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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamiese_en_formele_ekwivalensie" title="Dinamiese en formele ekwivalensie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dinamiese en formele ekwivalensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4_%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A" title="تكافؤ ديناميكي وتكافؤ شكلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكافؤ ديناميكي وتكافؤ شكلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τυπική ισοδυναμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυπική ισοδυναμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalencia_din%C3%A1mica_y_formal" title="Equivalencia dinámica y formal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equivalencia dinámica y formal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliokidetza_formala_eta_dinamikoa" title="Baliokidetza formala eta dinamikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baliokidetza formala eta dinamikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_choibh%C3%A9is_dhinimici%C3%BAil_agus_an_choibh%C3%A9is_fhoirmi%C3%BAil" title="An choibhéis dhinimiciúil agus an choibhéis fhoirmiúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An choibhéis dhinimiciúil agus an choibhéis fhoirmiúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamische_en_formele_equivalentie" title="Dynamische en formele equivalentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dynamische en formele equivalentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%9A%84%E7%AD%89%E4%BE%A1%E3%81%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%AD%89%E4%BE%A1" title="動的等価と形式等価 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動的等価と形式等価" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamik_va_shakliy_ekvivalentlik" title="Dinamik va shakliy ekvivalentlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dinamik va shakliy ekvivalentlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwiwalencja_(przek%C5%82ad)" title="Ekwiwalencja (przekład) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekwiwalencja (przekład)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equival%C3%AAncia_formal_e_din%C3%A2mica" title="Equivalência formal e dinâmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equivalência formal e dinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Динамическая и формальная эквивалентность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Динамическая и формальная эквивалентность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dynamic and formal equivalence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Формальна та динамічна еквівалентність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Формальна та динамічна еквівалентність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E5%90%8C%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%89" title="動態同形式對等 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動態同形式對等" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two dissimilar translation approaches</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Note: The term "dynamic equivalent" is also used in other contexts.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Formal equivalence" redirects here. For the electronic design automation process, see <a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Formal equivalence checking</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the concept of linguistic semantic equivalance. For semantic equivalence of metadata, see <a href="/wiki/Semantic_equivalence_(computing)" title="Semantic equivalence (computing)">Semantic equivalence (computing)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)" title="Special:EditPage/Semantic equivalence (linguistics)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Semantic+equivalence%22+linguistics">"Semantic equivalence" linguistics</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Semantic+equivalence%22+linguistics+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Semantic+equivalence%22+linguistics&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Semantic+equivalence%22+linguistics+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Semantic+equivalence%22+linguistics">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>, the best-known types of <b>semantic equivalence</b> are <i>dynamic equivalence</i> and <i>formal equivalence</i> (two terms coined by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nida" title="Eugene Nida">Eugene Nida</a>), which employ <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the <i><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meaning</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Source_text" title="Source text">source text</a>; and that lend greater importance to preserving, in the translation, the <i><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literal</a></i> structure of the source text. Nida formulated the distinction originally in relation to <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches_to_translation">Approaches to translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Approaches to translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Formal-equivalence" approach emphasizes fidelity to the lexical details and grammatical structure of the <a href="/wiki/Translation#Source_and_target_languages" title="Translation">source language</a>, whereas "dynamic equivalence" tends to employ a rendering that is more natural to the <a href="/wiki/Translation#Source_and_target_languages" title="Translation">target language</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Nida" title="Eugene Nida">Eugene Nida</a>, <i>dynamic equivalence</i>, the term as he originally coined, is the "quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the <i>response</i> of the <i>receptor</i> is essentially like that of the original receptors."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire is that the reader of both languages would understand the meanings of the text in a similar fashion. </p><p>In later years, Nida distanced himself from the term "dynamic equivalence" and preferred the term "<b>functional equivalence</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What the term "functional equivalence" suggests is not just that the equivalence is between the function of the source text in the source culture and the function of the <a href="/wiki/Target_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Target text">target text</a> (translation) in the target culture, but that "function" can be thought of as a property of the text. It is possible to associate functional equivalence with <i>how people interact in cultures</i>. </p><p>A similar distinction was expressed by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in a letter<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Tibbon" title="Samuel ibn Tibbon">Samuel ibn Tibbon</a>, his translator, in 1199. He wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I shall premise one rule: the translator who proposes to render each word literally and adhere slavishly to the order of the words and sentences in the original, will meet with much difficulty and the result will be doubtful and corrupt. This is not the right method. The translator should first try to grasp the meaning of the subject, and then state the theme with perfect clarity in the other language. This, however, cannot be done without changing the order of words, putting many words for one word, and vice versa, so that the subject be perfectly intelligible in the language into which he translates.