Media file basics | Articles

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Preparing a video for serving from your own site is a bit more complicated."> <meta property="og:description" content="You might think that you can take a video from a camera and upload it to the web as is. Preparing a video for serving from your own site is a bit more complicated."><meta property="og:url" content="https://web.dev/articles/media-file-basics"><meta property="og:locale" content="en"><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "dateModified": "2020-06-19", "headline": "Media file basics" } </script><script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Articles", "item": "https://web.dev/articles" },{ "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Media file basics", "item": "https://web.dev/articles/media-file-basics" }] } </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/extras.css"></head> <body class="" template="page" theme="web-theme" type="article" appearance layout="docs" display-toc pending> <devsite-progress type="indeterminate" id="app-progress"></devsite-progress> <section class="devsite-wrapper"> 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data-label="Tab: Angular" track-name="angular" > Angular </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://web.dev/explore/mini-apps" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/explore/mini-apps" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - mini apps" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Mini apps" track-name="mini apps" > Mini apps </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" hidden> <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="webDev" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/web/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="web.dev"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/web/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="web.dev"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: About" track-name="about" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/html" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: HTML" track-name="html" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: HTML" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > HTML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/css" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: CSS" track-name="css" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: CSS" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > CSS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: JavaScript" track-name="javascript" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: JavaScript" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > JavaScript </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/blog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Blog" track-name="blog" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blog" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blog </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Learn" track-name="learn" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Explore" track-name="explore" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Explore" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Explore </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/learn-core-web-vitals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Core Web Vitals" track-name="core web vitals" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core Web Vitals" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core Web Vitals </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Metrics" track-name="metrics" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Metrics" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Metrics </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/fast" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Fast load times" track-name="fast load times" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fast load times" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fast load times </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: AI" track-name="ai" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: AI" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > AI </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/how-to-optimize-inp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP)" track-name="optimize interaction to next paint (inp)" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP)" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP) </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/progressive-web-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Progressive Web Apps" track-name="progressive web apps" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Progressive Web Apps" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Progressive Web Apps </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Accessible to all" track-name="accessible to all" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessible to all" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessible to all </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/reliable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Network reliability" track-name="network reliability" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Network reliability" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Network reliability </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/secure" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Safe and secure" track-name="safe and secure" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Safe and secure" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Safe and secure </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/discoverable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Easily discoverable" track-name="easily discoverable" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Easily discoverable" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Easily discoverable </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/payments" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web Payments" track-name="web payments" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Web Payments" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web Payments </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Media" track-name="media" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Media" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Media </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/devices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Devices" track-name="devices" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Devices" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Devices </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/animations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Animations" track-name="animations" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Animations" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Animations </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Identity" track-name="identity" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/webassembly" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: WebAssembly" track-name="webassembly" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: WebAssembly" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > WebAssembly </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/test-automation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Test automation" track-name="test automation" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test automation" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test automation </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/react" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: React" track-name="react" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: React" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > React </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/angular" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Angular" track-name="angular" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Angular" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Angular </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/mini-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Mini apps" track-name="mini apps" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mini apps" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mini apps </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/patterns" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Patterns" track-name="patterns" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Patterns" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Patterns </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/case-studies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Case studies" track-name="case studies" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Case studies" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Case studies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Concepts</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-experience" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-experience" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What is a media experience?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-file-basics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-file-basics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-file-basics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media file basics</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-application-basics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-application-basics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-application-basics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media application basics</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-streaming-basics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-streaming-basics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-streaming-basics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media streaming basics</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prepare media files for the web</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/prepare-media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/prepare-media" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/prepare-media" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prepare media files for the web</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/containers-and-codecs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/containers-and-codecs" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/containers-and-codecs" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Containers and codecs</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/bitrate" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/bitrate" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/bitrate" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Bitrate</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/resolution" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/resolution" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/resolution" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Resolution</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-conversion" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-conversion" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-conversion" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media conversion</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-encryption" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-encryption" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-encryption" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media encryption</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add media to a web page</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/add-media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/add-media" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/add-media" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Add media to a web page</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/video-and-source-tags" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/video-and-source-tags" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/video-and-source-tags" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>The <video> and <source> tags</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-accessibility" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-accessibility" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media accessibility</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/media-frameworks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/media-frameworks" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/media-frameworks" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Media frameworks</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/pwa-with-offline-streaming" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/pwa-with-offline-streaming" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/pwa-with-offline-streaming" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>PWA with offline streaming</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a 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devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p> <div class="wd-authors" translate="no"> <div class="wd-author"> <img class="devsite-landing-row-item-icon" alt="Derek Herman" src="https://web.dev/images/authors/derekherman.jpg" decoding="async" height="64" loading="lazy" width="64"> <div> <span> Derek Herman </span> <div class="wd-author__links"> <a href="https://twitter.com/derekherman" aria-label="Derek Herman on X" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 300 271"> <title>X</title> <path fill="currentColor" d="m236 0h46l-101 115 118 156h-92.6l-72.5-94.8-83 94.8h-46l107-123-113-148h94.9l65.5 86.6zm-16.1 244h25.5l-165-218h-27.4z"></path> </svg></a> <a href="https://github.com/derekherman" aria-label="Derek Herman on GitHub" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 32.6 31.8"> <title>GitHub</title> <path d="M16.3 0C7.3 0 0 7.3 0 16.3c0 7.2 4.7 13.3 11.1 15.5.8.1 1.1-.4 1.1-.8v-2.8c-4.5 1-5.5-2.2-5.5-2.2-.7-1.9-1.8-2.4-1.8-2.4-1.5-1 .1-1 .1-1 1.6.1 2.5 1.7 2.5 1.7 1.5 2.5 3.8 1.8 4.7 1.4.1-1.1.6-1.8 1-2.2-3.6-.4-7.4-1.8-7.4-8.1 0-1.8.6-3.2 1.7-4.4-.1-.3-.7-2 .2-4.2 0 0 1.4-.4 4.5 1.7 1.3-.4 2.7-.5 4.1-.5 1.4 0 2.8.2 4.1.5 3.1-2.1 4.5-1.7 4.5-1.7.9 2.2.3 3.9.2 4.3 1 1.1 1.7 2.6 1.7 4.4 0 6.3-3.8 7.6-7.4 8 .6.5 1.1 1.5 1.1 3V31c0 .4.3.9 1.1.8 6.5-2.2 11.1-8.3 11.1-15.5C32.6 7.3 25.3 0 16.3 0z" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" /> </svg></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wd-author"> <img class="devsite-landing-row-item-icon" alt="Joe Medley" src="https://web.dev/images/authors/joemedley.jpg" decoding="async" height="64" loading="lazy" width="64"> <div> <span> Joe Medley </span> <div class="wd-author__links"> <a href="https://github.com/jpmedley" aria-label="Joe Medley on GitHub" rel="me"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="22" viewBox="0 0 32.6 31.8"> <title>GitHub</title> <path d="M16.3 0C7.3 0 0 7.3 0 16.3c0 7.2 4.7 13.3 11.1 15.5.8.1 1.1-.4 1.1-.8v-2.8c-4.5 1-5.5-2.2-5.5-2.2-.7-1.9-1.8-2.4-1.8-2.4-1.5-1 .1-1 .1-1 1.6.1 2.5 1.7 2.5 1.7 1.5 2.5 3.8 1.8 4.7 1.4.1-1.1.6-1.8 1-2.2-3.6-.4-7.4-1.8-7.4-8.1 0-1.8.6-3.2 1.7-4.4-.1-.3-.7-2 .2-4.2 0 0 1.4-.4 4.5 1.7 1.3-.4 2.7-.5 4.1-.5 1.4 0 2.8.2 4.1.5 3.1-2.1 4.5-1.7 4.5-1.7.9 2.2.3 3.9.2 4.3 1 1.1 1.7 2.6 1.7 4.4 0 6.3-3.8 7.6-7.4 8 .6.5 1.1 1.5 1.1 3V31c0 .4.3.9 1.1.8 6.5-2.2 11.1-8.3 11.1-15.5C32.6 7.3 25.3 0 16.3 0z" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" fill="currentColor" /> </svg></a> </div> </div> </div> </div></p> <p>In this article you will learn about media file basics such as the concepts of a container, and a few of the many available codec formats that you can use in a stream. Plus lightly touch on topics such as adaptive streaming, bitrate, and resolution—but we'll dive deeper into all these in later sections.