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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8jsk%C3%A6rm" title="Støjskærm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støjskærm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4rmschutzwand" title="Lärmschutzwand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lärmschutzwand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrera_ac%C3%BAstica" title="Barrera acústica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barrera acústica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru%C5%9Dirmilo" title="Bruŝirmilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruŝirmilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مانع صوتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مانع صوتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_antibruit" title="Mur antibruit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mur antibruit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%9D%8C%EB%B2%BD" title="방음벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방음벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghalang_bising" title="Penghalang bising – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghalang bising" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriera_antirumore" title="Barriera antirumore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barriera antirumore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluidsscherm" title="Geluidsscherm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geluidsscherm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%81" title="遮音壁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遮音壁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8yskjerm" title="Støyskjerm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Støyskjerm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekran_akustyczny" title="Ekran akustyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekran akustyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barreira_ac%C3%BAstica" title="Barreira acústica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barreira acústica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шумозащитный экран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шумозащитный экран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protihrupna_ograja" title="Protihrupna ograja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protihrupna ograja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Звучна баријера (изолација) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звучна баријера (изолација)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melueste" title="Melueste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Melueste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullerskydd" title="Bullerskydd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bullerskydd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шумозахисний екран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шумозахисний екран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Exterior structure on infrastructure used to prevent loud sounds from escaping</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TullamarineFwy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/TullamarineFwy.jpg/310px-TullamarineFwy.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/TullamarineFwy.jpg/465px-TullamarineFwy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/TullamarineFwy.jpg/620px-TullamarineFwy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/CityLink#Western_link" title="CityLink">sound tube</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, designed to reduce roadway noise without detracting from the area's aesthetics</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>noise barrier</b> (also called a <b>soundwall</b>, <b>noise wall</b>, <b>sound berm</b>, <b>sound barrier</b>, or <b>acoustical barrier</b>) is an exterior structure designed to protect inhabitants of sensitive <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> areas from <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>. Noise barriers are the most effective method of mitigating <a href="/wiki/Roadway_noise" title="Roadway noise">roadway</a>, railway, and industrial noise sources – other than cessation of the source activity or use of source controls. </p><p>In the case of surface transportation noise, <a href="/wiki/Noise_mitigation#Roadways" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise mitigation">other methods</a> of reducing the source noise intensity include encouraging the use of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vehicles">hybrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>, improving <a href="/wiki/Automotive_aerodynamics" title="Automotive aerodynamics">automobile aerodynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> design, and choosing low-noise <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">paving material</a>. Extensive use of noise barriers began in the United States after <a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">noise regulations</a> were introduced in the early 1970s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noise barriers have been built in the United States since the mid-twentieth century, when vehicular traffic burgeoned. I-680 in <a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas, California</a> was the first noise barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s, analytic <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustical</a> technology emerged to mathematically evaluate the efficacy of a noise barrier design adjacent to a specific <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadway">roadway</a>. By the 1990s, noise barriers that included use of transparent materials were being designed in Denmark and other western European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noisebarrierm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noisebarrierm.jpg/290px-Noisebarrierm.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noisebarrierm.jpg/435px-Noisebarrierm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Noisebarrierm.jpg/580px-Noisebarrierm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Acoustical <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> measures sound in noise barrier design study, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara County">Santa Clara County</a>, California.