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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Öztürkçe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Öztürkçe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Öztürkçe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atatürk's_Geometri_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atatürk's_Geometri_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atatürk's <i>Geometri</i> book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atatürk's_Geometri_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إصلاح اللغة التركية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إصلاح اللغة التركية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dili_islahat%C4%B1" title="Türk dili islahatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türk dili islahatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_de_la_lengua_turca" title="Reforma de la lengua turca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reforma de la lengua turca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լեզվական բարեփոխում Թուրքիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեզվական բարեփոխում Թուրքիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%94%E5%8C%96%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="トルコの言語純化運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコの言語純化運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_lingvistic%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Turcia" title="Reforma lingvistică în Turcia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reforma lingvistică în Turcia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Devrimi" title="Dil Devrimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dil Devrimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3458382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_(Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha)_(1881-1938)_in_westers,_SFA003017837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg/75px-Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg/113px-Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg/150px-Portret_van_de_Turkse_leider_Mustafa_Kemal_Ataturk_%28Atat%C3%BCrk_Kemal_Pascha%29_%281881-1938%29_in_westers%2C_SFA003017837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2727" data-file-height="3851" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#ED1C24;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Personal life of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Personal</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_International_Peace_Prize" title="Atatürk International Peace Prize">Atatürk International Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Centennial" title="Atatürk Centennial">Atatürk Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Attempted assassination of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Attempted assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Death and state funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Mausoleum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Reforms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey#History" title="Education in Turkey">Educational reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turkish language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification#Modern_Turkey" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Art_and_Sculpture_Museum" title="State Art and Sculpture Museum">State Art and Sculpture Museum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home,_Peace_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace at Home, Peace in the World">Peace at Home, Peace in the World</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalist_historiography" title="Kemalist historiography">Historiography</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nutuk" title="Nutuk">Nutuk</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature"><img alt="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/120px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/180px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg/240px-Signature_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Template talk:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atat%C3%BCrk_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atatürk sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Turkish language reform</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Dil Devrimi</i>), initiated on 12 July 1932, aimed to purge the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>-derived words and grammatical rules, transforming the language into a more vernacular form suitable for the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. </p><p>Under the leadership of president <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, the reform commenced and persisted with varying degrees of intensity and momentum until the 1970s, following the most profound period of transformation between 1932 and 1938. The closure of the former <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> in 1982 was officially recognized as the end of the language reform. Aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet_reform" title="Turkish alphabet reform">alphabet reform</a> in 1928, the language reform stands as one of the fundamental pillars of the significant structural alterations undergone by the Turkish language in the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During interactions with Arabic and Persian-speaking nations, Turks adopted words not present in their own language. Alongside these absent words, however, Turkish words gradually lost their functionality over time, yielding to Arabic and Persian vocabulary. For instance, the Turkic-origin word "od" meaning "fire" gave way to the Persian-origin word "ateş". Not only words but also grammatical rules and constructions were borrowed from both languages. Nevertheless, at the core, Turkish inflections and grammar rules were still used. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was governed from the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> ("Bâb-ı Âlî" in Ottoman Turkish, borrowed from Arabic الباب العالي "Bab Al-A'li"), where "bâb" meaning "door" in Arabic combined with the Persian-origin possessive suffix "-ı" and the Persian word "âlî" meaning "high" to form a new word in Ottoman Turkish. There was a gap between written and spoken language to the extent that newspapers, not understood by large segments of society, struggled to sell, leading journalists to seek ways to simplify their language. For example, they found it more comprehensible to use "Tabii İlimler" (natural sciences) instead of the Arabic term "Ulûm-i Tabiiyye" and resorted to such simplifications in their writings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_G._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_G.