</p></blockquote> <p>Maimonides comes down on the side of dynamic/functional equivalence, though perhaps not going so far as to consider the cultural function of the text. He does clearly reject formal equivalence as "doubtful and corrupt". </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_and_practice">Theory and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the <i>functional equivalence</i> approach eschews strict adherence to the grammatical structure of the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it is sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the original grammatical structure. </p><p><i>Formal equivalence</i> is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases, a more dynamic translation may be used or a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language). </p><p>The more the source language differs from the target language, the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation without modifying or rearranging the words in the target language. On the other hand, formal equivalence can allow readers familiar with the source language to analyze how meaning was expressed in the original text, preserving untranslated <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical</a> devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Chiastic_structure" title="Chiastic structure">chiastic structures</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Diction" title="Diction">diction</a> in order to preserve original information and highlight finer shades of meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_Differences_between_Approximate_Equivalents">Minor Differences between Approximate Equivalents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Minor Differences between Approximate Equivalents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandy Habib observed how the Arabic, Hebrew and English words for <i><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a></i> have slightly varying connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216–217">: 216–217 </span></sup> This leads to religio-cultural differences over questions such as whether angels are immortal or capable of doing evil, and their appearance (e.g. the colour of their wings). Due to his focus upon <a href="/wiki/Natural_semantic_metalanguage" title="Natural semantic metalanguage">natural semantic metalanguage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> considers such minute distinctions between lexical items in different languages to be a major obstacle in producing translations that are both accurate and concise.<sup id="cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 216">: 216 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible_translation">Bible translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bible translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translators of the Bible have taken various approaches in rendering it into English, ranging from an extreme use of formal equivalence, to extreme use of dynamic equivalence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Predominant use of formal equivalence</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formal_bible_trans_rel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Formal_bible_trans_rel.png/220px-Formal_bible_trans_rel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Formal_bible_trans_rel.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Relationship between some formal equivalence Bible translations</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a> (1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> (1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal Translation</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Version" title="Revised Version">Revised Version</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">American Standard Version</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_Version" title="Concordant Version">Concordant Version</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version_Catholic_Edition" title="Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition">Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard Bible</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Green's Literal Translation">Green's Literal Translation</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Tanakh" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Tanakh">New Jewish Publication Society Tanakh</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Study_Bible" title="Orthodox Study Bible">Orthodox Study Bible</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_Bible" title="Third Millennium Bible">Third Millennium Bible</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Version" title="Recovery Version">Recovery Version</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_English_Bible" title="World English Bible">World English Bible</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version_Catholic_Edition#RSV_Second_Catholic_Edition_(RSV-2CE)" title="Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition">Revised Standard Version Second Catholic Edition</a> (Ignatius Bible) (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexham_English_Bible" title="Lexham English Bible">Lexham English Bible</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Version" title="Modern English Version">Modern English Version</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Version" title="Tree of Life Version">Tree of Life Version</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version#Catholic_edition" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version Catholic Edition</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_Standard_Version" title="Literal Standard Version">Literal Standard Version</a> (2020)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Moderate use of both formal and dynamic equivalence</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Translation_of_the_Holy_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures">New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures</a> (1961, revised 1984, 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity_Bible" title="Confraternity Bible">Confraternity Bible</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Bible" title="Modern Language Bible">Modern Language Bible</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a> (1970, revised 1986 & 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Holman Christian Standard Bible">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a> called "optimal equivalence" (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">New Community Bible</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_English_Bible" title="Common English Bible">Common English Bible</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible_Revised_Edition" title="New American Bible Revised Edition">New American Bible Revised Edition</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Christian Standard Bible">Christian Standard Bible</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Heritage_Version" title="Evangelical Heritage Version">Evangelical Heritage Version</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Catholic_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Catholic Bible (page does not exist)">New Catholic Bible</a> / New Catholic Version<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (St. Joseph New Catholic Bible) (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="Revised New Jerusalem Bible">Revised New Jerusalem Bible</a> (2019)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Extensive use of dynamic equivalence or paraphrase or both</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knox_Bible" title="Knox Bible">The Holy Bible: Knox Version</a> (1955)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_Bible" title="Amplified Bible">Amplified Bible</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bible" title="Jerusalem Bible">Jerusalem Bible</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Version" title="New Life Version">New Life Version</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Bible" title="New English Bible">New English Bible</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Bible" title="Good News Bible">Good News Bible</a> (formerly "Today's English Version") (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="New Jerusalem Bible">New Jerusalem Bible</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy-to-Read_Version" title="Easy-to-Read Version">Easy-to-Read Version</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Community_Bible" title="Christian Community Bible">Christian Community Bible</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_English_Bible" title="Revised English Bible">Revised English Bible</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Word_Translation" title="God's Word Translation">God's Word Translation</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_English_Version" title="Contemporary English Version">Contemporary English Version</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">New Living Translation</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Jewish_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Jewish