenia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Armenia">to</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th> <td>1949 </td> <td>The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the other being Taiwan (the Republic of China). The United Nations recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758</a>). The PRC and the ROC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the <a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China policy</a> meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-China-34">[a]</a> The states that recognise the ROC (<a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the Republic of China">11</a> UN members and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> as of 15 January 2024) regard it as the sole legitimate government of China and therefore do not recognise the PRC. </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (the Republic of China) considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-Horton_2019-35">[34]</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions in the People's Republic of China">to</a>)<hr /><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </th> <td>1960 </td> <td>The Republic of Cyprus, independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) and one non-UN member (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>), due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">civil dispute</a> over the island. Turkey does not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refers to it as the "Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> claims the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Cyprus" title="List of diplomatic missions of Cyprus">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Cyprus" title="List of diplomatic missions in Cyprus">to</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </th> <td>1948 </td> <td>Israel, founded in 1948, is <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">not recognised by 28 UN members</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO), which enjoys majority international recognition as sole representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993. In January 2018 and October 2018,<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel, but this position has yet to be acted upon by Palestinian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> considers itself to be the legitimate government of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, which is under <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> considers itself to be the legitimate government of the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, a territory which <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights" title="Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights">Israel controls and claims with limited recognition</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions of Israel">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions in Israel">to</a>)<hr /><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">International recognition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </th> <td>1948 </td> <td>North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atimes-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Herald-49">[48]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">claims</a> all territory controlled by North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-atimes-48">[47]</a> </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions of North Korea">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions in North Korea">to</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </th> <td>1948 </td> <td>South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Peaceful_Reunification_of_the_Fatherland" title="Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland">claims</a> all territory controlled by South Korea. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Korea">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Korea">to</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>UN General Assembly observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </th> <td>1988 </td> <td>Israel gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, but has never formally annexed them. The State of Palestine (commonly known as Palestine) was <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Palestinian Declaration of Independence">declared</a> in 1988 by the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO), which is recognised by a majority of UN member states and the UN itself as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">first Palestinian Intifada against Israel</a> the Israeli government has gradually moved its armed forces and settlers out of certain parts of Palestine's claimed territory, while still maintaining varying degrees of control over most of it.<a href="#cite_note-saeb-52">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> (PNA), which performs limited internal government functions over certain areas of Palestine, was established in 1994. The 2007 <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">split between the Fatah and Hamas political parties</a> resulted in competing governments claiming to represent the PNA and Palestine, with Fatah exercising authority exclusively over the West Bank and enjoying majority recognition from UN member states, and a separate Hamas leadership <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">exercising authority</a> exclusively over the Gaza area (except for a short period from 2014 to 2016).<a href="#cite_note-Israel-53">[b]</a> Palestine is currently <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">officially recognised as a state by 146</a> UN member states,<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> the Holy See,<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> The remaining UN member states, including Israel, do not recognise the State of Palestine. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> designates the claimed Palestinian territories as "occupied" by Israel,<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> and accorded Palestine <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Palestine" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">non-member observer state</a> status in 2012<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19">United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19</a>). Palestine also has membership in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> regards the area claimed by Palestine as "disputed" territory (that is, territory not legally belonging to any state).<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel-53">[b]</a> </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of diplomatic missions of the State of Palestine">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Palestine" title="List of diplomatic missions in Palestine">to</a>) <hr /> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">International recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">History of the State of Palestine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>UN specialized agency member states not recognised by at least one UN member state </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> </th> <td>1965 </td> <td>The Cook Islands became a state in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1965. Although the Cook Islands are fully self-governing and behave as a sovereign state in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, their constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Cook Islands nationals are <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand citizens</a>, and the country's head of state is the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch of New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> As of 2015, the Cook Islands had established <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> with 43 states,<a href="#cite_note-intaff.gov.ck_2019-73">[71]</a> while the number as of May 2024 is at least <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands#Diplomatic_relations" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">63 UN member states</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Some countries establishing diplomatic relations such as the United States have recognized the Cook Islands as a fully sovereign state, while some such as France have not.