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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welfare_and_tax_reform_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Welfare and tax reform proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welfare_and_tax_reform_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Other initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Foreign affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SALT_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SALT_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 SALT II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SALT_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camp_David_Accords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camp_David_Accords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Camp David Accords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camp_David_Accords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_Revolution_and_hostage_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Revolution_and_hostage_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Revolution_and_hostage_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panama_Canal_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama_Canal_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Panama Canal treaties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama_Canal_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Cuba </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rapprochement_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapprochement_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Rapprochement with China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapprochement_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 1980 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Evaluation and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button 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Carter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sidence_de_Jimmy_Carter" title="Présidence de Jimmy Carter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Présidence de Jimmy Carter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenza_di_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidenza di Jimmy Carter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Presidenza di Jimmy Carter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8" title="הקבינט של ארצות הברית בממשל ג'ימי קרטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקבינט של ארצות הברית בממשל ג'ימי קרטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet-Carter" title="Kabinet-Carter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kabinet-Carter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د جیمي کارتر ولسمشري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د جیمي کارتر ولسمشري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кабинет Джимми Картера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кабинет Джимми Картера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carterin_hallitus" title="Jimmy Carterin hallitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jimmy Carterin hallitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter"><img alt="Jimmy Carter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/220px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/330px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/440px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2027" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Presidency of Jimmy Carter January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Administration">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/75px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/113px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg/150px-JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2027" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">76th Governor of Georgia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter#Governor_of_Georgia_(1971–1975)" title="Jimmy Carter">Governorship</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">39th President of the United States</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Policies</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_Carter_Administration_(1977–1981)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States#Jimmy_Carter" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">Pardons</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Appointments</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judiciary</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Tenure</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">U.S.–China relations</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Timeline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">'77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">'78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">'79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">'80–'81</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1976 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">Election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">Election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-presidency</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by Jimmy Carter">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter's signature"><img alt="Jimmy Carter's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg/150px-Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg/225px-Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg/300px-Jimmy_Carter_Signature-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="157" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter_series" title="Template:Jimmy Carter series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter_series" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s tenure as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">39th president of the United States</a> began with <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">his inauguration</a> on January 20, 1977, and ended on January 20, 1981. Carter, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, took office following his narrow victory over <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>. His presidency ended following his landslide defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential election</a> to Republican <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, after one term in office. At age 100, he is the oldest living, longest-lived and <a href="/wiki/List_of_long_marriages" title="List of long marriages">longest-married</a> president, and has the longest post-presidency. He is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_state_leaders" title="List of oldest living state leaders">fourth-oldest living former state leader</a>. Carter took office during a period of "<a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>", as the economy experienced a combination of high <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and slow economic growth. His budgetary policies centered on taming inflation by reducing deficits and government spending. Responding to energy concerns that had persisted through much of the 1970s, his administration enacted a national energy policy designed for long-term energy conservation and the development of alternative resources. In the short term, the country was beset by an <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">energy crisis</a> in 1979 which was overlapped by a <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">recession</a> in 1980. Carter sought reforms to the country's welfare, health care, and tax systems, but was largely unsuccessful, partly due to poor relations with Democrats in <a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">Congress</a>. Carter reoriented U.S. foreign policy towards an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. He continued the conciliatory late <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> policies of his predecessors, normalizing relations with <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> and pursuing further <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a>. In an effort to end the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, he helped arrange the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> between <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a>, Carter guaranteed the eventual transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> to Panama. Denouncing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a> in 1979, he reversed his conciliatory policies towards the Soviet Union and began a period of military build-up and diplomatic pressure such as pulling out of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">Moscow Olympics</a>. The final fifteen months of Carter's presidential tenure were marked by several additional major crises, including the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> and economic malaise. <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>, a prominent liberal Democrat who protested Carter's opposition to a <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a> system, challenged Carter in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="1980 Democratic primaries">1980 Democratic primaries</a>. Boosted by public support for his policies in late 1979 and early 1980, Carter rallied to defeat Kennedy and win re-nomination. He lost the 1980 presidential election in a landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Polls of historians and political scientists</a> generally rank Carter as a below-average president, although <a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">his post-presidential activities</a> are viewed more favorably. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1976_election">1976 election</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1976 election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_elections" title="1976 United States elections">1976 United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1976.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/495px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/660px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1976 Electoral College vote results</figcaption></figure> Carter was elected as the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> in 1970, and during his four years in office he earned a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a>, racially moderate <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> governor. Observing <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s success in the <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972 Democratic primaries</a>, Carter came to believe that he could win the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination by running as an outsider unconnected to establishment politicians in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Carter declared his candidacy for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination in December 1974 and swore "to never lie to the American people."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> As Democratic leaders such as 1968 nominee <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> of Minnesota, and Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> of Massachusetts declined to enter the race, there was no clear favorite in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mo_Udall" title="Mo Udall">Mo Udall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> all sought the nomination, and many of these candidates were better known than Carter.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Carter sought to appeal to various groups in the party; his advocacy for cutting defense spending and reining in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> appealed to liberals, while his emphasis on eliminating government waste appealed to conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Carter won the most votes of any candidate in the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowa caucus">Iowa caucus</a>, and he dominated media coverage in advance of the New Hampshire primary, which he also won.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Carter's subsequent victory over Wallace in the Florida and North Carolina primaries eliminated Carter's main rival in the South.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> With a victory over Jackson in the Pennsylvania primary, Carter established himself as the clear front-runner.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Despite the late entrance of Senator <a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> into the race, Carter clinched the nomination on the final day of the primaries.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 Democratic National Convention</a> proceeded harmoniously and, after interviewing several candidates, Carter <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1976">chose</a> Mondale as his running mate. The selection of Mondale was well received by many liberal Democrats, many of whom had been skeptical of Carter.<a href="#cite_note-Zelizer,_pp._45-46-9">[9]</a> The Republicans experienced a <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">contested convention</a> that ultimately nominated incumbent President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, who had succeeded to the presidency in 1974 after the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> due to the latter's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zelizer,_pp._45-46-9">[9]</a> With the Republicans badly divided, and with Ford facing questions over his competence as president, polls taken in August 1976 showed Carter with a 15-point lead.<a href="#cite_note-kauf1617-10">[10]</a> In the general election campaign, Carter continued to promote a centrist agenda, seeking to define new Democratic positions in the aftermath of the tumultuous 1960s. Above all, Carter attacked the political system, defining himself as an "outsider" who would reform Washington in the post-Watergate era.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In response, Ford attacked Carter's supposed "fuzziness", arguing that Carter had taken vague stances on major issues.<a href="#cite_note-kauf1617-10">[10]</a> Carter and President Ford faced off in three televised debates during the 1976 election,<a href="#cite_note-Howard,_Adam_NBC_News-12">[12]</a> the first such debates since 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Howard,_Adam_NBC_News-12">[12]</a> Ford was generally viewed as the winner of the first debate, but he made a major gaffe in the second debate when he stated there was "no Soviet domination of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>."<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> The gaffe put an end to Ford's late momentum, and Carter helped his own campaign with a strong performance in the third debate. Polls taken just before election day showed a very close race.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman1719-13">[13]</a> Carter won the election with 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a>, while Ford won 48% of the popular vote and 240 electoral votes. The 1976 presidential election represents the lone Democratic presidential election victory between the elections of <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>. Carter fared particularly well in the Northeast and the South, while Ford swept the West and won much of the Midwest. In the concurrent <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_elections" title="1976 United States elections">congressional elections</a>, Democrats increased their majorities in both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition">Transition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_%281%29.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_%281%29.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_%281%29.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_President-Elect_Jimmy_Carter_Meeting_in_the_Oval_Office_to_Discuss_the_Presidential_Transition_-_NARA_-_45644329_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and President-elect Jimmy Carter in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on November 22, 1976</figcaption></figure> Preliminary planning for Carter's <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition" title="United States presidential transition">presidential transition</a> had already been underway for months before his election.<a href="#cite_note-Burke-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voxtransition1-17">[16]</a> Carter was the first presidential candidate to allot significant funds and a significant number of personnel to a pre-election transition planning effort, which subsequently would become standard practice.<a href="#cite_note-burke2004-18">[17]</a> Carter made an innovation with his presidential transition that would influence all subsequent presidential transitions, taking a methodical approach to his transition, and having a larger and more formal operation than past presidential transitions had.<a href="#cite_note-burke2004-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Voxtransition1-17">[16]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inauguration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration of Jimmy Carter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif/lossy-page1-220px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif/lossy-page1-440px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Rosalynn_Carter_walk_down_Pennsylvania_Avenue_during_Inauguration._-_NARA_-_173376.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>President Jimmy Carter and <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> walk down <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> during the inauguration.</figcaption></figure> In his inaugural address, Carter said, "We have learned that more is not necessarily better, that even our great nation has its recognized limits, and that we can neither answer all questions nor solve all problems."<a href="#cite_note-Dyer-2004-19">[18]</a> Carter had campaigned on a promise to eliminate the trappings of the "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</a>," and began taking action according to that promise on Inauguration Day, breaking with recent history and security protocols by walking from the Capitol to the White House in his inaugural parade. His first steps in the White House went further in this direction: Carter cut the size of the 500-member White House staff by one-third and reduced the perks for the president and cabinet members.