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of simplifying the written language by purging it of complex Arabic and Persian expressions and bringing it closer to spoken Turkish had concerned Turkish writers since the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> period. The trend toward simplification, which began with <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_%C5%9Einasi" title="İbrahim Şinasi">İbrahim Şinasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a>, made significant progress with <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Mithat" title="Ahmet Mithat">Ahmet Mithat</a> and reached its peak during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> with writers like <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a>. </p><p>The 1910s witnessed the rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanist</a> views within organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>. During this period, new ideas began to be incorporated into the simplificationist perspective. Among these, the most influential was the idea of borrowing words from other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, particularly the ancient written languages of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, besides the Istanbul Turkish. The publication of French <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abel_Pavet_de_Courteille" title="Abel Pavet de Courteille">Abel Pavet de Courteille</a>'s Chagatai Dictionary in 1870, the deciphering and publication of the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> in 1896, and the printing of <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a></i> in 1917 provided abundant resources for this approach. </p><p>There was also a tendency circa 1914 to derive new words from existing Turkish roots to express new concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_era">Republican era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Republican era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_el_yaz%C4%B1s%C4%B1_ile_T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn_el_yaz%C4%B1s%C4%B1_ile_T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="146" /></a><figcaption>Handwritten version of the last sentence of Atatürk's speech in 1930.</figcaption></figure> <p>Views on language modernization receded during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a> and the early years of the republic. Prior to 1931, there was no clear stance on this matter from <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>. However, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> in 1932, the language reform gained momentum. In the opening speech of the parliament in 1932, Atatürk expressed caution regarding the language reform by stating, "We will ensure the rise of national culture by opening up all avenues. We expect all our national organizations to be cautious and engaged in enabling the Turkish language to regain its essence and beauty".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the primary interests of Atatürk was history, while the other was language. Like many intellectuals, he recognized the problem with the Turkish language. In 1932, he founded the "Turkish Language Research Society" (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti</i>). Within this society, various subcommittees were established, each assigned with different aspects of the language under what seemed like a "military" organization (linguistics, etymology, grammar, terminology, lexicography, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the tasks of this society was to research words in the language and find Turkish alternatives for foreign loanwords. Word search operations were initiated under the chairmanship of governors in every province. Within a year, a source of 35,000 new words was created. During this time, scientists also researched 150 old works and collected words never before used in the Turkish language. In 1934, the 90,000-word search dictionary was compiled and published. Suggestions for alternative words used in local dialects were proposed instead of the Arabic-origin word "kalem" (pen), such as "yağuş, yazgaç, çizgiç, kavrı, kamış, yuvuş" and for the word "akıl" (mind), 26 suggestions were received, while for "hediye" (gift), 77 suggestions were made. Eventually, the Turkish-origin word "armağan" was chosen in place of the word "hediye".<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_G._1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_G.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this process of "purging the language of foreign loanwords" only affected words from eastern-origin languages (Arabic, Persian, etc.) while foreign loanwords of western origin were not subjected to this process to the same extent. Moreover, many loanwords from western languages were added to Turkish to fill the gaps left by the purged words.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of the "Language Council", initiated in 1929, culminated in the establishment of the "Turkish Language Research Society" founded by Atatürk in 1932. This society had two main objectives. First, to liberate the Turkish language from the domination of foreign languages and return it to its essence, thereby eliminating the distinction between spoken and written language and enabling all citizens, not just the educated elite, to write and read in their own spoken language. This would be achieved by replacing structures and grammar rules borrowed from Arabic and Persian with correct Turkish equivalents. Terminology accumulation would be achieved through surveys of local dialects. The second objective was to compare and reveal dead languages. </p><p>The simplification of the Turkish lexicon over time led to <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>, and attempts to replace foreign-origin loanwords used in literary works with sometimes conditioning words that did not even conform to Turkish language rules, posed a risk of the language being disconnected from its cultural and historical sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_derivations">Word derivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Word derivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the new Turkish words are derived from other words with thematic suffixes. For example: </p><p><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">bat-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">batmak</i></span></i>, which means "to sink" or "to set". The derived word <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">batı</i></span></i> means "west" or the cardinal direction in which the sun "sinks". Another example would be <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">aylık</i></span></i>, which means "salary" as well as <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">monthly</i></span></i>. This is derived from the word <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ay</i></span></i>, which means "moon, month". </p><p>Here are some other examples of derivations: </p> <ul><li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">gün</i></span></i> means "day" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">günce</i></span></i> means "agenda", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">güncel</i></span></i> means "current", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">gündem</i></span></i> means "current events and news", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">güncellemek</i></span></i> means "to update", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">günay</i></span></i> means "date", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">güney</i></span></i> means "south", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">güneş</i></span></i> means "sun", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">günlük</i></span></i> means "diary" or "daily", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">gündüz</i></span></i> means "daytime" (opposite of night) or "morning",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kes-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to cut" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesi</i></span></i> means "incision", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesici</i></span></i> means "cutter", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesin</i></span></i> means "accurate", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesinlikle</i></span></i> means "definitely", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesinleşmek</i></span></i> means "to become definite", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesinsizlik</i></span></i> means "the state of indefinity", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">keskenmek</i></span></i> means "to pretend to hit with a hand motion", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesmece</i></span></i> is a saying that means "the agreement of cutting a fruit before buying it", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">keser</i></span></i> means "<a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a>", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesiklik</i></span></i> means "sudden feeling of tiredness, lethargy", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesilmek</i></span></i> means "to act like something", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesit</i></span></i> means "cross section", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">keski</i></span></i> means "chisel", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">keskin</i></span></i> means "sharp", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">keskinlik</i></span></i> means "acuity" and "sharpness", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesim</i></span></i> means "segment", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesimlik</i></span></i> means "animal (or tree) fit or ready to be slaughtered/cut", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesinti</i></span></i> means "interruption", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesintili</i></span></i> means "on and off", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesintisiz</i></span></i> means "uninterrupted" and "seamless", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesme</i></span></i> means "an object cut in the form of a geometrical shape", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kestirme</i></span></i> means "short-cut", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesik</i></span></i> means "interrupted", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kestirmek</i></span></i> means "to forecast" and "to nap", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kestirim</i></span></i> means "guess", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesen</i></span></i> means "a line that intersects a geometrical entity", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesenek</i></span></i> means "deduction", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesişmek</i></span></i> means "to intersect", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesişim</i></span></i> means "intersection",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">sap-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to deviate" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">sapık</i></span></i> means "pervert", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">sapak</i></span></i> means "turn" (as in roads, traffic),</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duy-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to hear", "to feel" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyu</i></span></i> means "sensory", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyarlı</i></span></i> means "sensitive", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyarlılık</i></span></i> means "sensitivity", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duygu</i></span></i> means "feeling", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyarga(ç)</i></span></i> means "sensor", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyargan</i></span></i> means "allergen", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyarca</i></span></i> means "allergy", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyum</i></span></i> means "hearsay", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">duyumsamazlık</i></span></i> means "apathy",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yet-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to suffice" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yeter</i></span></i> means "sufficient", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yetki</i></span></i> means "authority", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yetenek</i></span></i> means "talent",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">başka</i></span></i> means "other" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">başkalaşım</i></span></i> means "metamorphosis",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">tek</i></span></i> means "single" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">tekel</i></span></i> means "monopoly", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">tekdüze</i></span></i> means "monotonous",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ev</i></span></i> means "home" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">evlilik</i></span></i> means "marriage", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">evcil</i></span></i> means "domestic",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">seç-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to choose" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">seçenek</i></span></i> means "choice", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">seçkin</i></span></i> means "elite", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">seçim</i></span></i> means "election",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">düş-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to fall" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">düşük</i></span></i> means "miscarriage",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">sür-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to last", "to put forward" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">süreğen</i></span></i> means "chronic", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">sürüm</i></span></i> means "version",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yaz-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to write" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazar</i></span></i> means "writer", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazgı</i></span></i> means "fate", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazılım</i></span></i> means "software", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazanak</i></span></i> means "report", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazıt</i></span></i> means "inscription", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazman</i></span></i> means "secretary", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazıcı</i></span></i> means "printer", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazın</i></span></i> means "literature", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazım</i></span></i> means "orthography", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazışma</i></span></i> means "correspondence", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yazdırım</i></span></i> means "dictation",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ver-</i></span></i> is the root of the verb "to give" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">veri</i></span></i> means "data", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">vergi</i></span></i> means "tax", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">verim</i></span></i> means "efficiency",</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">öz</i></span></i> means "self", "real" → <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özel</i></span></i> means "special", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özen</i></span></i> means "attention", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özgü</i></span></i> means "peculiar", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özgül</i></span></i> means "specific", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özge</i></span></i> means "other", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özne</i></span></i> means "subject", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özgün</i></span></i> means "original", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özgür</i></span></i> means "free", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özümleme</i></span></i> means "assimilation", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">öznel</i></span></i> means "subjective". The verb <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özle-</i></span></i> (meaning "to miss", "to long for") is also derived from this word, and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özlem</i></span></i> is a noun that means "longing".