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The Cook Islands are a member of nine <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">United Nations specialized agencies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> currently classifies the Cook Islands as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-79">[77]</a> </td> <td>State in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, considered by some as having no sovereignty. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Cook Islands">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="List of diplomatic missions in the Cook Islands">to</a>) <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </th> <td>2008 </td> <td>Kosovo <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declared its independence</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> It is currently recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo#Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="International recognition of Kosovo">104</a> UN members, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>. 10 other UN members have recognised Kosovo and subsequently withdrawn recognition. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, as stipulated in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">Security Council Resolution 1244</a>, has administered the territory since 1999 through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> with cooperation from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">European Union</a> since 2008. Kosovo is a member of two <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">United Nations specialized agencies</a> (the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, among others. </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> claims <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kosovo" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kosovo">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kosovo" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo">to</a>)<hr /> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">International recognition</a>; <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Political status</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> </th> <td>1974 </td> <td>Niue became a state in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> in 1974 after a <a href="/wiki/1974_Niuean_constitutional_referendum" title="1974 Niuean constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a>. Although Niue is fully self-governing and behaves as a sovereign state in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, its constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Niue nationals are <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand citizens</a>, and the country's head of state is the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch of New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-71">[69]</a> As of April 2023, Niue has established <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> with at least <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue#Diplomatic_relations" title="Foreign relations of Niue">26 UN member states</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Niue is a member of eight <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">United Nations specialized agencies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> currently classifies Niue as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-79">[77]</a> </td> <td>State in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, considered by some as having no sovereignty. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Niue" title="List of diplomatic missions of Niue">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Niue" title="List of diplomatic missions in Niue">to</a>) <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_that_are_not_state_parties_within_the_United_Nations_System">States that are not state parties within the United Nations System</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> </th> <td>1999 </td> <td>Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>), and two non-UN member states (<a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Medvedev-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venezuela-Georgia-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-tiraspoltimes.com-88">[86]</a> Two additional UN member states (<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>) had recognised Abkhazia, but subsequently withdrew their recognition.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-interpressnews.ge-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-mfa.gov.ge-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> claims Abkhazia as <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">part of its sovereign territory</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Abkhazia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Abkhazia">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Abkhazia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Abkhazia">to</a>)<hr /> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> </th> <td>1983 </td> <td>Northern Cyprus <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">declared its independence</a> in 1983 with its official name being the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC). It is recognised by one UN member, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_541" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 541">United Nations Security Council Resolution 541</a> defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> stated <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" title="Advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">in its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2010</a> that "the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was, or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force".<a href="#cite_note-International_Court_of_Justice-96">[94]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> claims the TRNC as part of its sovereign territory. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of diplomatic missions of Northern Cyprus">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="List of diplomatic missions in Northern Cyprus">to</a>)<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus dispute</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> </th> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> invaded and annexed most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, forcing Spain to withdraw from the territory in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Mundy-97">[95]</a> In 1976, the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> declared the independence of Western Sahara as the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR).<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The SADR is largely a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which claims the entire territory of Western Sahara, but controls only a <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">small fraction</a> of it. The SADR is recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic#States_that_have_recognized_the_SADR" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">46</a> UN member states and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>. 38 other UN member states have recognised the SADR but subsequently retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The remaining UN member states, including <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, have never recognised the SADR. The SADR is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Western Sahara is listed on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">United Nations list of non-self-governing territories</a>. Other than Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> no state officially recognises Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara, but some states support the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Autonomy_Proposal" title="Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal">Moroccan autonomy plan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> supports Morocco's claim over the entire territory of Western Sahara.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> claims Western Sahara (including the area controlled by the SADR) as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">part of its sovereign territory</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">to</a>)<hr /> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a>; <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> </th> <td>1992 </td> <td>South Ossetia declared its independence in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> It is currently recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">5</a> UN member states (<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>), and three non-UN member states (<a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Medvedev-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venezuela-Georgia-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-tiraspoltimes.com-88">[86]</a> One additional UN member state (<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>) had recognised South Ossetia, but subsequently withdrew its recognition.