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> He also fulfilled a campaign promise by issuing a "full complete and unconditional pardon" (amnesty) for Vietnam War-era <a href="/wiki/Draft_dodgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft dodgers">draft evaders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administration">edit</a>]</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Carter cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a></th><td>1977–1980</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a></th><td>1980–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a></th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Benjamin Civiletti</a></th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Robert Bergland</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps">Juanita M. Kreps</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a></th><td>1980–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Marshall" title="Ray Marshall">Ray Marshall</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a>*</th><td>1979–1980</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a>*</th><td>1980–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">Maurice "Moon" Landrieu</a></th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Brock_Adams" title="Brock Adams">Brock Adams</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt" title="Neil Goldschmidt">Neil Goldschmidt</a></th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a></th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hufstedler" title="Shirley Hufstedler">Shirley Hufstedler</a>*</th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Bert Lance</a></th><td>1977</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">United States Trade Representative</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Robert S. Strauss</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a></th><td>1979–1980</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></th><td>1977–1979</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Donald_McHenry" title="Donald McHenry">Donald McHenry</a></th><td>1979–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a></th><td>1977–1981</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:#D1D1D1 2px solid">*The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health, Education and Welfare</a> (HEW) was renamed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS) in 1980, when its education functions were transferred to the newly created <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_Organization_Act" title="Department of Education Organization Act">Department of Education Organization Act (1979)</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> Though Carter had campaigned against Washington insiders, many of his top appointees had served in previous presidential administrations.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a>, and Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a> had been high-ranking officials in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Other notable appointments included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a> as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a>, former Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> as a presidential assistant on energy issues, federal judge <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a> as Attorney General, and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a>, the first African-American woman to serve in the cabinet,<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Carter appointed several close associates from Georgia to staff the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a>. He initially offered the position of <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a> to two of his advisers, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Jordan" title="Hamilton Jordan">Hamilton Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kirbo" title="Charles Kirbo">Charles Kirbo</a>, but both declined. Carter decided not to have a chief of staff, instead implementing a system in which cabinet members would have more direct access to the president.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Bert Lance</a> was selected to lead the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, while Jordan became a key aide and adviser. Other appointees from Georgia included <a href="/wiki/Jody_Powell" title="Jody Powell">Jody Powell</a> as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary" title="White House Press Secretary">White House Press Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Watson_(presidential_adviser)" title="Jack Watson (presidential adviser)">Jack Watson</a> as cabinet secretary, and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_E._Eizenstat" title="Stuart E. Eizenstat">Stuart E. Eizenstat</a> as head of the Domestic Policy Staff.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> To oversee the administration's foreign policy, Carter relied on several members of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>, including Vance and National Security Adviser <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>. Brzezinski emerged as one of Carter's closest advisers, and Carter made use of both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> and Vance's State Department in developing and implementing foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The hawkish Brzezinski clashed frequently with Vance, who pushed for detente with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Vice President Mondale served as a key adviser on both foreign and domestic issues.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> First Lady <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> emerged as an important part of the administration, sitting in on several Cabinet meetings and serving as a sounding board, advisor, and surrogate for the president. She traveled abroad to negotiate foreign policy, and some polling found that she was tied with <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> as the most admired woman in the world.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Carter shook up the White House staff in mid-1978, bringing in advertising executive <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Rafshoon" title="Gerald Rafshoon">Gerald Rafshoon</a> to serve as the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Communications_Director" title="White House Communications Director">White House Communications Director</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Wexler" title="Anne Wexler">Anne Wexler</a> to lead the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Public Liaison">Office of Public Liaison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Carter implemented broad personnel changes in the White House and cabinet in mid-1979. Five cabinet secretaries left office, including Blumenthal, Bell, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Califano" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Califano">Joseph Califano</a>, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Jordan was selected as the president's first chief of staff, while <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_L._McDonald" title="Alonzo L. McDonald">Alonzo L. McDonald</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a>, became the White House staff director. Federal Reserve Chairman <a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> replaced Blumenthal as Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Benjamin Civiletti</a> took office as Attorney General, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a> became Secretary of Energy.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> After Vance resigned in 1980, Carter appointed <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a>, a well-respected Senator with whom Carter had developed friendly relations, to serve as Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Jimmy Carter Supreme Court candidates">Jimmy Carter Supreme Court candidates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointments">Jimmy Carter judicial appointments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies</a></div> Among presidents who served at least one full term, Carter is the only one who never made an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-senate-35">[34]</a> Carter appointed 56 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Courts_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Courts of Appeals">United States Courts of Appeals</a>, and 203 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>. Two of his circuit court appointees – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> – were later promoted to the Supreme Court by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Carter was the first president to make demographic diversity a key priority in the selection of judicial nominees.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> During Carter's presidency, the number of female circuit court judges increased from one to twelve, the number of non-white male circuit judges increased from six to thirteen, the number of female district court judges increased from four to 32, and the number of non-white male district court judges increased from 23 to 55. Carter appointed the first female African-American circuit court judge, <a href="/wiki/Amalya_Lyle_Kearse" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalya Lyle Kearse">Amalya Lyle Kearse</a>, the first Hispanic circuit court judge, <a href="/wiki/Reynaldo_Guerra_Garza" title="Reynaldo Guerra Garza">Reynaldo Guerra Garza</a>, and the first female Hispanic district court judge, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Consuelo_Cerezo" title="Carmen Consuelo Cerezo">Carmen Consuelo Cerezo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Federal Judicial Center data shows that Carter appointed more women (41) and people of color (57) than had been appointed by all past presidents combined (10 women and 35 people of color).<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic affairs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Carter_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/President_Carter_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/220px-President_Carter_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/President_Carter_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/330px-President_Carter_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/President_Carter_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Robert Templeton's portrait of President Carter, displayed in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> President Carter was not a product of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> traditions of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> Northern Democrats. Instead he traced his ideological background to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. He was thus much more conservative than the dominant liberal wing of the party could accept.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> British historian Iwan Morgan argues: <dl><dd>Carter traced his political values to early twentieth-century southern progressivism with its concern for economy and efficiency in government and compassion for the poor. He described himself as a fiscal conservative, but liberal on matters like civil rights, the environment, and "helping people to overcome handicaps to lead fruitful lives," an ideological construct that appeared to make him the legatee of <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-morgan-40">[39]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Congress">Relations with Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with Congress">edit</a>]</div> Carter successfully campaigned as a Washington "outsider" critical of both President Gerald Ford and the Democratic Congress; as president, he continued this theme. This refusal to play by the rules of Washington contributed to the Carter administration's difficult relationship with Congress. After the election, the President demanded the power to reorganize the executive branch, alienating powerful Democrats like Speaker <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Jack Brooks</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a>, Congress had passed a series of reforms that removed power from the president, and most members of Congress were unwilling to restore that power even with a Democrat now in office.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[b]</a> Unreturned phone calls, verbal insults, and an unwillingness to trade political favors soured many on Capitol Hill and affected the president's ability to enact his agenda.<a href="#cite_note-pbs-44">[42]</a> In many cases, these failures of communication stemmed not from intentional neglect, but rather from poor organization of the administration's congressional liaison functions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> President Carter attempted to woo O'Neill, Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a>, and other members of Congress through personal engagement, but he was generally unable to rally support for his programs through these meetings.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Carter also erred in focusing on too many priorities at once, especially in the first months of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Democrats in Congress were displeased with his moralistic, executive-oriented, rational approach to decision-making and his reluctance to accept standard congressional methods of compromise, patronage, and log-rolling.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> A few months after his term started, Carter issued a "hit list" of 19 projects that he claimed were "<a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a>" spending. He said that he would veto any legislation that contained projects on this list.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Congress responded by passing a bill that combined several of the projects that Carter objected to with economic stimulus measures that Carter favored. Carter chose to sign the bill, but his criticism of the alleged "pork barrel" projects cost him support in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-dymatthews1-50">[48]</a> These struggles set a pattern for Carter's presidency, and he would frequently clash with Congress for the remainder of his tenure.<a href="#cite_note-millerdomestic-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_policies">Budget policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Budget policies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Jimmy_Carter_participates_in_a_cabinet_meeting_-_NARA_-_182445.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2047" /></a><figcaption>Jimmy Carter and his cabinet in 1978</figcaption></figure> On taking office, Carter proposed an economic stimulus package that would give each citizen a $50 tax rebate, cut corporate taxes by $900 million, and increase spending on public works. The limited spending involved in the package reflected Carter's fiscal conservatism, as he was more concerned with avoiding inflation and balancing the budget than addressing unemployment. Carter's resistance to higher federal spending drew attacks from many members of his own party, who wanted to lower the unemployment rate through federal public works projects. Carter signed several measures designed to address unemployment in 1977, including an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a>, but he continued to focus primarily on reducing deficits and inflation. In November 1978, Carter signed the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1978" title="Revenue Act of 1978">Revenue Act of 1978</a>, a $19 billion tax cut.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">Federal budget deficits</a> throughout Carter's term remained at around the $70 billion level reached in 1976, but as a percentage of GDP the deficits fell from 4% when he took office to 2.5% in the 1980–81 fiscal year.<a href="#cite_note-stat88-53">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt of the United States</a> increased by about $280 billion, from $620 billion in early 1977 to $900 billion in late 1980.<a href="#cite_note-crs-54">[52]</a> However, because economic growth outpaced the growth in nominal debt, the federal government's <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt as a percentage of gross domestic product</a> decreased slightly, from 33.6% in early 1977 to 31.8% in late 1980.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Energy_Act">National Energy Act</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National Energy Act">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/220px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/330px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg/440px-Carter_leaving_Three_Mile_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1947" /></a><figcaption>Carter at Three Mile Island nuclear accident April 1, 1979</figcaption></figure> In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC), based in the Middle East, had reduced output to raise world prices and to hurt <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and its allies, including the United States.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> This sparked the <a href="/wiki/1973_Oil_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Oil Crisis">1973 Oil Crisis</a>, a period of high oil prices, which in turn forced higher prices throughout the American economy and slowed economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_312-57">[55]</a> The United States continued to face energy issues in the following years, and during the winter of 1976–1977 <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> shortages forced the closure of many schools and factories, leading to the temporary layoffs of hundreds of thousands of workers.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-58">[56]</a> By 1977, energy policy was one of the greatest challenges facing the United States. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Oil</a> imports had increased 65% annually since 1973, and the U.S. consumed over twice as much energy, per capita, as other <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-millerdomestic-51">[49]</a> Upon taking office, Carter asked James Schlesinger to develop a plan to address the energy crisis.<a href="#cite_note-patterson120-59">[57]</a> In an address to the nation of April 18, 1977, Carter called the energy crisis as, apart from preventing war, "the greatest challenge that our country will face during our lifetime." He called for energy conservation, increased use of U.S. coal reserves, and carefully controlled expansion of nuclear power. His chief goals were to limit the growth of energy demand to an increase of two percent a year, cut oil imports in half, and establish a new strategic <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">petroleum reserve</a> containing a six-month supply.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Carter won congressional approval for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>, and he named Schlesinger as the first head of that department. Schlesinger presented an energy plan that contained 113 provisions, the most important of which were taxes on domestic oil production and gasoline consumption. The plan also provided for tax credits for energy conservation, taxes on automobiles with low <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel efficiency</a>, and mandates to convert from oil or natural gas to coal power.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The House approved much of Carter's plan in August 1977, but the Senate passed a series of watered-down energy bills that included few of Carter's proposals. Negotiations with Congress dragged on into 1978, but Carter signed the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Act" title="National Energy Act">National Energy Act</a> in November 1978. Many of Carter's original proposals were not included in the legislation, but the act deregulated natural gas and encouraged energy conservation and the development of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> through tax credits.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1979_energy_crisis">1979 energy crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1979 energy crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</a></div> Another energy shortage hit the United States in 1979, forcing millions of frustrated motorists into long waits at gasoline stations. In response, Carter asked Congress to deregulate the price of domestic oil. At the time, domestic oil prices were not set by the world market, but rather by the complex <a href="/wiki/Price_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Price control">price controls</a> of the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_and_Conservation_Act" title="Energy Policy and Conservation Act">Energy Policy and Conservation Act</a> (EPCA). Oil companies strongly favored the deregulation of prices, since it would increase their profits, but some members of Congress worried that deregulation would contribute to inflation. In late April and early May the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> found only 14 percent of the public believed that America was in an actual energy shortage. The other 77 percent believed that this was brought on by oil companies just to make a profit.