</li></ul> <p>Some of the Turkish words are also compound words, such as: </p> <ul><li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Başvuru</i></span></i> means "application". It is derived from <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">baş</i></span></i> (meaning "head") and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">vuru</i></span></i> (meaning "hitting"), so the literal English translation of this compound word would be "head-hitting"</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Ayak</i></span></i> means "foot", and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kap</i></span></i> means "container", and the compound word <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ayakkabı</i></span></i> means foot-container, "shoe".</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Ana</i></span></i> means "main", and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yasa</i></span></i> means "law", and the compound word <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">anayasa</i></span></i> means "constitution".</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Öz</i></span></i> means "self", and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">veri</i></span></i> means "giving", and the compound word <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">özveri</i></span></i> means "altruism, self-sacrifice".</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Büyük</i></span></i> means "big", and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">elçi</i></span></i> means "messenger", and the compound word <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">büyükelçi</i></span></i> means "ambassador".</li> <li><i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Kesim</i></span></i> means "cutting", <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ev</i></span></i> means "house", and <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kesimevi</i></span></i> means "slaughterhouse".</li></ul> <p>For more information, see the <i>related article: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_vocabulary" title="Turkish vocabulary">Turkish vocabulary</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Öztürkçe"><span id=".C3.96zt.C3.BCrk.C3.A7e"></span>Öztürkçe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Öztürkçe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Turkish_language_reform" title="Special:EditPage/Turkish language reform">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Turkish+language+reform%22">"Turkish language reform"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Turkish+language+reform%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Turkish+language+reform%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Turkish+language+reform%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Turkish+language+reform%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Turkish+language+reform%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Öztürkçe refers to a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">purist</a> form of Turkish, which is largely free of Persian and Arab influences.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Öztürkçe was an active target of the Turkish language reform. This language policy of Turkification was enforced by the written reform and from 1932 by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a> (TDK). The TDK collected for this purpose Turkic wordings in historical sources and Anatolian dialects. On this basis, the TDK formed a large number of neologisms that were disseminated using media and textbooks. From the 1940s, the TDK developed normative dictionaries (Türkçe Sözlük) and spelling guides (Yazım kılavuzu). </p><p>The use of Öztürkçe was and is an indicator for the world view of <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For several decades, no active policy of language regulation has been in place.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atatürk's_Geometri_book"><span id="Atat.C3.BCrk.27s_Geometri_book"></span>Atatürk's <i>Geometri</i> book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Atatürk's Geometri book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the preface to the 1971 edition of Atatürk's <i>Geometri</i> book, written by <a href="/wiki/Agop_Dil%C3%A2%C3%A7ar" title="Agop Dilâçar">Agop Dilâçar</a>, the story of the book's creation is recounted. In the autumn of 1936, Atatürk sent his private secretary Süreyya Anderiman along with Agop Dilaçar to the Haşet bookstore in <a href="/wiki/Beyo%C4%9Flu" title="Beyoğlu">Beyoğlu</a> and had them purchase French geometry books. During the winter of 1936, Atatürk worked on the book and produced a 44-page volume in which geometry terms were modified and translated into Turkish. The authorship of the book by Atatürk is not explicitly stated; only a note on the cover indicates that it was published by the Ministry of Culture as a guide for those teaching geometry and those intending to write books on the subject. </p><p>During the Ottoman era, the terminology used in geometry textbooks taught in schools was distant from the daily language of the people and often incomprehensible. Terms such as "müselles" for triangle, "mesaha-i sathiye" for area, "zaviye-i kaime" for right angle, and "kaide irtifaı" for height were used.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_G._1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_G.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Modern Turkish</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>triangle</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">مثلث</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">müselles</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">üçgen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>rectangle</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">مستطيل</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">mustatil</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">dikdörtgen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>square</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">مربع</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">murabba</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kare</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>area</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">مساحه سطحيه</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">mesâha-i sathiyye</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">alan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>right angle</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">زاویۀ‌ قائمه</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">zaviye-i kaime</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">dik açı</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>height</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">قاعده ارتفاع</span></span> <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">kaide irtifaı</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">yükseklik</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The area of a triangle is equal to half the product of its base and height.