</figcaption></figure> <p>The best of these early computer models considered the effects of roadway <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> volumes, vehicle speeds, truck mix, <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">road surface</a> type, and micro-<a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>. Several U.S. research groups developed variations of the computer modeling techniques: <a href="/wiki/Caltrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltrans">Caltrans</a> Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>; the ESL Inc. group in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> group in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, and a research team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. Possibly the earliest published work that scientifically designed a specific noise barrier was the study for the <a href="/wiki/Foothill_Expressway" class="mw-redirect" title="Foothill Expressway">Foothill Expressway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous case studies across the U.S. soon addressed dozens of different existing and planned highways. Most were commissioned by state highway departments and conducted by one of the four research groups mentioned above. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a>, enacted in 1970, effectively mandated the quantitative analysis of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> from every <a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act">Federal-Aid Highway Act</a> Project in the country, propelling noise barrier model development and application. With passage of the <a href="/wiki/Noise_Control_Act" title="Noise Control Act">Noise Control Act of 1972</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demand for noise barrier design soared from a host of <a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">noise regulation</a> spinoff. </p><p>By the late 1970s, more than a dozen research groups in the U.S. were applying similar <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer modeling</a> technology and addressing at least 200 different locations for noise barriers each year. As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, this technology is considered a standard in the evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> from highways. The nature and accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer model">computer models</a> used is nearly identical to the original 1970s versions of the technology. </p><p>Small and purposeful gaps exist in most noise barriers to allow <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a> to access nearby <a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire hydrants">fire hydrants</a> and pull through <a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">fire hoses</a>, which are usually denoted by a sign indicating the nearest cross street, and a <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictogram</a> of a fire hydrant, though some hydrant gaps channel the hoses through small <a href="/wiki/Culvert" title="Culvert">culvert</a> channels beneath the wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acoustical science of noise barrier design is based upon treating an airway or railway as a <a href="/wiki/Line_source" title="Line source">line source</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Noise_barrier#Dubious" title="Talk:Noise barrier">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The theory is based upon blockage of sound ray travel toward a particular <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">receptor</a>; however, <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> of sound must be addressed. <a href="/wiki/Sound_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound waves">Sound waves</a> bend (downward) when they pass an edge, such as the apex of a noise barrier. Barriers that block line of sight of a highway or other source will therefore block more sound.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further complicating matters is the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, the bending of sound rays in the presence of an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterogeneous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:heterogeneous">inhomogeneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">Wind shear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> produce such inhomogeneities. The sound sources modeled must include <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> noise, <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> noise, and <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamic</a> noise, all of which vary by vehicle type and speed. </p><p>The noise barrier may be constructed on private land, on a public <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (railroad)">right-of-way</a>, or on other public land. Because sound levels are measured using a <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a>, a reduction of nine <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a> is equivalent to elimination of approximately 86 percent of the unwanted sound power. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noisercrazorback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Noisercrazorback.jpg/310px-Noisercrazorback.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Noisercrazorback.jpg/465px-Noisercrazorback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Noisercrazorback.jpg/620px-Noisercrazorback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Noise barrier earth berm along <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_12" title="California State Route 12">California State Route 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma County</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several different materials may be used for sound barriers, including masonry, earthwork (such as earth <a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">berm</a>), steel, concrete, wood, plastics, insulating wool, or composites.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walls that are made of absorptive material mitigate sound differently than hard surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible to make noise barriers with active materials such as solar <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> panels to generate electricity while also reducing traffic noise.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wall with porous surface material and sound-dampening content material can be absorptive where little or no noise is <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)#Sound_reflection" title="Reflection (physics)">reflected</a> back towards the source or elsewhere. Hard surfaces such as masonry or concrete are considered to be reflective where most of the noise is reflected back towards the noise source and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise barriers can be effective tools for <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> abatement, but certain locations and topographies are not suitable for use of noise barriers. Cost and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> also play a role in the choice of noise barriers. In some cases, a roadway is surrounded by a noise abatement structure or dug into a tunnel using the <a href="/wiki/Cut-and-cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut-and-cover">cut-and-cover</a> method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potential disadvantages of noise barriers include: </p> <ul><li>Blocked vision for motorists and rail passengers. Glass elements in noise screens can reduce visual obstruction, but require regular cleaning</li> <li>Aesthetic impact on <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">land-</a> and townscape</li> <li>An expanded target for <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, unsanctioned <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla marketing">guerilla advertising</a>, and vandalism</li> <li>Creation of spaces hidden from view and <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a> (e.g. at railway stations)</li> <li>Possibility of <a href="/wiki/Bird%E2%80%93window_collisions" title="Bird–window collisions">bird–window collisions</a> for large and clear barriers</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 283.