<a href="#cite_note-interpressnews.ge-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-mfa.gov.ge-91">[89]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> claims South Ossetia as <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_South_Ossetia" title="Administration of South Ossetia">part of its sovereign territory</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Ossetia" title="List of diplomatic missions of South Ossetia">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_South_Ossetia" title="List of diplomatic missions in South Ossetia">to</a>)<hr /> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> </th> <td>1912/1949 </td> <td>Taiwan (formally known as the Republic of China), enjoyed majority recognition as the sole government of China until roughly the late 1950s/1960s, when a majority of UN member states started to gradually switch recognition to the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC).<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The United Nations itself recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758</a>). The ROC and PRC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the <a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China policy</a> meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-China-34">[a]</a> The ROC is currently recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the Republic of China">11</a> UN members and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. All remaining UN member states, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, recognise the PRC instead of the ROC and either accept the PRC's territorial claim over Taiwan or take a non-committal position on Taiwan's status. A significant number of PRC-recognising UN member states, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a>, nonetheless conduct officially non-diplomatic relations with the ROC, designating it as either "Taipei" or "Taiwan". Since the early 1990s, the ROC has sought separate United Nations membership under a variety of names, including "Taiwan".<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> </td> <td>The <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by Taiwan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horton_2019-35">[34]</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Taiwan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Taiwan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan">to</a>)<hr /><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> </th> <td>1990 </td> <td>Transnistria (officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) declared its independence in 1990. It is recognised by two non-UN members: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> claims Transnistria as <a href="/wiki/Administrative-Territorial_Units_of_the_Left_Bank_of_the_Dniester" title="Administrative-Territorial Units of the Left Bank of the Dniester">part of its sovereign territory</a>. </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Transnistria" title="List of diplomatic missions of Transnistria">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Transnistria" title="List of diplomatic missions in Transnistria">to</a>) <hr /> <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of Transnistria">International recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Political status of Transnistria">Political status</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Non-UN member states not recognized by any other state </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> </th> <td>1991 </td> <td>Somaliland declared its independence in 1991. It claims to be the legal successor to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>, a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 (when the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland Protectorate</a> gained full independence from the United Kingdom) to 1 July 1960 (when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> It is not officially recognised by any state, though it maintains unofficial relations with several UN member states and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan).<a href="#cite_note-e139-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-f170-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Taiwan and Somaliland have <a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Somaliland–Taiwan relations">mutual representative offices</a> in each other's countries, similarly to how Taiwan conducts relations with other countries that do not recognize it.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> On 1 January 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland signed a <a href="/wiki/2024_Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somaliland_memorandum_of_understanding" title="2024 Ethiopia–Somaliland memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> giving Ethiopia access to the Red Sea via the port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> in return for a potential recognition.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> claims Somaliland as part of its sovereign territory. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">Foreign relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions of Somaliland">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Somaliland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Somaliland">to</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_entities_with_limited_recognition_of_sovereignty">Other entities with limited recognition of sovereignty</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Political entities recognised as sovereign by at least one UN member state </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:5%;">Declared </th> <th scope="col" style="width:38%;" class="unsortable">Status </th> <th scope="col" style="width:24%;" class="unsortable">Other claimants </th> <th scope="col" style="width:16%;" class="unsortable">Further information </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> </th> <td>1113 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> (SMOM) is considered a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> non-state entity, as it claims neither statehood nor territory.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arocha-122">[120]</a> First <a href="/wiki/Pie_postulatio_voluntatis" title="Pie postulatio voluntatis">recognized as sovereign</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> in 1113, it has established <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">full diplomatic relations with 113 UN member states</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#International_status" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">as a sovereign subject of international law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> and also maintains diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Additionally, it participates in the United Nations as an <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Other_entities" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">observer entity</a>. Some states, such as <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Italy's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a> decreed on 6 June 1974 that SMOM "constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations".<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> As Italy recognizes, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a>, SMOM sovereignty within its headquarters in Italy, Italian and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.<a href="#cite_note-Arocha-122">[120]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">None </td> <td>Foreign <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">relations</a>, missions (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">of</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">to</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excluded_entities">Excluded entities</h2></div> <ul><li>Subnational entities and regions that function as de facto independent states, with the central government exercising little or no control over their territory, but that do not explicitly claim to be independent. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Varming_2017_pp._8–14-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Africanews_2023-130">[128]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> in <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012-131">[129]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jüde_2017_pp._847–863-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-Hond_2017-133">[131]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kumbun-134">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebel groups</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declared independence</a> and exert some control over territory, but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Movement" title="Southern Movement">Southern Movement</a>; see <a href="/wiki/List_of_rebel_groups_that_control_territory" title="List of rebel groups that control territory">list of rebel groups that control territory</a> for a more complete list of such groups.</li> <li>Those areas undergoing current <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil wars">civil wars</a> and other situations with problems over government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with <a href="#Criteria_for_inclusion">the inclusion criteria</a> (e.g. by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable <a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">quasi-states</a> have emerged yet.</li> <li>Those of the current <a href="/wiki/List_of_irredentist_claims_or_disputes" title="List of irredentist claims or disputes">irredentist movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Current_governments_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Current governments in exile">governments in exile</a> that do not satisfy <a href="#Criteria_for_inclusion">the inclusion criteria</a> by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as a state or legitimate government by any other state.</li> <li>Entities considered to be <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">micronations</a>, even if they are recognised by another micronation. Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often debatable whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory.<a href="#cite_note-Micronation2-136">[c]</a> For this reason, micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance. For a list of micronations, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_micronations" title="List of micronations">list of micronations</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a> who live in <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">societies that cannot be defined as states</a> or whose statuses as such[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] are not definitively known.</li> <li>Some states can be slow to establish relations with new UN member states and thus do not explicitly recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-RecogHRV-137">[134]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RecogMNE-138">[135]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">Diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">List of historical unrecognized states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_autonomist_and_secessionist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active autonomist and secessionist movements">List of active autonomist and secessionist movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_recognized_by_intergovernmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations">List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">List of territorial disputes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">Territorial integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">Unilateral declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-China-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-China_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-China_34-1">b</a> Both the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China <a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">officially claim to represent the whole of China</a>, stating <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">China</a> is a single sovereign entity encompassing both the area controlled by the PRC and the area controlled by the ROC. Neither the PRC nor the ROC officially recognise each other's claim to statehood, and they compete for diplomatic recognition as the only legitimate representative of China among other states. Historically, both the PRC and the ROC have broken off diplomatic relations with any state engaging in diplomatic relations or claiming to recognise the other, though the ROC has in some instances accepted dual recognition since it transitioned to democracy in the 1990s. However, as of 2021 no state officially recognises both the ROC and the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel_53-1">b</a> Israel allows the PNA to execute some functions in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, depending on <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_Areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank Areas in the Oslo II Accord">special area classification</a>. Israel maintains <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement plan">minimal interference</a> (retaining control of borders: <a href="/wiki/National_airspace" class="mw-redirect" title="National airspace">air</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GazaSeaAir-62">[60]</a> sea <a href="/wiki/Third_United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">beyond internal waters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GazaSeaAir-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Border_Assistance_Mission_Rafah" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Border Assistance Mission Rafah">land</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> (its interior and Egypt portion of the land border are under <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">Hamas control</a>), maximum in "<a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a>" and varying degrees of interference elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-DoreGold-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbrahamBell-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerzliyaCon-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZakSalih-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-IsDisengagement-69">[67]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>. <a href="#cite_note-saeb-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoreGold-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbrahamBell-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-HerzliyaCon-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZakSalih-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-IsDisengagement-69">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Micronation2-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Micronation2_136-0">^</a> It is far from certain that micronations, which are generally of minuscule size, have sovereign control over their claimed territories, contrasted with the mere disregard and indifference toward micronations' assertions by the states from which they allege to have seceded. By not deeming such declarations (and other acts of the micronation) important enough to react in any way, these states generally consider micronations to be private property and their claims as unofficial private announcements of individuals, who remain subject to the laws of the states in which their properties are located.