</td> <td><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">.بر مثلثك مساحه سطحیهسی ، قاعدهسینك ارتفاعنا حاصل ضربینك نصفنه مساويدر</span></span><br /><span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Bir müsellesin mesâha-i sathiyyesi, kaidesinin irtifaına hâsıl-ı zarbinin nısfına müsavidir.</i></span></td> <td><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Bir üçgenin alanı, taban uzunluğu ile yüksekliğinin çarpımının yarısına eşittir.</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The terms coined by Atatürk, such as <i>boyut, uzay, yüzey, düzey, kesek, kesit, teğet, açı, açıortay, içters açı, dışters açı, eğik, kırık, yatay, düşey, dikey, yöndeş, konum, üçgen, dörtgen, beşgen, köşegen, eşkenar, ikizkenar, paralelkenar, yanal, yamuk, artı, eksi, çarpı, bölü, eşit, toplam, orantı, türev, varsayı, gerekçe</i> are still used unchanged in the Turkish curriculum today.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet_reform" title="Turkish alphabet reform">Turkish alphabet reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Language_Association" title="Turkish Language Association">Turkish Language Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">Linguistic purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_replaced_loanwords_in_Turkish" title="List of replaced loanwords in Turkish">List of replaced loanwords in Turkish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_G.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_G._1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_G._1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_G._1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Lewis, <i>the Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success</i>, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ataturk.net/cumh/dil.html">"Arşivlenmiş kopya"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115060845/http://www.ataturk.net/cumh/dil.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ar%C5%9Fivlenmi%C5%9F+kopya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ataturk.net%2Fcumh%2Fdil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+language+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis - The emergence of modern Turkey  Royal Institute of International Affairs London 1961 sayfa 433 (Religion and Culture) " <i>The work was planned like a military operation, and a series of committees appointed to organize and direct the assault on the various sectors—linguistics, etymology, grammar, terminology, lexicography, and the like. "</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Lewis - The emergence of modern Turkey Royal Institute of International Affairs London 1961 page 434 (Religion and Culture) <i>"It is significant that the hue and cry after alien words affected only Arabic and Persian—the Islamic. Oriental languages. Words of European origin, equally alien, were exempt, and a number of new ones were even imported, to fill the gaps left by the departed."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Kreiser: Kleines Türkei-Lexikon. München 1992, s.v. Öztürkçe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Kreiser: Kleines Türkei-Lexikon. München 1992, s.v. Türk Dil Kurumu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahmath.com/?page_id=641">"<i>Atatürk'ün geometri kitabı</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223075656/http://www.ahmath.com/?page_id=641">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+geometri+kitab%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahmath.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurkish+language+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geoffrey Lewis, <i>The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success</i>, Oxford Linguistics, 1999, 271 pages.</li> <li>Gökhan Yavuz Demir, "Türkçenin Pirus Zaferi!", XIII-XLVIII.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsser.org/index.php/JSSER/article/viewFile/12/pdf">Kaya Yılmaz, A Critical Examination of Education Reforms Implemented in the Early Years of the Turkish Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_language_reform&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr">Turkish Language Association</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725103113/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/">Archived</a> 2017-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dildernegi.org.tr">Dil Derneği</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517171839/http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/">Archived</a> 2008-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB4D4840AE4FCEEB1">Atatürk ve Türkçe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030102854/http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB4D4840AE4FCEEB1">Archived</a> 2007-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DIL%20SORUNLARI/dil_sorunlari_ana.php"><i>Türkçenin sorunları</i>, Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227043605/http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/DIL%20SORUNLARI/dil_sorunlari_ana.php">Archived</a> 2009-02-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meb.gov.tr/belirligunler/10kasim/inkilaplari/egitim/yeni_harfler.htm">MEB, Yeni Türk Harflerinin Kabulü</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124222605/http://www.meb.gov.tr/belirligunler/10kasim/inkilaplari/egitim/yeni_harfler.htm">Archived</a> 2015-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Turkey855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Ancient and Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Ottoman Old Regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Türkiye</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey">Proclamation of the republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional history of Turkey">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey" title="Military history of Turkey">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Anatolia" title="List of ancient peoples of Anatolia">Ancient peoples of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anatolia" title="History of Anatolia">History of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thrace">History of Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Regions</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marmara_region" title="Marmara region">Marmara region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_region" title="Aegean region">Aegean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_region" title="Black Sea region">Black Sea region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_region" title="Central Anatolia region">Central Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_region" title="Eastern Anatolia region">Eastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Turkey" title="Climate of Turkey">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Turkey" title="Climate change in Turkey">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">Earthquakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Turkey" title="Environmental issues in Turkey">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Waste management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Turkey" title="Fauna