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Carter paired the deregulation proposal with a <a href="/wiki/Windfall_profits_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Windfall profits tax">windfall profits tax</a>, which would return about half of the new profits of the oil companies to the federal government. Carter used a provision of EPCA to phase in oil controls, but Congress balked at implementing the proposed tax.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>... I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation... </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Jimmy Carter<a href="#cite_note-Carter-Crisis-Confidence-66">[64]</a></cite> </div> In July 1979, as the energy crisis continued, Carter met with a series of business, government, labor, academic, and religious leaders in an effort to overhaul his administration's policies.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> His pollster, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Caddell" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Caddell">Pat Caddell</a>, told him that the American people faced a crisis of confidence stemming from the assassinations of major leaders in the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and the Watergate scandal.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> Though most of his other top advisers urged him to continue to focus on inflation and the energy crisis, Carter seized on Caddell's notion that the major crisis facing the country was a crisis of confidence. On July 15, Carter delivered a nationally televised speech in which he called for long-term limits on oil imports and the development of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fuels">synthetic fuels</a>. But he also stated, "all the legislation in the world can't fix what's wrong with America. What is lacking is confidence and a sense of community."<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The speech, named A Crisis of Confidence,<a href="#cite_note-Carter-Crisis-Confidence-66">[64]</a> came to be known as his "malaise" speech, although Carter never used the word in the speech.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The initial reaction to Carter's speech was generally positive, but Carter erred by forcing out several cabinet members, including Secretary of Energy Schlesinger, later in July.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Nonetheless, Congress approved a $227 billion windfall profits tax and passed the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Security_Act" title="Energy Security Act">Energy Security Act</a>. The Energy Security Act established the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_Fuels_Corporation" title="Synthetic Fuels Corporation">Synthetic Fuels Corporation</a>, which was charged with developing alternative energy sources.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman182214-73">[71]</a> Despite those legislative victories, in 1980 Congress rescinded Carter's imposition of a surcharge on imported oil,<a href="#cite_note-75">[c]</a> and rejected his proposed Energy Mobilization Board, a government body that was designed to facilitate the construction of power plants.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Nonetheless, Kaufman and Kaufman write that policies enacted under Carter represented the "most sweeping energy legislation in the nation's history."<a href="#cite_note-kaufman182214-73">[71]</a> Carter's policies contributed to a decrease in per capita energy consumption, which dropped by 10 percent from 1979 to 1983.<a href="#cite_note-patterson119120-77">[74]</a> Oil imports, which had reached a record 2.4 billion barrels in 1977 (50% of supply), declined by half from 1979 to 1983.<a href="#cite_note-stat88-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Federal finances and GDP during Carter's presidency<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiscal Year </th> <th>Receipts </th> <th>Outlays </th> <th>Surplus/ Deficit </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> </th> <th>Debt as a % of GDP<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1977 </th> <td>355.6 </td> <td>409.2 </td> <td>−53.7 </td> <td>2,024.3 </td> <td>27.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1978 </th> <td>399.6 </td> <td>458.7 </td> <td>−59.2 </td> <td>2,273.5 </td> <td>26.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1979 </th> <td>463.3 </td> <td>504.0 </td> <td>−40.7 </td> <td>2,565.6 </td> <td>25.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1980 </th> <td>517.1 </td> <td>590.9 </td> <td>−73.8 </td> <td>2,791.9 </td> <td>25.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <td>599.3 </td> <td>678.2 </td> <td>−79.0 </td> <td>3,133.2 </td> <td>25.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ref. </th> <td colspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Carter took office during a period of "<a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>", as the economy experienced both high inflation and low economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The U.S. had recovered from the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9375_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–75 recession">1973–75 recession</a>, but the economy, and especially inflation, continued to be a top concern for many Americans in 1977 and 1978.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The economy had grown by 5% in 1976, and it continued to grow at a similar pace during 1977 and 1978.<a href="#cite_note-bea-85">[82]</a> Unemployment declined from 7.5% in January 1977 to 5.6% by May 1979, with over 9 million net new jobs created during that interim,<a href="#cite_note-labor-86">[83]</a> and real median household income grew by 5% from 1976 to 1978.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> In October 1978, responding to worsening inflation, Carter announced the beginning of "phase two" of his anti-inflation campaign on national television. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Kahn" title="Alfred E. Kahn">Alfred E. Kahn</a> as the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Wage_and_Price_Stability" class="mw-redirect" title="Council on Wage and Price Stability">Council on Wage and Price Stability</a> (COWPS), and COWPS announced price targets for industries and implemented other policies designed to lower inflation.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> The 1979 energy crisis ended a period of growth; both inflation and interest rates rose, while economic growth, job creation, and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_confidence" title="Consumer confidence">consumer confidence</a> declined sharply.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_292-89">[86]</a> The relatively loose <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> adopted by <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a>, had already contributed to somewhat higher inflation,<a href="#cite_note-Inflation_of_1970s-90">[87]</a> rising from 5.8% in 1976 to 7.7% in 1978. The sudden doubling of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> prices by OPEC<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> forced inflation to double-digit levels, averaging 11.3% in 1979 and 13.5% in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-stat88-53">[51]</a> Following a mid-1979 cabinet shake-up, Carter named <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Volcker pursued a tight monetary policy to bring down inflation, but this policy also had the effect of slowing economic growth even further.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Author <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Eland" title="Ivan Eland">Ivan Eland</a> points out that this came during a long trend of inflation, saying, "Easy money and cheap credit during the 1970s, had caused rampant inflation, which topped out at 13 percent in 1979."<a href="#cite_note-IE2014Rushmore-94">[91]</a> Carter enacted an <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> program by <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a>, justifying these measures by observing that inflation had reached a "crisis stage"; both inflation and short-term interest rates reached 18 percent in February and March 1980.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In March, the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> fell to its lowest level since mid-1976, and the following month unemployment rose to seven percent.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The economy entered into another <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession_in_the_United_States" title="Early 1980s recession in the United States">recession</a>, its fourth in little more than a decade,<a href="#cite_note-IE2014Rushmore-94">[91]</a> and unemployment quickly rose to 7.8 percent.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> This "<a href="/wiki/Recession_shapes" title="Recession shapes">V-shaped recession</a>" and the malaise accompanying it coincided with Carter's 1980 re-election campaign, and contributed to his unexpectedly severe loss to <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-'70s_301-98">[95]</a> Not until March 1981 did GDP and employment totals regain pre-recession levels.<a href="#cite_note-bea-85">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-labor-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_health_care_reform_in_the_United_States" title="History of health care reform in the United States">History of health care reform in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_working_at_his_desk_-_NARA_-_173610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Carter in the Oval Office, February 1977</figcaption></figure> During the 1976 presidential campaign, Carter proposed a health care reform plan that included key features of a bipartisan bill, sponsored by Senator Ted Kennedy, that provided for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a> (NHI) system.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Though most Americans had health insurance through <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, or private plans, approximately ten percent of the population did not have coverage in 1977. The establishment of an NHI plan was the top priority of organized labor and many liberal Democrats, but Carter had concerns about cost, as well as the inflationary impact, of such a system. He delayed consideration of health care through 1977, and ultimately decided that he would not support Kennedy's proposal to establish an NHI system that covered all Americans. Kennedy met repeatedly with Carter and White House staffers in an attempt to forge a compromise health care plan, but negotiations broke down in July 1978. Though Kennedy and Carter had previously been on good terms, differences over health insurance led to an open break between the two Democratic leaders.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> In June 1979, Carter proposed more limited health insurance reform—an employer mandate to provide private catastrophic health insurance. The plan would also extend <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a> to the very poor without dependent minor children, and would add catastrophic coverage to <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHI:_CQ_Almanac_1979-101">[98]</a> Kennedy rejected the plan as insufficient.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In November 1979, Senator <a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Russell B. Long</a> led a bipartisan conservative majority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Senate Finance Committee</a> to support an employer mandate to provide catastrophic coverage and the addition of catastrophic coverage to Medicare.<a href="#cite_note-NHI:_CQ_Almanac_1979-101">[98]</a> These efforts were abandoned in 1980 due to budget constraints.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare_and_tax_reform_proposals">Welfare and tax reform proposals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Welfare and tax reform proposals">edit</a>]</div> Carter sought a comprehensive overhaul of welfare programs in order to provide more cost-effective aid; Congress rejected almost all of his proposals.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> Proposals contemplated by the Carter administration include a <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a>, a federal <a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">job guarantee</a> for the unemployed, a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a>, and direct cash payments to aid recipients. In early 1977, Secretary Califano presented Carter with several options for welfare reform, all of which Carter rejected because they increased government spending. In August 1977, Carter proposed a major jobs program for welfare recipients capable of working and a "decent income" to those who were incapable of working.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> Carter was unable to win support for his welfare reform proposals, and they never received a vote in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman122-106">[103]</a> In October 1978, Carter helped convince the Senate to pass the <a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a>, which committed the federal government to the goals of low inflation and low unemployment. To the disappointment of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> (CBC) and organized labor, the final act did not include a provision authorizing the federal government to act as an <a href="/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">employer of last resort</a> in order to provide for <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Carter also sought tax reform in order to create a simpler, more <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a> taxation system. He proposed taxing <a href="/wiki/Capital_gain" title="Capital gain">capital gains</a> as ordinary income, eliminating tax shelters, limiting itemized tax deductions, and increasing the <a href="/wiki/Standard_deduction" title="Standard deduction">standard deduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Carter's taxation proposals were rejected by Congress, and no major tax reform bill was passed during Carter's presidency.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Amid growing public fear that the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">social security system</a> was in danger of bankruptcy within a few years, Carter signed the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Social_Security_in_the_United_States#1977_Amendments" title="History of Social Security in the United States">Social Security Financing Amendments</a> Act in December 1977, which corrected a flaw that had been introduced into the benefit formula by earlier legislation in 1972, raised Social Security taxes and reduced Social Security benefits. "Now this legislation", the president remarked, "will guarantee that from 1980 to the year 2030, the social security funds will be sound".<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> Carter supported many of the goals of the environmentalist movement, and appointed prominent environmentalists to high positions. As president his rhetoric strongly supported environmentalism, with a certain softness regarding his acceptance of nuclear energy – he had been trained in nuclear energy with atomic submarines in the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> He signed several significant bills to protect the environment, such as the <a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a>, which regulates strip mining.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> In 1980 Carter signed into law a bill that established <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a>, a federal program designed to clean up mining or factory sites contaminated with hazardous substances.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Other environmental laws signed by Carter addressed energy conservation, federal mine safety standards, and control of pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Secretary of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a> convinced Carter to withdraw over 100 million acres of public domain land in Alaska from commercial use by designating the land as conservation areas. The 1980 <a href="/wiki/Alaska_National_Interest_Lands_Conservation_Act" title="Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act">Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act</a> doubled the amount of public land set aside for national parks and wildlife refuges.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> Business and conservative interests complained that economic growth would be hurt by these conservation efforts.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Early in his term, Carter worked to fulfill a campaign promise to teachers' unions to create a cabinet-level Department of Education. Carter argued that the establishment of the department would increase efficiency and equal opportunity, but opponents in both parties criticized it as an additional layer of bureaucracy that would reduce local control and local support of education.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> In October 1979, Carter signed the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_Organization_Act" title="Department of Education Organization Act">Department of Education Organization Act</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">United States Department of Education</a>. Carter appointed <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Mount_Hufstedler" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirley Mount Hufstedler">Shirley Mount Hufstedler</a>, a liberal judge from California, as the first Secretary of Education.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Carter also expanded the <a href="/wiki/Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a> program with the addition of 43,000 children and families.<a href="#cite_note-ilheadstart-121">[118]</a> During his tenure, education spending as a share of federal, non-defense spending was doubled.<a href="#cite_note-google-122">[119]</a> Carter opposed tax breaks for Protestant schools in the South, a position that alienated some on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Religious Right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> He also helped defeat the Moynihan-Packwood Bill, which called for tuition tax credits for parents to use for nonpublic school education.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_initiatives">Other initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other initiatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration</a></div> Carter took a stance in support of decriminalization of cannabis, citing the legislation <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon#Decriminalization" title="Cannabis in Oregon">passed in Oregon in 1973</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Delinquency1975-125">[122]</a> In a 1977 address to Congress, Carter submitted that penalties for cannabis use should not outweigh the actual harms of cannabis consumption. Carter retained pro-decriminalization advisor <a href="/wiki/Robert_DuPont" title="Robert DuPont">Robert DuPont</a>, and appointed pro-decriminalization British physician <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bourne" title="Peter Bourne">Peter Bourne</a> as his drug advisor (or "drug czar") to head up his newly formed <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Drug_Abuse_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Drug Abuse Policy">Office of Drug Abuse Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerber2004-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudak2016-127">[124]</a> However, law enforcement, conservative politicians, and grassroots parents' groups opposed this measure, and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> continued.