</p> <h2 id="serving_video_files" data-text="Serving video files" tabindex="-1">Serving video files</h2> <p>You might think that you can take a raw file from a video camera and just upload it to the web as-is. Indeed, video streaming sites such as <a href="https://www.youtube.com/">YouTube</a> or <a href="https://vimeo.com/">Vimeo</a> let you do just that, and even provide live-streaming capabilities—typically by connecting to your camera's HDMI port and then processing it through a capture card. These services greatly simplify video processing and uploading, which includes generating the many files and manifests needed for adaptive streaming and various resolutions. Plus the many other complicated and nuanced requirements that make self-hosting a bit of a chore. Preparing and serving a video from your own site, and likely a separate media server, is a bit more complicated than just uploading a raw camera file if you care how your users experience your site.</p> <p>Video files come in a variety of formats. The format that comes off your camera is typically a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.mov</code> file, or an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.mp4</code> if you have a good modern mirrorless camera. However, while a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.mov</code> is good for recording and for editing and other early post-production processes, the file size means it's not good for streaming over the web. As well, the file size of a raw <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.mp4</code> in 4K is going to make playing that file on mobile very prohibitive. Because browsers support different file formats, you'll need to create multiple optimized files and potentially a manifest if you plan to support adaptive streaming. Before converting files you need to understand a few basics about them and about their characteristics.</p> <h2 id="containers_and_codecs_and_streams" data-text="Containers and codecs, and streams?" tabindex="-1">Containers and codecs, and streams?</h2> <p>The file that you see in your operating system shell is a <em>container</em>, identified by a file extension (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">.mp4</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.webm</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.ogg</code> etc.). The container houses one or more <em>streams</em>. A media file can have any number of streams, of many more <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats">formats</a> than we'll go into here.</p> <p>The sample files used later in this section contain at most two streams: an audio stream and a video stream. Among the other types you might encounter are captions and data, both of which are beyond the scope of this article. There are instances where audio and video streams are dealt with separately. Most files you'll encounter will only contain a single audio stream and a single video stream.</p> <p>Within the audio and video streams, the actual data is compressed using a codec. A <em>codec</em>, or coder/decoder, is a compression format for video or audio data. The distinction between a container and a codec is important because files with the same container can have their contents encoded with different codecs.</p> <p>The image below illustrates this structure. On the left is the basic container structure with two streams. On the right are the specifics of that structure for a single WebM file.</p> <figure> <img src="/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f.png" alt="Comparing media file structure with a hypothetical media file." width="560" height="250" srcset="https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_36.png 36w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_48.png 48w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_72.png 72w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_96.png 96w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_480.png 480w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_720.png 720w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_856.png 856w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_960.png 960w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_1440.png 1440w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_1920.png 1920w,https://web.dev/static/articles/media-file-basics/image/comparing-media-file-stru-58d7e1713333f_2880.png 2880w" sizes="(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 856px"> <figcaption class="wd-caption">Parts of a media file.</figcaption> </figure> <p>Files in WebM containers can be orders of magnitude smaller than other formats, making them a good choice for mobile sites to stream. Unfortunately, not all browsers support up-to-date containers and codecs. For example, WebM was created specifically for the web as a high-quality and open source option, but its support is not yet universal. Safari in particular does not, according to <a href="https://caniuse.com/#feat=webm">Can I use</a> at the time of this writing, support WebM for embedded video. However, WebM does have partial support with the VP8 and VP9 codec used in WebRTC. So your best option is to provide a fallback video.</p> <aside class="note"><b>Note: </b> All modern browsers support MP4 files, making them a good general choice for a media container and the best choice as the backup container for WebM. </aside> <h3 id="codec_formats" data-text="Codec formats" tabindex="-1">Codec formats</h3> <p>Many file types support multiple codecs within the same container. A complete list of available <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs">video codecs</a> and <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Audio_codecs">audio codecs</a> would be a whole website to itself. The links just provided are for MDN's practical lists of what's usable on the web. Listed below are the currently preferred file types, and the codecs they might use. Follow the file type links to view the browsers that support them.</p> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>File type</th> <th>Video Codec</th> <th>Audio Codec</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><a href="https://caniuse.com/#search=mp4">MP4</a></td> <td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs#AV1">AV1</a>, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs#AVC_H.264">AVC (H.264)</a>*, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs#VP9">VP9</a></td> <td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Audio_codecs#AAC">AAC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://caniuse.com/#feat=webm">WebM</a></td> <td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs#AV1">AV1</a>, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs#VP9">VP9</a>*</td> <td><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Audio_codecs#Vorbis">Vorbis</a>, <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Audio_codecs#Opus">Opus</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>* Indicates the preferred video codec.</p> <h2 id="bitrate_and_resolution" data-text="Bitrate and resolution" tabindex="-1">Bitrate and resolution</h2> <p><strong>Bitrate</strong> is the maximum number of bits used to encode one second of a stream. The more bits used to encode a second of stream, the higher the potential detail and fidelity. We provide more information about this concept in <a href="/articles/bitrate">Bitrate</a>.</p> <p><strong>Resolution</strong> is the amount of information in a single frame of video, given as the number of logical pixels in each dimension. We provide more information about this concept in <a href="/articles/resolution">Resolution</a>.</p> <p>Up next, in <a href="/articles/media-application-basics">Media application basics</a>, we'll show you how to examine these characteristics using two command line tools: Shaka Packager and FFmpeg.</p> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. For details, see the <a href="https://developers.google.com/site-policies">Google Developers Site Policies</a>. 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