of Turkey">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_and_vegetation_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and vegetation of Turkey">Flora and vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Turkey" title="List of lakes of Turkey">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Turkey" title="List of mountains in Turkey">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Turkey" title="List of national parks of Turkey">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Turkey" title="List of rivers of Turkey">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Turkey" title="Wildlife of Turkey">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Legislative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Turkey" title="Judicial system of Turkey">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Turkey)" title="Court of Cassation (Turkey)">Court of Cassation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Jurisdictional_Disputes" title="Court of Jurisdictional Disputes">Court of Jurisdictional Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Turkey)" title="Council of State (Turkey)">Council of State</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Turkey" title="Parliamentary elections in Turkey">Parliamentary elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_presidential_elections" title="Turkish presidential elections">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Turkey" title="Electoral system of Turkey">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Turkey" title="List of political parties in Turkey">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Turkey" title="Referendums in Turkey">Referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Turkey" title="Administrative divisions of Turkey">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Turkey" title="Foreign relations of Turkey">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization" title="National Intelligence Organization">Intelligence Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Directorate_of_Security_(Turkey)" title="General Directorate of Security (Turkey)">National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie_General_Command" title="Gendarmerie General Command">Gendarmerie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">The constitutional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Turkey" title="Banking in Turkey">Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Turkey" title="Defense industry of Turkey">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_in_Turkey" title="Gas in Turkey">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_in_Turkey" title="Oil in Turkey">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Renewables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_Turkey" title="Free trade agreements of Turkey">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Turkey" title="Science and technology in Turkey">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Turkey" title="Tourism in Turkey">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Turkey" title="Transport in Turkey">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Turkey" title="Aviation in Turkey">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Turkey" title="Rail transport in Turkey">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Turkey" title="Demographics of Turkey">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Ethnic Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Turkey" title="Minorities in Turkey">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">Cities and towns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey" title="Immigration to Turkey">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey" title="List of universities in Turkey">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey" title="Health care in Turkey">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Turkey" title="Law enforcement in Turkey">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Turkey" title="Crime in Turkey">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Turkey" title="Terrorism in Turkey">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Turkey" title="Marriage in Turkey">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Women in Turkey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="İstiklal Marşı">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rug" title="Anatolian rug">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_dance" title="Turkish folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Turkey" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Turkey">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Turkey" title="Mass media in Turkey">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Turkey" title="Television in Turkey">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Turkey" title="List of newspapers in Turkey">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Radio stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Modern_Turkish_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Modern Turkish painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznik_pottery" title="Iznik pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Turkey" title="Football in Turkey">Football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Turkey" title="Video games in Turkey">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Turkey" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey">World heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkey" title="Category:Turkey">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Project page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Turkey" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Turkey">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Turkey" title="Outline of Turkey">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkish_nationalism100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_nationalism" title="Template talk:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkish_nationalism100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_Great_Turkic_Empires" title="16 Great Turkic Empires">16 Great Turkic Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's cult of personality">Atatürk personality cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Idealism (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamokemalism" title="Islamokemalism">Islamokemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ttihadism" title="İttihadism">İttihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Nine Lights Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_and_discrimination_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism and discrimination in Turkey">Racism in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Language_Theory" title="Sun Language Theory">Sun Language Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Left" title="Turkish Left">Turkish Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-Islamic_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Islamic synthesis">Turkish-Islamic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulusalc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulusalcılık">Ulusalcılık</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">Association for Defence of National Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alperen_Hearths" title="Alperen Hearths">Alperen Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1z_Youth" title="Atsız Youth">Atsız Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla" title="Counter-Guerrilla">Counter-Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state_in_Turkey" title="Deep