<a href="#cite_note-Gerber2004-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meier2016-128">[125]</a> At the same time, cannabis consumption in the United States reached historically high levels.<a href="#cite_note-KleimanHawdon2011-129">[126]</a> Carter was the first president to address the topic of <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">gay</a> rights, and his administration was the first to meet with a group of gay rights activists.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-gaywired-131">[128]</a> Carter opposed the <a href="/wiki/Briggs_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs Initiative">Briggs Initiative</a>, a <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> ballot measure that would have banned gays and supporters of gay rights from being <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public school</a> teachers.<a href="#cite_note-gaywired-131">[128]</a> Carter supported the policy of <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a>, and his administration submitted an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a> brief to the Supreme Court while it heard the case of <a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a>. The Supreme Court's holding, delivered in 1978, upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action but vetoed the use of <a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">racial quotas</a> in college admissions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> First Lady <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> publicly campaigned for the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, and the president supported the extension of the ratification period for that amendment.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Carter presided over the deregulation of several industries, which proponents hoped would help revive the sluggish economy. The <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a> (1978) abolished the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a> over six years, provided for the free entry of airlines into new routes, and opened air fares up to competition.<a href="#cite_note-Ingui-134">[131]</a> Carter also signed the <a href="/wiki/Motor_Carrier_Act_of_1980" title="Motor Carrier Act of 1980">Motor Carrier Act</a> (1980), which gradually withdrew the government from controlling access, rates, and routes in the trucking industry; the <a href="/wiki/Staggers_Rail_Act" title="Staggers Rail Act">Staggers Rail Act</a> (1980), which loosened railroad regulations by allowing railroad executives to negotiate mergers with barge and truck lines;<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a> (1980), which removed ceilings on interest rates and permitted <a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">savings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial banks</a> to write home <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgages</a>, extend <a href="/wiki/Business_loan" title="Business loan">business loans</a>, and underwrite <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-Ingui-134">[131]</a> The Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 set up Urban Development Action Grants, extended handicapped and elderly provisions, and established the <a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-google2-136">[133]</a> which sought to prevent banks from denying credit and loans to poor communities.<a href="#cite_note-google3-137">[134]</a> The Child Nutrition Amendments of 1978 introduced a national income standard for program eligibility based on income standards prescribed for reduced-price school lunches. The Act also strengthened the nutrition education component of the WIC program by requiring the provision of nutritional education to all program participants.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Urban development Action grants supplied nearly $5 million for some 3,300 projects in declining cities,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> and a Fair Debt Collection Practices Act was passed with the aim of prohibiting "abusive and unfair techniques of debt collection."<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 was passed with the intention of enabling the coal industry to develop coal resources without damaging other natural resources in the process,<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> while the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 was aimed at safeguarding mineworkers from harm in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) programs and women's programs were also strengthened, and "common sense priorities" led to focus on major health problems.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> The Pregnancy Discrimination Act, passed in 1978, prohibited companies or organizations from discriminating against pregnant employees while providing protection in the areas of childbirth and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> The National Consumer Cooperative Bank Act of 1978 sought to put funds aside for low-interest loans to start cooperatives.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> Minimum wage coverage was extended to farmworkers, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act Amendments of 1978 increased the upper age limit on coverage against age discrimination in non-federal employment and in the private sector from 65 to 70 as a means of extending safeguards against age discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> In addition, the purchase requirement for food stamps was abolished<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> and the first-ever national youth employment law was enacted.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In 1979 Carter opened the first White House Conference on Library and Information Services stating that "libraries must be strengthened and the public made more aware of their potential: Libraries can be community resources for the consumer and small business on matters such as energy and marketing and technological innovation."<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> The White House Conference on Library and Information Services was a project of the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Libraries_and_Information_Science" title="National Commission on Libraries and Information Science">National Commission on Libraries and Information Science</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG/310px-US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG/465px-US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG/620px-US_President_Jimmy_Carter_Presidential_Trips.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">Carter made 12 international trips</a> to 25 different countries during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_War_Map_1980.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cold_War_Map_1980.png/310px-Cold_War_Map_1980.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cold_War_Map_1980.png/465px-Cold_War_Map_1980.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cold_War_Map_1980.png/620px-Cold_War_Map_1980.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>A map of the geopolitical situation in 1980</figcaption></figure> Although foreign policy was not his highest priority at first, a series of worsening crises made it increasingly the focus of attention regarding the Soviet Union, Afghanistan, Iran, and the global energy crisis.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> His handling of the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis made him very unpopular at home and lowered his historical stature as measured by historians.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> Carter took office during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, a sustained period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, relations between the two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> had improved through a policy known as <a href="/wiki/Detente" class="mw-redirect" title="Detente">detente</a>. In a reflection of the waning importance of the Cold War, some of Carter's contemporaries labeled him as the first post-Cold War president, but relations with the Soviet Union would continue to be an important factor in American foreign policy in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Many of the leading officials in the Carter administration, including Carter himself, were members of the Trilateral Commission, which de-emphasized the Cold War. The Trilateral Commission instead advocated a foreign policy focused on aid to <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries and improved relations with Western Europe and Japan. The central tension of the Carter administration's foreign policy was reflected in the division between Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who sought improved relations with the Soviet Union and the Third World, and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski, who favored confrontation with the Soviet Union on a range of issues.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> After the disappointment of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> a re-focus of the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> problem found that technology and teamwork both were in dire need to be upgraded. Guided by General <a href="/wiki/Donn_A._Starry" title="Donn A. Starry">Donn A. Starry</a> and the concept that was to become <a href="/wiki/AirLand_Battle" title="AirLand Battle">AirLand Battle</a>, Carter and his administration approved the initial outlays for the <a href="/wiki/A-10" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10">A-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/AH-64" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64">AH-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIMARS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIMARS">HIMARS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradley_IFV" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradley IFV">Bradley IFV</a>, <a href="/wiki/M109_Paladin" class="mw-redirect" title="M109 Paladin">M109 Paladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriot_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot missile">Patriot missile</a>, <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-suprin22-154">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csisrw-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nlc02585cs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nlc02585cs.jpg/220px-Nlc02585cs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Nlc02585cs.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Carter meeting with Chilean dictator <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, in Washington, September 6, 1977</figcaption></figure> Carter believed that previous administrations had erred in allowing the Cold War concerns and <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a> to dominate foreign policy. His administration placed a new emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic values">democratic values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>, and global poverty.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> The Carter administration's human rights emphasis was part of a broader, worldwide focus on human rights in the 1970s, as <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> became increasingly prominent. Carter nominated <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Patricia_M._Derian" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia M. Derian">Patricia M. Derian</a> as Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, and in August 1977, had the post elevated to that of <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Human_Rights_and_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State</a>. Derian established the <a href="/wiki/United_States%27_Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a>, published annually since 1977.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Latin America was central to Carter's new focus on human rights.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> The Carter administration ended support to the historically U.S.-backed <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Somoza</a> regime in Nicaragua and directed aid to the new <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> government that assumed power after Somoza's overthrow. Carter also cut back or terminated military aid to <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a> of Brazil, and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> of Argentina, all of whom he criticized for human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Carter's ambassador to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a>, was the first African American to hold a high-level diplomatic post. Along with Carter, he sought to change U.S. policy towards Africa, emphasizing human rights concerns over Cold War issues.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> In 1978, Carter became the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="United States presidential visits to Sub-Saharan Africa">first</a> sitting president to make an official state visit to <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dottaway1-162">[159]</a> a reflection of the region's new importance under the Carter administration's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Unlike his predecessors, Carter took a strong stance against white minority rule in <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> and South Africa. With Carter's support, the United Nations passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_418" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 418">Resolution 418</a>, which placed an arms embargo on South Africa. Carter won the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Byrd_Amendment_(1971)" title="Byrd Amendment (1971)">Byrd Amendment</a>, which had undercut international sanctions on the Rhodesian government of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>. He also pressured Smith to hold elections, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_general_election,_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia general election, 1979">1979 Rhodesia elections</a> and the eventual creation of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The more assertive human rights policy championed by Derian and State Department Policy Planning Director <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Anthony Lake</a> was somewhat blunted by the opposition of Brzezinski. Policy disputes reached their most contentious point during the 1979 fall of <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s genocidal regime of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia</a>, when Brzezinski prevailed in having the administration refuse to recognize the new Cambodian government due to its support by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-glad-165">[162]</a> Despite human rights concerns, Carter continued U.S. support for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mobutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mobutu">Joseph Mobutu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolan</a>-backed insurgents in conflicts known as <a href="/wiki/Shaba_I" title="Shaba I">Shaba I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaba_II" title="Shaba II">Shaba II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> His administration also generally refrained from criticizing human rights abuses in the Philippines, Indonesia, South Korea, Iran, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SALT_II">SALT II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: SALT II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/220px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/330px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/440px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>President Jimmy Carter and Soviet general secretary <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty, June 18, 1979, in Vienna</figcaption></figure> Ford and Nixon had sought to reach agreement on a second round of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> (SALT), which had set upper limits on the number of nuclear weapons possessed by both the United States and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Carter hoped to extend these talks by reaching an agreement to reduce, rather than merely set upper limits on, the nuclear arsenals of both countries.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> At the same time, he criticized the Soviet Union's record with regard to human rights, partly because he believed the public would not support negotiations with the Soviets if the president seemed too willing to accommodate the Soviets. Carter and Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev reached an agreement in June 1979 in the form of SALT II, but Carter's waning popularity and the opposition of Republicans and <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservative</a> Democrats made ratification difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Zelizer_5758-171">[168]</a> The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan severely damaged U.S.-Soviet relations and ended any hope of ratifying SALT II. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemen">Yemen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Yemen">edit</a>]</div> In 1979, the Soviets intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Second Yemenite War</a>. The Soviet backing of <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> constituted a "smaller shock", in tandem with the Iranian Revolution. This played a role in shifting Carter's viewpoint on the Soviet Union to a more assertive one, a shift that finalized with the Soviet-Afghan War.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Afghanistan" title="CIA activities in Afghanistan">CIA activities in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War#United_States" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War § United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> had been non-aligned during the early stages of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> In 1978, Communists under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">seized power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-174">[171]</a> The new regime—which was divided between Taraki's extremist <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> faction and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Parcham" title="Parcham">Parcham</a>—signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-175">[172]</a> Taraki's efforts to improve secular education and redistribute land were accompanied by mass executions and political oppression unprecedented in Afghan history, igniting a revolt by <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-174">[171]</a> Following a general uprising in April 1979, Taraki was deposed by Khalq rival <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-175">[172]</a> Soviet leaders feared that an Islamist government in Afghanistan would threaten the control of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>, and, as the unrest continued, they deployed 30,000 soldiers to the Soviet–Afghan border.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Historian George C. Herring states Carter and Brzezinski both saw Afghanistan as a potential "trap" that could expend Soviet resources in a fruitless war, and the U.S. began sending aid to the mujahideen rebels in mid-1979.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> However, a 2020 review of declassified U.S. documents by Conor Tobin in the journal <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a> found that "a Soviet military intervention was neither sought nor desired by the Carter administration ... The small-scale covert program that developed in response to the increasing Soviet influence was part of a contingency plan if the Soviets did intervene militarily, as Washington would be in a better position to make it difficult for them to consolidate their position, but not designed to induce an intervention."