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 281.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noise abatement walls often block rail passengers' or road users' view and attract graffiti."><img alt="Noise abatement walls often block rail passengers' or road users' view and attract graffiti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg/422px-LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg/633px-LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg/844px-LSW_Graffiti_wm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noise abatement walls often block rail passengers' or road users' view and attract graffiti.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This noise abatement wall in the Netherlands has a transparent section at the driver's eye-level to reduce the visual impact for road users."><img alt="This noise abatement wall in the Netherlands has a transparent section at the driver's eye-level to reduce the visual impact for road users." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg/360px-Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg/540px-Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg/720px-Geluidscherm_Overschie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This noise abatement wall in the Netherlands has a transparent section at the driver's eye-level to reduce the visual impact for road users. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rieder_360%C2%B0_-_die_niedrige_L%C3%A4rmschutzwand_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low walls close to the track avoid optical impact."><img alt="Low walls close to the track avoid optical impact." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rieder_360%C2%B0_-_die_niedrige_L%C3%A4rmschutzwand_%283%29.jpg/405px-Rieder_360%C2%B0_-_die_niedrige_L%C3%A4rmschutzwand_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rieder_360%C2%B0_-_die_niedrige_L%C3%A4rmschutzwand_%283%29.jpg/608px-Rieder_360%C2%B0_-_die_niedrige_L%C3%A4rmschutzwand_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Rieder_360%C2%B0_-_die_niedrige_L%C3%A4rmschutzwand_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low walls close to the track avoid optical impact.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_air_pollution">Effects on air pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects on air pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roadside noise barriers have been shown to reduce the near-road air pollution <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> levels. Within 15–50 m from the roadside, air pollution concentration levels at the <a href="/wiki/Windward_and_leeward" title="Windward and leeward">lee side</a> of the noise barriers may be reduced by up to 50% compared to open road values.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noise barriers force the pollution plumes coming from the road to move up and over the barrier creating the effect of an elevated source and enhancing vertical <a href="/wiki/Dispersive_mass_transfer" title="Dispersive mass transfer">dispersion</a> of the plume. The deceleration and the deflection of the initial flow by the noise barrier force the plume to disperse horizontally. A highly <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent</a> <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">shear</a> zone characterized by slow velocities and a re-circulation cavity is created in the lee of the barrier which further enhances the dispersion; this mixes ambient air with the pollutants downwind behind the barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_barrier" title="Safety barrier">Safety barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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(2007). The effects of roadside structures on the transport and dispersion of ultrafine particles from highways. Atmos. Environ. 41, 8128–8139</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noise_barrier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Noise" title="Template:Noise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Noise" title="Template talk:Noise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Noise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Noise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Noise_(physics_and_telecommunications)164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Noise_(spectral_phenomenon)" title="Noise (spectral phenomenon)">Noise</a> (physics and telecommunications)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_quieting" title="Acoustic quieting">Acoustic quieting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">Noise cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_measurement" title="Noise measurement">Noise measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_power" title="Noise power">Noise power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">Noise reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_temperature" title="Noise temperature">Noise temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_distortion" title="Phase distortion">Phase distortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noise in...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_regulation" title="Noise regulation">Government regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Human health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (radio)">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_and_vibration_on_maritime_vessels" title="Noise and vibration on maritime vessels">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_masking" title="Sound masking">Sound masking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(video)" title="Noise (video)">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class of noise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise" title="Additive white Gaussian noise">Additive white Gaussian noise</a> (AWGN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_noise" title="Atmospheric noise">Atmospheric noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_noise" title="Background noise">Background noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_noise" title="Brownian noise">Brownian noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_noise" title="Burst