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press_2021_pp._162–200-135">[133]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Grant, Thomas D., The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999), chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-RecognitionofStates-2"><a href="#cite_ref-RecognitionofStates_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLauterpacht2012" class="citation book cs1">Lauterpacht, Hersch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA64">Recognition in International Law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107609433" title="Special:BookSources/9781107609433"><bdi>9781107609433</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130619/https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgEv1Qq2TwC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognition+in+International+Law&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107609433&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=Hersch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWgEv1Qq2TwC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carnegie-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/12/03/introduction-strange-endurance-of-de-facto-states-pub-77841">"Introduction: The Strange Endurance of De Facto States"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Strange+Endurance+of+De+Facto+States&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2018%2F12%2F03%2Fintroduction-strange-endurance-of-de-facto-states-pub-77841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grzybowski_2017-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Grzybowski_2017_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrzybowski2017" class="citation journal cs1">Grzybowski, Janis (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchx031">"To Be or Not to Be: The Ontological Predicament of State Creation in International Law"</a>. European Journal of International Law. 28 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 409–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchx031">10.1093/ejil/chx031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0938-5428">0938-5428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=To+Be+or+Not+to+Be%3A+The+Ontological+Predicament+of+State+Creation+in+International+Law&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=409-432&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2Fchx031&rft.issn=0938-5428&rft.aulast=Grzybowski&rft.aufirst=Janis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fejil%252Fchx031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemkin2008-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Lemkin2008_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphaël</a> (2008) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C&pg=PA11">Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress</a>. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 June 2019. <q>The creation of puppet states or of puppet governments does not give them any special status under international law in the occupied territory. Therefore the puppet governments and puppet states have no greater rights in the occupied territory than the occupant himself. Their actions should be considered as actions of the occupant and hence subject to the limitations of the Hague Regulations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%3A+Laws+of+Occupation%2C+Analysis+of+Government%2C+Proposals+for+Redress&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middlebush_1934_pp._677–683-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Middlebush_1934_pp._677–683_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlebush1934" class="citation journal cs1">Middlebush, Frederick A. (1934). "The Effect of the Non-Recognition of Manchukuo". American Political Science Review. 28 (4). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 677–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1947199">10.2307/1947199</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1947199">1947199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147030868">147030868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+the+Non-Recognition+of+Manchukuo&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=677-683&rft.date=1934&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147030868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1947199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1947199&rft.aulast=Middlebush&rft.aufirst=Frederick+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolf_1997_pp._532–537-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_1997_pp._532–537_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rudolf, Beate (1997). 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M. Nijhoff Publishers. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2177-6"><bdi>978-90-411-2177-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117153520/https://books.google.com/books?id=p5w6AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023. <q>incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940 took place against the will of the population, and was never recognised de jure by most countries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+annexation+and+state+continuity%3A+the+case+of+the+incorporation+of+the+Baltic+states+by+the+USSR&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2177-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp5w6AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q044-9"><a href="#cite_ref-q044_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaraghmeh2018" class="citation web cs1">Daraghmeh, Mohammed (21 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statesboroherald.com/local/associated-press/palestinian-official-suggests-a-kosovo-like-declaration-of-independence/">"Palestinian official suggests a Kosovo-like declaration of independence"</a>. Statesboro Herald. Retrieved 29 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statesboro+Herald&rft.atitle=Palestinian+official+suggests+a+Kosovo-like+declaration+of+independence&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.aulast=Daraghmeh&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesboroherald.com%2Flocal%2Fassociated-press%2Fpalestinian-official-suggests-a-kosovo-like-declaration-of-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Malcolm Nathan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380">International law</a> (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationallaw00shaw_380/page/n511">369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53183-2"><bdi>978-0-521-53183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law&rft.pages=369&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53183-2&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationallaw00shaw_380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen_1961_p._1127-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_1961_p._1127_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1961" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Rosalyn (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol109/iss8/4">"The Concept of Statehood in United Nations Practice"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 109 (8): 1127–1171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3310588">10.2307/3310588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-9907">0041-9907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3310588">3310588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56273534">56273534</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119201855/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/penn_law_review/vol109/iss8/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Statehood+in+United+Nations+Practice&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1127-1171&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=0041-9907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56273534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3310588%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3310588&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Rosalyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.upenn.edu%2Fpenn_law_review%2Fvol109%2Fiss8%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelsen_1941_pp._605–617-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelsen_1941_pp._605–617_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsen1941" class="citation journal cs1">Kelsen, Hans (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2192561">"Recognition in International Law: Theoretical Observations"</a>. The American Journal of International Law. 35 (4). American Society of International Law: 605–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192561">10.2307/2192561</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192561">2192561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147309779">147309779</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118213745/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192561">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Recognition+in+International+Law%3A+Theoretical+Observations&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=605-617&rft.date=1941&rft.issn=0002-9300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147309779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192561&rft.aulast=Kelsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauterpacht_1944_pp._385–458-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Lauterpacht_1944_pp._385–458_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauterpacht1944" class="citation journal cs1">Lauterpacht, H. 