<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> By December, Amin's government had lost control of much of the country, prompting the Soviet Union to <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invade Afghanistan</a>, execute Amin, and install Parcham leader <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-175">[172]</a> Carter was surprised by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, as the consensus of the U.S. intelligence community during 1978 and 1979 was that Moscow would not forcefully intervene.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-179">[176]</a> CIA officials had tracked the deployment of Soviet soldiers to the Afghan border, but they had not expected the Soviets to launch a full-fledged invasion.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Carter believed that the Soviet conquest of Afghanistan would present a grave threat to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region, and he vigorously responded to what he considered a dangerous provocation.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman197-181">[178]</a> In a televised speech, Carter announced sanctions on the Soviet Union, promised renewed aid to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and articulated the <a href="/wiki/Carter_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter doctrine">Carter doctrine</a>, which stated that the U.S. would repel any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-Gates-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-herring853855-183">[180]</a> Pakistani leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> had previously had poor relations with Carter due to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan's nuclear program</a> and the execution of <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, but the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and instability in Iran reinvigorated the traditional <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan–United States alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-179">[176]</a> In cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI), Carter increased aid to the mujahideen through the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-herring853855-183">[180]</a> Carter also later announced a U.S. boycott of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow, which was joined by 65 other nations,<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> and imposed an embargo on shipping American wheat to the Soviet Union. The embargo ultimately hurt American farmers more than it did the Soviet economy, and the United States lifted the embargo after Carter left office.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan brought a significant change in Carter's foreign policy and ended the period of detente that had begun in the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Returning to a policy of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>, the United States reconciled with Cold War allies and increased the defense budget, leading to a new arms race with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> U.S. support for the mujahideen in Afghanistan would continue until the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan</a> in 1989. The USSR <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapsed</a> two years later.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riedel-179">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Camp_David_Accords">Camp David Accords</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Camp David Accords">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadat_Carter_Begin,_Camp_David_1978.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sadat_Carter_Begin%2C_Camp_David_1978.gif/220px-Sadat_Carter_Begin%2C_Camp_David_1978.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sadat_Carter_Begin%2C_Camp_David_1978.gif/330px-Sadat_Carter_Begin%2C_Camp_David_1978.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sadat_Carter_Begin%2C_Camp_David_1978.gif/440px-Sadat_Carter_Begin%2C_Camp_David_1978.gif 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter and Menachem Begin meet at Camp David on September 6, 1978.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter,_Sadat,_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing,_March_26,_1979_(10729561495).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carter%2C_Sadat%2C_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing%2C_March_26%2C_1979_%2810729561495%29.jpg/220px-Carter%2C_Sadat%2C_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing%2C_March_26%2C_1979_%2810729561495%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carter%2C_Sadat%2C_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing%2C_March_26%2C_1979_%2810729561495%29.jpg/330px-Carter%2C_Sadat%2C_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing%2C_March_26%2C_1979_%2810729561495%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carter%2C_Sadat%2C_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing%2C_March_26%2C_1979_%2810729561495%29.jpg/440px-Carter%2C_Sadat%2C_and_Begin_at_the_Peace_Treaty_Signing%2C_March_26%2C_1979_%2810729561495%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Sadat, Carter and Begin shaking hands after signing Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel in the White House, March 27, 1979</figcaption></figure> On taking office, Carter decided to attempt to mediate the long-running <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> He sought a comprehensive settlement between Israel and its neighbors through a reconvening of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1973)" title="Geneva Conference (1973)">Geneva Conference</a>, but these efforts had collapsed by the end of 1977.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> Carter did convince Egyptian leader <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> to visit Israel in 1978. Sadat's visit drew the condemnation of other <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> countries, but Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> each expressed an openness to bilateral talks. Begin sought security guarantees; Sadat sought the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and home rule for the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, Israeli-occupied territories that were largely populated by <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arabs</a>. Israel had taken control of the West Bank and Gaza in the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, while the Sinai had been occupied by Israel since the end of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Seeking to further negotiations, Carter invited Begin and Sadat to the presidential retreat of <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> in September 1978. Because direct negotiations between Sadat and Begin proved unproductive, Carter began meeting with the two leaders individually.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> While Begin was willing to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula, he refused to agree to the establishment of a Palestinian state. Israel had begun constructing <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">settlements</a> in the West Bank, which emerged as an important barrier to a peace agreement. Unable to come to definitive settlement over an Israeli withdrawal, the two sides reached an agreement in which Israel promised to allow the creation of an elected government in the West Bank and Gaza. In return, Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize Israel's right to exist. The <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> were the subject of intense domestic opposition in both Egypt and Israel, as well as the wider <a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a>, but each side agreed to negotiate a peace treaty on the basis of the accords.<a href="#cite_note-auto-196">[193]</a> On March 26, 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">peace treaty</a> in Washington,<a href="#cite_note-Bickerton,_I_pages_190-197">[194]</a> Carter's role in getting the treaty was essential. Author <a href="/wiki/Aaron_David_Miller" title="Aaron David Miller">Aaron David Miller</a> concluded the following: "No matter whom I spoke to — Americans, Egyptians, or Israelis — most everyone said the same thing: no Carter, no peace treaty."<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Carter himself viewed the agreement as his most important accomplishment in office.<a href="#cite_note-auto-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iranian_Revolution_and_hostage_crisis">Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shah_with_Atherton,_Sullivan,_Vance,_Carter_and_Brzezinski,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/220px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/330px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/440px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>The Iranian Shah, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, meeting with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Atherton" title="Alfred Atherton">Alfred Atherton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Sullivan" title="William H. Sullivan">William H. Sullivan</a>, Cyrus Vance, President Jimmy Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski in Tehran, 1977</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, had been a reliable U.S. ally since the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>. During the years after the coup, the U.S. lavished aid on Iran, while Iran served as a dependable source of oil exports.<a href="#cite_note-herring847848-199">[196]</a> Carter, Vance, and Brzezinski all viewed Iran as a key Cold War ally, not only for the oil it produced but also because of its influence in OPEC and its strategic position between the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Despite human rights violations, Carter visited Iran in late 1977 and authorized the sale of U.S. fighter aircraft. That same year, rioting broke out in several cities, and it soon spread across the country. Poor economic conditions, the unpopularity of Pahlavi's "<a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>", and an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a> all led to increasing anger among Iranians, many of whom also despised the United States for its support of Pahlavi and its role in the 1953 coup.<a href="#cite_note-herring847848-199">[196]</a> By 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> had broken out against the Shah's rule.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Secretary of State Vance argued that the Shah should institute a series of reforms to appease the voices of discontent, while Brzezinski argued in favor of a crackdown on dissent. The mixed messages that the Shah received from Vance and Brzezinski contributed to his confusion and indecision. The Shah went into exile, leaving a caretaker government in control. A popular religious figure, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini%27s_return_to_Iran" title="Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran">returned from exile</a> in February 1979 to popular acclaim. As the unrest continued, Carter allowed Pahlavi into the United States for medical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-herring848850-202">[199]</a> Carter and Vance were both initially reluctant to admit Pahlavi due to concerns about the reaction in Iran, but Iranian leaders assured them that it would not cause an issue.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman193194-203">[200]</a> In November 1979, shortly after Pahlavi was allowed to enter the U.S., a group of Iranians stormed the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">U.S. embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and took 66 American captives, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-herring848850-202">[199]</a> Iranian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> ordered the militants to release the hostages, but he resigned from office after Khomeini backed the militants.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman193194-203">[200]</a> The crisis quickly became the subject of international and domestic attention, and Carter vowed to secure the release of the hostages. He refused the Iranian demand of the return of Pahlavi in exchange for the release of the hostages. His approval ratings rose as Americans rallied around his response, but the crisis became increasingly problematic for his administration as it continued.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> In an attempt to rescue the hostages, Carter launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a> in April 1980. The operation was a total disaster, and it ended in the death of eight American soldiers. The failure of the operation strengthened Ayatollah Khomeini's position in Iran and badly damaged Carter's domestic standing.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> Carter was dealt another blow when Vance, who had consistently opposed the operation, resigned.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Iran refused to negotiate the return of the hostages until Iraq <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">launched an invasion</a> in September 1980. With Algeria serving as an intermediary, negotiations continued until an agreement was reached in January 1981. In return for releasing the 52 captives, Iran was allowed access to over $7 billion of its money that had been frozen in the United States. Iran waited to release the captives until 30 minutes after Carter left office on January 20, 1981.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Released in 2017, a declassified memo produced by the CIA in 1980 concluded "Iranian hardliners – especially <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>" were "determined to exploit the hostage issue to bring about President Carter's defeat in the November elections." Additionally, Tehran in 1980 wanted "the world to believe that Imam Khomeini caused President Carter's downfall and disgrace"<a href="#cite_note-:02-208">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panama_Canal_treaties">Panama Canal treaties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Panama Canal treaties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg" title="File:Carter Panama Canal speech.ogg">Statement on the Panama Canal Treaty Signing</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="407" data-mwtitle="Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg/Carter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACarter_Panama_Canal_speech.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Jimmy Carter's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty, September 7, 1977.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_and_General_Omar_Torrijos_signing_the_Panama_Canal_Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption> Carter and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a> shake hands moments after the signing of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties.</figcaption></figure> Since the 1960s, Panama had called for the United States to cede control of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The bipartisan national policy of turning over the Canal to Panama had been established by presidents Johnson, Nixon, and Ford, but negotiations had dragged on for a dozen years. Carter made the cession of the Panama Canal a priority, believing it would implement Carter's call for a moral cleaning of American foreign policy and win approval across Latin America as a gracious apology for American wrongdoing. He also feared that another postponement of negotiations might precipitate violent upheaval in Panama, which could damage or block the canal.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> The Carter administration negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos-Carter_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrijos-Carter Treaties">Torrijos-Carter Treaties</a>, two treaties which provided that Panama would gain control of the canal in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Carter's initiative faced wide resistance in the United States, and many in the public, particularly conservatives, thought that Carter was "giving away" a crucial U.S. asset.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> Conservatives formed groups such as the Committee to Save the Panama Canal in an attempt to defeat the treaties in the Senate, but Carter made ratification of the treaties his top priority. During the ratification debate, the Senate crafted amendments that granted the U.S. the right to intervene militarily to keep the canal open, which the Panamanians assented to after further negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> In March 1978, the Senate ratified both treaties by a margin of 68-to-32, narrowly passing the two-thirds margin necessary for ratification. The Canal Zone and all its facilities were ultimately turned over to Panama on December 31, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuba">Cuba</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuba">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/El_Di%C3%A1logo" title="El Diálogo">El Diálogo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a></div> Carter hoped to improve relations with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> upon taking office, but any thaw in relations was prevented by ongoing Cold War disputes in Central America and Africa. In early 1980, Cuban leader <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> announced that anyone who wished to leave Cuba would be allowed to do so through the port of <a href="/wiki/Mariel,_Cuba" title="Mariel, Cuba">Mariel</a>. After Carter announced that the United States would provide "open arms for the tens of thousands of refugees seeking freedom from Communist domination", <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a> arranged the <a href="/wiki/Mariel_boatlift" title="Mariel boatlift">Mariel boatlift</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act</a>, signed earlier in the year, had provided for annual cap of 19,500 Cuban immigrants to the United States per year, and required that those refugees go through a review process. By September, 125,000 Cubans had arrived in the United States, and many faced a lack of adequate food and housing. Carter was widely criticized for his handling of the boatlift, especially in the electorally important state of Florida.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rapprochement_with_China">Rapprochement with China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rapprochement with China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American relations">Sino-American relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_DengXiaoping_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carter_DengXiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Carter_DengXiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carter_DengXiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Carter_DengXiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carter_DengXiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Carter_DengXiaoping_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> with President Carter</figcaption></figure> Continuing a rapprochement begun during the Nixon administration, Carter successfully achieved closer relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC).<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> The two countries increasingly collaborated against the Soviet Union, and the Carter administration tacitly consented to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Chinese invasion</a> of Vietnam. In 1979, Carter extended formal diplomatic recognition to the PRC for the first time. This decision led to a boom in trade between the United States and the PRC, which was pursuing economic reforms under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter allowed the sale of military supplies to China and began negotiations to share military intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> In January 1980, Carter unilaterally revoked the <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty">Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (ROC), which had lost control of mainland China to the PRC in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, but was now based offshore on the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Carter's abrogation of the treaty was challenged in court by conservative Republicans, but the Supreme Court ruled that the issue was a non-justiciable political question in <a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a>. The U.S. continued to maintain diplomatic contacts with the ROC through the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act" title="Taiwan Relations Act">Taiwan Relations Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-millerforeign-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> One of Carter's first acts was to order the withdrawal of troops from South Korea, which had hosted a large number of U.S. military personnel since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Carter believed that the soldiers could be put to better use in Western Europe, but opponents of the withdrawal feared that North Korea would invade South Korea in the aftermath of the withdrawal. South Korea and Japan both protested the move, as did many members of Congress, the military, and the State Department. After a strong backlash, Carter delayed the withdrawal, and ultimately only a fraction of the U.S. forces left South Korea. Carter's attempt to remove U.S. forces from South Korea weakened the government of South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung-hee" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Chung-hee">Park Chung-hee</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung-hee" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Park Chung-hee">assassinated</a> in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> In sharp contrast to Nixon and Ford, Carter gave priority to sub-Sahara Africa.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> especially emerged as a Cold War battleground after Cuba sent a large military force that took control of Angola in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The chief policy person for Africa in the Carter administration was Andrew Young, a leader in the black Atlanta community who became Ambassador to the United Nations. Young opened up friendly relationships with key leaders, especially in Nigeria. A highly controversial issue was independence of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>. Young began United Nations discussions which went nowhere, and Namibia would not gain independence until long after Carter left office.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Young advocated strong sanctions after the murder by South African police of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a> in 1977, but Carter refused and only imposed a limited arms embargo and South Africa ignored the protests.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> The most important success of the Carter administration in Africa was helping the transition from white-dominated Southern Rhodesia to black rule in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> OMB Director Bert Lance resigned his position on September 21, 1977, amid allegations of improper banking activities prior to his becoming director.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> The controversy over Lance damaged Carter's standing with Congress and the public, and Lance's resignation removed one of Carter's most effective advisers from office.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> In April 1979, Attorney General Bell appointed <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Curran" title="Paul J. Curran">Paul J. Curran</a> as a special counsel to investigate loans made to the peanut business owned by Carter by a bank controlled by Bert Lance. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a> who were named as <a href="/wiki/Special_prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Special prosecutor">special prosecutors</a> to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, Curran's position as special counsel meant that he would not be able to file charges on his own, but would require the approval of Assistant Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Heymann" title="Philip Heymann">Philip Heymann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Carter became the first sitting president to testify under oath as part of an investigation of that president.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> The investigation was concluded in October 1979, with Curran announcing that no evidence had been found to support allegations that funds loaned from the National Bank of Georgia had been diverted to Carter's 1976 presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Carter's brother <a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a> generated a great deal of notoriety during Carter's presidency for his colorful and often outlandish public behavior.<a href="#cite_note-pbs2-234">[231]</a> The Senate began an investigation into Billy Carter's activities after it was disclosed that <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> had given Billy over $200,000 for unclear reasons.<a href="#cite_note-millerdomestic-51">[49]</a> The controversy over Billy Carter's relation to Libya became known as "Billygate", and, while the president had no personal involvement in it, Billygate nonetheless damaged the Carter administration.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980_presidential_election">1980 presidential election</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1980 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_elections" title="1980 United States elections">1980 United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 Democratic National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1980.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ElectoralCollege1980.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ElectoralCollege1980.svg/495px-ElectoralCollege1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ElectoralCollege1980.svg/660px-ElectoralCollege1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Republican <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> defeated President Carter in the 1980 presidential election</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg/220px-President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg/330px-President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg/440px-President_Jimmy_Carter_welcomes_President-elect_Ronal_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_to_the_White_House_for_a_tour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Outgoing President Jimmy Carter and President-elect <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> with his wife <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on November 20, 1980</figcaption></figure> In April 1978, polling showed that Carter's approval rating had declined precipitously, and a Gallup survey found Carter trailing Ted Kennedy for the 1980 Democratic nomination.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> By mid-1979, Carter faced an energy crisis, rampant inflation, slow economic growth, and the widespread perception that his administration was incompetent.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> In November 1979, Kennedy announced that he would challenge Carter in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980 Democratic primaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Carter's polling numbers shot up following the start of the Iran hostage crisis,<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> and his response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan further boosted his prospects in the Democratic primaries.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman197-181">[178]</a> Carter dominated the early primaries, allowing him to amass an early delegate lead. Carter's polling numbers tumbled in March, and Kennedy won the New York and Connecticut primaries.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Though Carter developed a wide delegate lead, Kennedy stayed in the race after triumphing in Pennsylvania and Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> By the day of the final primaries, Carter had registered the lowest approval ratings in the history of presidential polling, and Kennedy won just enough delegates to prevent Carter from clinching the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> After the final primaries, Carter met with Kennedy in the White House. Partly because Carter refused to accept a party platform calling for the establishment of a national health insurance program, Kennedy refused to concede. He instead called for an "<a href="/wiki/Open_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Open convention">open convention</a>", in which delegates would be free to vote for the candidate of their choice regardless of the result in the primaries.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> Carter's allies defeated Kennedy's maneuverings at the <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 Democratic National Convention</a>, and Carter and Vice President Mondale won re-nomination.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Despite Kennedy's defeat, he had mobilized the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, which would give Carter only weak support in the general election.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980 Republican presidential primaries</a> quickly developed into a two-man contest between former Governor Ronald Reagan of California and former Congressman <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> of Texas. Bush, who referred to Reagan's tax cut proposal as "voodoo economics", won the Iowa Caucus but faded later in the race. Reagan won the presidential nomination on the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 Republican National Convention</a> and named Bush as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Meanwhile, Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John B. Anderson</a>, who had previously sought the Republican presidential nomination, launched an independent campaign for president.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Polls taken in September, after the conclusion of the party conventions, showed a tied race between Reagan and Carter.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> The Carter campaign felt confident that the country would reject the conservative viewpoints espoused by Reagan, and there were hopeful signs with regards to the economy and the Iranian hostage crisis.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Seeking to unite Democrats behind his re-election campaign, Carter decided to focus on attacking Reagan's supposed ideological extremism rather than on his own policies.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> A key strength for Reagan was his appeal to the rising conservative movement, as epitomized by activists like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Paul Weyrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Richard Viguerie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Phyllis Schlafly</a>. Though most conservative leaders espoused cutting taxes and budget deficits, many conservatives focused more closely on social issues like <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a> and homosexuality.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Developments of the 1970s, including the Supreme Court case of <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> and the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a>'s tax-exempt status, convinced many evangelical Protestants to become engaged in politics for the first time. Evangelical Protestants became an increasingly important voting bloc, and they enthusiastically supported Reagan in the 1980 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Reagan also won the backing of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">Reagan Democrats</a>", who tended to be Northern, white, working-class voters who supported liberal economic programs but disliked policies such as affirmative action.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Though he advocated socially conservative view points, Reagan focused much of his campaign on attacks against Carter's foreign policy, including the SALT II treaty, the Torrijos–Carter Treaties, and the revocation of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Reagan called for increased defense spending, tax cuts, domestic spending cuts, and the dismantling of the Department of Education and the Department of Energy.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Polling remained close throughout September and October, but Reagan's performance in the October 28 debate and Carter's failure to win the release of the Iranian hostages gave Reagan the momentum entering election day.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> Reagan won 50.7 percent of the popular vote and 489 electoral votes, Carter won 41 percent of the popular vote and 49 electoral votes, and Anderson won 6.6 percent of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> Reagan carried all but a handful of states, and performed especially well among Southern whites.<a href="#cite_note-patterson149151-258">[255]</a> The size of Reagan's victory surprised many observers, who had expected a close race. Voter turnout reached its lowest point since the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, a reflection of the negative attitudes many people held towards all three major candidates.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> In the concurrent congressional elections, the Senate <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1980 United States Senate elections">went Republican</a> for the first time since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-patterson149151-258">[255]</a> Carter, meanwhile, was the first elected president to lose re-election since <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evaluation_and_legacy">Evaluation and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Evaluation and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png/330px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png/495px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png/660px-Gallup_Poll-Approval_Rating-Jimmy_Carter.png 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Graph of Carter's approval ratings in <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> polls</figcaption></figure> Polls of historians and political scientists have generally <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">ranked</a> Carter as a below-average president. A 2018 poll of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>'s Presidents and Executive Politics section ranked Carter as the 26th best president.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> poll of historians also ranked Carter as the 26th best president.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> Some critics have compared Carter to Herbert Hoover, who was similarly a "hardworking but uninspiring technocrat."<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Robert A. Strong writes: <blockquote>Jimmy Carter is much more highly regarded today than when he lost his bid for reelection in 1980. He has produced an exemplary post-presidency, and today there is an increased appreciation for the enormity of the task he took on in 1977, if not for the measures he took to deal with the crises that he faced. Carter took office just thirty months after a President had left the entire federal government in a shambles. He faced epic challenges—the energy crisis, Soviet aggression, Iran, and above all, a deep mistrust of leadership by his citizens. He was hard working and conscientious. But he often seemed like a player out of position, a man more suited to be secretary of energy than president. Carter became President by narrowly defeating an uninspiring, unelected chief executive heir to the worst presidential scandal in history. The nomination was his largely because in the decade before 1976, Democratic leadership in the nation had been decimated by scandal, Vietnam, and an assassination.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a></blockquote> Historians Burton I. Kaufman and Scott Kaufman conclude: <blockquote>It was Carter's fate to attempt to navigate the nation between the rock of traditional Democratic constituencies and the hard place of an emerging conservative movement whose emphasis was more on social and cultural values than on the economic concerns of the Democratic Party. It was also Carter's misfortune that he led the nation at a time of staggering inflation and growing unemployment, compounded by an oil shock over which he had little control... At the same time, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that Carter's was a mediocre presidency and that this was largely his own doing. He was smart rather than shrewd. He was not a careful political planner. He suffered from strategic myopia. He was long on good intentions but short on know-how. He had lofty ideals, such as in the area of human rights, which had symbolic and long-lasting importance, but they often blinded him to political realities. He was self-righteous. He was an administrator who micro-managed, but not well. Most important, he was a president who never adequately defined a mission for his government, a purpose for the country, and a way to get there.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Jimmy Carter rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history_(1970%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history (1970–1989)">Timeline of United States history (1970–1989)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Ford meant to say that the United States did not accept the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-kaufman1719-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_and_Impoundment_Control_Act_of_1974" title="Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974">Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974</a> were among the laws passed by Congress under Nixon and Ford to restrict the president's power; Congress also created the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a> and began to take a more active role in foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Congress rescinded the surcharge by passing a joint resolution over Carter's veto. Carter was the first president since Harry S. Truman to have his veto overridden by a Congress controlled by the same party.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 9–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Zelizer, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 31–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 34–38 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 41–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelizer,_pp._45-46-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zelizer,_pp._45-46_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zelizer,_pp._45-46_9-1">b</a> Zelizer, pp. 45–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-kauf1617-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kauf1617_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kauf1617_10-1">b</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard,_Adam_NBC_News-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard,_Adam_NBC_News_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard,_Adam_NBC_News_12-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward2016" class="citation news cs1">Howard, Adam (September 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/10-presidential-debates-made-impact-n650741">"10 Presidential Debates That Actually Made an Impact"</a>. 