state in Turkey">Deep State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hearths" title="Ottoman Hearths">Ottoman Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_at_Home_Council" title="Peace at Home Council">Peace at Home Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Revenge_Brigade" title="Turkish Revenge Brigade">Turkish Revenge Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hearths" title="Turkish Hearths">Turkish Hearths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkists_of_Gebze" title="Turkists of Gebze">Turkists of Gebze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurkHackTeam" title="TurkHackTeam">TurkHackTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Murad_Division" title="Sultan Murad Division">Sultan Murad Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Union_of_Turkey" title="Youth Union of Turkey">Youth Union of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Wind Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political<br />parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ottoman Empire)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1962)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1962)">Nation Party (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1992)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1992)">Nation Party (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Turkey)" title="Workers' Party (Turkey)">Workers' Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(left-wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity_Party" title="Great Unity Party">Great Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Turkey_Party" title="Bright Turkey Party">Bright Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Turkey_Party" title="Independent Turkey Party">Independent Turkey Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Homeland Party (Turkey)">Homeland Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Ascent_Party" title="People's Ascent Party">People's Ascent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_and_Conservative_Party" title="Nationalist and Conservative Party">Nationalist and Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Turkey)" title="National Party (Turkey)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Patriotic Party (Turkey)">Patriotic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp" title="Ziya Gökalp">Ziya Gökalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Suavi" title="Ali Suavi">Ali Suavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Seyfettin" title="Ömer Seyfettin">Ömer Seyfettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noman_%C3%87elebicihan" title="Noman Çelebicihan">Noman Çelebicihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Emin_Yurdakul" title="Mehmet Emin Yurdakul">Mehmet Emin Yurdakul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ak%C3%A7ura" title="Yusuf Akçura">Yusuf Akçura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_bey_Huseynzade" title="Ali bey Huseynzade">Ali bey Huseynzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_A%C4%9Fao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Ağaoğlu">Ahmet Ağaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan" title="Zeki Velidi Togan">Zeki Velidi Togan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Eftim_I" title="Papa Eftim I">Papa Eftim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nejdet_San%C3%A7ar" title="Nejdet Sançar">Nejdet Sançar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyami_Safa" title="Peyami Safa">Peyami Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmut_Esat_Bozkurt" title="Mahmut Esat Bozkurt">Mahmut Esat Bozkurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Yaz%C4%B1c%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu">Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Sazak" title="Gün Sazak">Gün Sazak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">Attilâ İlhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6k%C3%A7e_F%C4%B1rat_%C3%87ulhao%C4%9Flu" title="Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu">Gökçe Fırat Çulhaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Kerin%C3%A7siz" title="Kemal Kerinçsiz">Kemal Kerinçsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Hala%C3%A7o%C4%9Flu" title="Yusuf Halaçoğlu">Yusuf Halaçoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_O%C4%9Fan" title="Sinan Oğan">Sinan Oğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Deportations of Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elza_Niego_affair" title="Elza Niego affair">Elza Niego affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">1934 Thrace pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Dersim massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)#History" title="Black Gang (organisation)">1957 arson attack at Tahtakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_massacre" title="Sivas massacre">Sivas massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyaz%C4%B1t_massacre" title="Beyazıt massacre">Beyazıt massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_T%C3%BCrkler" title="Kemal Türkler">Assassination of Kemal Türkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirve_Publishing_House_murders" title="Zirve Publishing House murders">Zirve Publishing House murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink" title="Assassination of Hrant Dink">Assassination of Hrant Dink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_bombings" title="Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings">Alfortville Armenian Genocide Memorial bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom#2005_exhibition_assault" title="Istanbul pogrom">2005 Istanbul pogrom exhibition assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Deniz_Poyraz" title="Murder of Deniz Poyraz">Murder of Deniz Poyraz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_History_Thesis" title="Turkish History Thesis">Turkish History Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">Place name changes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" class="mw-redirect" title="Öztürkçe">Öztürkçe</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Animal name changes in Turkey">Animal name changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">1934 Resettlement Law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Classes" title="The Twenty Classes">The Twenty Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen,_speak_Turkish!" title="Citizen, speak Turkish!">Citizen, speak Turkish!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_of_Armenian_properties_in_Turkey" title="Confiscation of Armenian properties in Turkey">Confiscation of Armenian property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">Surname Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Kurds_by_Turkey" title="Denial of Kurds by Turkey">Denial of Kurds by Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_Penal_Code)" title="Article 301 (Turkish Penal Code)">Article 301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_happy_is_the_one_who_says_I_am_a_Turk" title="How happy is the one who says I am a Turk">How happy is the one who says I am a Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_unconditionally_belongs_to_the_Nation" title="Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation">Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitler_%C3%B6lmez_vatan_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmez!" title="Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!">Şehitler ölmez vatan bölünmez!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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