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Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+States+in+International+Law&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-458&rft.date=1944&rft.issn=0044-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F792830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F792830&rft.aulast=Lauterpacht&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F792830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anon._x863-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Anon._x863_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/13240/27_53YaleLJ385_1943_1944_.pdf?sequence=2">"Principles of the Recognition of States"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318013739/https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/13240/27_53YaleLJ385_1943_1944_.pdf?sequence=2">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2024. 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Springer Netherlands. p. 47]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102716-1"><bdi>978-92-3-102716-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114113127/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&lpg=PA47&client&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022. 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The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124003740/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/what-makes-a-country/article595868/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=What+makes+a+country%3F&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft.aulast=Seguin&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fwhat-makes-a-country%2Farticle595868%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anon._e743-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Anon._e743_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilsa.org/Jessup/Jessup15/Montevideo%20Convention.pdf">"Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114065544/https://www.ilsa.org/Jessup/Jessup15/Montevideo%20Convention.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2024. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 July 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430152154/https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-law/States-in-international-law">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=States%2C+Sovereignty%2C+Treaties&rft.date=1999-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Finternational-law%2FStates-in-international-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-academic.oup.com_s696-19"><a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_s696_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/3288/chapter-abstract/144288950?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Statehood and Recognition"</a>. academic.oup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126171048/https://academic.oup.com/book/3288/chapter-abstract/144288950?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2024. 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Retrieved 25 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+%E2%80%93+Countries+A+to+Z&rft.pub=Auswaertiges-amt.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2Fdiplo%2Fen%2FLaenderinformationen%2FLaenderReiseinformationenA-Z.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esteri.it/MAE/Templates/SediTemplate.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID=">"Ambasciate Consolati e Uffici di promozione"</a>. Esteri.it. 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Government of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824122839/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,50">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2018. 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Somali News in English | The Somali Digest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240102011319/https://thesomalidigest.com/somaliland-and-ethiopia-recognition-for-sea-access/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Somali+News+in+English+%7C+The+Somali+Digest&rft.atitle=Somaliland+and+Ethiopia%3A+Recognition+for+Sea+Access&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.au=Kheyr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesomalidigest.com%2Fsomaliland-and-ethiopia-recognition-for-sea-access%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndeshawSheikh2024" class="citation web cs1">Endeshaw, Dawit; Sheikh, Abdi (1 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/landlocked-ethiopia-signs-pact-use-somalilands-red-sea-port-2024-01-01">"Ethiopia signs pact to use Somaliland's Red Sea port"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530081911/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/landlocked-ethiopia-signs-pact-use-somalilands-red-sea-port-2024-01-01/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+signs+pact+to+use+Somaliland%27s+Red+Sea+port&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Endeshaw&rft.aufirst=Dawit&rft.au=Sheikh%2C+Abdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Flandlocked-ethiopia-signs-pact-use-somalilands-red-sea-port-2024-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://analitica.com/opinion/opinion-nacional/la-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica/">"La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Analitica" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Analitica">Venezuela Analitica</a>. 1 May 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801044650/http://analitica.com/opinion/opinion-nacional/la-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Orden+de+Malta+y+su+Naturaleza+Jur%C3%ADdica&rft.pub=Venezuela+Analitica&rft.date=1999-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanalitica.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion-nacional%2Fla-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#"La_Orden_de_Malta_y_su_Naturaleza_Jurídica"_(English_translation)_–_detailed,_expert_perspective" title="Talk:Sovereign Military Order of Malta">English language translation</a> "The Order of Malta, within the limits that are compatible with its actual position as a subject deprived of territory, is in the international community, a sovereign entity on par with the States, and the Prince Grand Master is comparable, from the point of view of international law, to the Heads of State." </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055657/http://www.un.int/orderofmalta/orderandun.html">Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York</a> "The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Shaw, Malcolm Nathan International Law Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-82473-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-82473-7">0-521-82473-7</a> p. 218 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/International-Law-Malcolm-N-Shaw/dp/0521824737/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1351263623&sr=1-1&keywords=0521824737">Searchable text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151856/https://www.amazon.com/International-Law-Malcolm-N-Shaw/dp/0521824737/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1351263623&sr=1-1&keywords=0521824737">Archived</a> 13 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "The Italian Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order, noting that 'the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any single state.' (Nanni v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta 8 AD, p. 2.)" </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPMkNwdTBGeVk1T3c/view">"Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál Independiente"</a>. Boletín Oficiál de la República Argentina, Año LIX, Número 16.92. Buenos Aires. 19 June 1951. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312091148/https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPMkNwdTBGeVk1T3c/view">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Ofici%C3%A1l+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Argentina%2C+A%C3%B1o+LIX%2C+N%C3%BAmero+16.92&rft.atitle=Recon%C3%B3cese+a+la+Soberana+Orden+Militar+de+Malta+como+Entidad+Internacion%C3%A1l+Independiente&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1951-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B9LDb9lFYjVPMkNwdTBGeVk1T3c%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> "The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina, in Congress assembled, enact as LAW: Article 1 – The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is hereby recognized as an international independent entity." </li> <li id="cite_note-Arocha-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arocha_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arocha_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArocha1999" class="citation web cs1">Arocha, Magaly (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B9LDb9lFYjVPUnFkaUVjVVdVUnM/view?usp=sharing">"La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature)"</a>. Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela: Analítica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801044650/http://analitica.com/opinion/opinion-nacional/la-orden-de-malta-y-su-naturaleza-juridica/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Orden+de+Malta+y+su+Naturaleza+Jur%C3%ADdica+%28The+Order+of+Malta+and+Its+Legal+Nature%29&rft.place=Caracas%2C+Distrito+Capital%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Anal%C3%ADtica.com&rft.date=1999-05&rft.aulast=Arocha&rft.aufirst=Magaly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B9LDb9lFYjVPUnFkaUVjVVdVUnM%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta#"La_Orden_de_Malta_y_su_Naturaleza_Jurídica"_(English_translation)_–_detailed,_expert_perspective" title="Talk:Sovereign Military Order of Malta">English language translation</a> "[T]he clear territorial separation of sovereign areas that exists between the Italian State and the State of Vatican City does not exist between the Order of Malta and the Italian State, but neither can it be said that the treatment given to the headquarters of the Order (Aventine, Via Condotti) is, simply, that reserved for the headquarters of diplomatic missions accredited to the Italian State. In fact, the headquarters of the Order have diplomatic extraterritoriality (authoritarian acts of any kind – executive, acts of inspection, judicial – cannot take place inside), but in addition, the Italian State recognizes the exercise, in the headquarters, of the prerogatives of sovereignty. This means that Italian sovereignty and Maltese sovereignty coexist without overlapping, because the Order exercises sovereign functions in a wider area than occurs in the diplomatic missions of the States for, although [those diplomatic missions] enjoy extraterritoriality, the guarantees deriving from the privilege of immunity are constrained to a purely administrative area; the Order, instead, makes use of extraterritoriality to meet the very acts of sovereign self-determination that are the same as the States (legislative, judicial, administrative, financial acts)." </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">embassies around the world</a> and receives <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">accreditations from foreign ambassadors</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/">"Bilateral relations"</a>. Sovereign Order of Malta. 5 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625205913/https://www.orderofmalta.int/diplomatic-activities/bilateral-relations/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sovereign+Order+of+Malta&rft.atitle=Bilateral+relations&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orderofmalta.int%2Fdiplomatic-activities%2Fbilateral-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCansacchi1940" class="citation book cs1">Cansacchi, Giorgio (1940). Il diritto di legazione attivo e passivo dell'Ordine de Malta. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+diritto+di+legazione+attivo+e+passivo+dell%27Ordine+de+Malta&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Cansacchi&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstraudo1935" class="citation journal cs1">Astraudo, A. (1935). "Saint-marin et l'Ordre de Malta". La Revue Diplomatique. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Revue+Diplomatique&rft.atitle=Saint-marin+et+l%27Ordre+de+Malta&rft.volume=7&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Astraudo&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Cox, Noel S.B., The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (June 2008). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462">https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151900/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1140462">Archived</a> 13 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151902/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1140462">Archived</a> 13 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swab.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/d9b09dd57910bda736e1e1045ece596b/23164645.pdf">"Corte Suprema di Cassazione; Sezioni unite civili; sentenza 6 giugno 1974, n. 1653"</a> (PDF). Il Foro Italiano. 98 (6): 1471/1472–1475/1476. June 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512200027/https://swab.zlibcdn.com/dtoken/d9b09dd57910bda736e1e1045ece596b/23164645.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Foro+Italiano&rft.atitle=Corte+Suprema+di+Cassazione%3B+Sezioni+unite+civili%3B+sentenza+6+giugno+1974%2C+n.+1653&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1471%2F1472-1475%2F1476&rft.date=1975-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswab.zlibcdn.com%2Fdtoken%2Fd9b09dd57910bda736e1e1045ece596b%2F23164645.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varming_2017_pp._8–14-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Varming_2017_pp._8–14_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarming2017" class="citation techreport cs1">Varming, Kirstine Strøh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13400.6">THE EXPERIENTIAL LIMITS OF THE STATE: TERRITORY AND TAXATION IN GAROOWE, PUNTLAND</a> (Technical report). p. 8–14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13400.6">resrep13400.6</a>. Retrieved 18 December 2023. <q>This is important to consider, when discussing statehood in Puntland state, as in many ways, it functions as an independent state very much like the self-declared Republic of Somaliland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=THE+EXPERIENTIAL+LIMITS+OF+THE+STATE%3A+TERRITORY+AND+TAXATION+IN+GAROOWE%2C+PUNTLAND&rft.pages=8-14&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep13400.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Varming&rft.aufirst=Kirstine+Str%C3%B8h&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep13400.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Africanews_2023-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Africanews_2023_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricanews2023" class="citation web cs1">Africanews, Rédaction (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/11/somalia-puntland-state-dissociates-itself-from-mogadishu//">"Somalia: Puntland state dissociates itself from Mogadishu"</a>. Africanews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218144324/https://www.africanews.com/2023/01/11/somalia-puntland-state-dissociates-itself-from-mogadishu//">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africanews&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+Puntland+state+dissociates+itself+from+Mogadishu&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft.aulast=Africanews&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9daction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2023%2F01%2F11%2Fsomalia-puntland-state-dissociates-itself-from-mogadishu%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2012-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2012_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Nathan J. (11 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/11/gaza-five-years-on-hamas-settles-in-pub-48470">"Gaza Five Years On: Hamas Settles In"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230503072817/https://carnegieendowment.org/2012/06/11/gaza-five-years-on-hamas-settles-in-pub-48470">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=Gaza+Five+Years+On%3A+Hamas+Settles+In&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nathan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2F2012%2F06%2F11%2Fgaza-five-years-on-hamas-settles-in-pub-48470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jüde_2017_pp._847–863-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Jüde_2017_pp._847–863_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJüde2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jüde, Johannes (2017). "Contesting borders? The formation of Iraqi Kurdistan's de facto state". International Affairs. 