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United States Census Bureau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Households+by+Median+and+Mean+Income&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fwww%2Fincome%2Fdata%2Fhistorical%2Fhousehold%2FH05_2009.xls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 136–138 </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_292-89"><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_292_89-0">^</a> Frum, p. 292 </li> <li id="cite_note-Inflation_of_1970s-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Inflation_of_1970s_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970219022512/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/Econ_Articles/theinflationofthes.html">"The Inflation of the 1970s: November 21, 1978"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> and National Bureau of Economic Research. December 19, 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ161.berkeley.edu/econ_articles/theinflationofthes.html">the original</a> on February 19, 1997. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/ORNL-6873%20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 13, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Outlook+for+U.S.+Oil+Dependence&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-cta.ornl.gov%2Fcta%2FPublications%2FReports%2FORNL-6873%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Erwin C. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good, London, 1988, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-IE2014Rushmore-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IE2014Rushmore_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IE2014Rushmore_94-1">b</a> Ivan Eland, Recarving Rushmore, 2014, p.351 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050113072553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921854,00.html">"Jimmy Carter vs. Inflation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. March 24, 1980. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921854,00.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter+vs.+Inflation&rft.date=1980-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C921854%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 205–206 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_301-98"><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_301_98-0">^</a> Frum, pp. 301–302 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuerbach1976" class="citation news cs1">Auerbach, Stuart (April 17, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/120359627.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI">"Carter gives broad outline for national health plan; cost unknown"</a>. The Washington Post. p. A1. <q>The outlines of Carter's program are close to one sponsored by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) and strongly supported by organized labor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Carter+gives+broad+outline+for+national+health+plan%3B+cost+unknown&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1976-04-17&rft.aulast=Auerbach&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost_historical%2Faccess%2F120359627.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUPI1976" class="citation news cs1">UPI (April 17, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130082000/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/613101652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI">"Carter urges universal health plan"</a>. Chicago Tribune. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/613101652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI">the original</a> on January 30, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2017. <q>Although Carter didn't provide an estimate of what his health plan would cost taxpayers, it features many proposals similar to plans suggested by others, including Sen. Edward Kennedy [D., Mass.] which are estimated to cost at least $40 billion annually.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Carter+urges+universal+health+plan&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1976-04-17&rft.au=UPI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fchicagotribune%2Faccess%2F613101652.html%3FFMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AAI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 122–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-NHI:_CQ_Almanac_1979-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHI:_CQ_Almanac_1979_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHI:_CQ_Almanac_1979_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"National health insurance". Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 96th Congress 1st Session....1979. Vol. 35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1980. pp. 536–540. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-6007">0095-6007</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1564784">1564784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+health+insurance&rft.btitle=Congressional+Quarterly+Almanac%2C+96th+Congress+1st+Session....1979&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=536-540&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1564784&rft.issn=0095-6007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"National health insurance". Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 96th Congress 2nd Session....1980. Vol. 36. 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International Social Science Review 81.3/4 (2006): 135–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 65–68 </li> <li id="cite_note-kaufman122-106"><a href="#cite_ref-kaufman122_106-0">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 134–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 122, 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 71–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssa.gov/history/carterstmts.html">"Presidential Statements: Jimmy Carter"</a>. ssa.gov/history. Washington, D.C.: Social Security Administration. Retrieved September 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssa.gov%2Fhistory&rft.atitle=Presidential+Statements%3A+Jimmy+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2Fhistory%2Fcarterstmts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Byron W. Daynes and Glen Sussman, White House Politics and the Environment: Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush (2010) pp 84–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Robert A. Strong, "Jimmy Carter: Domestic affairs" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/carter/domestic-affairs">Miller Center</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Patterson, pp. 118–119 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Kaufman, the Carter Years (2006) pp 592–610. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Stephen W. Haycox, "The Politics of Environment: Cecil Andrus and the Alaska Lands Act," Idaho Yesterdays 36#3 (Fall 1992), pp 28–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1978/12/02/archives/carter-designates-us-land-in-alaska-for-national-parks-56-million.html">Seth S. King, "Carter Designates U.S. Land In Alaska For National Parks," New York Times, Dec 2, 1978</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Timo Christopher Allan, "Locked up!: A history of resistance to the creation of national parks in Alaska" (PhD dissertation Washington State University, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Deanna L. Michael, Jimmy Carter as educational policymaker: equal opportunity and efficiency (2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Kaufman, Carter Years pp 209–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-ilheadstart-121"><a href="#cite_ref-ilheadstart_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220025932/http://ilheadstart.org/about-ihsa/history-goals-and-values/head-start-a-historical-perspective/">"ilheadstart.org/about-ihsa/history-goals-and-values/head-start-a-historical-perspective/"</a>. ilheadstart.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilheadstart.org/about-ihsa/history-goals-and-values/head-start-a-historical-perspective/">the original</a> on December 20, 2013. 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Presidential Studies Quarterly (1991) 21.2: 269–286 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550717">online</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Gaddis Smith, Morality Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (1986) pp 111–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Alter, His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life (2020) pp 371–387. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Herring, pp. 837–838 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Zelizer, pp. 69–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Mary C. Swilling, "The Business of the Canal: The Economics and Politics of the Carter Administration's Panama Canal Zone Initiative, 1978." 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Retrieved November 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter%3A+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fcarter%2Fforeign-affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Herring, pp. 834–835 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Gaddis Smith, Morality Reason, and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (1986) pp 133–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> For highly detailed scholarly coverage see Nancy Mitchell, Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War (Stanford UP, 2016), 913pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jimmy-Carter-Africa-International-History-ebook/dp/B01FAN5UBA/">excerpt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/cuban-fighters-angolas-civil-war/">"Over Where? 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Accessed September 7, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._McFadden" title="Robert D. McFadden">McFadden, Robert D.</a> (September 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/nyregion/07curran.html">"Paul Curran, 75, Corruption Foe, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. p. A30. Retrieved September 6, 2008. <q>He also investigated President Jimmy Carter's family peanut business for the Justice Department in 1979, and thus became the first lawyer to examine a sitting president under oath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Curran%2C+75%2C+Corruption+Foe%2C+Dies&rft.pages=A30&rft.date=2008-09-06&rft.aulast=McFadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F09%2F07%2Fnyregion%2F07curran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPound,_Edward_T.1979" class="citation news cs1">Pound, Edward T. 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Retrieved May 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Does+Trump+Stack+Up+Against+the+Best+%E2%80%94+and+Worst+%E2%80%94+Presidents%3F&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft.aulast=Rottinghaus&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Vaughn%2C+Justin+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2018%2F02%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fhow-does-trump-stack-up-against-the-best-and-worst-presidents.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall">"Presidential Historians Survey 2017"</a>. C-SPAN. Retrieved May 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=Presidential+Historians+Survey+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fpresidentsurvey2017%2F%3Fpage%3Doverall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Patterson, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2016" class="citation web cs1">Strong, Robert A. (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/carter/impact-and-legacy">"JIMMY CARTER: IMPACT AND LEGACY"</a>. Miller Center. University of Virginia. Retrieved May 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=JIMMY+CARTER%3A+IMPACT+AND+LEGACY&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fcarter%2Fimpact-and-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Kaufman and Kaufman, 2006, pp. 249–250 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Alter, Jonathan. His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/His-Very-Best-Jimmy-Carter/dp/1501125486/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickertonCarla_L._Klausner2007" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Ian J.; Carla L. Klausner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofarabisr00bick">A history of the Arab-Israeli conflict</a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132223355" title="Special:BookSources/9780132223355"><bdi>9780132223355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Arab-Israeli+conflict&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780132223355&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Ian+J.&rft.au=Carla+L.+Klausner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofarabisr00bick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolonytosupe00herr">From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507822-0"><bdi>978-0-19-507822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3B+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507822-0&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolonytosupe00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanKaufman2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Burton I.; Kaufman, Scott (2006). The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2nd ed.). University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700614714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700614714"><bdi>978-0700614714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Earl+Carter&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0700614714&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Burton+I.&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2005" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/restlessgiantuni00patt_0">Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195122169" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195122169"><bdi>978-0195122169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+Giant%3A+The+United+States+from+Watergate+to+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0195122169&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frestlessgiantuni00patt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2008" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Tim (2008). Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307389008" title="Special:BookSources/9780307389008"><bdi>9780307389008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Ashes%3A+The+History+of+the+CIA&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780307389008&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer2010" class="citation book cs1">Zelizer, Julian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jimmycarter00zeli">Jimmy Carter</a>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8957-8"><bdi>978-0-8050-8957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Carter&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8957-8&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjimmycarter00zeli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Bibliography of Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration#Further_reading" title="Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration § Further reading</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abramson, Paul R., John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde. Change and Continuity in the 1980 Elections (1983).</li> <li>Anderson, Patrick. Electing Jimmy Carter: The Campaign of 1976 (1994)</li> <li>Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, foreign policy, and an evangelical presidential style." Presidential Studies Quarterly 36.4 (2006): 606–632 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sjsu.edu/people/jennifer.rycenga/courses/RelS191F12/s1/EvangelicalPresidentialStyle.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Bird, Kai. The Outlier (2021), in-depth popular study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/15/books/review/kai-bird-the-outlier-jimmy-carter.html?action=click&module=Editors%20Picks&pgtype=Homepage">online review</a></li> <li>Biven, W. Carl. Jimmy Carter's Economy: Policy in an Age of Limits (U of North Carolina Press. 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/110717303/jimmy-carter-s-economy-policy-in-an-age-of-limits">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bourne" title="Peter Bourne">Bourne, Peter G.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jimmycartercompr00bour">Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency</a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-19543-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-19543-7"><bdi>0-684-19543-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Carter%3A+A+Comprehensive+Biography+From+Plains+to+Post-Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-19543-7&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjimmycartercompr00bour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2005" class="citation book cs1">Busch, Andrew E. (2005). Reagan's Victory: The Presidential Election of 1980 and the Rise of the Right. University Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reagan%27s+Victory%3A+The+Presidential+Election+of+1980+and+the+Rise+of+the+Right&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Campagna, Anthony S. Economic Policy in the Carter Administration (Greenwood Press, 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/27443313/economic-policy-in-the-carter-administration">online</a></li> <li>Carleton, David, and Michael Stohl. "The foreign policy of human rights: Rhetoric and reality from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan." Human Rights Quarterly 7 (1985): 205–229 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Stohl/publication/232219943_The_Foreign_Policy_of_Human_Rights_Rhetoric_and_Reality_from_Jimmy_Carter_to_Ronald_Reagan/links/0deec51633157b62cd000000.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Congressional Quarterly. Congress and the Nation V: 1977–1980 (1981) in-depth nonpartisan detail on all major issues; 1240pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sk.sagepub.com/cqpress/congress-and-the-nation-v">contents</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumbrell1995" class="citation book cs1">Dumbrell, John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation (2nd ed.). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-4693-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-4693-9"><bdi>0-7190-4693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carter+Presidency%3A+A+Re-evaluation&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7190-4693-9&rft.aulast=Dumbrell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkGraham1998" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Gary M.; Graham, Hugh Davis, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700608959">The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era</a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0895-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0895-8"><bdi>0-7006-0895-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carter+Presidency%3A+Policy+Choices+in+the+Post-New+Deal+Era&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7006-0895-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700608959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Garrison, Jean A. Games Advisors Play: Foreign Policy in the Nixon and Carter Administrations (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/23551702/games-advisors-play-foreign-policy-in-the-nixon-and">online</a></li> <li>Glad, Betty. An outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, his advisors, and the making of American foreign policy (Cornell University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Graff, Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002)</li> <li>Hargrove, Erwin C. Jimmy Carter as president: Leadership and the politics of the public good (LSU Press, 1999).