Bible">Complete Jewish Bible</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Reader%27s_Version" title="New International Reader's Version">New International Reader's Version</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_English_Translation" title="New English Translation">New English Translation</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_New_International_Version" title="Today's New International Version">Today's New International Version </a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Truth_Society" title="Catholic Truth Society">CTS New Catholic Bible</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EasyEnglish_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EasyEnglish Bible (page does not exist)">EasyEnglish Bible</a> (2018)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Extensive use of paraphrase</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Bible" title="The Living Bible">The Living Bible</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Lacey" title="Rob Lacey">The Street Bible (UK)</a> (2003), as <a href="/wiki/Rob_Lacey" title="Rob Lacey">the word on the street (US)</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Message_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Message Bible">The Message Bible</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(Bible_translation)" title="The Voice (Bible translation)">The Voice</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_Translation" title="The Passion Translation">The Passion Translation</a> (2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_concordance" title="Bible concordance">Bible concordance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_data_analysis" title="Exploratory data analysis">Exploratory data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_markup_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical markup framework">Lexical markup framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_(language_structure)" title="Idiom (language structure)">Idiom (language structure)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_semantic_metalanguage" title="Natural semantic metalanguage">Natural semantic metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Original meaning">Original meaning</a> (<i>cf.</i> formal equivalence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_intent" title="Original intent">Original intent</a> (<i>cf.</i> dynamic equivalence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purposivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Purposivism">Purposivism</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Purposive_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Purposive theory">purposive theory</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber. (1969). <i>The Theory and Practice of Translation, With Special Reference to Bible Translating</i>, 200. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Let the words be written: the lasting influence of Eugene A. Nida p. 51 Philip C. Stine – 2004 "That probably would not have happened if it hadn't been for Nida's ideas" (Charles Taber, interview with author, 21 Oct. 2000).7 Nida later felt that the term "dynamic equivalence" had been misunderstood.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation and religion: holy untranslatable? p91 Lynne Long – 2005 "In order to avoid certain misunderstandings, de Waard and Nida (1986: 7, 36) later replaced the term 'dynamic equivalence' with 'functional equivalence', but they stated clearly that 'The substitution of "functional equivalence<span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>' is not…"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of the Reina-Valera 1960 Spanish Bible p98 Calvin George – 2004 "190 For this reason in his later writings he distanced himself from the term 'dynamic equivalence,' preferring instead 'functional equivalence.' 191 The idea is to produce the closest natural equivalent in the target or 188 190 Nida, …"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stitskin, Leon D. (Fall 1961). A Letter of Maimonides to Samuel ibn Tibbon. <i>Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 93 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255415">JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revivalistics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revivalistics_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZuckermann,_Ghil'ad2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> (2020). <i><a href="/wiki/Revivalistics:_From_the_Genesis_of_Israeli_to_Language_Reclamation_in_Australia_and_Beyond" class="mw-redirect" title="Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond">Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812790" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812790"><bdi>9780199812790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revivalistics%3A+From+the+Genesis+of+Israeli+to+Language+Reclamation+in+Australia+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780199812790&rft.au=Zuckermann%2C+Ghil%27ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+equivalence+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812776" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812776">9780199812776</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data collected from two sources that have nearly identical ranking with an overlapping (supplemental) list of translations studied: 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tms.edu/tmsj/tmsj1d.pdf">Thomas, Robert L., <i>Bible Translations: The Link Between Exegesis and Expository Preaching</i>, pages 63ff</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916201338/http://www.tms.edu/tmsj/tmsj1d.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and 2. Clontz, T.E. and Clontz, J., <i>The Comprehensive New Testament</i>, page iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/nwt/appendix-a/bible-translation/">"Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT"</a>. <i>JW.ORG</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JW.ORG&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Bible+Translation+from+Hebrew+and+Greek+%7C+NWT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jw.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbible%2Fnwt%2Fappendix-a%2Fbible-translation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+equivalence+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicbookpublishing.com/new-catholic-bible">New Catholic Bible</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knoxbible.com/reviews.html">"KNOX BIBLE - Reviews of the new publication of this Bible"</a>. <i>www.knoxbible.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knoxbible.com&rft.atitle=KNOX+BIBLE+-+Reviews+of+the+new+publication+of+this+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knoxbible.com%2Freviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+equivalence+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/classic-translation-back-print-michael-potemra/">"A Classic Translation Back in Print"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. 27 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=A+Classic+Translation+Back+in+Print&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Fcorner%2Fclassic-translation-back-print-michael-potemra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASemantic+equivalence+%28linguistics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&oldid=1258984812">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_equivalence_(linguistics)&oldid=1258984812</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_studies" title="Category:Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semantics" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semantic_relations" title="Category:Semantic relations">Semantic relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biblical_criticism" title="Category:Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_versions_and_translations" title="Category:Bible versions and translations">Bible versions and translations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2010">Articles needing additional references from August 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 18:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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