93 (4): 847–863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix125">10.1093/ia/iix125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Contesting+borders%3F+The+formation+of+Iraqi+Kurdistan%27s+de+facto+state&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=847-863&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fia%2Fiix125&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCde&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hond_2017-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Hond_2017_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtDen_Hond2017" class="citation web cs1">Court, Mireille; Den Hond, Chris (1 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2017/09/05Rojava">"Experiment in self-rule in Rojava"</a>. Le Monde diplomatique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218144324/https://mondediplo.com/2017/09/05Rojava">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=Experiment+in+self-rule+in+Rojava&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft.aulast=Court&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rft.au=Den+Hond%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2017%2F09%2F05Rojava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumbun-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumbun_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumbun2019" class="citation news cs1">Kumbun, Joe (23 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/protected-by-china-wa-is-now-a-de-facto-independent-state.html">"Protected by China, Wa Is Now a de Facto Independent State"</a>. The Irrawaddy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129114041/https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/protected-by-china-wa-is-now-a-de-facto-independent-state.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irrawaddy&rft.atitle=Protected+by+China%2C+Wa+Is+Now+a+de+Facto+Independent+State&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.aulast=Kumbun&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irrawaddy.com%2Fopinion%2Fguest-column%2Fprotected-by-china-wa-is-now-a-de-facto-independent-state.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press_2021_pp._162–200-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_2021_pp._162–200_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"State Responses". Micronations and the Search for Sovereignty. Cambridge University Press. 31 December 2021. pp. 162–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009150132.006">10.1017/9781009150132.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009150132" title="Special:BookSources/9781009150132"><bdi>9781009150132</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245453022">245453022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+Responses&rft.btitle=Micronations+and+the+Search+for+Sovereignty&rft.pages=162-200&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245453022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009150132.006&rft.isbn=9781009150132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RecogHRV-137"><a href="#cite_ref-RecogHRV_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800">"Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations"</a>. mvep.gov.hr. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_and_European_Affairs_(Croatia)" title="Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)">Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928182827/https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mvep.gov.hr&rft.atitle=Date+of+Recognition+and+Establishment+od+Diplomatic+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmvep.gov.hr%2Fforeign-policy%2Fbilateral-relations%2Fdate-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations%2F22800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RecogMNE-138"><a href="#cite_ref-RecogMNE_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517185051/http://www.mip.gov.me/en/index.php/Bilateral/dates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html">"Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"</a>. mip.gov.me. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Montenegro)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Montenegro)">Montenegrin Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mip.gov.me/en/index.php/Bilateral/dates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mip.gov.me&rft.atitle=Dates+of+Recognition+and+Establishment+of+Diplomatic+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mip.gov.me%2Fen%2Findex.php%2FBilateral%2Fdates-of-recognition-and-establishment-of-diplomatic-relations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adrian Florea, "<a href="//doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqw049" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/isq/sqw049">De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011)</a>." International Studies Quarterly, Volume 61, Issue 2, June 2017, Pages 337–351</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorea2020" class="citation journal cs1">Florea, Adrian (6 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066120919481">"Rebel governance in de facto states"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_International_Relations" title="European Journal of International Relations">European Journal of International Relations</a>. 26 (4). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 1004–1031. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354066120919481">10.1177/1354066120919481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53365477">53365477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Rebel+governance+in+de+facto+states&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1004-1031&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1354066120919481&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53365477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Florea&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1354066120919481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeldenhuys2009" class="citation book cs1">Geldenhuys, Deon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa2HDAAAQBAJ">Contested States in World Politics</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-23418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-23418-5"><bdi>978-0-230-23418-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616061554/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sa2HDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+States+in+World+Politics&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-23418-5&rft.aulast=Geldenhuys&rft.aufirst=Deon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSa2HDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2018" class="citation book cs1">Keating, Joshua (2018). Invisible Countries: Journeys to the Edge of Nationhood. Yale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-22162-6"><bdi>978-0-300-22162-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Countries%3A+Journeys+to+the+Edge+of+Nationhood&rft.pub=Yale&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-22162-6&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer-Lindsay2012" class="citation book cs1">Ker-Lindsay, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC">The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States</a> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199698394" title="Special:BookSources/9780199698394"><bdi>9780199698394</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115130621/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PwmeRG9QsUC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Counter+Secession%3A+Preventing+the+Recognition+of+Contested+States&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199698394&rft.aulast=Ker-Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PwmeRG9QsUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/issue/special-issue-on-the-emergence-and-resilience-of-parastates/643F832C3E7BDA842E6C7C8E846DA29E">Nationalities Papers. Special Issue on the Emergence and Resilience of Parastates.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131194727/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/issue/special-issue-on-the-emergence-and-resilience-of-parastates/643F832C3E7BDA842E6C7C8E846DA29E">Archived</a> 31 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertzOhKim2016" class="citation book cs1">Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228074114/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf">Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations</a> (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issue+Brief%3A+DPRK+Diplomatic+Relations&rft.pub=The+National+Committee+on+North+Korea&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Oh%2C+JJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+Insung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncnk.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2FNCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+states+with+limited+recognition" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_limited_recognition&oldid=1259193429">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_states_with_limited_recognition&oldid=1259193429</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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