</li> <li>Holzer, Harold. The Presidents Vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (Dutton, 2020) pp. 293–304.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=siY6EAAAQBAJ&dq=HOLZER+PRESS+Harold&pg=PR15">online</a></li> <li>Jensehaugen, Jørgen. 2018 Arab-Israeli Diplomacy under Carter: The US, Israel and the Palestinians (I. B. Tauris, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/4083976/h-diplo-roundtable-xx-36-j%C3%B8rgen-jensehaugen-arab-israeli">online analysis by scholars on H-diplo</a></li> <li>Kaufman, Victor S. "The Bureau of Human Rights during the Carter Administration." The Historian 61.1 (1998): 51–66.</li> <li>Kaufman, Burton I. ed. A Companion to Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter (2015) 30 scholarly essays by experts; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Blackwell-Companions-American-History/dp/1444349945/">excerpts</a></li> <li>Kaufman, Burton I. The Carter Years (2006) 648pp; long scholarly biographies of all the major players.</li> <li>Kaufman, Diane, and Scott Kaufman. (2013) Historical Dictionary of the Carter Era (Scarecrow, 2013) 301 pp.</li> <li>Krukones, Michael G. "The campaign promises of Jimmy Carter: Accomplishments and failures." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1985): 136–144. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27550171">online</a></li> <li>Mattson, Kevin. 'What the Heck Are You Up To, Mr. President?': Jimmy Carter, America's 'Malaise,' and the Speech That Should Have Changed the Country (Bloomsbury, 2010).</li> <li>Mitchell, Nancy. Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the cold war (Stanford UP, 2018).</li> <li>Morris, Kenneth Earl, ed. Jimmy Carter, American Moralist (University of Georgia Press, 1996).</li> <li>Reichard, Gary W. "Early Returns: Assessing Jimmy Carter" Presidential Studies Quarterly 20#3 (Summer 1990) 603–620. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574538">online</a></li> <li>Poe, Steven C. "Human rights and economic aid allocation under Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter." American Journal of Political Science (1992): 147–167 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2111428">online</a>.</li> <li>Quandt, William B. Camp David: peacemaking and politics (Brookings Institution Press, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoessner2020" class="citation book cs1">Roessner, Amber (2020). Jimmy Carter and the Birth of the Marathon Media Campaign. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807170793" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807170793"><bdi>978-0807170793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jimmy+Carter+and+the+Birth+of+the+Marathon+Media+Campaign&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0807170793&rft.aulast=Roessner&rft.aufirst=Amber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rosenbaum, Herbert D. and Alexej Ugrinsky, eds. Jimmy Carter: Foreign Policy and Post-Presidential Years (1994) 532pp; essays by experts</li> <li>Rosenbaum, Herbert D. and Alexej Ugrinsky, eds. The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter (1994) 876pp; essays by experts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3553470/the-presidency-and-domestic-policies-of-jimmy-carter">online</a></li> <li>Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. Dropping the torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic boycott, and the Cold War (Cambridge University Press, 2010).</li> <li>Schmitz, David F., and Vanessa Walker. "Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post‐Cold War Foreign Policy." Diplomatic History 28.1 (2004): 113–143.</li> <li>Smith, Gaddis. Morality, Reason, and Power: American diplomacy in the Carter years (New York: Hill and Wang, 1986).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2000" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Robert A. (2000). Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2445-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2445-1"><bdi>0-8071-2445-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+in+the+World%3A+Jimmy+Carter+and+the+Making+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8071-2445-1&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Jimmy+Carter" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thornton, Richard C. The Carter Years: Toward a New Global Order (1991 ) 596pp; comprehensive coverage of foreign policy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1451271/the-carter-years-toward-a-new-global-order">online</a></li> <li>Zelizer, Julian E. Jimmy Carter: The American Presidents Series: The 39th President, 1977–1981 (Macmillan, 2010).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources_and_memoirs">Primary sources and memoirs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Primary sources and memoirs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Kantowicz, Edward R. "Reminiscences of a Fated Presidency: Themes from the Carter Memoirs." Presidential Studies Quarterly 15#4 1986, pp. 651–665. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40574415">online</a></li> <li>Lafeber, Walter. "From confusion to Cold War: The memoirs of the Carter administration." Diplomatic History 8.1 (1984): 1–12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44254241">online</a></li> <li>Thomas, Norman C. "The Carter Administration Memoirs: A Review Essay." Western Political Quarterly 39.2 (1986): 348–360. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/448303">online</a></li> <li>Brzeziński, Zbigniew. Power and Principle. Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (1983)</li> <li>Califano, Jr., Joseph A. Governing America (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governingamerica00cali">online</a></li> <li>Carter, Jimmy. Keeping faith: Memoirs of a president (U of Arkansas Press, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepingfaithmemo00cart">online</a></li> <li>Carter, Jimmy. A Government as Good as its People (U of Arkansas Press, 1996).</li> <li>Carter, Jimmy. White House diary (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312577193">online</a></li> <li>Carter, Jimmy. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1977 (1978); annual <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28electronic%20%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Carter%20jimmy%29">online</a></li> <li>Eizenstat, Stuart E. President Carter: The White House Years (2018).</li> <li>Jordan, Hamilton. Crisis. The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisislastyearof00jord">online</a>.</li> <li>Lance, Bert. The Truth of the Matter: My Life in and out of Politics (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthofmattermyl0000lanc">online</a></li> <li>Mondale, Walter. The good fight: a life in liberal politics (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodfightlifeinl00mond">online</a></li> <li>O'Neill Jr, Tip, and William Novak. Man of the House: The life and political memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofhouseli00onei">online</a>.</li> <li>Powell, Jody. The Other Side of the Story (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/othersideofstory00powe">online</a></li> <li>Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. The Carter presidency: fourteen intimate perspectives of Jimmy Carter (1990).</li> <li>Vance, Cyrus. Hard Choices: Four Critical Years in Managing America's Foreign Policy (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardchoicescriti00vanc">online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency of Jimmy Carter</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/">Carter Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/carter">Miller Center on the Presidency at U of Virginia</a>, brief articles on Carter and his presidency</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jimmy_Carter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jimmy_Carter" title="Template talk:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy_Carter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jimmy Carter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jimmy_Carter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">39th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Georgia" title="List of governors of Georgia">76th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (1971–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Senate" title="Georgia State Senate">Georgia State Senator</a> (1963–1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Inauguration of Jimmy Carter">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1977)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1977)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1978)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1978)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1979)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1979)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency_(1980%E2%80%931981)#January_1981" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency (1980–1981)">January 1981</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Political positions of Jimmy Carter">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Jimmy Carter judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of executive actions by Jimmy Carter">Executive Actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12036" title="Executive Order 12036">Executive Order 12036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12086" title="Executive Order 12086">Executive Order 12086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12148" title="Executive Order 12148">Executive Order 12148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_bonds" title="Carter bonds">Carter bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_rabbit_incident" title="Jimmy Carter rabbit incident">Rabbit incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Diplomatic relations with China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Reform_Act_of_1978" title="Civil Service Reform Act of 1978">Civil Service Reform Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Executive_Service_(United_States)" title="Senior Executive Service (United States)">Senior Executive Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of international presidential trips made by Jimmy Carter">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Summer Olympics boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Jimmy Carter administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act" title="Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act">Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Reform_Act_of_1977" title="Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977">Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Fund_Transfer_Act" title="Electronic Fund Transfer Act">Electronic Fund Transfer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Debt_Collection_Practices_Act" title="Fair Debt Collection Practices Act">Fair Debt Collection Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_Regulatory_and_Interest_Rate_Control_Act_of_1978" title="Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978">Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey%E2%80%93Hawkins_Full_Employment_Act" title="Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act">Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_at_the_White_House" title="Solar power at the White House">Solar power at the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/100px-Carter_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/150px-Carter_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carter_cropped.jpg/200px-Carter_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1490" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Equivalent_of_War_speech" title="Moral Equivalent of War speech">Moral Equivalent of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crisis_of_Confidence_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="A Crisis of Confidence speech">A Crisis of Confidence</a></li> <li>State of the Union Addresses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1978 State of the Union Address">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1979 State of the Union Address">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1981 State of the Union Address">1981</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Electoral history of Jimmy Carter">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia gubernatorial elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Georgia gubernatorial election">1970</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Post-presidency of Jimmy Carter">Post-presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Library_and_Museum" title="Jimmy Carter Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity" title="Habitat for Humanity">Habitat for Humanity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_%26_Rosalynn_Carter_Work_Project" title="Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project">Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Agreement,_1999" title="Nairobi Agreement, 1999">Nairobi Agreement, 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Commission" title="Continuity of Government Commission">Continuity of Government Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Bibliography of Jimmy Carter">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everything_to_Gain:_Making_the_Most_of_the_Rest_of_Your_Life" title="Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life">Everything to Gain</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hornet%27s_Nest_(novel)" title="The Hornet's Nest (novel)">The Hornet's Nest</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Endangered_Values" title="Our Endangered Values">Our Endangered Values</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid</a> (2006) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_Palestine:_Peace_Not_Apartheid" title="Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid">reaction and commentary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_White_House" title="Beyond the White House">Beyond the White House</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Can_Have_Peace_in_the_Holy_Land" title="We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land">We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Diary" title="White House Diary">White House Diary</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Call_to_Action:_Women,_Religion,_Violence,_and_Power" title="A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power">A Call to Action</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Life" title="A Full Life">A Full Life</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Jimmy_Carter" title="List of awards and honors received by Jimmy Carter">Awards and honors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Liberty Medal">Philadelphia Liberty Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter%E2%80%93Menil_Human_Rights_Prize" title="Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize">Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Spoken_Word_Album" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album">Grammy Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_Peanut_Statue" title="Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue">Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jimmy_Carter" title="USS Jimmy Carter">USS Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_National_Historical_Park" title="Jimmy Carter National Historical Park">Jimmy Carter National Historical Park</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Statue of Jimmy Carter">Georgia State Capitol statue</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Residences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_G._Carter_Nursing_Center" title="Lillian G. Carter Nursing Center">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_and_Rosalynn_Carter_House" title="Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House">Home</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince_(nanny)" title="Mary Prince (nanny)">Mary Prince</a> (nanny)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">UFO incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_(film)" title="Jimmy Carter (film)">Jimmy Carter</a> (2002 television documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_from_Plains" title="Man from Plains">Man from Plains</a> (2007 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(politician)" title="Jack Carter (politician)">Jack Carter</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Carter_(politician)" title="Jason Carter (politician)">Jason Carter</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Carter_Sr." title="James Earl Carter Sr.">James Earl Carter Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gordy_Carter" title="Lillian Gordy Carter">Lillian Gordy Carter</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Carter_Spann" title="Gloria Carter Spann">Gloria Carter Spann</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Carter_Stapleton" title="Ruth Carter Stapleton">Ruth Carter Stapleton</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Carter" title="Billy Carter">Billy Carter</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dolvin" title="Emily Dolvin">Emily Dolvin</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carter" title="Hugh Carter">Hugh Carter</a> (cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">← Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jimmy_Carter" title="Category:Jimmy Carter">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Walter_Mondale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Walter_Mondale" title="Template:Walter Mondale"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Walter_Mondale" title="Template talk:Walter Mondale"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Walter_Mondale" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Walter Mondale"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Walter_Mondale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1977–1981) • <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator from Minnesota</a> (1964–1976) • <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Minnesota" title="Attorney General of Minnesota">Attorney General of Minnesota</a> (1960–1964)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Walter_Mondale" title="Electoral history of Walter Mondale">Electoral history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1966 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1972 United States Senate election in Minnesota">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">1976 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1976 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates#October_15:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Alley_Theatre)" title="1976 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Reagan transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1984 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1984 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family and personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mondale" title="Joan Mondale">Joan Mondale</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Mondale" title="Ted Mondale">Ted Mondale</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Mondale" title="Eleanor Mondale">Eleanor Mondale</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">← Nelson Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Walter_Mondale" title="Category:Walter Mondale">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> 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