noise">Burst noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_noise" title="Cosmic noise">Cosmic noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flicker_noise" title="Flicker noise">Flicker noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_noise" title="Gaussian noise">Gaussian noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_noise" title="Grey noise">Grey noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitter" title="Jitter">Jitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Nyquist_noise" title="Johnson–Nyquist noise">Johnson–Nyquist noise</a> (thermal noise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_noise" title="Pink noise">Pink noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantization_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization error">Quantization error</a> (or q. noise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_noise" title="Shot noise">Shot noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">White noise</a></li> <li>Coherent noise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_noise" title="Value noise">Value noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_noise" title="Gradient noise">Gradient noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worley_noise" title="Worley noise">Worley noise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering <br />terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_noise_level" title="Channel noise level">Channel noise level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_noise_level" title="Circuit noise level">Circuit noise level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_input_noise_temperature" title="Effective input noise temperature">Effective input noise temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_noise_resistance" title="Equivalent noise resistance">Equivalent noise resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_pulse_code_modulation_noise" title="Equivalent pulse code modulation noise">Equivalent pulse code modulation noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse noise (audio)">Impulse noise (audio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_figure" title="Noise figure">Noise figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_floor" title="Noise floor">Noise floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_shaping" title="Noise shaping">Noise shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_spectral_density" title="Noise spectral density">Noise spectral density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise,_vibration,_and_harshness" title="Noise, vibration, and harshness">Noise, vibration, and harshness</a> (NVH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_noise" title="Phase noise">Phase noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_noise" title="Pseudorandom noise">Pseudorandom noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical noise">Statistical noise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ratios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-to-noise_ratio" title="Carrier-to-noise ratio">Carrier-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>C</i>/<i>N</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier-to-receiver_noise_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier-to-receiver noise density">Carrier-to-receiver noise density</a> (<i>C</i>/<i>kT</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DBrnC" class="mw-redirect" title="DBrnC">dBrnC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eb/N0" title="Eb/N0">E<sub>b</sub>/N<sub>0</sub></a></i> (energy per bit to noise density)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eb/N0#Relation_to_Es.2FN0" title="Eb/N0">E<sub>s</sub>/N<sub>0</sub></a></i> (energy per symbol to noise density)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation_error_ratio" title="Modulation error ratio">Modulation error ratio</a> (<i>MER</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SINAD" title="SINAD">Signal, noise and distortion</a> (<i>SINAD</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-interference_ratio" title="Signal-to-interference ratio">Signal-to-interference ratio</a> (<i>S</i>/<i>I</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>S</i>/<i>N</i>, <i>SNR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio_(imaging)" title="Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)">Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-interference-plus-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio">Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio</a> (<i>SINR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-quantization-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio">Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio</a> (<i>SQNR</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-to-noise_ratio" title="Contrast-to-noise ratio">Contrast-to-noise ratio</a> (<i>CNR</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_noise_topics" title="List of noise topics">List of noise topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colors_of_noise" title="Colors of noise">Colors of noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">Interference (communication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_generator" title="Noise generator">Noise generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">Spectrum analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denoise <br />methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-pass_filter" title="Low-pass filter">Low-pass filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_filter" title="Median filter">Median filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_variation_denoising" title="Total variation denoising">Total variation denoising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet#Wavelet_denoising" title="Wavelet">Wavelet denoising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D (Image)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_blur" title="Gaussian blur">Gaussian blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisotropic_diffusion" title="Anisotropic diffusion">Anisotropic diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_filter" title="Bilateral filter">Bilateral filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-local_means" title="Non-local means">Non-local means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block-matching_and_3D_filtering" title="Block-matching and 3D filtering">Block-matching and 3D filtering</a> (BM3D)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_Fields_(image_restoration)" title="Shrinkage Fields (image restoration)">Shrinkage Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder#Denoising_autoencoder_(DAE)" title="Autoencoder">Denoising autoencoder</a> (DAE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Image_Prior" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Image Prior">Deep Image Prior</a></li></ul> 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